LAND – PILLAR No. 5 of KILIMO KWANZA (Clearing the Ground to Success)
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Dar-Es-Salaam Institute of Land Administration & Policy Studies Ltd P. O. Box 35424 Dar Es Salaam Tanzania Phone: +255-73-292-9073 Fax: +255-22-2773631 Celphone: 0754-268191 Website: www.dilaps.or.tz LAND – PILLAR No. 5 of KILIMO KWANZA (Clearing the Ground to Success) by Dr. Furaha N. Lugoe [email protected], [email protected] Dar Es Salaam Institute of Land Administration and Policy Studies (DILAPS) P. O. Box 35424 Dar Es Salaam Tanzania. www.dilaps.or.tz September, 2010. Pillar No. 5 of Kilimo Kwanza Abstract The Kilimo Kwanza (KK) declaration is a pronouncement of the Government of Tanzania on ways and means of speeding up the existing strategies and programmes regarding the modernization of agriculture1. The goal is to uplift agricultural growth from the current 4 percent to 10 percent within the time frame of the Tanzania Development Vision or sooner by addressing and resolving key challenges besetting agriculture. Many of these challenges are internal to the sector but many more emanate from outside it. In a study conducted recently (ESRF, 2010) on the effectiveness of public policies, agriculture was found to be affected by 25 national policies, 9 Acts of Parliament on food production, 10 Acts governing the livestock sub-sector, and 10 Acts governing land ownership and land use. Regulation of agriculture needs therefore, a multi-sector approach in which synergies and linkages are well considered. However, the modes and extent of relationships across sectors are yet to be firmly determined - policy researchers should work on these soon to correctly guide Kilimo Kwanza to its success as a green revolution. Without going into deep analysis, this paper attempts to look into land-agriculture and hence land- KK relationships. Land, particularly land distribution and allocation has been identified as Pillar No. 5 of Kilimo Kwanza. Although the emphasis, in the declaration, seems to focus on land distribution and allocation, it must be pointed out that these two activities are some of the few visible components of land policy strategies. Wherever they seem to be wanting, the solution should be sought in other supporting frameworks of the lands sector that have come to be known as the land administration infrastructure (LAI). Technology, Base Maps, Land Use Maps, GIS, Master plans, Property Registries, Land Disputes Courts, various working manuals and regulations are a part of LAI. This paper therefore contextualizes KK in land and conversely, land in agriculture policies, strategies an programmes. The aim is to identify areas of strengths and weaknesses and the placement of emphasis if KK is to succeed where earlier attempts did not. The paper starts by revealing land abundance in Tanzania’s sectoral policy making as a myth, by exposing the paradox of land use proportionalities between the major land users (crop agriculture, livestock agriculture, forest conservation, wildlife, biodiversity ecosystems, minerals and human settlements). Documentation shows that these have been blown out of proportions and beyond reason. The paper argues that without proper country planning including land use planning even economic planning will always be prone to gross error unless the paradox is resolved. It proceeds to suggest that higher production and large acreages for peasant farmers should go together. The latter was encumbered by the command economy in three decades after independence and meaningful attempt at land re-distribution has not been attempted. Population concentrations in rural areas should be de-concentrated to enable this arrangement. This paper also seeks to unveil relationship between land and agricultural policies by examining the regulatory frameworks of the two, the environments in which they operate and whether or not enough has been done to regulate land with full consideration of agricultural production at all levels. In the end, a set of policy recommendations are made on: (i) whither way now that the incentive structure to farmers is not yielding desired results; (ii) land re-distribution to upgrade some peasants to middle-scale farmers; (iii) making the land bank credible; (iv) lands sector empowerment through appropriate financing; and (v) re-aligning land with ASDS and hence KK. 1 Here used in the wide sense to include both crop and livestock production at small medium and large scales. ____________________ 2 Furaha N. Lugoe, Ph. D. Pillar No. 5 of Kilimo Kwanza 1. INTRODUCTION Situated in East Africa just south of the equator, mainland Tanzania lies between the great lakes (Victoria, Tanganyika, Nyasa) and the Indian Ocean. The country has a total area of 945,087 000 sq km, including 59,050 sq km of inland waters. The boundary length stands at 4,826 km, of which 1,424 km is ocean coastline. Tanzania is a vast territory of diverse climates and ecosystems and a source of several great rivers (Nile, Ruvuma and Congo) of the World. The country yields an enviable blend of vegetation both natural and human made. In terms of land acreage, Tanzania mainland occupies about 94 million hectares of landmass out of which 88.9 million ha is land and 5.9 million ha is covered with water. Except for a few major mountain ranges most of this landmass lies in the range of between 1020m and 1650 m above sea level. Table 1: Tanzania Agro-Ecological Zones and Representative Areas: Zones Sub-Zones Representative Areas 1. Coast a. Northern Tanga, Coast, DSM, Parts of Lindi & b. Southern Mtwara 2. Arid Lands a. Northern Serengeti/Ngorongoro + Parts of b. Masai Steppes Masailand, Mkomazi, Pangani, Eastern Dodoma 3. Semi-Arid Lands a. Central Dodoma, Singida, Morogoro, Parts of b. South-Eastern Lindi and Mtwara 4. Plateaux a. Western Tabora, Rukwa, Mara, Kigoma, Northern Mbeya b. Southern Ruvuma & Southern Morogoro 5. Highlands a. Southern Iringa, Mbeya b. South- Western Rukwa/Ufipa c. Western Kigoma, Kagera 6. Highlands a. Northern Kilimanjaro/Meru, b. Isolated- Granitic Uluguru, Pare Usambara, Tarime c. S.W. Highlands Mbeya, Iringa Source: National Bureau of Statistics Estimates documented in the National Land Policy (cf. GoT, 1995), show that about 75 percent of the land area is either uninhabited or too difficult to manage because of either difficult relief, tsetse flies or unreliable rainfall, national parks, game and forest reserves which are scattered throughout the country, including mountains and inland waters, notably lakes and rivers. The climates of Tanzania, as are of most parts of equatorial and tropical Africa, are not favourable, except in few places, to the formation of good soils. The low moisture levels, the high bacteria content and sparse vegetation are mostly responsible for this state of soils. The best soils are found in areas of wet forest regions, in flood and coastal plains and in the highlands - zones 1, 5 and 6 in Table 1. Figure 1 displays the agro-ecological zones on the map of Tanzania. In terms of land-use in the rural areas, there are notable contrasts among the ecological zones (GoT, 2004). For example: (i) perennial-crop mixed husbandry on high potential land in semi-humid climate; (ii) annual-crop cultivation on medium potential land in equatorial climate; (iii) dry land crop cultivation on marginal land in semi arid climate; and (iv) cattle/goat pastoralism on ____________________ 3 Furaha N. Lugoe, Ph. D. Pillar No. 5 of Kilimo Kwanza low potential wet season grazing land in an arid climate. The plateux, semi-arid and arid zones dominate the landscape and limits agricultural and other activity a great deal. In areas with good access to markets suitable land and water resources for irrigation and rapid population growth, farmers have responded to new opportunities by expanding the areas they cultivate shifting from fallow to permanent cultivation. Figure 1: Agro-Ecological Zones of Tanzania MAJOR AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF TANZANIA N N10 Lake Victoria W4 W1 P4 P4 W estern Highlands (W ) W3 N8 P4 Nothern Rift Zone and Volcanic Highlands P4 La ke Na tron P4 N9 N8 N3 E1 N7 N4 N6 N2 P4 P8 N4 N1 N4 N5 E2 E1 Lake Eyasi Lake M anyara E12 N3 P7 W2 E1 Eastern Plateaux and Mountain blocks P5 P12 E12 P2 E1 E8 E1 P8 E12 P5 E2 E2 P1 C1 P13 E2 E6 C6 Central Plateau (P) E3 C4 P10 E2 Lake Tanganyika P6 EasternC4 Plateaux and Mountain blocks P11 P9 P5 E3 P13 R1 C4 C7 C7 U P6 C1 Ruikwa-Ruaha Rift Zone E9 C3 P2 E4 C4 %[ P3 R3 Ocean S1 R E14 P5 R4 E4 Coastal Zone P2 H7 E9 C3 R1 C5 C2 C5 C2 Lake Ruk wa E4 C7 H1 C4 C7 R3 Ufipa Plateau U C2 E10 S1 C5 C3 R2 C2 E15 S2 C3 H6 C2 H5 H2 C2 Southern Highlands H4 C3 E3 C2 C2 H3 E7 Inland Sedimentary Plateau C2 E11 Lake Nyasa E5 S2 H3 S2 S2 S2 0600KilometersS2 S2 S2 2. HANDY REFLECTIONS ON KILIMO KWANZA The need for increases in agricultural production have been underscored in several macro policies of Tanzania including the Tanzania Development Vision 2025 and the National Strategy for growth and reduction of poverty (NSGRP). Its importance stems from the real need to control hunger and poverty in the country but also to uplift livelihoods to a higher level. After decades of regulating agriculture below expectations as viewed against the national vision, the Government of Tanzania, in association with the private sector, has decided to try another approach. Kilimo Kwanza (KK) is a prioritized strategic programme that is focused on increasing agricultural output and strengthening food security in Tanzania. It is anchored on ten pillars among, which is land. Kilimo Kwanza has been preceded by several similar attempts focused at the same goals and upholding the same ideals since independence and particularly since the passing of the National Agriculture Policy (NAP) of 1983.