International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249-8958, Volume-8 Issue-5, June 2019
Assessing Physical Development in the Local Areas of Bhopal by Evaluating Identified Physical Amenities
Ar. Richa Ankush Pathe, Anupama Sharma
Bhopal Municipal Boundaries has 85 wards at present. Abstract: In India, there are 8 cities which have four million plus Therefore secondary data of physical amenities was extracted population, out of which 37 cities with one million plus but less from Smart Map Bhopal [Bhopal Smart City Development than four million populations and 449 cities are there with one Corporation Limited] [4] for the study. This data was for all lakh, but less than one million population as per 2011 census. The 85 wards within Bhopal Municipal Corporation Boundaries 2011 census clearly shows how important cities are in India and how fast India is developing. Indian cities that were already large and was last updated in 2014.Ward-wise secondary data of at the time of independence have continued to increase in size physical amenities was not directly available, it was extracted until they have reached the stage of mega cities. The same location from the latest updated Maps available with Bhopal Smart and economic forces that drove the original growth of cities at City Development Corporation Limited (Smart Map Bhopal) favorable geographical sites have continued to attract migrants in [Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited] [4] search of opportunities. The problem of inadequate physical for the study. amenities in any such growing city of developing country is inevitable. There is a need to assess existing level of physical II. UNDERSTANDING THROUGH KEY development in local areas of any such city to find out a gap between demand and supply of physical amenities. Bhopal, the DEFINITIONS city selected to assess physical development in its local areas, is one such city with the population of more than one million, but A. Urban or City less than four million. Also the geography, demography and City is comprised of group of neighbourhoods. [Adams, economics of the city make it an ideal city for the study. The paper Bassett and Whitten 1929] [1] intends to assess level of physical development in the local areas of Area covered within the Municipal Boundaries is defined as Bhopal, by evaluating identified physical amenities. city for the study.
Index Terms: city, local areas, physical amenities, physical B. Local Area development Belonging to the area where one lives is local. Neighbourhood or community is also sometimes referred as I. INTRODUCTION Local area. In developing country housing, along with physical Concept neighbourhood by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright infrastructure, social infrastructure, environmental aspects, of twentieth century is defined as; a central green space economy and governance are the major areas to be worked grouped around by superblock of residential units, with upon to ensure development. The policies, programs, separate vehicular and pedestrian ways, and a road hierarchy schemes and projects to address the problem of inadequate with culs-de-sac to locally accessed roads. A self-contained physical development are focused at both international and neighbourhood has a cluster of superblocks. A city is a group local levels. These efforts to address the problem can be of neighbourhoods. [Adams, Bassett and Whitten 1929] [1] applicable only when existing status of physical development Clarence Perry- The physical arrangement of nursery school, is known, to find the gap between demand and supply. To parks, sports grounds and local shops was the idea of know the existing status need to assess local area physical neighbourhood for Perry. Every neighbourhood was to be a amenities was felt. The study aims to assess the physical unit of city. [PERRY, CLARENCE. 1929] [11] development in local areas with identified physical amenities. The Local area is also defined as wards in the URDPFI The assessment of physical development in the local areas GUIDELINES [URDPFI GUIDELINES.]. [12] was based on the secondary data of physical amenities The Local area is defined as wards for the study. available from government organisations. The secondary data C. Local Area or Area Based Development available from Census 2011[5] was for 80 wards and the Improvement (retrofitting), city renewal (redevelopment), city extension (green field development) and pan city concept (using modern technology solutions to the existing city Revised Manuscript Received on June 14, 2019. infrastructure) are the components adopted for area based Ar, Richa Ankush Pathe, Department of Architecture, development; which will change the existing deteriorating Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology , Bhopal (M.P.), India, areas into better planned ones and to accommodate the Dr. Anupama Sharma, Professor, Department of Architecture, expanding populations in Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology , Bhopal (M.P.), newly developed urban areas. India, [MOUD. 2015] [10]
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Assessing Physical Development in the Local Areas of Bhopal by Evaluating Identified Physical Amenities
The development of the Local area on the basis of locally felt 2011, but now it comes under Bhopal Municipal Corporation needs is termed as local area development.[ MOSPI. 2016.] and it is now required to address this issue on priority. [9] E. Public facilities
III. IDENTIFYING INDICATORS AND For the study, indicator of physical development, public SUB-INDICATORS facilities has been confined to number of community centres, public libraries/reading rooms, crematoriums, work-shed for A. Water Facility artisans , bus-stops, cultural activity centres, public parks For the study, indicator of physical development, water other public works (fire-station) and other (cinema halls) facility has been confined to number of water tanks (sub-indicators) in the local areas (wards). Literature review (sub-indicator) in the local areas (wards). Literature review of Statement-V, District Census Handbook 2011, show the show that tap water was accessible to 70.89% [Handbook, complete dependency of Kolar (M) on Bhopal (M. Corp.) for District Census 2011, Part XII B] [6] of the Bhopal’s urban its health facility, whether for public libraries/ reading rooms population. Out of the total Households 396,666, of which or community centres, etc. [Madhya Pradesh, District Census 62.24% has a treated water supply and 8.65 has untreated Handbook 2011, Part A, Statement-IV] [8]. Kolar which was water supply and population dependent on hand pump is 3rd town as per census 2011, but now it comes under Bhopal 7.4% (not an indicator for middle income group physical Municipal Corporation and it is now required to address this amenities) and on tube well/bore well is 15.36% , rest 2.35% issue on priority. is dependent on tank/pond/ lake for its water need. F. Sanitation and Public Health [Handbook, District Census 2011, Part XII B, Table-3] For the study, indicator of physical development, sanitation [6].The statistics show that more than 15% of the population and health facilities has been confined to number of public is dependent on other sources because of the insufficient toilets and number of garbage bins (sub-indicators) in the supply of water. This problem can majorly be resolved by local areas (wards). Literature review of Table 5 [Handbook, increasing the capacity of water i.e. by increasing the number District Census 2011, Part XII B] [6] show that population of water tanks in the local areas(wards), wherever required. dependent on public toilets is 2.99% i.e. 11,855 households in Hence need to survey number of tanks was identified. urban areas of Bhopal. About 13.12% i.e.52,043 households B. Education Facility do not have access to toilets at all and others using open pit For the study, indicator of physical development, education ,open drain , night soil (serviced by humans and facility has been confined to number of schools, colleges and animals)toilets sum up to 1.62 %. Table-5 [Handbook, other training institutes (sub-indicators) in the local areas District Census 2011, Part XII B] [6]. This statistics demand (wards).Literature review of Statement-V, District Census to address this problem on priority and provide public toilets, Handbook 2011, show the complete dependency of Kolar (M) as a first hand solution and then providing individual toilets in on Bhopal (M. Corp.) for its educational facility, whether for premises in future. Bhopal municipal corporation within its schools, colleges or other training institutes. [Madhya boundaries have provided with drainage connectivity to Pradesh, District Census Handbook 2011, Part A, almost 91.52% of households i.e 366,1833 out of 396,666 Statement-V] [8]. Kolar which was 3rd town as per census households (57.96 % closed and 33.26 % open drainage 2011, but now it comes under Bhopal Municipal Corporation system)which covers major urban areas and hence can be and it is now required to address this issue on priority. removed from the list of priority for the research study[Handbook, District Census 2011, Part XII B ,Table 6] C. Lighting Facility [6]. The study and Swacch Bharat Abhiyan brings number of For the study, indicator of physical development, lighting garbage bins in the priority list and hence is considered for the facility has been confined to number of smart poles study. (sub-indicator) in the local areas (wards). Literature review G. Recreational Facilities show that out of 396,666 households, in urban areas of Bhopal, 97.03% i.e. 384,871 households has electricity For the study, indicator of physical development, recreational supply.[Handbook, District Census 2011, Part XII B, facilities has been confined to number of Table-3][6].Therefore availability of streetlights etc. is not an playgrounds(stadiums), multipurpose halls (also open air issue (though their workability and maintenance can be an theatres), gardens (also marriage gardens are counted as open issue). Preference is given to shift to more smart solutions in areas and activity centers)/vyayamshalas/gyms and others the future, so smart poles were considered for the study. (swimming pools) (sub-indicators) in the local areas (wards). Literature review of Table V [Madhya Pradesh, District D. Health facility Census Handbook 2011, Part A] [8] show the complete For the study, indicator of physical development, health dependency of Kolar (M) on Bhopal (M.Corp.) for its stadium facility has been confined to number of hospitals, blood bank and other recreational facility. Kolar which was 3rd town as and other (dispensaries/clinics) (sub-indicators) in the local per census 2011[5], but now it comes under Bhopal areas (wards).Literature review of Statement-IV, District Municipal Corporation and it is now required to address this Census Handbook 2011, show the complete dependency of issue on priority. Kolar (M) on Bhopal (M. Corp.) for its health facility, H. Urban Development whether for hospitals, blood bank, dispensaries or clinics. [Madhya Pradesh, District Census Handbook 2011, Part A, For the study, indicator of Statement-IV] [8]. Kolar which was 3rd town as per census physical development, urban development facilities has been confined to pedestrian
Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering Retrieval Number E7834068519/19©BEIESP 2032 & Sciences Publication International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249-8958, Volume-8 Issue-5, June 2019 ways and cycle tracks (sub-indicators) in the local areas local areas (wards) of Bhopal.[Bhopal Municipal Corporation (wards). These two sub-indicators are the need of future and 2006] [3] are in the priority list. Cycle track was initiated by Bhopal B. A City at Glance Municipal Corporation and is in its list too, but have been developed in very few wards. Concept of pedestrian roads or Table-1 is gives a brief description of the city of Bhopal pathways is the need of time, where we cannot increase the size of roads due to existing developments and at the same time cannot stop the increase in the number of vehicles. Pedestrian ways are the need of future and hence in the priority list for the study. The aim of this study is to assess physical development in the local areas of Bhopal by evaluating the identified indicators and sub-indicators (physical amenities).
IV. JUSTIFICATION FOR SELECTING BHOPAL AS A CASE: Bhopal being the State Capital is growing relatively at a rapid pace and is likely to promote increasing urbanization in and around it. The regional and sub-regional infrastructure will have to be strengthened to support increased urban productivity in manufacturing and supporting services. Bhopal which is growing at a rapid pace due to increasing migration not only from within the State but also from neighboring seven states, calls for more pragmatic policies to take flow of the population in a balanced way. In the large context and longer perspective, development policies will have to consider the role of secondary cities and sub-cities described above to support the economic growth-taking place Table 1 – Bhopal at glance in the State Capital Region. It may be necessary to channelize the growth into other neighboring cities and sub-cities to Source: Baseline Survey of Bhopal [2] maintain the quality of life in the mother city, as well as in the region, as a long-term measure. V. DATA OF IDENTIFIED INDICATORS AND SUB-INDICATORS A. Parameters considered for selection of city- A comprehensive list of identified indicators and Following parameter were responsible for making decision sub-indicators of physical development finalized from for Bhopal as a case city literature review was prepared. It list had 8 indicators and its 1. Population Growth Trends 25 sub- indicators of physical development. These identified indicators were undertaken for quantitative analysis. Data was of identified indicators and sub-indicators (physical 2. Urbanization & Migration amenities) were extracted from the Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited (Smart Map Bhopal) 3. Potential for Exceptional Growth [Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited] [4] for all 85 wards or local areas of the Bhopal city for the study. 4. City Representing Middle Income Group of Indian Figures 1-20 show the data on Smart Map Bhopal of Society identified sub-indicators of indicators. And few numbers were given directly by the urban planners at the Bhopal Smart City Over the last decade, in urban India the income of an average Development Corporation Limited. household has increased by about a third between 1993 and 2010 as a result of rapid economic growth. In this period, economic growth not only lifted millions of households out of poverty, but also gave rise to an emerging middle class, which is growing at a fast pace [Meyer & Birdsall 2012][7]. Various studies have projected that in the next decade middle class would be the dominant section of the Indian population. The scope of this is limited to explore the physical amenities provided to the middle-income group (MIG) for its living. The city development plan of Bhopal prepared in 2005 state that as per official definition by the government of India for Figure-1 Water Tanks in Bhopal income groups, the city of Bhopal is predominantly inhabited by MIG and LIG households. Bhopal has nearly 26.7% households belonging to MIG and 34.7% belonging to LIG, aggregating targeted households for the study to 61.4% in the
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Assessing Physical Development in the Local Areas of Bhopal by Evaluating Identified Physical Amenities
Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited [4]
Figure-6 Universities in Bhopal Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited [4] Figure-2 Schools in Bhopal
Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited [4]
Figure-7 Smart Poles in Bhopal Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited [4] Figure-3 Colleges in Bhopal
Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited [4]
Figure-8 Community Halls in Bhopal Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation
Limited [4] Figure-4 Engineering Colleges in Bhopal Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited [4]
Figure-9 Public Libraries in Bhopal
Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited [4] Figure-5 Other Learning Institutes in Bhopal
Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited [4]
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Figure-10 Crematoriums in Bhopal Figure-14 Fire- Stations in Bhopal Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited [4] Limited [4]
Figure-11 Bus-Stops Down in Bhopal Figure-15 Public Toilets in Bhopal Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited [4] Limited [4]
Figure-12 Bus-Stops Up in Bhopal Figure-16 Solid-Waste-Dump Yard in Bhopal Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited [4] Limited [4]
Figure-17 Sports Stadium / Play Grounds in Bhopal Figure-13 Parks in Bhopal Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited [4] Limited [4]
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Assessing Physical Development in the Local Areas of Bhopal by Evaluating Identified Physical Amenities
B. Algorithm
Assessment of physical development, by evaluating identified physical amenities, involves four steps:
1. Evaluate indicators and sub-indicators
2. Indicator Standardization
3. Tool Figure-18 Swimming Pools in Bhopal Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation 4. Local Area Scores. Limited [4] 1) Evaluate indicators and sub-indicators Secondary data of all identified physical amenities, 8 indicators and its 25 sub-indicators, is collected from the Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Limited [4] and is collected for each Local Area (ward) independently to know the status of physical development in it. 2) Indicator Standardization All 8 indicators and its 25 sub-indicators of the study are measured using the same unit i.e. in numbers and if absent it is given the value 0. All the indicators of study with high values signify Figure-19 Cycle Tracks in Bhopal availability; the standardised value of these indicators is calculated as follows: Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation Standardised Value =Indicator Value – Min (Indicator Value) Limited [4] Max (Indicator Value) – Min (Indicator value) 3) Tool In this study, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which is a well - established statistical data reduction technique is used. It takes a large set of indicators and sub-indicators, which derives a smaller set of factors, while keeping as much variation as possible in a sample. PCA achieves dimension reduction by creating new, artificial variables called Principal components. Each principal component is a linear combination of the observed variables. Each of these new principal components after PCA is all independent of one another. It is calculated by solving an algebraic eigen value Figure-20 Smart Cycle Stands in Bhopal problem, finding the eigenvectors (PC’s) of the covariance Source: Bhopal Smart City Development Corporation matrix of original data base. In doing so, PCA reveals the Limited [4] underlying structure of how the data is distributed. It also describes the strength of the relationships between each VI. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY individual indicator and the underlying sub-indicators. For the purpose of the analysis, only sub-indicators that explained the A. Block diagram bulk of the differences in the underlying data are used and Figure-21 is a block diagram showing methodology in brief. those of least importance can be dropped off. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is widely used because it’s simple, it’s fast and it works. 4) Local Area Scores Score of each local area or ward represents the status of physical development in it. Lesser value shows lower status of physical development. Score is calculated using the secondary data giving the present status of these indicators and sub-indicators of its availability and number in the local areas (wards) of Bhopal. This data was collected from Municipal Corporation, Smart City Office, ISBT, Bhopal [4]. It was extracted from smart map data of Bhopal. Though complete data of these physical amenities in Bhopal was surveyed by the department in 2014 and mapped on smart map Bhopal site, but this data Figure-21 was not available ward wise. The department official helped to extract this data ward wise
Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering Retrieval Number E7834068519/19©BEIESP 2036 & Sciences Publication International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249-8958, Volume-8 Issue-5, June 2019 from map. These ward wise amenities, indicators and sub-indicators, were then compiled in the tabular format as part of study. The data was then made unit less and then standardized value for each indicator and its sub-indicators was calculated. For standardised value the formula used was: Figure-23 Standardised Value =Indicator Value – Min (Indicator Value) Max (Indicator Value) – Min (Indicator value) IX. CONCLUSION
Then scores for all local areas (85-wards) of Bhopal with its The results of the study enabled to assess the status of physical existing amenities, (identified indicators and its development in local areas (wards) of Bhopal. Lesser score sub-indicators) from secondary data was developed after reflects lower physical development in the local area (ward) application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Tool. and higher score reflects better status of physical amenities in 5) Flow Chart those local areas (wards)as compared to others. The study Figure-21 is a Flow Chart showing methodology in detail. results are completely based on the data available of the identified indicators and its sub-indicators from the secondary source. This study lacks people’s perception, for these identified indicators and its sub-indicators in reality, for its availability and maintenance. The study needs to incorporate people’s perception in future before finding local area scores. The priorities of people should also be taken into consideration for assessing the local area needs and fulfilling them. The physical development can be best achieved by public participation, as it is for them and hence their satisfaction and involvement would enhance the overall scenario.
REFERENCES
Figure-22 1. ADAMS,T.,BASSETT,E.M.,AND WHITTEN,R.(1929) “THE RADBURN PROJECT: THE PLANNING AND SUBDIVISION OF LAND’,INADAMS,T.,BASSETT,E.M. AND WHITTEN,R.PROBLEMS OF VII. RESULT PLANNING UNBUILT AREAS PART I MONOGRAPH 3 IN COMMITTEE ON Result of the study was named as Existing Amenity-PCA- REGIONAL PLAN OF NEW YORK AND ITS ENVIRONS (ED,) NEIGHBORHOOD AND COMMUNITY PLANNING, REGIONAL PLANNING Scores. Result gives the status of physical development in SURVEY VOLUME VII ( COMMITTEE ON REGIONAL PLAN OF NEW YORK local areas (wards) of Bhopal. Table - 2 Summarizes the AND ITS ENVIRONS, NEW YORK)264-9 results and is named as Existing Amenity-PCA- Scores for all 2. BASELINE SURVEY OF BHOPAL. wards (1-85) 3. BHOPAL MUNICIPAL CORPORATION 2006, BHOPAL CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN , GOVERNMENT OF INDIA,JAWARHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION, BHOPAL. 4. BHOPAL SMART CITY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED ( SMART MAP BHOPAL) 5. CENSUS, HOUSING. 2011. “CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 INSTRUCTION FOR MANUAL.” OFFICE. 6. HANDBOOK, DISTRICT CENSUS. 2011. “CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 MADHYA PRADESH SERIES-24 PART XII-B DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK BHOPAL VILLAGE AND TOWN WISE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT (PCA) DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS MADHYA PRADESH.” HTTP://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/2327_PART_B _DCHB_BHOPAL.PDF. 7. MEYER,CBIRDSALL,N 2012,NEWESTIMATES OF INDIA’S MIDDLE CLASS,CGD TECHNICAL NOTE,WASHINGTON DC: CENTER FOR GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT, VIEWE Table - 2 Existing Amenity-PCA- Scores 14JUNE2014,
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Assessing Physical Development in the Local Areas of Bhopal by Evaluating Identified Physical Amenities
AUTHORS PROFILE
Ar.Richa Ankush Pathe WORK PROFILE Vice-Principal, FOA, RKDF University, Bhopal (Till date) Principal, Faculty of Architecture, RKDF University, Bhopal (2014-2017) Associate Architect - Pathe & Associates, Bhopal; Associate Architect -Azad Jain & Associates, Indore (M.P); EDUCATION Ph.D (Pursuing PhD MANIT, Bhopal) Enrolled-2014-2015 M. Tech./MUDP- MANIT, Bhopal (Aug.2010) B. Arch.- I.E.P.T., Indore affiliated to R.G.P.V., Bhopal. (Dec 2000) MEMBERSHIPS: COA, ITPI, BMC Email: [email protected]; Phone: 09425372714
Dr. Anupama Sharma, ADDRESS: Department of Architecture & Planning, MANIT, Bhopal, M.P., India DESIGNATION: Professor EDUCATION: B.Arch(1991), M.Arch(1994), PhD(2002) RESEARCH AREA: Energy & Envt. Plng., Vastu & Sustainable Architecture MEMBERBERSHIPS: ISES, COA, IEI (India), IIA SESI Email: [email protected],[email protected], Phone: 09977558242
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