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The Napoleonic Empire and the Making of a Modern Public: Policing, Politics, and Parades in Nineteenth- Century Hamburg, 1806-1830

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The Napoleonic Empire and the Making of a Modern Public: Policing, Politics, and Parades in Nineteenth- Century Hamburg, 1806-1830 Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2013 THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE AND THE MAKING OF A MODERN PUBLIC: POLICING, POLITICS, AND PARADES IN NINETEENTH- CENTURY HAMBURG, 1806-1830 Brendan Haidinger Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3111 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Brendan Haidinger 2013 All Rights Reserved The Napoleonic Empire and the Making of a Modern Public: Policing, Politics, and Parades in Nineteenth Century Hamburg, 1806-1830 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University by Brendan William Haidinger BA, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, 2004. Director: Dr. George Munro Professor, Department of History Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia May, 2013 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As this thesis represents over six years of work, it should come as no surprise that I have incurred significant debts along the way. Hopefully, by thanking you all in writing, I will have taken the first step in the squaring of those debts. First and foremost, I would like to thank Jean Quataert at Binghamton University for not only turning me on to the study of the German past but for actively encouraging my project (and further research) at a time when it was in a very embryonic form. I would also like to thank her for her continued support and keen advice. Howard G. Brown, also at Binghamton University, deserves similar praise for his guidance and insight. No other scholar has had more impact on my approach to and appreciation of History then he. While at Virginia Commonwealth University I have had the opportunity to be both challenged and encouraged by two outstanding historians. The first is George Munro, my adviser, who took a chance on me as an unknown, first-year graduate student and who welcomed my project even though it is somewhat outside his specialty. I hope the chance he took has paid off. I would also like to thank him for his time, of which he gave freely, as well as his wanderlust and infinite wisdom, at least some of which has rubbed off on me. I absolutely must thank Leigh Ann Craig, another mentor here at VCU, and whose wit, insight, and boundless energy have shaped my thesis from the moment it began. Her support was immeasurable, as is my gratitude. Thanks also go out to John Treadway from the University of Richmond for his time, his role as committee Trüffelschnüffler, and for his enthusiasm regarding my future. His generous offer, which I truly hope he remembers he made, will undoubtedly be accepted. I would also like to thank the staff at the Staatsarchiv Hamburg as well as the staff of the Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek at the University of Hamburg. Their remarkable patience with a novice researcher such as myself is worthy of consideration for sainthood. Apologies, however, must be made regarding my treatment of the Staatsarchivs’s brand new microfiche; I hope everyone enjoyed seeing its insides more than I did. The staff of Virginia Commonwealth University’s Resource Delivery Services deserve praise for their speed and accommodation of my creative due dates. Over the course of the last six years I have been fortunate enough to share my project with numerous individuals. Not the least of which were those in attendance at VCU’s first ever History Graduate Student Research Symposium, I am grateful for your time as well as your substantive insights. My friends in Binghamton, Brooklyn, and now, Richmond, have helped shaped this work in ways that are obvious to me but hard to articulate. Without their honesty, good humor, and enviable intellects, I would not be where I am today. Special thanks are extended to Bunny and William Creekmur for their boundless hospitality and the genuine respect they have shown towards Sara and I over the last three years. No acknowledgement section is complete without extending enormous thanks to my entire family. My parents, Linda and William Haidinger, deserve not just my mere thanks, but my love and respect for their thirty-one years of unwavering support. And finally, this is dedicated to Sara Vasko. She knows why. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations …..…………………………………………..……….... iv Abstract …………………………………………………………...………... v Introduction …………………………………………………………………. 1 Chapter One The French Empire in Hamburg and the Introduction of Modern Police Reform, 1806-1813………………………... 16 Chapter Two Society and Politics in Restoration-Era Hamburg: Militarization, Police Repression, and the Rise of Economic Liberalism, 1813-1830…………………………. 55 Chapter Three Political Culture and Public Space in Hamburg, 1814-1820 Updating Jürgen Habermas’s Concept of Representative Publicness for the Nineteenth Century……..…………….. 104 Conclusion………………………………………………………………… 136 Bibliography Archives and Newspapers …………………………………….….. 141 Primary Sources ………………………………………………….. 141 Secondary Sources ……………………………………….………. 144 Vita…………………………………………………………………….….. 161 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Illustrations Fig. 1. Map of Hamburg, 1813-1814 ………………………………………………………... 3 Fig. 2. Christoph Suhr, A Painting of douaniers in Hamburg, 1809 ……………………..... 27 Fig. 3. Dutch Cartoon, 1808 ……………………………………………………………..… 34 Fig. 4. Christoph Suhr, Burning of English Goods in Grassbrook, 1810 ……………….…. 38 Fig. 5. Johann Marcus David, “Prospect of the Imperial French City of Hamburg,” 1811 .. 42 Fig. 6. Christoph Suhr, Cossacks in Hamburg on Jungfernsteig, 1813 ………………….… 56 Fig. 7. Handbill for the Hanseatic Legion (Hamburg Contingent), 1813 ………………….. 61 Fig. 8. Christoph Suhr, Hamburg-Harburg Bridge, 1813 ………………………………..… 75 Fig. 9. Christoph Suhr, Hamburg-Harburg Bridge, 1815 ………………………………….. 75 Fig. 10. Jeß Bundsen, Ruins of Hamburger Berg (St. Pauli), 1814 ………………………... 79 Fig. 11. Jungfernstieg and the Alster Pavilion …………………………….…..…………. 116 Fig. 12. Map of Parade Route, 24 June 1814 …….…………………..………………...… 123 Fig. 13. Hanseatic Legion and the Citizens Militia Enter Hamburg, 1814 …...…….……. 125 v Abstract THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE AND THE MAKING OF A MODERN PUBLIC: POLICING, POLITICS, AND PARADES IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY HAMBURG, 1806-1830 By Brendan William Haidinger, Master of Arts A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2013. Director: Dr. George Munro Professor, Department of History Despite the attention historians have given to the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras in Central Europe, few works have sought to understand these events' reverberations throughout the nineteenth century in a local or regional context. Taking the northern German city of Hamburg as its focal point, this study investigates the change in the urban political culture affected by eight years of Napoleonic occupation. In the process of replacing Hamburg's sprawling and archaic government with one characterized by Gallic centralization and rigor, the French introduced a new style of politics that relied on consistent, public, and martial presentations of its authority. This public presence was heightened not only by the implementation of modern policing techniques, but also by a series of choreographed, ideologically-charged public spectacles whose effectiveness relied on a clever manipulation and politicization of urban space. INTRODUCTION For several generations of historians, the Napoleonic Wars marked the origins of German nationalism while also sparking the process of political and economic modernization throughout Central Europe. During the nineteenth century, the period was integrated into a heroic- nationalist and Prusso-centric master narrative, as both historians and contemporaries regarded the wars of 1806 to 1815 as the direct precursors to the wars of 1864 to 1871 and the emergence of the German Kaiserreich. Scholarship of the post-World War II generation often marginalized or ignored experiences of other German states, incorporating them into a Prussian historical framework. No historian has framed the argument quite as provocatively as Thomas Nipperday, who introduced his study of nineteenth-century Germany with the infamous maxim: “In the beginning was Napoleon.”1 Yet it would not be until the 1990s that historians shifted their focus to the regional level, complicating our view of German Central Europe prior to unification.2 While this study of the north German city-state of Hamburg is fundamentally indebted to such research, it takes a somewhat different tack as it is not necessarily concerned with the emergence 1 Thomas Nipperday, Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck, 1800-1866, trans. by Daniel Nolan (Princeton, 1966), 1. As Stephan Berger has argued, nineteenth-century historians, appointing themselves as nation-builders, created a “backwards-oriented teleological myth of the nation,” The Search for Normality: National Identity and Historical Consciousness in Germany Since 1800 (Providence, RI., 1997), 1-25. 2 Celia Applegate, A Nation of Provincials: The German idea of Heimat (Berkeley, 1990); Alon Confino, The Nation as Local Metaphor: Württemberg, Imperial Germany and National Memory,
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