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Europe, Space and Defence from “Space for Defence” to “Defence of Space”

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Europe, Space and Defence from “Space for Defence” to “Defence of Space” Full Report Europe, Space and Defence From “Space for Defence” to “Defence of Space” Report: Title: “ESPI Report 72 - Europe, Space and Defence - Full Report” Published: February 2020 ISSN: 2218-0931 (print) • 2076-6688 (online) Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria Phone: +43 1 718 11 18 -0 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.espi.or.at Rights reserved - No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose without permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “ESPI Report 72 - Europe, Space and Defence - Full Report, February 2020. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, incidental or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: copylot.at Cover page picture credit: Shutterstock, zef art TABLE OF CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background and rationale ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Scope and methodology ....................................................................................................................... 3 2 SPACE DEFENCE: A RISING ISSUE ON THE INTERNATIONAL STAGE ......................................................... 6 2.1 A changing geopolitical context in space ............................................................................................ 6 2.1.1 The People’s Republic of China (PRC) .............................................................................................. 6 2.1.2 India ......................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.3 Japan ....................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.4 Russia .................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.5 The United States ................................................................................................................................ 11 2.2 A changing operational context .......................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Key takeaways ..................................................................................................................................... 18 3 STATE OF PLAY IN EUROPE................................................................................................................ 19 3.1 National states ..................................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 The provision of military space services through cooperation ........................................................ 20 3.2.1 Intergovernmental cooperation in Europe ...................................................................................... 20 3.2.2 Cooperation in the framework of NATO ......................................................................................... 23 3.3 The European Union: a new dynamic actor in space- and defence-related issues ........................ 26 3.3.1 The European Union as a catalyst for defence initiatives ........................................................... 26 3.3.2 The European Union, provider of a new impetus for space ambitions ..................................... 33 3.3.3 Synergies: the integration of space issues into the European security and defence mechanisms ....................................................................................................................................................... 36 3.4 Key takeaways ..................................................................................................................................... 38 4 TOWARDS A EUROPEAN SPACE SECURITY & DEFENCE POLICY ........................................................... 40 4.1 Wrap-up and stakes for Europe in space defence ............................................................................ 40 4.2 Necessary conditions for a European Space Security & Defence Policy ........................................ 42 4.2.1 Agreeing on a shared global vision .................................................................................................. 42 4.2.2 Ensuring complementarity between national, intergovernmental and supranational responsibilities ................................................................................................................................................... 43 4.2.3 Increasing trust in military matters among cooperating partners ............................................. 44 4.2.4 Reflecting on a military doctrine for space .................................................................................... 45 4.2.5 Safeguarding the sustainability of European space industry ..................................................... 46 4.2.6 Contemplating a potential European space industrial policy ..................................................... 47 4.2.7 Recognising the crucial nature of political will .............................................................................. 48 4.3 Way forward to a European Space Security & Defence Policy ......................................................... 49 4.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 51 ANNEXES ................................................................................................................................................ 52 Annex A – The space defence landscape in France ..................................................................................... 52 Strategy ............................................................................................................................................................... 52 Governance ......................................................................................................................................................... 53 Programmes ....................................................................................................................................................... 56 Annex B – The space defence landscape in Germany ................................................................................. 59 Strategy ............................................................................................................................................................... 59 Governance ......................................................................................................................................................... 60 Programmes ....................................................................................................................................................... 62 Annex C – The space defence landscape in Italy ......................................................................................... 64 Strategy ............................................................................................................................................................... 64 Governance ......................................................................................................................................................... 65 Programmes ....................................................................................................................................................... 67 Annex D – The space defence landscape in Spain ....................................................................................... 69 Strategy ............................................................................................................................................................... 69 Governance ......................................................................................................................................................... 69 Programmes ....................................................................................................................................................... 72 Annex E – The space defence landscape in the United Kingdom ............................................................... 74 Strategy ............................................................................................................................................................... 74 Governance ......................................................................................................................................................... 76 Programmes ......................................................................................................................................................
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