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TESTING THE ROLES OF EXTRATROPICAL ORIGINATION AND PREDATION

ON IRREGULAR ECHINOID EVOLUTION

JUSTIN MATTHEW MILLER

(Under the Direction of Sally E. Walker)

ABSTRACT

The number of extratropical vs. tropical originations and the predation frequency of fossil irregular echinoids were analyzed to gain a better understanding of their evolution. The latitudinal diversity gradient for irregular echinoids is atypical compared to other marine bivalves and current evolutionary models are not applicable.

An out-of-the-extratropics (OTE) model is used to describe how marine organisms may originate in the extratropics and then migrate into tropical regions. Irregular echinoids from the Late Eocene Ocala Limestone were categorized into burrow tiers based on morphological characters so predation frequency at different burrow depths could be assessed. Predation frequency was highest for medium and deep burrow tiers, suggesting that burrowing does not reduce cassid predation. This may indicate that evolution towards infaunalism for irregular echinoids was not driven by increasing predation pressure in the Mesozoic.

INDEX WORDS: Evolution, Echinoid, Diversity, Planktotrophic, Extratropical, Predation, Drill Hole, Burrow, Tier, Eocene, Ocala Limestone

TESTING THE ROLES OF EXTRATROPICAL ORIGINATION AND PREDATION

ON IRREGULAR ECHINOID EVOLUTION

JUSTIN MATTHEW MILLER

B.S., Georgia Southwestern State University, 2006

A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

MASTER OF SCIENCE

ATHENS, GEORGIA

2011

Justin Matthew Miller

TESTING THE ROLES OF EXTRATROPICAL ORIGINATION AND PREDATION

ON IRREGULAR ECHINOID EVOLUTION

JUSTIN MATTHEW MILLER

Major Professor: Sally E. Walker

Committee: Steven M. Holland Bruce L. Railsback

Electronic Version Approved:

Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2011

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My deepest and most sincere thanks go to my major advisor Dr. Sally Walker.

Without her seemingly unwavering patience and guidance this project would not have been possible. I showed up at her office needing a major advisor in geology and she happily took me in and transformed my understanding of educating and science.

I thank Dr. Railsback for helping to alleviate some of my major early writing problems. Thanks to Dr. Steven Holland for showing me that statisitics can be enjoyable through the use of R. Dr. Burt Carter, whether intentinally or not, is responsible for my interest in working with echinoids. Many thanks go to him for our many discussions regarding southeastern echinoids as well as educating me more on echinoids with each conversation. Special thanks go to Roger Portell for giving me access to Ocala

Limestone quarries that were normally inaccessible. Thanks to Eleanor Gradner for helpful editing and to my good friend and field partner Matt Jarrett I thank you for your generous “donation” of fossil echinoids that contributed to this project. My friend

Benjamin Caulton I thank for late night discussions regarding echinoids and allowing me to hone my ideas. Lastly, many thanks must go to my girlfriend Jacquie whose constant support allowed me to overcome many obstacles during this journey. I simply could not have done this without her.

Financial support for this work was graciously awarded by the Paleontological

Society Stephen J. Gould Student Grant-in-Aid Program, University of Georgia

Department of Geology Wheeler-Watts Fund, and the Southwest Florida Fossil Club.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iv

LIST OF TABLES ...... vii

LIST OF FIGURES ...... viii

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 1

Statement of Objectives ...... 2

Thesis Structure ...... 3

References ...... 4

2 THE EXTRATROPICS AS A CENTER FOR EVOLUTIONARY

DIVERSIFICATION ...... 6

Abstract ...... 7

Introduction ...... 7

Results ...... 11

Out of the Extratropics Model for Evolutionary Diversification ...... 14

Methods...... 17

Acknowledgments...... 19

References ...... 20

3 TESTING THE INFAUNAL-EVOLUTION HYPOTHESIS: DO DEEP

BURROWING IRREGULAR ECHINOIDS HAVE REDUCED

INCIDENCE OF DRILLING PREDATION ...... 31

Abstract ...... 32

Introduction ...... 32

Methods...... 35

Results ...... 37

Discussion ...... 39

Conclusions ...... 44

Acknowledgments...... 45

References ...... 45

4 CONCLUSIONS...... 61

APPENDICES

A LATITUDINAL DIVERSITY GRADIENT DATA FOR MODERN

IRREGULAR ECHINOIDS ...... 64

B IRREGULAR ECHINOID GENERA WITH A MODERN REPRESENTATIVE

AND FOSSIL RECORD ...... 66

C COLLECTIONS DATA FROM THE SMITHSONIAN AND PALEOBIOLOGY

DATABASES ...... 69

D REGISTER OF FIELD SITES ...... 137

E FIELD AND MUSEUM SPECIMENS ANALYZED FOR PREDATION ...... 139

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 2.1: Number of irregular echinoid genera (includes subgenera) that originated in

the Cretaceous to Plio-Pleistocene ...... 26

Table 3.1: Burrow tiers used and the morphological characters that define those tiers ....52

Table 3.2: Irregular echinoid species, their inferred burrow depth and number of

individuals examined for cassid predation ...... 53

Table 3.3: Predation frequency of each species within the four burrow tiers...... 54

Table 3.4: General size metrics for the fourteen species of irregular echinoids from the

Late Eocene Ocala Limestone ...... 55

Table 3.5: Summary of bore hole analysis performed by Gibson and Watson on five

species of Ocala Limestone irregular echinoids ...... 56

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 2.1: Comparative latitudinal diversity gradients (LDG) for modern irregular

echinoids, infaunal and epifaunal bivalves ...... 27

Figure 2.2: Latitudinal differences in tropical and extratropical originations and present-

day latitudinal limits of irregular echinoid genera that first occur in the tropics ...28

Figure 2.4: Number of irregular echinoid collections per latitudinal bin for Cenozoic time

periods...... 29

Figure 2.4: Theoretical schematic for the out of the extratropics (OTE) model ...... 30

Figure 3.1: Location of museum and field samples used in this study ...... 57

Figure 3.2: Generalized stratigraphic column of the Ocala Limestone ...... 58

Figure 3.3: Number of species per burrow tier for irregular echinoids from the Late

Eocene Ocala Limestone...... 59

Figure 3.4: Predation frequency vs. size class of irregular echinoids from the Late Eocene

Ocala Limestone ...... 60

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Statement of Objectives

Irregular echinoids (heart urchins, sand dollars, sea biscuits) are a group of infaunal invertebrates that have colonized many marine environments from the tropics and Antarctic regions (Smith, 1984; David et al., 2005). Irregular echinoids diversified from their regular echinoid (sea urchin) counterparts in the Early Jurassic and the diversity of both groups increased rapidly during the remaining Mesozoic (Kier, 1982; Smith, 1984). For other groups of marine invertebrates, such as bivalves, an apparent trend of decreasing diversity towards higher latitudes is known as the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG). Three evolutionary models have been postulated to explain the latitudinal diversity gradient: 1) cradle 2) museum and 3) out of the tropics (OTT) (Stebbins, 1974; Jablonski et al., 2006), but it is unknown which of these models, if any, apply to the diversification history of irregular echinoids.

The evolutionary force that led to an infaunal mode of life for echinoids is also not well understood. For other groups of marine organisms, predation has been a major influence on the evolution of morphology (Kelley and Hansen, 1993; Dietl et al, 2000; Vermeij, 2008), behavior

(Chattopadhyay and Baumiller, 2007; Casey and Chattopadhyay, 2008), and diversity (Huntley and Kowalewski, 2007). In fact, one of the main trends resulting from the purported Marine

Mesozoic Revolution was an increase in infaunal organisms due to increasing predation pressures (Stanley, 1977; Aberhan et al., 2006). This has led some workers to hypothesize that the infaunalization of echinoids in the Early Jurassic may have also been a product of predation pressure (Kier, 1982; Cross and Rose, 1994; McNamara, 1994). If the predation hypothesis for echinoids is valid, then deeper burrowing echinoids should have fewer traces of predation. To adequately assess whether predation decreases with increasing sediment depth, the relative burrow depth for irregular echinoids must be known.

To provide a more complete understanding of irregular echinoid evolution, the objectives of this research are twofold. The first objective is to test the evolutionary diversification history of irregular echinoids using the three evolutionary models. If irregular echinoids do not fit any of these existing models, a fourth model will be proposed. The second objective is to test whether deep burrowing reduces predation on Late Eocene irregular echinoids by categorizing them into relative burrow depths based on test morphology.

Thesis Structure

The evolution of irregular echinoids is presented by examining their evolutionary diversification history first (Chapter 2). The modern latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) of irregular echinoids is shown so that the evolutionary patterns that may have produced their LDG can be tested. Assessment of the three current evolutionary models is tested by calculating the number of fossil irregular echinoids that originate in both the tropical and extratropical regions.

Collections from two fossil databases are utilized to determine if sampling is biased towards a particular region. The predation frequency of irregular echinoids from the Late Eocene Ocala

Limestone is analyzed in relation to paleoecological burrow tiers (Chapter 3). The importance of burrowing and the ramifications it can have on the Ocala Limestone paleoecology is also examined. Finally, the results from all analyses are summarized in the concluding chapter

(Chapter 4).

References

Chattopadhyay, D., and T. K. Baumiller. 2007. Drilling under threat: an experimental

assessment of the drilling behavior of Nucella lamellosa in the presence of a predator.

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 352, p. 257-266.

Casey, M. M., and D. Chattopadhyay. 2008. Clumping behavior as a strategy against drilling

predation: implications for the fossil record. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and

Ecology 376:174-179.

Cross, N. E. and E. P. F. Rose. 1994. Predation of the Upper Cretaceous spatangoid echinoid

Micraster. Pp. 607-61 in B. David, A. Guille, J.P. Féral and M. Roux, eds. Echinoderms

through Time, Rotterdam, Netherlands.

David, B., T. Chone, and A. Festeau. 2005. Biodiversity of Antarctic echinoids: a comprehensive

and interactive database. Scientia Marina 69:201-203.

Dietl, G., R. Alexander, andW. Bien. 2000. Escalation in late Cretaceous-early Paleocene

oysters (Gryphaeidae) from the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Paleobiology 26:215-237.

Huntley, J. W., and M. Kowalewski. 2007. Strong coupling of predation intensity and diversity

in the Phanerozoic fossil record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

104:15006-15010.

Jablonksi D, K. Roy, and J. W. Valentine. 2006. Out of the tropics: evolutionary dynamics of the

latitudinal diversity gradient. Science 314:102-106.

Kelley, P., and T. Hansen. 1993. Evolution of the naticid gastropod predator-prey system: an

evaluation of the hypothesis of escalation. Palaios 8:358-375.

Kier, P. M. 1982. Rapid evolution in echinoids. Palaeontology 25:1-9.

McNamara, K. 1994. The significance of gastropod predation to patterns of evolution and

extinction. Pp. 785-793 in B. David, A. Guille, J.P. Féral and M. Roux, eds. Echinoderms

through Time, Rotterdam, Netherlands.

Smith, A. B. 1984. Echinoid Palaeobiology, Allen & Unwin Press, Australia.

Stanley, S. M. 1977. Trends, rates, and patterns of evolution in the Bivalvia. Pp 209-253 in A.

Hallam, ed. Pattens of evolution as illustrated by the fossil record, New York, New York.

Stebbins, G. L. 1974. Flowering plants: Evolution Above the Species Level, Belknap Press,

Cambridge.

Vermeij, G. 2008. Escalation and its role in Jurassic biotic history. Palaeogeography,

Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 262:5-8.

CHAPTER 2

THE EXTRATROPICS AS A CENTER FOR EVOLUTIONARY DIVERSIFICATION1

1 Miller, J.M. and Walker, S.E. Submitted to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3/16/2011.

Abstract

Many terrestrial and marine organisms exhibit a latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), but the evolutionary dynamics behind the LDG are not well understood. We found that an important group of marine invertebrates, irregular echinoids, had an unusual LDG and that their evolutionary originations were higher in the extratropics than in the tropics. Additionally, nearly

76% of genera that originated in the extratropics now have some presence in the tropics.

Because current evolutionary models are not applicable to this ecologically-important clade, we propose an out of the extratropics (OTE) model to describe how marine organisms may originate in the extratropics and then migrate into tropical regions. This model is applicable to other taxa, such as sediment-dwelling foraminifera and terrestrial mammals. Despite the fact that fossil echinoid collections date to the early 1800s and are arguably well sampled, much of their evolutionary history (Paleogene to Neogene) is based on collections representing extratropical paleoregions. If there is an extratropical bias, we can not address the full extent of this bias until the intensity of tropical sampling is known. Irregular echinoids have colonized shallow shelf to deep water from the tropics to the polar regions of Antarctica, and are among the most diverse groups of echinoderms. Altered ecological conditions tied to global climate change have the potential to disrupt contemporary LDGs, and thus it is important to examine the fossil record of ecologically-important clades that originated in extratropical and polar regions to understand their susceptibility to climate-induced perturbations.

Introduction

Few trends in evolutionary biogeography are more studied than the pattern of decreasing diversity with increasing latitude known as the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) (Hillebrand,

2004). Many organisms such as birds, bacteria, terrestrial mammals, marine fish and marine invertebrates exhibit a LDG (Hawkins et al., 2003; Fisher et al., 2008; Fuhrman et al., 2008;

Buckley et al., 2010). While a number of studies have focused on the ecological causes behind the LDG, little attention is given to the evolutionary dynamics that may have produced it

(Mittelbach et al., 2007). Altered conditions tied to global climate change may disrupt LDGs

(Fisher et al., 2008). Therefore, it is important to examine the fossil record of ecologically- important clades to understand their susceptibility to climate-induced perturbations in the past.

Using marine bivalves from the late Miocene through Pleistocene, Jablonski et al. (2006) tested two LDG diversification models and proposed a third model: 1) the museum model posits that origination occurs in both the tropics and extratropics but lower extinction rates in the tropics leads to increased diversity in that region (Stebbins, 1974; Arita and Vazquez-

Dominquez, 2008); 2) the cradle model where taxa in the tropics a higher more origination rate than those in the extratropics (Stebbins, 1974); and 3) the out of the tropics model (OTT) where more taxa originate in the tropics and then migrate to higher latitudes while maintaining a strong tropical presence (Jablonski et al., 2006). The museum model appears to hold for birds

(Blackburn and Gaston, 1996), whereas the cradle model may explain coral LDGs (Kiessling et al., 2010). Jablonski et al. (2006) and Roy et al. (2009) tested the OTT model and found that it explains the LDG pattern for most marine bivalves. Terrestrial groups such as liverworts, leaf beetles, and butterflies also appear to fit the OTT model (McKenna and Farell, 2006).

Recently, Buzas and Culver (2009) reported a pattern different from the OTT model: that sediment-dwelling protists (foraminifera) have more originations outside of the tropics. For these protists, none of the three existing evolutionary models are applicable. Are there any metazoan groups that may exhibit a non-tropical origination and diversification pattern that

Buzas and Culver (2009) document for protists? The evolutionary diversification pattern for infaunal metazoans, those that burrow and exploit food-nutrients within the sediment, are not well studied (Roy et al., 2000). Previously, Thorson (1957) argued that infaunal metazoans lack a LDG because subsurface benthic habitats were more homogeneous between the tropics and poles and thus a gradient would not occur. Roy et al. (2000) tested Thorson's hypothesis by using infaunal and epifaunal marine bivalves from different trophic groups (suspension and deposit feeders). For nearly all bivalve groups examined, a strong LDG does exist which does not support Thorson‟s hypothesis. However, Roy et al. (2000) also found that for one important and highly diverse group of infaunal deposit-feeding bivalves, the protobranchs, a steep latitudinal gradient was not evident. They discussed numerous ecological and evolutionary reasons, from a deposit-feeding trophic mode to non-planktotrophic larval development, that may account for the atypical LDG. Although food within the sediments could be sourced from surface productivity (Roy et al., 2007), it is possible that a deposit-feeding mode of life coupled with an infaunal ecological strategy and non-planktotrophic larvae may disrupt the typical LDG.

It is implied that if a clade has planktotrophic larvae, then that group is more likely to have a typical LDG with a steeply dipping slope toward the poles.

We assessed whether an ecologically-important group of marine animals, the infaunal irregular echinoids, have a similar LDG as infaunal bivalves and if the OTT model is applicable to their clade. We also tested the larval hypothesis put forward by Roy et al. (2007) to determine if larval feeding mode provides a mechanism for explaining LDGs for marine invertebrate clades. Irregular echinoids are deposit-feeders and are represented by semi-infaunal clypeasteroids and cassiduloids (sand-dollars, sea biscuits), and the infaunal spatangoids (heart urchins) (Nebelsick, 1996; Kroh and Smith, 2010). Irregular echinoids have colonized shallow-

10 to-deep water (up to 5000 meters) from the tropics to the polar region of Antarctica, and are among the most diverse group of echinoderms (Smith, 1984; David et al., 2005). Their burrowing behavior releases nutrients back into the water column, enhancing benthic marine diversity in modern seas (Schinner, 1993; Hollertz and Duchene, 2001).

The fossil record of irregular echinoids began in the Jurassic when they diverged from the epifaunal regular echinoids, such as sea urchins (Smith, 1984). Echinoid diversity increased rapidly following the origin of irregular echinoids (Kier, 1982). Today, most irregular echinoids have planktonic larvae (Smith, 1984) but non-planktotrophic (e.g., brooding and lecithotropic) larvae are more common in polar regions, especially in Antarctica: of the 28 brooding echinoid species, 25 of them are from Antarctica (Philip and Foster, 1971; Jeffrey, 1997). In a review of modern echinoderm development McEdward and Miner (2001) found that 38 of 70 (54%) irregular echinoid species had a planktotrophic larva, and 22 were brooding species from

Antarctica. Non-planktotrophy and planktotrophy can be determined from echinoid skeletons, and non-planktotrophic echinoids are not known from Paleozoic through the Late Cretaceous (to

Santonian) (Jeffrey, 1997; Cunningham and Abt, 2009). Larval feeding mode can be inferred from fossil adult specimens by either the presence of brood pouches (no free swimming larvae), relative enlargement of the gonopores (non-planktotrophic eggs are larger), and crystallographic orientation of the apical plates (Cunningham and Abt, 2009). After the Santonian Stage, non- planktotrophic development evolved in numerous echinoid clades, but is rare overall (Jeffrey,

1997). If planktotrophy is the dominant larval feeding mode for irregular echinoids, then we also would expect that irregular echinoids would have a steep LDG, and not one that follows the atypical LDG of infaunal protobranchs which have non-planktotrophic larvae (Roy et al., 2000).

However, if planktotrophic irregular echinoids exhibit an LDG like non-planktotrophic

11 protobranch bivalves, then larval feeding adaptations may not be the overall driver of evolutionary LDGs.

If irregular echinoids do not fit the typical LDG or OTT model, it is possible that an additional model is warranted, especially in light of the protobranch bivalve clade (Roy et al.,

2000) and infaunal foraminifera (Buzas and Culver, 2009) findings. Here we propose an out of the extratropics model (OTE) where origination is highest in the extratropics with subsequent migration of taxa into the tropics. Additionally, we tested whether the paleobiogeographic patterns were biased by collections (Allison and Briggs, 1993; Jackson and Johnson, 2001; Krug et al., 2009) or were biased by not taking into account wider tropical regions in the past.

Results

The modern LDG for irregular echinoids declines with increasing latitude but not as steeply as other organisms (Fig. 2.1A). For example, diversity of marine bivalves drops precipitously after outside of the tropical boundary (Fig. 2.1B), but irregular echinoid diversity does not start to decline until 40° latitude. A similar pattern was reported for infaunal depositing-feeding protobranchs (Roy et al., 2000) (Fig. 2.1C). In contrast to other marine and terrestrial organisms, irregular echinoid diversity does not plummet at the poles because of the high modern diversity of irregular echinoids recorded from Antarctic waters at 70° S (Fig. 2.1A).

In fact, suspension- and deposit-feeding bivalves that have known LDGs do not have an increase in diversity at the poles (Fig. 2.1B, C).

The diversification of irregular echinoid genera from the Cretaceous through the modern record is higher in extratropical regions than in tropical regions if the tropics are defined as 25o N and S latitude (Table 2.1; tropics defined after Jablonski et al., 2006). Of the five irregular

12 echinoid genera that originated during the Cretaceous only two (40%) were from tropical areas

(Fig. 2.2). In the Eocene, 26% of irregular echinoid originations were from tropical latitudes,

31% in the Miocene and 78% in the Plio-Pleistocene. The total number of modern echinoid genera that originated in extratropical habitats (n = 38) was significantly higher (p = 0.02) than those that originated in tropical habitats (n = 23). When grouped into Neogene and Paleogene time bins, echinoid extratropical originations were significantly higher for the Paleogene (p =

0.01). Unlike marine bivalves (Jablonski et al., 2006), the extratropics are very important for irregular echinoid origination and diversification. Additionally, tropical origination of irregular echinoid taxa increases through the Cenozoic culminating in the Plio-Pleistocene where tropical originations overshadow extratropical originations.

In modern seas, irregular echinoid genera that originated in extratropical environments have more species than genera that evolved in the tropics. Modern genera with extratropical originations have 138 species; for genera that originate in the tropics, there are 55 species. For genera that originated in the extratropics there are 3.8 species per genus; for the tropics, 2.4 species. Geographic patterns in organisms can be related to their phylogenetic antiquity in particular regions (Wilson, 1987; Fjeldsaå and Lovett, 1997), could these differences in species per genera be related to the irregular echinoid phylogenetic legacy in the extratropics? For irregular echinoid genera that originated in the extratropics, 76% (29/38) have at least one species found in the tropics, strongly indicating that the extratropics may be the evolutionary crucible for this clade.

Alternatively, are we undersampling the tropics because, in the past, the tropics existed in a wider geographical belt? During warmer global periods, for instance, the tropics may have extended to 30° N and S latitude (Scotese, 2002; Boucot et al., in press). When we re-examined

13 the data using tropical limits of 30° for warmer periods of time, there was no change in species originations for irregular echinoids for the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene (Table 2.1). But during the Eocene, 16 genera originated in the tropics compared to 5 when the tropics were delineated by 25°. During the Oligocene through the Plio-Pleistocene the paleotropical limits were similar to modern ones (Scotese, 2002; Boucot et al., in press), thus tropical limits were not increased for those epochs. In total, tropical origination for modern irregular echinoids increased from 23 to 38 genera when latitudinal limits were expanded to reflect presumed wider tropical belts in the Eocene. Thus, if tropical belts were wider in the past, this could account for differences in origination centers.

We also examined whether there was an extratropical collection bias for our data. A total of 2563 Paleogene-to-Neogene collections that had irregular echinoids were found in the

Smithsonian database and 1349 collections from the Paleobiology Database (PaleoDB). For the

Smithsonian data, collection numbers were highest for each time period at latitudes greater than

25° (Fig. 2.3A). The PaleoDB collections have a similar pattern except that the Oligocene and

Plio-Pleistocene collection peaks occurred at approximately 25° latitude (Fig. 2.3B). Of the total collections from the Smithsonian 78% were found in either Western Europe or the United States

(57% for the PaleoDB). Only 54 (2.1%) collections from the Smithsonian and 144 (10.6%) of the PaleoDB collections were found in the Southern Hemisphere. Is this bias because of lack of sampling in these regions, or a lack of having them in northern hemisphere museum collections?

We do not know.

As an additional test for possible extratropical sample bias we determined how many modern genera from the tropics and extratropics have had some presence in the fossil tropics and extratropics. Of the 48 genera that have at least one representative in modern tropical

14 environments 39 (81.3%) have at least one fossil tropical presence. Additionally, of the 40 genera that have at least one extratropical representative in modern oceans, 35 (87.5%) also have at least one fossil representative. This suggests that the extratropics are only marginally better represented in the fossil record. Given what we have, there is a remarkable distribution of irregular echinoids in extratropical regions throughout most of their evolutionary and collection history. If this is a true trend, then a new model to account for their evolutionary origins is warranted; whether it stands the test of time will only be known with more focused sampling effort in the southern hemisphere and paleotropical regions.

Out of the Extratropics Model for Evolutionary Diversification

The LDG for irregular echinoids is distinctly different than bivalves of the OTT model which posits that origination is highest in tropical regions for all time periods. If the tropics are defined as 25o N and S latitude, then throughout most of the irregular echinoid history, extratropical originations and tropical immigrations have dominated. It is only in the Plio-

Pleistocene that irregular echinoids diversified higher in tropical regions than extratropical.

Irregular echinoids do not appear to conform to the OTT model. Thus we propose an out of the extratropics model (OTE) where extratropical origination dominates and immigration of taxa into tropical environments explains high modern tropical diversity. Consequently, our out of the extratropics model may explain why irregular echinoid diversity is highest in the tropics today, but had higher originations in extratropical regions for most of their evolutionary history (Fig.

2.4). We posit that our OTE model complements prior diversification models and shows that the extratropics can be major foci for evolutionary innovation. Indeed, an extratropical origin for terrestrial mammals, reptiles and amphibians is well known (Mueller et al., 2004; Feranac, 2007;

Pyron and Burbrink, 2009), and also is reported for infaunal foraminifera (Buzas and Culver,

2009). The extratropics also may be just as important as an ecological evolutionary crucible as the tropics.

Following (Jablonski et al., 2006), the tempo and mode of species distribution are based on three variables: origination rates (O), extinction rates (E) and immigration (I); the tropics and extratropics are denoted by subscripts (T, E). For example, if the tropics and the extratropics had equal origination rates, then this would be represented by OT = OE. For the OTT model, origination is highest in the tropical regions (OT>OE) and immigration to the extratropics from the tropics is high (IT

(OTIE), and extinction is relatively equal

(EE=ET). Crame (1992) proposed a similar model (his "Model 2") based on inoceramid bivalves and prosobranch gastropods that originated in extratropical environments during the Mesozoic with subsequent migration into lower latitudes. His model examined temporal and spatial diversity for a taxon in different latitudinal bins where movement of a taxon through time can be tracked assuming all time periods are sampled consistently and biases were equivalent (Bush et al., 2004). In contrast, our OTE model was developed by determining where and when a taxon originated and how far that taxon lineage was able to expand its biogeographic range, following

(Jablonski et al., 2006) to avoid some of the biases of the fossil record which were not considered in Crame‟s model. For some clades, then, evolutionary innovation is highest in extratropical regions and migration and subsequent accumulation of taxa in tropical regions occurs.

If the tropics are expanded to 30° for time periods when warmer waters possibly infiltrated high latitudes a transition between the OTT and OTE models may occur. During the

Eocene, echinoid diversity was at its highest, with most of the diversity restricted to the southeastern United States (Carter, 1987). By increasing latitudinal limits to 30° southeastern

United States irregular echinoid genera would be included in the tropics and may be driving the apparent increase in tropical originations. The Eocene example shows that how the tropics are latitudinally defined is critical to paleobiogeographic evolutionary outcomes (Crame, 2002; Roy and Pandolfi, 2005).

However, if the tropics were 25° for all time periods, extratropical origination is higher for each time period except for the Plio-Pleistocene, a time of general global cooling. During the

Neogene we find that tropical and extratropical originations were roughly equal for irregular echinoids. This could be related to Neogene seasonality which was more pronounced at higher latitudes, favoring a diversity in larval forms that were adapted to a wide-range of nutrient input.

Higher latitudinal echinoids are characterized by non-planktotrophic larvae and this may be one adaptation to seasonal food fluxes (Jeffrey, 1997; Cunningham and Abt, 2009). Additionally, non-planktotrophic larval development in irregular echinoids evolves during cooling global climate (Cunningham and Abt, 2009).

The non-typical LDG observed for both irregular echinoids (with mostly planktotrophic larvae) and protobranch bivalves (with non-planktotrophic larvae) seems to rule out larval feeding strategies as an evolutionary driver of invertebrate LDGs. If both of these infaunal deposit-feeding groups do not conform to the OTT model then it may be that mode of development is not solely responsible for the LDG. Perhaps the combination of infaunalism and deposit feeding plays a role in shaping the modern LDG for these groups. It is also possible that

17 extratropical origination for irregular echinoids may be related to their ability to successfully colonize non-carbonate environments, but this remains to be tested (Barras, 2008).

Is the pattern of high extratropical origination for irregular echinoids merely a product of sample bias? Extensive collection data from the Smithsonian and PBDB represent extratropical latitudes, with much of the data from the northern hemisphere, specifically Western Europe and the United States (see also Smith, 2001). This finding is similar to the Indo-Pacific as a repository of high biodiversity today but is one of the least sampled paleoenvironments for fossil molluscs (Jackson and Johnson, 2001; Krug et al., 2009). Alternatively, the irregular echinoid extratropical collection pattern may be a true approximation of their evolutionary history. For example, collections do not document whether the paleotropics have been sampled intensely for irregular echinoids, rather that little has been found. Furthermore, echinoids have been studied since the 1830s (Kroh and Smith, 2010) and the results of collections from over 180 years yield few fossil tropical irregular echinoids. Therefore we must ask: are the paleotropics truly undersampled for irregular echinoids or is the high number of originations in the extratropics a true pattern? Our work provides a working hypothesis in which to test the validity of the OTE model, until more work has been completed in the paleotropics. While the tropics are immensely important, the extratropical and polar regions also maintain large repositories of biodiversity

(Brandt et al., 2007; Cheung et al., 2009), the history of which is just starting to be revealed.

Methods

Data for the latitudinal diversity curve (LDG) were compiled from literature sources that documented global species diversity of modern irregular echinoids (Ghiold and Hoffman, 1986;

1989). Modern irregular echinoid species numbers were obtained for 38 geographic regions and placed into 10° latitudinal bins both north and south of the equator (Appendix A).

To test the cradle, museum, and OTT model, Sepkoski‟s compendium (2002) was used to generate the data for living genera of irregular echinoids with a fossil record dating back to the

Early Cretaceous (145 million years ago). Smith's Echinoid Directory (2009) was used to determine the first appearance of an irregular echinoid genus and the locality the genus originated in. The first appearance of a species was assigned as extratropical or tropical based on tropical limits defined as 25° N or S of the equator after Jablonski et al. (2006). For any genus with a tropical origination, a modern maximum pole-ward limit either north or south of the equator was determined using Smith‟s Echinoid Directory (2009). For any genus that originated in the extratropics (greater than 25° N and S of the equator) we determined whether the taxon had any modern tropical presence (Appendix B). t-test statistics were used to test for significance in the amount of extratropical versus tropical origination numbers using the latitude a genera originated in. Data were analyzed using the software package R (2009).

We also examined whether the tropical belt was broader in the past: Warmer waters may have extended to 30o during the Late Cretaceous through the Late Eocene and we determined if broader tropical regions increased the number of tropical originations of irregular echinoids during those time periods. We used climate data from the PALEOMAP project (Scotese, 2002;

Boucot et al., in press), and found that for all time bins, a strict definition of the tropical limit of

25° N and S latitude is viable based on the presence of bauxite and laterite deposits. To be conservative, however, the Late Cretaceous and Late Eocene time bins were a time when warm waters may have infiltrated higher latitudes and thus we applied a 30° N and S latitude tropical

19 limit to those time bins. Once tropical limits were defined for each time period, the numbers of irregular echinoid originations were recalculated using the same genera listed in Appendix B.

To test whether our data was not biased by monotypic genera the total number of species per genera were calculated. Smith's Echinoid Directory (2009) was used to calculate the number of modern echinoid species for each genera used in this study. The number of species per genera was derived by dividing the number of species in a region (i.e. tropical or extratropical) by the number of genera.

To determine if the tropical regions were undersampled compared to extratropical regions global collections data were analyzed for both geographic and collection biases. Collections data was obtained from the Paleobiology Database (PBDB; http://paleodb.org) and Smithsonian

(http://collections.nmnh.si.edu) online databases (Appendix C). These two databases include genera from Andrew Smith‟s Echinoid Directory (2009). The number of collections per 10° latitudinal bin for each time period of the Cenozoic was calculated for each database separately to test whether the tropics are sampled less than the extratropics. The number of collections in each hemisphere, Western Europe, and the United States was calculated to determine if a collections bias is evident for irregular echinoids. If a bias was present then we would expect to see a higher number of collections for regions outside of the tropics (> 25° latitude).

Acknowledgments

We thank A. J. Boucot for generously allowing access to in press paleoclimate data; A.

J. Boucot, K. K. Davis, and A. Bush reviewed earlier drafts of this manuscript; A. B Smith's

Echinoid Directory provided the baseline data for this study; and B. Carter provided expertise on southeastern USA echinoids. Supported by grants from the Paleontological Society, Watts-

Wheeler Fund (University of Georgia), Southwest Florida Fossil Club, and NSF grant ANT-

0739512.

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Table 2.1. Number of irregular echinoid genera (includes subgenera) that originated in the

Cretaceous to Plio-Pleistocene. The number of irregular echinoid genera that originated in the tropics (within 25° N and S latitude) and extratropics are listed; those that originated during a wider tropical range (within 30o N and S latitude) are listed within parentheses. For the data within parentheses, the tropical limits are as follows: Cretaceous 30°, Paleocene 30°, Eocene 30°,

Oligocene 25°, Miocene 25°, Plio-Pleistocene 25° (distilled from Scotese, 2002; Boucot et al., in press). The number of genera originating in the extratropics is higher than in the tropics when the tropics are assumed to be less than 25° for all time periods. When the tropical zone is increased to reflect warmer global temperatures the number of tropical originations is higher than extratropical for only the Eocene time period.

Number of irregular genera per Number Geologic Number Originated time period that have a modern Originated in Time in Extratropics distribution Tropics

Cretaceous 5 2 (2) 3 (3)

Paleocene 3 1 (1) 2 (2)

Eocene 23 5 (16) 18 (7)

Oligocene 6 2 (2) 4 (4)

Miocene 13 4 (4) 9 (9)

Plio- Pleistocene 11 9 (9) 2 (2)

Total 61 23 (34) 38 (27)

Figure 2.1. Comparative latitudinal diversity gradients (LDG) for modern irregular echinoids, infaunal and epifaunal bivalves. (A) LDG for irregular echinoid species that occur worldwide in both hemispheres (compiled from Ghiold and Hoffman, 1986; 1989). (B) LDG of marine bivalves from the Northern hemipshere (adapted from Jablonski et al., 2006) (C) LDG of infaunal bivalves from the north-eastern Pacific (adapted from Roy et al., 2000). B and C are presented as contrasts to the irregular echinoid LDG. Grey dashed lines represent 25° tropical latitude limit. Data for all parts was compiled into 10° latitudinal bins

Figure 2.2. Latitudinal differences in tropical (T) and extratropical (E) originations (on the left) and present-day latitudinal limits of irregular echinoid genera that first occur in the tropics on the right (the vertical line indicates 25o, the tropical proxy latitude). (A) Cumulative data represented for all time bins: Late Cretaceous through Plio-Pleistocene. (B) The number of genera that first appeared in the Paleogene. (C) The number of genera that first appeared in the

Neogene. For the cumulative (A) and Paleogene (B) data sets the difference in origination is significant [(A) T-test, p = 0.02; (B) p = 0.01], but not significant for (C) . (D) Greatest latitudinal extent for genera that originate in the tropics.

Figure 2.3. Number of collections bearing irregular echinoids per latitudinal bin for Cenozoic time periods. (A) Collection data from the Smithsonian. (B) Collection data from the

Paleobiology Database. Black dashed line represents the 25° tropical latitude limit.

Figure 2.4. Theoretical schematic out of the extratropics (OTE) model (compare to Jablonski et al., 2006). Red dashed lines denote irregular echinoid lineages that originated in the tropics; blue solid lines represent lineages that originated in the extratropics. Lineages connected by a horizontal line are sister taxa. Horizontal lines that cross from extratropical into tropical regions and vice versa indicate taxa that immigrated into different zones. The dashed horizontal line indicates the present day. The dotted vertical lines denotes tropical boundaries.

CHAPTER 3

TESTING THE INFAUNAL-EVOLUTION HYPOTHESIS: DO DEEP BURROWING

IRREGULAR ECHINODS HAVE REDUCED INCIDENCE OF DRILLING PREDATION?2

2 Miller, J. M. and Walker, S. E. To be submitted to Palaios.

Abstract

Predation has been implicated as a main driver of ecological-evolutionary change in several marine invertebrate groups including mollusks, brachiopods, and echinoderms. In the echinoderm clade, predation may have provided the evolutionary selective force for the irregular echinoids to colonize and diversify within sediment starting in the Early Jurassic. However, it is unknown whether burrowing within sediments (infaunalism) reduces the incidence of predation for irregular echinoids. To test whether burrowing reduces the frequency of predation, fourteen species of irregular echinoids from the Late Eocene Ocala Limestone were apportioned to four burrowing tiers based on test morphology, and the frequency of cassid gastropod predation

(counted by presence of drill holes on the skeletons) was determined for each species. Predation frequency was greatest in the medium infaunal tier, the next greatest was the deep infaunal tier, followed by the shallow burrowers and finally, the semi-infaunal tier had the least predation frequency. These results indicate that burrow depth does not correlate to a reduction in cassid gastropod predation. Modern irregular echinoids that modify their burrow depth in response to nutrient quantity may not be restricted to particular depths within the sediment. Therefore, the infaunal paradigm that predation may have driven these irregular echinoids deeper does not appear to hold. Rather, the evolution of echinoids into the sediments may be more a function of food resources rather than escaping predators.

Introduction

Traces of predation (drill holes, repair scars) offer a unique glimpse at ancient predator/prey relationships (Kowalewski et al., 1998; Huntley and Kowalewski 2007). Predation has significantly affected the evolution of morphology (Vermeij, 1977; Kelley and Hansen,

1993; Dietl et al, 2000; Vermeij, 2008), behavior (Chattopadhyay and Baumiller, 2007; Casey

34 and Chattopadhyay, 2008), community structure (Aberhan et al., 2006), and diversity (Huntley and Kowalewski, 2007; Vermeij, 2008). It was proposed, though never tested, that a change to infaunalism for irregular echinoids (i.e. oligopygoids, clypeasteroids, cassiduloids, spatangoids) during the early Jurassic was influenced by predation (Kier, 1982; Rose and Cross, 1993; Cross and Rose, 1994; McNamara, 1994). Implicit in this theory is that the deeper an echinoid can burrow the less likely a predator may consume it (McNamara, 1994).

Evolution toward a burrowing lifestyle required substantial morphological changes from an epifaunal mode of life (Kier, 1977). In comparison to their epifaunal counterparts, the first burrowing echinoids in the Jurassic had a flatter, more elongate test that facilitated unidirectional movement (Kier, 1982; Smith, 1984). The evolution of specialized burrow-building tube feet, depressed petals (ambulacra), and fascioles were necessary adaptations for deeper burrowing

(Kier, 1982; Smith, 1984). For example, the tube feet became more shovel-like and longer to produce and maintain the walls of the burrow (Smith, 1984). Depressed ambulacral petals allow for a spine canopy that could protect the respiratory pores from becoming clogged with sediment

(Smith, 1984). The appearance of skeletal fascioles that facilitated the movement of oxygenated water into a burrow allowed colonization to deeper depths for some infaunal echinoids (Smith,

1984; Smith and Stockley, 2005). These skeletal attributes can be used to infer the burrow depth of fossil echinoids (Nichols, 1959; Carter et al., 1989).

By the Early Cretaceous, all the morphologies related to burrowing had appeared, resulting in the first adaptive radiation for irregular echinoids throughout the Cretaceous (Kier,

1974; Kier, 1982; Smith, 1984). The end Cretaceous extinctions resulted in diminished irregular echinoid diversity; declining diversity continued through the Paleocene (Smith and Jeffrey,

1998). By the end of the Paleocene about 36% of irregular echinoid genera had gone extinct and the extinctions may be due to a reduced nutrient supply (Smith and Jeffrey, 1998).

The Eocene was a time when irregular echinoids underwent a second major adaptive radiation, and by the Late Eocene, global generic and species diversity was higher than at any other time period (Raup, 1975; Kier, 1974; Smith, 1984). For example, the Late Eocene Ocala

Limestone of the southeastern United States has approximately 36 irregular echinoid species distributed among 11 families (Oyen and Portell, 2001). The Ocala Limestone is an excellent unit to test McNamara‟s (1994) hypothesis that deeper burrowing echinoids are preyed upon less frequently then shallow burrowers because of the high irregular echinoid diversity. However, only a few Ocala Limestone irregular echinoid species have been analyzed for predation. Gibson and Watson (1989) examined five species of irregular echinoid from the Ocala Limestone and found that cassid gastropod drilling predation varied among the species (14-66%). They did not consider the role burrow depth had on the observed predation patterns.

Full testing of Kier‟s (1974) hypothesis, that predation pressure contributed to infaunalism in echinoids, is not attempted here. Rather, McNamara‟s hypothesis (i.e., decreasing predation with increasing burrow depth) will be tested, and its implications for the evolution of infaunalism in irregular echinoids. If McNamara‟s hypothesis is valid then the shallowest burrowing echinoids should have the greatest extent of predation traces because they are more likely to encounter predators. In contrast, the deepest burrowing echinoids would be less likely to have predatory drill holes on their tests. Alternatively, if predation does not decrease with increasing burrow depth then other evolutionary hypotheses may account for irregular echinoids radiation below the sediment-water interface. Smith (1984) has suggested that the irregular echinoid evolutionary expansion below the sediment-water interface was driven by a change in

36 food acquisition and the ability to exploit open niches (Smith, 1984; Barras, 2007). Additionally, if predation frequency does not decrease with burrow depth the predator may have selected a certain size of prey to consume regardless of the prey‟s burrow depth. A predator‟s ability to be selective for prey that will yield the most food for it‟s effort has been noted previously for modern and fossil predatory gastropods (Kitchell et al., 1981; Palmer, 1984).

Methods

Irregular echinoid specimens were obtained from museum and field samples collected from the Late Eocene Ocala Limestone of the southeastern United States (Fig. 3.1). Museum samples used in this study were from the Florida Museum of Natural History (FMNH) and the

Alabama Geological Survey (AGS). The Ocala Limestone echinoids have been used in paleoenvironmental (McKinney and Zachos, 1986), biostratigraphic (McKinney, 1984), paleoecological (Carter, et al., 1989; Carter, 1997) and taphonomic studies (Gibson and Watson,

1989). The Ocala Limestone was deposited as a carbonate ramp during a 3 million year period during the Late Eocene (Gaswirth et al., 2006). The Ocala Limestone is divided into three parts based on the presence or absence of three irregular echinoid species (Fig. 3.2). All of the samples used in this study came from the middle (Williston Formation, middle Late Eocene) and upper unit (Crystal River Formation, late Late Eocene) of the Ocala Limestone. A total of 774 irregular echinoids representing fourteen species were used in this study.

Burrowing tiers (semi-infaunal, shallow infaunal , medium infaunal, and deep infaunal tiers) were determined based on irregular echinoid skeletal morphology (Table 3.1).

Morphological characters used to demark burrowing depth were assessed using Nichols (1959),

Smith (1984), and Kanazawa (1992). Relative burrow depths were used instead of absolute

37 depths because we cannot with certainty ascertain the true burrow depth of a fossil species.

Species richness was tabulated as the number of species within each tier and was calculated so that results could be compared to other studies.

We then examined the irregular echinoid specimens within each burrowing tier for cassid gastropod drilling predation. Drill holes from cassids were used because of their unambiguous identification and high preservation potential on the skeleton of the echinoid (Hoffmeister and

Kowalewski, 2001; Kowalewski and Nebelsick, 2003). Cassids drill a circular hole with straight walls that often have rough, etched edges from acidic secretions (Sohl, 1969; Hughes and

Hughes, 1981; Nebelsick and Kowalewski, 1999). Naticid or muricid predation has not been documented for either regular or irregular echinoids (Kowalewski and Nebelsick, 2003).

Predation frequency was calculated for each tier and species using the following formula:

PF=(d/n) where PF is predation frequency, d is the number of specimens with at least one drill hole and n is the total number of specimens. For example, if all species are pooled and there are 20 specimens in one burrow tier and 15 were found to have a drill hole then the predation frequency would be 0.75 (15/20) for that tier. Similarly, if 10 specimens of a given species were drilled out of 20 then the predation frequency would be 0.50 (10/20) for that species. A Spearman correlation test as used to determine if a statistically-significant positive correlation existed between burrow depth and frequency of drilling predation.

To determine if cassid predators may select a particular size of irregular echinoid, the length of all specimens was measured using digital calipers. The irregular echinoids were then grouped into 10 mm size classes. The predation frequency for each size class was calculated and analyzed using a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA to determine if a particular size class

38 was more likely to be preyed upon. Correlation and statistical analyses were preformed in R and significance was determined at an  = 0.05 (R Development Core Team, 2009).

Results

Based on test morphology the fourteen species of Ocala irregular echinoid were placed within four burrow tiers (Table 3.2). The semi-infaunal tier had both the highest number of species (S = 8) and individuals (n = 581). The semi-infaunal clypeasteroid Weisbordella cubae had the highest abundance among all species used in this study (n = 221). The next most speciose tier was the shallow burrowers (S = 3) represented by fewer individuals (n = 70) than the semi-infaunal group, and comprised 9% of the total individuals. Eupatagus antillarum was the most abundant species within this group (n = 50). The medium burrowers were the next speciose tier (S = 2) but had the fewest individuals (n = 27). Agassizia clevei dominated the medium burrowing tier in terms of abundance (n = 25). Schizaster armiger was the only species in the deep burrow tier but had the second highest number of total individuals (n=96) which accounted for 12.4% of the total individuals (Fig. 3.3).

A total of 27 drill holes were found on 774 specimens of irregular echinoid (Table 3.3).

Of these, 14 drill holes (PF = 0.02) were found on irregular echinoids from the semi-infaunal tier and was the smallest predation frequency among all tiers (Fig. 3.3). Three drill holes (PF = 0.04) were found on specimens from the shallow burrow tier. The medium burrow tier had the highest predation frequency (PF = 0.11) represented by a total of three drill holes. Seven drill holes (PF

= 0.07) were found on deep burrowing specimens corresponding to the second highest predation frequency. Pearson-Product Moment correlation analysis revealed no significant correlation

39 between predation frequency and burrow depth and was not statistically significant (ρ = 0.30; p

= 0.27).

The medium burrower Agassizia clevei had the highest predation frequency (PF = 0.12) of any other species in the study and was the only species drilled in the medium burrow tier.

Rhyncholampas georgiensis had the second highest predation frequency (PF = 0.10) among all species and had the highest predation frequency among species in the semi-infaunal tier. The other two species of Rhyncholampas (semi-infaunal tier) had only one drill hole among 55 specimens. Among the other species of Rhyncholampas, R. conradi had one drill hole while R. ericsoni had none. Schizaster armiger, the only deep burrowing species in this study, had the third highest predation frequency (PF = 0.07). The clypeasteroid, Mortonella quinquefaria

(semi-infaunal tier) had the fourth highest predation frequency among all species analyzed.

Eupatagus antillarum (shallow tier) had the next highest predation frequency (PF = 0.06) and was the only species drilled in the shallow burrow tier. All other drilled species had a predation frequency below 0.04 and were found in the semi-infaunal tier (i.e., Oligopygus wetherbyi,

Oligopygus haldemani). No predatory drill holes were found on the most abundant species analyzed, the semi-infaunal clypeaster, Weisbordella cubae.

The test length of Late Eocene irregular echinoids from the Ocala Limestone ranged from

7.1 mm for the smallest specimen to 74.2 mm for the largest (Table 3.4). The largest size class

(71- 80 mm) had the highest frequency predation frequency and no irregular echinoid less than

11 mm in length had a predatory drill hole (Fig. 3.4). The second smallest size class (21-30 mm) also had the third highest predation frequency (PF = 0.08). Overall, the predation frequency appears to increase with increasing test length but is not statistically significant (H = 6.7; p =

0.46).

Discussion

Irregular echinoid burrow tiers and their importance--Irregular echinoids are one of the most abundant marine invertebrates from the Ocala Limestone and, because of their burrowing activities, they could impact the paleoecology of the Ocala significantly. Just by burrowing, modern infaunal organisms can rework massive amounts of sediment and increase nutrient richness at the sediment water interface (Davis, 1993; Schinner, 1993; Bird et al., 1999; Hollertz and Duchene, 2001). Burrowing by the infaunal spatangoid Echinocardium cordatum can increase the porosity of buried sediments and allow for a nutrient flux to the sediment water interface (Lohrer et al., 2004). Large populations of Echinocardium can completely rework the sediment surface in about three days (Lohrer et al., 20005) and bioturbation can significantly increase oxygen levels at the sediment surface while simultaneously decreasing dentrification

(Widdicombe and Austen, 1998). Increased nutrient supply and oxygen at the sediment-water interface due to echinoid burrowing may also lead to enhanced benthic diversity (Widdicombe and Austen, 1998). The burrowing behavior of deeper burrowing organisms can aerate the sediment at burrow depths where oxygen levels are depleted (Welsh, 2003). It is puzzling that the ecological structure of fossil infaunal echinoids is not well studied because of how important modern burrowers can be to the structure and success of a community (Mermillod-Blondin and

Rosenberg, 2006). If modern populations of burrowing echinoids can have major positive impacts on marine ecosystems then it is likely that the abundant irregular echinoids from the

Ocala Limestone also had similar effects. The four burrow tiers ascertained from the Ocala

Limestone irregular echinoids is an important step in understanding the paleoecological effects that burrowing echinoids can have on a fossil ecosystem.

For irregular echinoids from the Late Eocene Ocala Limestone four burrow tiers may have been evident. The number of species in each tier decreases with increasing depth into the substrate. Because 11 of the total fourteen irregular echinoid species are semi-infaunal or shallow burrowers sediment agitation was probably highest within the first few layers. Most of the semi-infaunal and shallow species could not live within the sediment but probably ploughed through the first few layers of substrate. The medium and deep tier continue the decline in diversity with two and one species respectively. Even though the medium and deep tiers are represented by the fewest number of species their burrowing behavior may have at least oxygenated the deeper sediment allowing other less mobile organisms the ability to colonize those levels.

Does deep burrowing deter predation?-- Currently, several evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of infaunalism for echinoids. Predation is the most pervasive and may be due in part to cassid predation traces found on fossil echinoids (Ceranka and Zlotnik, 2003; Kowalewski and Nebelsick, 2003). Furthermore cassids may be the only gastropod predator on echinoids (Hughes and Hughes, 1981) leading other workers to hypothesize that the two groups are evolutionarily linked (Rose and Cross, 1993). McNamara

(1994) attributed the offshore migration in a lineage of Miocene Lovenia was a direct response to increasing cassid gastropod predation. Although not tested, this led him to conclude that burrowing may have also been a response to escape predation for irregular echinoids. We found that the incidence of cassid drill holes did not decrease with increasing burrow depth for irregular echinoids from the Late Eocene Ocala Limestone. Instead, the two deepest burrow tiers show the highest predation frequency. If cassid gastropods can only burrow into the first few

42 centimeters of the sediment (Kowalewski and Nebelsick, 2003) to feed on echinoids then we must consider why drill holes are found on deep burrowing echinoids.

Some species of modern irregular echinoids that burrow have also been observed on the sediment surface. For example, the modern spatangoid Meoma ventricosa burrows as deep as

100 mm into the sediment, but at night, individuals emerge from their burrows because oxygen levels are depleted (Chesher, 1969). Additionally, both Moira atropos and M. ventricosa must emerge from their burrows to reproduce (Chesher, 1969), and although the reproduction behaviors for many modern irregular echinoids is currently unknown, it seems likely that most must surface to breed.

Some spatangoids seem to occupy the surface of the sediment (i.e. unburrowed) if food content is higher than within the burrow (Hollertz et al., 1998). For example, modern medium burrowing spatangoids like Brissopis lyrifera were documented burrowing up to 20 mm within the sediment (Hollertz and Duchene, 2001). Hollertz (2002) demonstrated that B. lyrifera also would feed at the surface if organic content was higher than within the burrow. Brisaster latifrons, a deep-burrowing species (20-50 mm burrow depth; Kanazawa, 1992) were observed emerging from their burrows and occupying the surface of the sediment for up to several days before reburrowing (Nichols et al., 1989). The resurfacing behavior was attributed to calming of upwelling currents and subsequently more food being available on the sediment surface. Thus for medium and deep burrowing echinoids of the Ocala Limestone increased nutrient levels may have driven them to the sediment surface and there, they became exposed to predators. Major adaptive radiations for irregular echinoids also seem to occur following the arrival of novel food gathering morphologies, strongly indicating that food, rather than predation, may be the selective agent for irregular echinoid evolution. For example, the evolution of penicillate tube-feet in the

Middle Jurassic allowed irregular echinoids to consume fine-grained sediments for the first time and resulted in the radiation of spatangoid echinoids (Smith, 1984). Barras (2008) found that penicillate tube-feet evolution coincides with irregular echinoids colonization of fine-grained sediments. The sand dollars (clypeasteroids) also seem to have diversified following the evolution of specialized tube feet used in food acquisition (Smith, 1984). Therefore, the acquisition of food may be more important to irregular echinoid evolution than becoming food for predatory cassids.

Alternatively, perhaps medium and deeper burrowing echinoids are preyed upon because they conform to a specific size class that is preferred by the cassid predator. Qualitatively, it does appear that larger irregular echinoids are preyed upon more often than smaller ones (refer to

Fig.3. 4). However, equally-sized echinoids (based on average test length) were found in a variety of burrow tiers. It does not appear that the high predation frequency for the medium and deep burrowing echinoids resulted from size-specific prey selection.

Comparisons to other echinoid predation studies. -- One advantage of using test morphology to determine burrow tiers is that we can apply those tiers to prior studies on irregular echinoid predation to determine if predation frequency is controlled by burrow depth. For example, if we apply the same criteria for assigning burrow tiers to the five species Gibson and

Watson (1989) examined, four of them would have belonged to the semi-infaunal burrow tier.

The other species (Schizaster ocalanus) would belonged to the deep burrowing tier. From their work, irregular echinoids that would belong to the semi-infaunal tier had a predation frequency of 0.38. Although they reported S. ocalanus had a drill hole they only examined one specimen.

They found much higher predation frequency for what we could call the semi-infaunal tier, but they considered bore holes that may not have been produced by cassid gastropods. For example,

44 two holes were found on the test of Schizaster ocalanus but the morphology of the holes may not be consistent with drill holes produced by a cassid. Rather, they may be the product of taphonomy.

McNamara (1994) examined cassid predation for eight species of irregular echinoids from the Early Miocene Mannum Formation. Of his eight species, five can be placed into the shallow burrowing tier and three to the semi-infaunal tier. Medium and deep burrowing irregular echinoids were not represented in his data. Predation frequency was lower for the semi-infaunal tier (0.17) than the shallow burrow tier (0.37). Although predation frequency was considerably higher for Early Miocene irregular echinoids the pattern of lower predation frequency for the shallowest burrowing tier is evident. Additionally, much like the two clypeasteroids analyzed in our study (i.e., Mortonella quinquefaria and Weisbordella cubae) McNamara (1994) found that

Early Miocene clypeasteroids had very few instances of predation. Clypeasteroids have a relatively small body cavity and may not contain as much soft tissue compared to other irregular echinoids (Seilacher, 1979). Thus, cassid gastropods may not drill sand dollars because the amount of food gained from clypeasteroids may not be enough to warrant an attack.

Hoffmeister and Kowalewski (2001) have shown that for fossil bivalves from the

Miocene predation frequency can vary spatially due to either differences in faunal assemblage or environmental settings. For example, bivalves from their Parathethys clay sample had a drilling intenstity of 23.9% while those from Parathethys sand had 12.9% . This may explain why the predation frequency we find is considerably lower than those from other studies. Several other studies have documented fossil echinoid predation but only examined species that would occupy one burrow tier. For example, Ceranka and Zlotnik (2005) found a predation frequency of 0.04

45 for three species of the semi-infaunal Echinocyamus. Their predation frequency is similar to what we found for semi-infaunal echinoids from the Ocala Limestone.

Conclusions

Because the external morphology of irregular echinoids can readily be used to construct a burrow profile they are useful for delineating habitat complexity in fossil assemblages. Burrow tiers can yield important insights regarding the habitat complexity of fossil ecosystems and burrowing can release vital nutrients other benthic organisms require. One of the noticeable features of the Ocala Limestone is the high abundance and diversity of irregular echinoids.

Thus, irregular echinoids in the Late Eocene Ocala Limestone may have provided a useful source for the nitrification and oxygenation of the marine benthos. We find that predation frequency is highest for the deeper burrowing echinoids. This seems to indicate that deep burrowing is not an effective means of escaping predation for irregular echinoids. McNamara‟s hypothesis that burrowing may reduce predation is not supported in this work. Because we only examined cassid predation in relation to burrow depth it may be possible that other predators in part a greater evolutionary pressure on irregular echinoids. Other predators such as fish and durophagous arthropods have been observed preying upon modern irregular echinoids (Kowalewski and

Nebelsick, 2003). Thus, we cannot rule out the possibility that predation by non-gastropods may have caused echinoids to become infaunal in the Early Jurassic For example, the appearance of durophagous brachyuran crabs in the Early Jurassic (Walker and Brett, 2002) may coincide with the appearance of infaunalism for echinoids. However, because irregular echinoids continually return to the sediment surface or alter their burrow depth to obtain food, and they have evolved specialized food gathering structures, food gathering may be more important in the evolution of

46 infaunalism than predation. Indeed, Smith (1984) has hypothesized that a change in food acquisition may have resulted in the infaunalization of echinoids. Predation as an evolutionary driver towards infaunalism is suggested for Mesozoic marine organisms (e.g., Aberhan et al.,

2006 ) but for Late Eocene irregular echinoids it appears that predation may not be the major driver for infaunalism in this group.

Acknowledgments

We thank S. Ebersole for access to the Alabama Geological Survey fossil collections; R. Portell of the University of Florida Natural History Museum for generously gaining us access into

Florida limestone quarries; B. Carter provided access to additional limestone quarries and his expertise on southeastern irregular echinoids. This work was supported by grants from the

Paleontological Society, Watts-Wheeler Fund (University of Georgia) and Southwest Florida

Fossil Club.

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Table 3.1. The burrow tiers used for this study and the morphological characters that define those tiers. Modern analogues were used to approximate the depth of burrowing for the fossil

Ocala Limestone echinoids. Key to terms: the peripetalous fascioles surrounds the ambulacra.

The latero-anal fasciole is found on the side of the test and runs to the posterior of the test just below the periproct.

Burrow Morphological Modern Analogue Observed Burrow Tier Characteristics Related to Depth Burrow Depth Semi- Flat or round test profile; lack Rhyncholampas Partially buried; infaunal fascioles and tunnel building pacificus and can burrow to 2 tube feet; ambulacra are flush Peronella lesueri cm within the with the test (Kier, 1962; Smith, sediment (Kier, 1980) 1962; Smith, 1980)

Shallow Flat test profile; ambulacra Plagiobrissus grandis Burrows just below are flush with the test or Spatangus purpureus the sediment/water weakly depressed; well (Lawrence and interface to a depth developed fascioles; lack Ferber, 1976; Nichols of 5 cm (Lawrence specialized tunnel building 1959) and Ferber, 1961; tube feet (Nichols, 1959; Nichols 1959; Smith, 1980; Kanazawa, Smith 1980) 1992)

Medium Globular shaped test profile; Brissopsis lyrifera Burrows to 15 cm shallowly depressed (Thompson and within the sediment ambulacrum; well developed Riddle, 2005) (Thompson and peripetalous fasciole; have Riddle, 2005) specialized tube feet for burrow construction (Nichols, 1959; Smith, 1980; Kanazawa, 1992)

Deep Wedge shaped test profile; Paraster doederleini Deepest burrower deeply depressed Paraster floridiensis to 25 cm within the ambulacrum; well developed (Kier, 1975; Smith, sediment (Kier, latero-anal and peripetalous 1980) 1975; Smith, 1980). fascioles; have specialized tube feet for burrow construction (Nichols, 1959; Smith, 1980; Kanazawa, 1992)

Table 3.2. Echinoid species used in this study, their inferred burrow depth based and number of individuals examined.

Species Tier Assessment Number of Individuals Eurhodia patelliformis Semi-infaunal 9 Mortonella quinquefaria Semi-infaunal 32 Oligopygus haldemani Semi-infaunal 156 Oligopygus wetherbyi Semi-infaunal 79 Rhyncholampas conradi Semi-infaunal 47 Rhyncholampas ericsoni Semi-infaunal 8 Rhyncholampas georgiensis Semi-infaunal 29 Weisbordella cubae Semi-infaunal 221 Eupatagus antillarum Shallow 50 Eupatagus ocalanus Shallow 15 Plagiobrissus dixie Shallow 5 Agassizia clevei Medium 25 Brissopsis steinhatchee Medium 2 Schizaster armiger Deep 96

Table 3.3. Predation frequency of each species within the four tier groups. Predation frequency for each tier is also calculated. Irregular echinoids found in the late Late Eocene (LLE) and middle Late Eocene (MLE) are indicated.

Number of Number Frequency Individuals Drilled Drilled (n) Semi-infaunal Eurhodia patelliformis (LLE) 9 0 0.00 Mortonella quinquefaria (LLE) 32 2 0.06 Oligopygus haldemani (MLE) 156 6 0.04 Oligopygus wetherbyi (LLE) 79 2 0.03 Rhyncholampas conradi (LLE) 47 1 0.02 Rhyncholampas ericsoni (MLE) 8 0 0.00 Rhyncholampas georgiensis (MLE) 29 3 0.10 Weisbordella cubae (LLE) 221 0 0.00 Total Semi-infaunal 581 14 14/581 (0.02) Shallow Eupatagus antillarum (MLE) 50 3 0.06 Eupatagus ocalanus (LLE) 15 0 0.00 Plagiobrissus dixie (LLE) 5 0 0.00 Total Shallow 70 3 3/70 (0.04) Medium Agassizia clevei (LLE) 25 3 0.12 Brissopsis steinhatchee (LLE) 2 0 0.00 Total Medium 27 3 3/27 (0.11) Deep Schizaster armiger (LLE) 96 7 0.07 Total Deep 96 7 7/96 (0.07)

TOTALS 774 26 27/774 (0.03)

Table 3.4. General size metrics for the species of Late Eocene Ocala Limestone used in the study. Length was measured using digital calipers. All measurements are in millimeters (mm).

Predation Mean STD Min Max Frequency Eurhodia patelliformis 23.3 2.9 19.0 26.0 0.00 Mortonella quinquefaria 55.3 4.0 47.3 61.1 0.06 Oligopygus haldemani 12.2 2.1 8.6 15.3 0.04 Oligopygus wetherbyi 42.8 6.1 31.2 56.2 0.03 Rhyncholampas conradi 39.9 6.6 20.3 55.2 0.02 Rhyncholampas ericsoni 23.2 6.6 11.3 29.6 0.00 Rhyncholampas georgiensis 25.6 3.6 19.5 32.0 0.10 Weisbordella cubae 18.4 9.3 7.1 38.5 0.00 Eupatagus antillarum 47.0 15.3 21.8 74.2 0.06 Eupatagus ocalanus 48.2 5.6 39.2 30.3 0.00 Plagiobrissus dixie 66.0 3.9 62.1 71.3 0.00 Agassizia clevei 22.2 6.3 8.3 30.5 0.12 Brissopsis steinhatchee 41.5 13.4 30.0 51.0 0.00 Schizaster armiger 44.3 10.5 28.0 73.4 0.07

Table 3.5. Summary of bore hole analysis performed by Gibson and Watson (1989) on five species of Ocala Limestone irregular echinoids and comparison of similar species analyzed in our study. The burrow tier, number of individuals and the number of specimens found with a drill hole (in parentheses) for both studies.

Species Tier Number of Individuals Number of Assessment (Number drilled; Individuals Gibson and Watson, (Number drilled; 1989) this work) Oligopygus wetherbyi Semi-infaunal 32 (16) 79 (2) Oligopygus haldemani Semi-infaunal 21 (4) 156 (6) Neolaganum archarensis Semi-infaunal 14 (3) 221 (0) Weisbordella cubae Semi-infaunal 6 (4) - Schizaster ocalanus Deep 1 (1) -

Figure 3.1. Location of both the museum (square) and field (triangle) samples used in this study.

All samples were obtained from the Ocala Limestone.

Figure 3.2. Generalized stratigraphic column of the Ocala Limestone. All samples were found in the Williston and Crystal River Formations.

Figure 3.3. Number of species per burrow tier for irregular echinoids from the Late Eocene

Ocala Limestone.

Figure 3.4. Predation frequency vs. size class of irregular echinoids from the Late Eocene Ocala

Limestone. Irregular echinoids were placed into 10-mm size classes based on test length, and predation frequency was calculated for each size class.

CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSIONS

Unlike other marine invertebrates, the infaunal mobile irregular echinoids have a non- typical latitudinal diversity gradient. Irregular echinoids do not seem to conform to any of the existing evolutionary models and therefore a fourth model is proposed to explain high extratropical origination with subsequent migration into the tropics: out of the extratropics

(OTE). The extratropics are major centers of evolution for irregular echinoids as well as other organisms; thus, the OTE model may be a useful tool for explaining the extratropical origination of many different organisms. Larval feeding mode does not seem to be the singular ecological cause behind the atypical irregular echinoid LDG. Preferential sampling of the extratropics may impart a particular bias on the observed diversification history. However, until a better understanding of paleotropical sampling intensity is known, the OTE model provides a working hypothesis with which to test to the evolutionary history of extratropical organisms. For ecologically significant organisms that originate in the extratropical and polar regions, it is important to understand their vulnerability to climate changes.

Similarly, the ability to assign relative burrow tiers to fossil infaunal echinoids based on skeletal morphology can be a useful tool for understanding habitat complexity in fossil ecosystems. Infaunal echinoids are crucial to the success of marine ecosystems as their burrowing behavior can release nutrients and oxygen back into the water column which may enhance marine diversity. The occurrence of deep burrowing echinoids in the Ocala Limestone probably allowed other invertebrate groups to occupy the marine benthos. The presence of deep or medium burrowers in other assemblages may be indicative of well oxygenated marine environments that other, less mobile organisms were able to occupy.

Predation frequency does not decrease with increasing burrow depth for irregular echinoids from the Ocala Limestone. Rather, irregular echinoids seem to frequently alter their

64 burrow depth to obtain food and many adaptive radiations of irregular echinoids have followed after the appearance of novel food gathering adaptations.

During the Mesozoic, predation is purported to have been more intense in tropical regions compared to extratropical regions. For much of their evolutionary history, irregular echinoid origination has been highest in extratropical environments. Thus, it is likely that because irregular echinoids diversified in extratropical habitats, they have avoided the predation pressures that have influenced the evolution of other tropical originating marine invertebrates.

APPENDIX A

LATITUDINAL DIVERSITY GRADIENT DATA FOR MODERN IRREGULAR ECHINOIDS

Latitude (north and south of equator) Total number of species 0-9 153 10-19 156 20-29 118 30-39 124 40-49 37 50-59 18 60-69 24 70-79 0 80-90 0

Data used to construct the LDG for modern irregular echinoids in both the southern and northern hemispheres (Chapter 2). Data were collected from Ghiold and Hoffman (1986, 1989).

APPENDIX B

IRREGULAR ECHINOID GENERA WITH A MODERN REPRESENTATIVE AND FOSSIL

RECORD

Genus Geographic Time Period of Locality of For Tropical taxa greatest latitudinal Origination Origination Origination extent (Country, state or location given); for extratropical taxa is there a tropical presence? (No or yes answer given) Cyclaster Tropical Cretaceous Madagascar North of East Cape, New Zealand Hypselaster Tropical Cretaceous Madagascar Iceland, Greenland Echinolampas Tropical Paleocene India Japan Brissus Tropical Eocene Cuba New Zealand Eupatagus Tropical Eocene India Japan Meoma Tropical Eocene Cuba Florida Pericosmus Tropical Eocene Somaliland, E. Japan Africa Protenaster Tropical Eocene Australia Adelaide, Australia Jacksonaster Tropical Eocene Cuba Indo-West Pacific Paleopneustes Tropical Oligocene Mexico Florida, Georgia, North Carolina Astriclypeus Tropical Oligocene Taiwan Japan Rumphia Tropical Oligocene Cuba New Zealand Moiropsis Tropical Miocene Kei Islands Kei Islands, Indonesia Platybrissus Tropical Miocene Fiji Japan Rhynobrissus Tropical Miocene Venezuela North Carolina Mellitella Tropical Miocene Florida, Virginia California Rotula Tropical Miocene Southwest Africa West Africa Faorina Tropical Plio-Pleistocene Indo-Pacific Pakistan Arachnoides Tropical Plio-Pleistocene Australia to New Zealand Philippines Fellaster Tropical Plio-Pleistocene Australia New Zealand Heliophora Tropical Plio-Pleistocene W. coast of Africa Senegal Hupea Tropical Plio-Pleistocene Indo-Pacific Taiwan Leodia Tropical Plio-Pleistocene Venezuela. North Carolina Peronella Tropical Plio-Pleistocene Okinawa Islands Japan Scaphechinus Extratropical Miocene Japan NO Pourtalesia Extratropical Miocene Honshu, Japan YES (Malaysia-Recent) Paraster Extratropical Cretaceous Argentina YES (Galapagos Islands-Recent) Rhyncholampas Extratropical Cretaceous Netherlands, YES (Tropical Pacific Ocean-Recent) Belgium Rhynchopygus Extratropical Cretaceous Netherlands, NO Belgium Brisaster Extratropical Paleocene Kazakhstan YES (S. India -Cretaceous) Abatus Extratropical Eocene Seymour Islands NO Agassizia Extratropical Eocene North Carolina YES (Caribbean-Recent) Breynia Extratropical Eocene India YES (Java-Miocene) Brissopsis Extratropical Eocene Florida YES (Caribbean-Recent) Ammotrophus Extratropical Plio-Pleistocene South Australia NO Echinarachnius Extratropical Miocene Alaska, California NO Encope Extratropical Miocene USA YES (Caribbean-Recent) Mellita Extratropical Miocene Florida, Virginia YES (Galapagos Islands-Recent) Savainiaster Extratropical Eocene France YES (Caribbean-Recent) Taimanawa Extratropical Eocene New Zealand YES (Kei Islands -Recent) Echinocyamus Extratropical Eocene Georgia, USA YES (India-Miocene) Fibularia Extratropical Eocene Texas YES (Philippines-Recent) Dendraster Extratropical Plio-Pleistocene California NO Studeria Extratropical Oligocene Germany YES (Hawaii-Recent)

Diploporaster Extratropical Miocene New Zealand YES (Red Sea-Recent) Echinocardium Extratropical Miocene France YES (Caribbean-Recent Heterobrissus Extratropical Miocene Cyprus(Medit Sea) YES (Caribbean-Recent) Spatangus Extratropical Oligocene Germany NO Echinodiscus Extratropical Oligocene Japan YES (Taiwan-Recent) Laganum Extratropical Eocene USA YES (Tongatabu-Recent) Apatopygus Extratropical Eocene Southern Australia NO Cassidulus Extratropical Eocene SE USA YES (Barbados-Recent) Plagiobrissus Extratropical Eocene SE USA YES (Caribbean-Recent) Metalia Extratropical Eocene Egypt YES (Indo-West Pacific-Recent) Moira Extratropical Eocene Pakistan YES (Ecuador-Recent) Palaeostoma Extratropical Eocene Morocco YES (India-Recent) Lovenia Extratropical Eocene Austria YES (Malay-Recent) Maretia Extratropical Eocene SE USA YES (Malay-Recent) Schizaster Extratropical Paleocene Germany YES (Galapagos Islands-Recent) Tripylus Extratropical Paleocene Kazakhstan NO Granopatagus Extratropical Eocene Italy YES (Hawaii-Recent)

List of all irregular echinoid genera found to have a modern representative and a fossil record

and their temporal and spatial originations and distributions (Chapter 2). Genera were derived

from Sepkoskis‟s Compendium (2002). Temporal and spatial distributions of irregular echinoids

were found using the Echinoid Directory (2009). Placement of taxa into tropical versus

extratropical origination based on a 25° tropical limits for all time periods. For taxa with

extratropical origination and a tropical presence location of tropical presence and time period of

presence are noted in parentheses.

APPENDIX C

COLLECTIONS DATA FROM THE SMITHSONIAN AND PALEOBIOLOGY DATABASES

Smithsonian Collections. Database Accessed February 11th, 2011

CollectionsNumber Scientific Name Country Latitude EpochAge

PAL 468960 Opissaster somaliensis Currie Somalia 9 Paleocene PAL 464456 Plesiolampas curriae Kier Somalia 9 Paleocene PAL 174760 Cassidulus kieri Adegoke Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 174761 Cassidulus kieri Adegoke Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 174762 Cassidulus kieri Adegoke Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 303064 Genus indet. sp indet. Adegoke Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462210 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462211 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462212 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462213 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462214 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462215 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462216 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462217 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462218 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462219 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462220 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462221 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462222 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462223 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462224 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 462225 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 312503 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 312504 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 312505 Togocyamus seefriedi (Oppenheim) Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 174756 Togocyamus seefriedi Oppenheim Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 174757 Togocyamus seefriedi Oppenheim Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 174758 Togocyamus seefriedi Oppenheim Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 174759 Togocyamus seefriedi Oppenheim Nigeria 11 Paleocene PAL 468507 Hemiaster sp Saudi Arabia 25 Paleocene MO 16916 Gitolampas georgiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Paleocene MO 461453 Gitolampas georgiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Paleocene MO 461454 Gitolampas georgiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Paleocene MO 461456 Gitolampas georgiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Paleocene MO 461455 Gitolampas georgiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Paleocene MO 461457 Gitolampas georgiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Paleocene MO 461458 Gitolampas georgiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Paleocene PAL 465680 Schizaster ? sp United States 32 Paleocene PAL 469014 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Paleocene PAL 186202 Linthia alabamensis Clark United States 34 Paleocene PAL 466494 Pericosmus latus Agassiz Malta 35 Paleocene PAL 462773 Phyllotheca ? (Rhopostoma) cruciferum (Morton) United States 38 Paleocene PAL 466800 Giraliaster cinctus (Morton) United States 40 Paleocene PAL 466801 Giraliaster cinctus (Morton) United States 40 Paleocene PAL 466802 Giraliaster cinctus (Morton) United States 40 Paleocene PAL 29467 Giraliaster cinctus (Morton) United States 40 Paleocene PAL 2209 Linthia cf. alabamensis Clark United States 40 Paleocene PAL 29472.B Linthia cf. alabamensis Clark United States 40 Paleocene PAL 2327 Phyllotheca ? cruciferum (Morton) United States 40 Paleocene MO 461451 Gitolampas sp France 45 Paleocene PAL 468485 Hemiaster garumnicus Lambert France 45 Paleocene PAL 467180 Isaster acquitanicus (Grateloup) France 45 Paleocene PAL 466776 Jeronia pentagonalis (Kongiel) France 45 Paleocene PAL 467146 Micraster tercensis (Cotteau) France 45 Paleocene PAL 461430 Podozamites ? chalmasi (Smiser) France 45 Paleocene

PAL 461431 Podozamites ? chalmasi (Smiser) Belgium 51 Paleocene PAL 131267 Podozamites ? chalmasi (Smiser) Belgium 51 Paleocene PAL 461190 Podozamites ? macari (Smiser) Belgium 51 Paleocene PAL 460550 Procassidulus elongatus (Orbigny) Belgium 51 Paleocene S 6171 Procassidulus elongatus (Orbigny) Belgium 51 Paleocene PAL 73518 Phyllotheca ? (Rhopostoma) freucheni (Desor) Denmark 56 Paleocene PAL 462782 Phyllobrissus sp Brazil 8S Paleocene PAL 465895 Eupatagus clevei (Cotteau) Panama 7 Eocene PAL 462195 Oligopygus curasavica Molengraaff Venezuela 8 Eocene PAL 462187 Oligopygus nancei Cooke Venezuela 8 Eocene PAL 462196 Oligopygus rotundus Cooke Venezuela 8 Eocene PAL 462194 Oligopygus curasavica Molengraaff Venezuela 9 Eocene PAL 462190 Oligopygus nancei Cooke Venezuela 9 Eocene PAL 462191 Oligopygus nancei Cooke Venezuela 9 Eocene PAL 462188 Oligopygus nancei Cooke Venezuela 9 Eocene PAL 462189 Oligopygus nancei Cooke Venezuela 9 Eocene PAL 462186 Oligopygus nancei Cooke Venezuela 9 Eocene British S 6209 Echinocyamus polymorphus Duncan & Sladen Somaliland 9 Eocene PAL 466213 Cubanaster torrei (Lambert) Panama 9 Eocene PAL 465909 Eupatagus dainellii (Checchia-Rispoli) Somalia 9 Eocene PAL 465379 Linthia somaliensis Currie Somalia 9 Eocene PAL 466450 Migliorinia migiurtina Checchia-Rispoli Somalia 9 Eocene PAL 468959 Opissaster derasmoi Checchia-Rispoli Somalia 9 Eocene PAL 95712 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark Costa Rica 10 Eocene PAL 462200 Oligopygus costuliformis Jeannet Trinidad 11 Eocene PAL 462201 Oligopygus kugleri Jeannet Trinidad 11 Eocene PAL 462202 Oligopygus kugleri Jeannet Trinidad 11 Eocene PAL 462058 Oligopygus zyndeli Jeannet Trinidad 11 Eocene MO 563443 Echinocyamus petalus Kier Marshall Islands 11 Eocene MO 563444 Echinocyamus petalus Kier Marshall Islands 11 Eocene MO 563445 Echinocyamus petalus Kier Marshall Islands 11 Eocene MO 563446 Echinocyamus petalus Kier Marshall Islands 11 Eocene PAL 462203 Oligopygus kugleri Jeannet Trinidad 11 Eocene PAL 462198 Oligopygus rotundus Cooke Trinidad 11 Eocene PAL 197 Oligopygus rotundus Cooke Trinidad 11 Eocene Dutch West MO 649857 Haimea rutteni Pijpers Indies 12 Eocene PAL 328797 Cassidulus senni Kier Barbados 13 Eocene PAL 328796 Fibularia barbadosensis Kier Barbados 13 Eocene PAL 328794 Fibulaster ? caribbeanensis (Kier) Barbados 13 Eocene PAL 328795 Fibulaster ? caribbeanensis (Kier) Barbados 13 Eocene PAL 460693 Fibularia barbadosensis Kier Barbados 13 Eocene PAL 207223 Euspatangus clevei Cotteau Lesser Antilles 14 Eocene MO 115420 Gitolampas antillarum (Cotteau) Lesser Antilles 17 Eocene PAL 462281 Clypeaster concavus Cotteau Antigua 17 Eocene PAL 462818 Tarphypygus clarki (Lambert) Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 241681 Haimea alta Arnold & Clark Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 466225 Cubanaster torrei (Lambert) Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 466226 Cubanaster torrei (Lambert) Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 466220 Cubanaster torrei (Lambert) Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 351801 Habanaster sanchezi Lambert Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 351803 Habanaster sanchezi Lambert Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 461523 Haimea alta Arnold & Clark Cuba 21 Eocene MO 462001 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 462081 Oligopygus jamaicensis Arnold & Clark Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 462062 Oligopygus pinguis Palmer Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 462063 Oligopygus sanchezi Lambert Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 462079 Oligopygus sanchezi Lambert Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 462080 Oligopygus sanchezi Lambert Cuba 21 Eocene

PAL 466235 Sanchezella sanchezi (Lambert) Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 466232 Sanchezella sanchezi (Lambert) Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 466230 Sanchezella sanchezi (Lambert) Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 466228 Sanchezella sanchezi (Lambert) Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 462815 Tarphypygus clarki (Lambert) Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 462816 Tarphypygus clarki (Lambert) Cuba 21 Eocene PAL 466216 Cubanaster torrei (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466215 Cubanaster torrei (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466218 Cubanaster torrei (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466219 Cubanaster torrei (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466217 Cubanaster torrei (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466223 Cubanaster torrei (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466221 Cubanaster torrei (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466222 Cubanaster torrei (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466498 Linthia sp Cuba 22 Eocene MO 563320 Metalia camagueyensis (Weisbord) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462082 Oligopygus collignoni Lambert Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462185 Oligopygus collignoni Lambert Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462073 Oligopygus cubensis Lambert Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462076 Oligopygus cubensis Lambert Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462077 Oligopygus cubensis Lambert Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462074 Oligopygus cubensis Lambert Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462075 Oligopygus cubensis Lambert Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462061 Oligopygus pinguis Palmer Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462070 Oligopygus sanchezi Lambert Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462064 Oligopygus sanchezi Lambert Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462069 Oligopygus sanchezi Lambert Cuba 22 Eocene MO 563318 Oligopygus sanchezi Lambert Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462071 Oligopygus sanchezi Lambert Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462072 Oligopygus sanchezi Lambert Cuba 22 Eocene MO 563322 Oligopygus sp Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462041 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462052 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462053 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466499 Pericosmus atolladosae (Sanchez-Roig) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466493 Pericosmus cubanus Palmer Cuba 22 Eocene MO 563319 Peronella quinquenodulata Weisbord Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466233 Sanchezella sanchezi (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene MO 563317 Sanchezella sanchezi (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466229 Sanchezella sanchezi (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466231 Sanchezella sanchezi (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466227 Sanchezella sanchezi (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 465644 Schizaster camagueyensis (Weisbord) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 465643 Schizaster camagueyensis (Weisbord) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 465646 Schizaster camagueyensis (Weisbord) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 465645 Schizaster camagueyensis (Weisbord) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462822 Tarphypygus clarki (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462821 Tarphypygus clarki (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462817 Tarphypygus clarki (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 341255 Habanaster sanchezi Lambert Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 468994 Asterostoma excentricum Agassiz Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 563310 Asterostoma excentricum Agassiz Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466214 Cubanaster torrei (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 465906 Eupatagus alatus Agassiz & Clark Cuba 22 Eocene MO 563307 Eupatagus alatus Agassiz & Clark Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 465903 Eupatagus alatus Agassiz & Clark Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 341256 Eupatagus alatus Arnold & Clark Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 341257 Eupatagus alatus Arnold & Clark Jamaica 22 Eocene PAL 341258 Eupatagus alatus Arnold & Clark Jamaica 22 Eocene

PAL 341262 Eupatagus alatus Arnold & Clark Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 341263 Eupatagus alatus Arnold & Clark Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 469019 Haimea alta (Arnold & Clark) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 469020 Haimea alta (Arnold & Clark) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 461526 Haimea alta Arnold & Clark Cuba 22 Eocene MO 461563 Haimea alta Arnold & Clark Cuba 22 Eocene MO 461564 Haimea alta Arnold & Clark Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 465666 Linthia avilensis ? Sanchez-Roig Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462068 Oligopygus sanchezi Lambert Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462801 Protocardia ? sp Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 466234 Sanchezella sanchezi (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 465667 Schizaster bathypetalum Agassiz & Clark Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 341250 Schizaster bathypetalus Arnold & Clark Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 465637 Schizaster gerthi ? Pijpers Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 341252 Schizaster gerthi Pijpers Cuba 22 Eocene MO 563308 Schizaster subcylindricus Cotteau Cuba 22 Eocene MO 563308.A Schizaster subcylindricus Cotteau Cuba 22 Eocene MO 563308.B Schizaster subcylindricus Cotteau Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462819 Tarphypygus clarki (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462832 Tarphypygus clarki (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462825 Tarphypygus clarki (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462814 Tarphypygus clarki (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462820 Tarphypygus clarki (Lambert) Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 467431 Cyclaster drewryensis Cooke Cuba 22 Eocene PAL 462829 Tarphypygus clarki (Lambert) Cuba 23 Eocene PAL 488746 Eupatagus batequensis Squires & Demetrion Mexico 23 Eocene PAL 462204 Oligopygus putnami Israelsky Mexico 23 Eocene PAL 462205 Oligopygus putnami Israelsky Mexico 23 Eocene PAL 464792 Agassizia arabica Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Eocene PAL 460721 Echinocyamus cf. polymorpha Duncan & Sladen Saudi Arabia 25 Eocene PAL 170500 Agassizia (Anisaster) arabica Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Eocene PAL 170501 Agassizia (Anisaster) arabica Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Eocene PAL 170502 Echinodiscus ginauensis Clegg Saudi Arabia 25 Eocene PAL 184655 Eupatagus sp Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Eocene PAL 184656 Eupatagus sp Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Eocene PAL 534238 Clypeaster ghezehensis Egypt 27 Eocene PAL 465737 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 462022 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462866 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 466196 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 479785 Conoclypus conoideus (Leske) Egypt 27 Eocene PAL 463374 Echinolampas fraasi Leriol Egypt 27 Eocene PAL 466442 Eupatagus formosus De Loriol Egypt 27 Eocene PAL 341264 Echinolampas qattamiaensis Ali Egypt 27 Eocene PAL 104175 Eupatagus clevei (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene MO 651330 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene MO 651348 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 651331 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 341253 Agassizia clevei Cotteau United States 27 Eocene PAL 464753 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465327 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465328 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465325 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465315 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465324 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465318 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464755 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465316 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465317 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene

PAL 465326 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465319 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464746 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464756 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464757 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464754 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464769 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465313 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465323 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464751 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464752 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464759 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464764 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465321 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465320 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465322 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464758 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465314 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464768 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464747 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464748 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464750 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464763 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465310 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 465312 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464745 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464749 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464761 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464766 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 464767 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462794 Amblipygus americanus Desor United States 27 Eocene PAL 462795 Amblipygus americanus Desor United States 27 Eocene PAL 462796 Amblipygus americanus Desor United States 27 Eocene PAL 462788 Amblipygus americanus Desor United States 27 Eocene PAL 462789 Amblipygus americanus Desor United States 27 Eocene PAL 462793 Amblipygus americanus Desor United States 27 Eocene PAL 465866 Brissopsis steinhatchee Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465848 Brissopsis steinhatchee Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 312017 Brissopsis steinhatchee Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465846 Brissopsis steinhatchee Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465847 Brissopsis steinhatchee Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465849 Brissopsis steinhatchee Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465850 Brissopsis steinhatchee Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465852 Brissopsis steinhatchee Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 466206 Durhamella cf. floridana (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466208 Durhamella cf. floridana (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466207 Durhamella cf. floridana (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465874 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465887 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 463392 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 488584 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 488587 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465867 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465868 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465869 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465878 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465880 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465881 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465882 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene

PAL 465884 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465885 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 380834 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465889 Eupatagus clevei (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465890 Eupatagus clevei (Cotteau) United States 27 Eocene PAL 380834 Eupatagus floridanus (Clark) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460687 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460690 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460662 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460680 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460681 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460682 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460685 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460663 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460664 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460665 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460666 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460667 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460672 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460673 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460674 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460675 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460676 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460677 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460678 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460684 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460686 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460688 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465738 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465734 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465739 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465740 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465750 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465735 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465741 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465742 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465743 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465744 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465736 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465747 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465745 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465746 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465748 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465763 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465754 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465766 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465765 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene MO 137877 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465760 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465759 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465757 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465161 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465762 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465758 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465749 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465764 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465752 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465756 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene S 6248 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene

PAL 465751 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465753 Neolaganum durhami Cooke United States 27 Eocene MO 461811 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461814 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461815 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461565 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461816 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461817 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461818 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461819 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 164661 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461993 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461831 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461834 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461983 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461984 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461989 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461990 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461991 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461992 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461804 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461805 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461806 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461794 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461799 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461800 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461802 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461803 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461809 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461807 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461810 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461812 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461813 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461832 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461995 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene MO 461999 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene PAL 462015 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462016 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462030 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462032 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462036 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462028 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462029 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 46203 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462045 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462046 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462025 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462026 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462057 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene MO 462002 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene MO 462005 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene MO 462006 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene MO 462007 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene MO 462008 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462020 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462021 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462054 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462055 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462056 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene

PAL 462049 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462010 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462012 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462013 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462014 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene MO 462009 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462017 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462024 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Eocene PAL 462893 Palaeostachya ? floridanum Twitchell United States 27 Eocene PAL 462869 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462870 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462894 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene MO 372881 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462865 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462850 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462851 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462858 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462852 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462853 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462871 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462873 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462875 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462855 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462856 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462859 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462860 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462861 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462867 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 462868 Palaeostachya ? ocalanum Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 464561 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene PAL 464554 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene PAL 464555 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466474 Plagiobrissus dixie (Cooke) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466476 Plagiobrissus dixie (Cooke) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466478 Plagiobrissus dixie (Cooke) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466479 Plagiobrissus dixie (Cooke) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466473 Plagiobrissus dixie (Cooke) United States 27 Eocene PAL 463258 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 463259 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460866 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460879 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460613 Rhyncholampas conradi (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460615 Rhyncholampas conradi (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460617 Rhyncholampas conradi (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460594 Rhyncholampas conradi (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460607 Rhyncholampas conradi (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460609 Rhyncholampas conradi (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene PAL 460611 Rhyncholampas conradi (Conrad) United States 27 Eocene PAL 56173 Rhyncholampas conradi Couper United States 27 Eocene PAL 460582 Rhyncholampas ericsoni Fischer United States 27 Eocene PAL 460579 Rhyncholampas ericsoni Fischer United States 27 Eocene PAL 460904 Rhyncholampas georgiensis Twitchell United States 27 Eocene PAL 460951 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Eocene PAL 461117 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Eocene PAL 461134 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Eocene PAL 461154 Rhyncholampas sp indet. United States 27 Eocene PAL 461165 Rhyncholampas trojana Cooke United States 27 Eocene MO 372876 Rhyncholampas trojana Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 461163 Rhyncholampas trojana Cooke United States 27 Eocene

PAL 461159 Rhyncholampas trojana Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 461161 Rhyncholampas trojana Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465712 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465688 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465689 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465690 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465691 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465692 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465696 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465697 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465698 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465700 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465701 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465703 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465717 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465693 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465694 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465699 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465702 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene MO 164682 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 27 Eocene PAL 465665 Schizaster ocalanus Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465659 Schizaster ocalanus Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465660 Schizaster ocalanus Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465661 Schizaster ocalanus Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465662 Schizaster ocalanus Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465663 Schizaster ocalanus Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465664 Schizaster ocalanus Cooke United States 27 Eocene PAL 465803 Weisbordella ? cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465802 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465782 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465785 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465776 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466205 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465777 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465787 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465772 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465768 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene MO 164669 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465779 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465786 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465774 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465781 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465778 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465798 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465800 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465784 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465797 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465775 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465771 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465767 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465783 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465770 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465788 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465799 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465769 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465780 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465789 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465795 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465801 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene

PAL 466204 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465773 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465790 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465791 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465792 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465793 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 465796 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene MO 372871 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene MO 372872 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466190 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466191 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466192 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466187 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466195 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466189 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466193 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466198 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466199 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466200 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466201 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466188 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466194 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466197 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466202 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene MO 372870 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene MO 372874 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466254 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466261 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466247 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466253 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466240 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 462880 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466237 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466238 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466241 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466246 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466249 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466250 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466251 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466258 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466260 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466263 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466242 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466243 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466244 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466245 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466248 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466252 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466255 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466256 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466257 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466259 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466262 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466264 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 466239 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 27 Eocene PAL 463370 Echinolampas africanus De Loriol Egypt 27 Eocene PAL 463363 Echinolampas crameri De Loriol Egypt 27 Eocene PAL 462790 Amblipygus americanus Desor Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 468995 Asterostoma excentricum Agassiz Jamaica 27 Eocene

PAL 468996 Asterostoma excentricum Agassiz Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 468999 Asterostoma pawsoni Kier Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 468997 Asterostoma pawsoni Kier Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 468998 Asterostoma pawsoni Kier Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 358867 Asterostoma pawsoni Kier Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 358866 Asterostoma pawsoni Kier Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 444304 Echinolampas clevei Cotteau Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 341259 Eupatagus alatus Arnold & Clark Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 444303 Haimea ovumserpentus (Guppy) Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 461527 Haimea rugosa Arnold & Clark Jamaica 27 Eocene MO 461464 Ilarionia sp Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 465396 Linthia hexagonalis Arnold & Clark Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 462193 Oligopygus jamaicensis Arnold & Clark Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 462023 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 444302 Plagiobrissus loveni (Cotteau) Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 444301 Rhyncholampas ? matleyi (Hawkins) Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 465838 Schizaster (Paraster) americanus Clark Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 465642 Schizaster bathypetalous Arnold & Clark Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 465641 Schizaster subcylindricus ? Cotteau Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 465640 Schizaster subcylindricus Cotteau Jamaica 27 Eocene PAL 358870 Schizaster subcylindricus Cotteau Jamaica 27 Eocene MO 638688 Genus indet. sp indet. MacNeil Japan 29 Eocene PAL 463268 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 29 Eocene PAL 463276 Protoscutella pentagonum Cooke United States 29 Eocene PAL 463277 Protoscutella pentagonum Cooke United States 29 Eocene PAL 463275.B Protoscutella pentagonum Cooke United States 29 Eocene MO 499111 Protoscutella tuomeyi (Twitchell) United States 29 Eocene PAL 463275.A Protoscutella tuomeyi (Twitchell) United States 29 Eocene PAL 466449 Hikelaster sowerbyi (Archiac) Pakistan 30 Eocene MO 164680 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 31 Eocene MO 559480 Echinocyamus texanus Twitchell in Clark & Twitchell United States 31 Eocene PAL 460692 Fibularia texana (Twitchell) United States 31 Eocene PAL 462661 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 31 Eocene MO 138917 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 31 Eocene MO 465455 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 31 Eocene PAL 463266 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 31 Eocene PAL 463263 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 31 Eocene PAL 459587 Goniocidaris ? sp United States 32 Eocene MO 166503 Echinocyamus huxleyanus Meyer United States 32 Eocene PAL 463319 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463323 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 11411 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464404 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 468773 Maretia arguta (Clark) United States 32 Eocene MO 155446 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene MO 137603 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene MO 141113 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463281 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463282 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463283 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465681 Schizaster ? sp United States 32 Eocene MO 146441 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Eocene PAL 462878 Echinocyamus huxleyanus Meyer United States 32 Eocene PAL 460722 Echinocyamus parvus (Emmons) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465894 Eupatagus (Brissopatagus) alabamensis Cooke United States 32 Eocene PAL 466459 Macropneustes mortoni (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463314 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463321 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 146440 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene

MO 146444 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 146456 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 559887 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465715 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465716 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465718 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene MO 165677 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465710 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene MO 141104 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465829 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465827 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465824 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene MO 166515 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465806 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464762 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 32 Eocene PAL 465311 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 32 Eocene PAL 465916 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) ocalanus Cooke United States 32 Eocene PAL 465102 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465103 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465110 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene MO 165672 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene MO 165672 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene MO 165674 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465106 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465107 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465099 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465100 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene MO 3948 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene MO 11410 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene MO 2515 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464409 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464415 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464416 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464417 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464387 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464402 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464403 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 166514 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465831 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465817 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 466186 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465820 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene MO 164685 Periarchus ? protuberans (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene MO 137791 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 137794 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465845 Schizaster (Paraster) americanus Clark United States 32 Eocene MO 165680 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene MO 156457 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene MO 137795 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 463264 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 526252 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 32 Eocene PAL 526251 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 32 Eocene PAL 526250 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 526247 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 526249 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 526246 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 526248 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 650746 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier United States 32 Eocene MO 650747 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier United States 32 Eocene

MO 650745 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier United States 32 Eocene MO 650748 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier United States 32 Eocene MO 650721 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier United States 32 Eocene MO 650720 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier United States 32 Eocene MO 650723 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier United States 32 Eocene MO 650722 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier United States 32 Eocene MO 651332 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 164665 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Eocene PAL 460708 Echinocyamus huxleyanus Meyer United States 32 Eocene MO 154148 Eupatagus (Brissopatagus) alabamensis Cooke United States 32 Eocene PAL 465892 Eupatagus (Brissopatagus) alabamensis Cooke United States 32 Eocene PAL 465893 Eupatagus (Brissopatagus) alabamensis Cooke United States 32 Eocene PAL 465913 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) ocalanus Cooke United States 32 Eocene PAL 465914 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) ocalanus Cooke United States 32 Eocene PAL 465915 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) ocalanus Cooke United States 32 Eocene MO 461499 Eurhodia patelliformis (Bouve) United States 32 Eocene MO 372886 Fibularia alabamensis Cooke United States 32 Eocene PAL 460669 Fibularia vaughani (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 488745 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 32 Eocene PAL 466460 Macropneustes mortoni (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 466461 Macropneustes mortoni (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 165670 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 164679 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 164684 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 137172 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 137211 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 137165 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463326 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463316 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464411 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463317 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463320 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463322 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463324 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463325 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464344 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464345 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464429 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464430 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 166502 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 386662 Periarchus sp indet. United States 32 Eocene MO 559884 Prenaster ? sp United States 32 Eocene PAL 464390 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463265 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 460610 Rhyncholampas conradi (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465705 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465707 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465708 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465709 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465711 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465719 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465720 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465821 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465823 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465825 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465826 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465830 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465833 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465706 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene

PAL 465713 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene MO 372878 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene MO 559888 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene MO 559889 Schizaster (Paraster) armiger Clark United States 32 Eocene PAL 465808 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465812 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 462885 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465805 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465804 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465807 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465809 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene MO 559883 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465307 Agassizia floridana De Loriol United States 32 Eocene PAL 466209 Durhamella cf. floridana (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 466210 Durhamella cf. floridana (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 466211 Durhamella cf. floridana (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 466212 Durhamella cf. floridana (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 460717 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier United States 32 Eocene PAL 460715 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier United States 32 Eocene PAL 460716 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier United States 32 Eocene PAL 465891 Eupatagus (Brissopatagus) alabamensis Cooke United States 32 Eocene PAL 461517 Eurhodia patelliformis (Bouve) United States 32 Eocene MO 461498 Eurhodia patelliformis (Bouve) United States 32 Eocene PAL 460705 Fibularia alabamensis Cooke United States 32 Eocene PAL 469013 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 32 Eocene PAL 466453 Macropneustes mortoni (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 466454 Macropneustes mortoni (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 466456 Macropneustes mortoni (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 466463 Macropneustes mortoni (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 164744 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 461833 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 164747 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 461820 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 461821 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 461994 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 461998 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 462812 Paleocosta ? herricki Kier United States 32 Eocene PAL 462813 Paleocosta ? herricki Kier United States 32 Eocene PAL 462808 Paleocosta ? herricki Kier United States 32 Eocene PAL 462809 Paleocosta ? herricki Kier United States 32 Eocene PAL 462810 Paleocosta ? herricki Kier United States 32 Eocene PAL 462811 Paleocosta ? herricki Kier United States 32 Eocene PAL 465108 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465109 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465098 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Eocene PAL 462805 Pentedium curator Kier United States 32 Eocene PAL 357673 Periarchus kewi Cooke United States 32 Eocene PAL 357674 Periarchus kewi Cooke United States 32 Eocene PAL 464412 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464413 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 488616 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464427 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464410 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464428 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464557 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 466472 Plagiobrissus dixie (Cooke) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464364 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 165688 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 165690 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene

MO 165692 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464391 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464405 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464388 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464365 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464393 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464363 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464366 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464394 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464367 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464368 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464369 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464370 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464371 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464372 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464373 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464374 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464375 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464376 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464377 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464378 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464379 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464380 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464381 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464382 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464383 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464384 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464385 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464386 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464389 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464392 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464396 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464397 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464398 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464399 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464400 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464406 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 464408 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463285 Protoscutella sp United States 32 Eocene PAL 460622 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 460612 Rhyncholampas conradi (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 460604 Rhyncholampas conradi (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 461114 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Eocene PAL 461127 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Eocene PAL 461160 Rhyncholampas trojana Cooke United States 32 Eocene PAL 461167 Rhyncholampas trojana Cooke United States 32 Eocene PAL 465794 Weisbordella cubae (Weisbord) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465819 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465814 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 462884 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465810 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465813 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465815 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465816 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465818 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene MO 166508 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 466236 Wythella eldridgei (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 139444 Maretia arguta (Clark) United States 32 Eocene PAL 468772 Maretia arguta (Clark) United States 32 Eocene

PAL 465454 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 137790 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 137792 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 137793 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 465453 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463311 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463312 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene PAL 463313 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Eocene MO 137674 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene MO 154322 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene MO 137655 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene MO 137656 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene MO 137660 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 32 Eocene PAL 1832 Schizaster (Paraster) americanus Clark United States 32 Eocene MO 139394 Schizaster ? sp United States 32 Eocene PAL 465683 Schizaster ? sp United States 32 Eocene PAL 264073 Agassizia wilmingtonica inflata Kier United States 33 Eocene PAL 264592 Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) United States 33 Eocene PAL 264049 Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) United States 33 Eocene PAL 264048 Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) United States 33 Eocene PAL 264045 Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) United States 33 Eocene PAL 264044 Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) United States 33 Eocene PAL 264588 Eurhodia rugosa rugosa (Ravenel) United States 33 Eocene PAL 264594 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 33 Eocene PAL 264593 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 33 Eocene PAL 264059 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 33 Eocene PAL 264064 Protoscutella mississippiensis ssp Kier United States 33 Eocene PAL 264065 Protoscutella mississippiensis ssp Kier United States 33 Eocene PAL 461514 Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) United States 33 Eocene MO 5134 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 33 Eocene PAL 463246 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 33 Eocene PAL 463247 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 33 Eocene PAL 463248 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 33 Eocene PAL 463244 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 33 Eocene PAL 463245 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 33 Eocene PAL 463242 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 33 Eocene PAL 463243 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 33 Eocene PAL 463240 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 33 Eocene PAL 463241 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 33 Eocene PAL 463253 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 33 Eocene MO 2514 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 33 Eocene PAL 463270 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 33 Eocene PAL 463272 Protoscutella plana (Conrad) United States 33 Eocene PAL 463279 Protoscutella plana (Conrad) United States 33 Eocene PAL 461445 Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) United States 33 Eocene PAL 461436 Santeelampas oviformis Conrad United States 33 Eocene MO 461482 Santelampas ? sp United States 33 Eocene MO 461483 Santelampas ? sp United States 33 Eocene MO 461484 Santelampas ? sp United States 33 Eocene MO 461487 Santelampas ? sp United States 33 Eocene MO 461479 Santelampas ? sp United States 33 Eocene MO 461481 Santelampas ? sp United States 33 Eocene MO 461485 Santelampas ? sp United States 33 Eocene MO 461486 Santelampas ? sp United States 33 Eocene PAL 461507 Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 461503 Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene PAL 461504 Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene MO 461502 Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene S 6184 Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene

S 6185 Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene PAL 461506 Eurhodia rugosa depressa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene S 6186 Eurhodia rugosa depressa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene PAL 461505 Eurhodia rugosa ideali (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene MO 156456 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene MO 165676 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene MO 165696 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 464358 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene MO 165676 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463250 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463252 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463251 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene MO 166489 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 264071 Agassizia wilmingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke United States 34 Eocene PAL 264072 Agassizia wilmingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke United States 34 Eocene PAL 264056 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264055 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 264053 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 264054 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 526253 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 264040 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 264587 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 264041 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 264586 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 264042 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 264083 Eupatagus carolinensis Clark United States 34 Eocene PAL 264086 Eupatagus lawsonae Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264085 Eupatagus wilsoni Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264084 Eupatagus wilsoni Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264043 Eurhodia baumi Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264590 Eurhodia rugosa depressa Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264047 Eurhodia rugosa depressa Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264591 Eurhodia rugosa depressa Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264589 Eurhodia rugosa ideali Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264046 Eurhodia rugosa ideali Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264078 Linthia hanoverensis Kellum United States 34 Eocene PAL 264080 Linthia hanoverensis Kellum United States 34 Eocene PAL 264599 Linthia hanoverensis Kellum United States 34 Eocene PAL 264079 Linthia hanoverensis Kellum United States 34 Eocene PAL 264075 Linthia harmatuki Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264074 Linthia harmatuki Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264598 Linthia harmatuki Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264076 Linthia harmatuki Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264077 Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark United States 34 Eocene PAL 264081 Maretia subrostrata (Clark) United States 34 Eocene PAL 264082 Maretia subrostrata (Clark) United States 34 Eocene PAL 264600 Maretia subrostrata (Clark) United States 34 Eocene PAL 264066 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 264067 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 264069 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 264597 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 264068 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 264596 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 312506 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 264057 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 264058 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 264063 Protoscutella mississippiensis rosehillensis Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264061 Protoscutella mississippiensis rosehillensis Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264595 Protoscutella mississippiensis rosehillensis Kier United States 34 Eocene

PAL 264062 Protoscutella mississippiensis rosehillensis Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 264060 Protoscutella plana (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 264070 Protoscutella plana (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 264052 Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465346 Agassizia wilmingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke United States 34 Eocene PAL 465347 Agassizia wilmingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke United States 34 Eocene PAL 465348 Agassizia wilmingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke United States 34 Eocene PAL 465349 Agassizia wilmingtonica wilmingtonica Cooke United States 34 Eocene PAL 460718 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 490933 Echinocyamus bisexus Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 460723 Echinocyamus parvus (Emmons) United States 34 Eocene PAL 460725 Echinocyamus parvus (Emmons) United States 34 Eocene PAL 490957 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490954 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490955 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490953 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490934 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490943 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490951 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490939 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490936 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490938 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490942 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490937 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490947 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490948 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490941 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490950 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490949 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490944 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490952 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490946 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490956 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490935 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490940 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 490945 Echinocyamus parvus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 463354 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene MO 164676 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 463359 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene MO 138017 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene MO 166521 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 463349 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 463351 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 463350 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 463352 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 463356 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 463358 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 463360 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488991 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488992 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488993 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7768 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7769 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7770 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene MO 138047 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene MO 138063 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene MO 165684 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene MO 166519 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene MO 166520 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene

MO 166522 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488886 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488882 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488883 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488884 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488885 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488887 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488888 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488889 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488890 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488891 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488892 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488893 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488894 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488895 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488896 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488897 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488898 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488899 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488973 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488974 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488975 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488976 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488977 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488978 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488979 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488994 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488995 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488996 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488997 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488998 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488999 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 489000 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 489001 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 489002 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 489003 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488980 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488981 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488759 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488982 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488983 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488984 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488985 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488986 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488988 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488989 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488990 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 488987 Echinolampas appendiculata Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 489009 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 489010 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 489012 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 489013 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene PAL 489014 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7782 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7783 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7784 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7785 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7786 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7787 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene

S 7788 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7789 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7790 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7791 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7792 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7793 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7794 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7795 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7796 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7797 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7798 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7799 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7800 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7774 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene S 7775 Echinolampas appendiculatus Emmons United States 34 Eocene MO 166496 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) carolinensis Clark United States 34 Eocene PAL 465902 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) carolinensis Clark United States 34 Eocene PAL 465896 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) carolinensis Clark United States 34 Eocene S 6254 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) carolinensis Clark United States 34 Eocene MO 166495 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) carolinensis Clark United States 34 Eocene PAL 465897 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) carolinensis Clark United States 34 Eocene PAL 465898 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) carolinensis Clark United States 34 Eocene PAL 465899 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) carolinensis Clark United States 34 Eocene PAL 465900 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) carolinensis Clark United States 34 Eocene PAL 465901 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) carolinensis Clark United States 34 Eocene S 6255 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) carolinensis Clark United States 34 Eocene PAL 489015 Eupatagus wilsoni Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 489016 Eupatagus wilsoni Kier United States 34 Eocene MO 461500 Eurhodia baumi Kier United States 34 Eocene MO 461501 Eurhodia baumi Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 461509 Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 461511 Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 461510 Eurhodia holmesi (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene MO 461474 Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene MO 461475 Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene MO 461476 Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene MO 461466 Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene MO 461470 Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene MO 461472 Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene MO 461473 Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene MO 461469 Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene MO 461467 Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene MO 461468 Eurhodia rugosa (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene PAL 489004 Eurhodia rugosa ideali (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene PAL 489005 Eurhodia rugosa ideali (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene PAL 489006 Eurhodia rugosa ideali (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene PAL 489007 Eurhodia rugosa ideali (Ravenel) United States 34 Eocene MO 461471 Eurhodia sp United States 34 Eocene PAL 489008 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Eocene PAL 489024 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Eocene PAL 489025 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Eocene PAL 489026 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Eocene PAL 489027 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Eocene PAL 465687 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Eocene PAL 488615 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Eocene PAL 488617 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Eocene S 7804 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Eocene PAL 488613 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Eocene PAL 488614 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Eocene

PAL 489022 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Eocene PAL 489020 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Eocene PAL 489021 Genus sp United States 34 Eocene PAL 460593 Gitolampas ? sp United States 34 Eocene PAL 465360 Linthia hannoverensis Kellum United States 34 Eocene PAL 465371 Linthia hannoverensis Kellum United States 34 Eocene PAL 465372 Linthia hannoverensis Kellum United States 34 Eocene PAL 465359 Linthia hannoverensis Kellum United States 34 Eocene PAL 465373 Linthia hannoverensis Kellum United States 34 Eocene PAL 465370 Linthia hannoverensis Kellum United States 34 Eocene PAL 465365 Linthia harmatuki Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 465369 Linthia harmatuki Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 465374 Linthia harmatuki Kier United States 34 Eocene PAL 465395 Linthia sp United States 34 Eocene PAL 465375 Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark United States 34 Eocene PAL 465376 Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark United States 34 Eocene PAL 465377 Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark United States 34 Eocene PAL 465378 Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark United States 34 Eocene MO 164673 Linthia wilmingtonensis Clark United States 34 Eocene PAL 164675 Maretia subrostrata (Clark) United States 34 Eocene PAL 468767 Maretia subrostrata (Clark) United States 34 Eocene PAL 468763 Maretia subrostrata (Clark) United States 34 Eocene PAL 468764 Maretia subrostrata (Clark) United States 34 Eocene PAL 468766 Maretia subrostrata (Clark) United States 34 Eocene S 6353 Maretia subrostrata (Clark) United States 34 Eocene S 6354 Maretia subrostrata (Clark) United States 34 Eocene S 6355 Maretia subrostrata (Clark) United States 34 Eocene PAL 468765 Maretia subrostrata (Clark) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464585 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464597 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464587 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464611 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464567 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464566 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464360 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464604 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464586 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464606 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464442 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464601 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464441 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464609 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463299 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463307 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464594 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464599 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464572 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464590 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464443 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464592 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene MO 164686 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464577 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene MO 166513 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464614 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464613 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464605 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464575 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464596 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464610 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene

PAL 464603 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464612 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464616 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464602 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464583 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464565 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464439 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463303 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463308 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464584 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464436 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464437 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464593 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464595 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464580 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464607 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464573 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464615 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463310 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464434 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463300 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464576 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464570 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464591 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464578 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464589 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464568 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464545 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464600 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464608 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464581 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464588 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464582 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463309 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464574 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464571 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464435 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463298 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463301 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463290 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464569 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464579 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463289 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463291 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464598 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463302 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463286 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463287 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464348 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464350 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464351 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464352 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464353 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464354 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464355 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464356 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464357 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464359 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464361 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene

PAL 464362 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464562 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene S 6216 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene S 6217 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene S 6227 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene S 6229 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene S 6230 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene MO 138019 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene MO 138048 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene MO 138073 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene MO 138100 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene MO 164672 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene MO 166509 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene MO 166510 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene MO 166511 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene MO 166512 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464564 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464553 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464563 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene S 6231 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463293 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463292 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463294 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463295 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463296 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463297 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene S 6232 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464643 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464632 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464631 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464618 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464617 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464630 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464642 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464634 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464633 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464628 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464622 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464636 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464626 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464639 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464640 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464620 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464635 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464621 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464638 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464623 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464624 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464619 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464637 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464629 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464641 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464625 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464644 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 464627 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465046 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465047 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465048 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465049 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene

PAL 465050 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465051 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465052 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465053 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465054 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465055 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465056 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465057 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465058 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465059 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465060 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465061 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465062 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465063 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465064 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465065 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465066 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465067 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465068 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465069 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465070 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465071 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465072 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465073 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465074 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465075 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465076 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465077 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465078 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465079 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465080 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465081 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465082 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465083 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465084 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465085 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465086 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465087 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465088 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465089 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465090 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465091 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465092 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465093 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 465094 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene S 6234 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463288 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 398326 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 489018 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 489023 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 466466 Plagiobrissus sp United States 34 Eocene PAL 466467 Plagiobrissus sp United States 34 Eocene PAL 466468 Plagiobrissus sp United States 34 Eocene S 6261 Plagiobrissus sp United States 34 Eocene PAL 462664 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463238 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463239 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463234 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463235 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene

PAL 463232 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463233 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463236 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463237 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463228 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463229 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 462667 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 462668 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 438159 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 438160 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463230 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463231 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 462665 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 462666 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463227 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene S 6218 Protoscutella conradi (Cotteau) United States 34 Eocene PAL 462663 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 438157 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 438158 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 462660 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 462657 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 462658 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 462659 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463269 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene S 6215 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463280 Protoscutella plana (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463273 Protoscutella tuomeyi (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 463274 Protoscutella tuomeyi (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 488596 Rhyncholampas carolinensis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 460867 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 460869 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 460870 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene MO 164676 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 460871 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 460872 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 460873 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 460623 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 460624 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 460874 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 460875 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 460876 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 460878 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 56176 Rhyncholampas carolinesis (Twitchell) United States 34 Eocene PAL 460603 Rhyncholampas conradi (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 460605 Rhyncholampas conradi (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene MO 633971 Echinolampas goujoni Pomel Tunisia 34 Eocene PAL 398327 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 34 Eocene PAL 264051 Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) United States 35 Eocene PAL 264050 Santeelampas oviformis (Conrad) United States 35 Eocene PAL 264087 Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) United States 35 Eocene PAL 264088 Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) United States 35 Eocene PAL 461438 Santeelampas oviformis Conrad United States 35 Eocene PAL 461439 Santeelampas oviformis Conrad United States 35 Eocene PAL 461440 Santeelampas oviformis Conrad United States 35 Eocene PAL 461437 Santeelampas oviformis Conrad United States 35 Eocene PAL 461441 Santeelampas oviformis Conrad United States 35 Eocene PAL 461442 Santeelampas oviformis Conrad United States 35 Eocene PAL 461443 Santeelampas oviformis Conrad United States 35 Eocene PAL 461496 Santelampas ? raveneli (Twitchell) United States 35 Eocene

MO 461491 Santelampas ? sp United States 35 Eocene MO 461477 Santelampas ? sp United States 35 Eocene MO 461478 Santelampas ? sp United States 35 Eocene MO 461480 Santelampas ? sp United States 35 Eocene PAL 465678 Schizaster sp United States 35 Eocene PAL 465677 Schizaster sp United States 35 Eocene PAL 466488 Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) United States 35 Eocene PAL 466489 Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) United States 35 Eocene PAL 466492 Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) United States 35 Eocene PAL 466486 Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) United States 35 Eocene PAL 466487 Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) United States 35 Eocene PAL 466490 Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) United States 35 Eocene PAL 466491 Unifascia carolinensis (Clark) United States 35 Eocene PAL 465357 Agassizia sp Syria 35 Eocene PAL 5239 Echinolampas sp Syria 35 Eocene PAL 5250 Genus indet. sp indet. Syria 35 Eocene MO 5240 Gitolampas sp Syria 35 Eocene PAL 539666 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 36 Eocene MO 633961 Gitolampas desmoulinsi (Desor) Italy 38 Eocene PAL 633961 Gitolampas desmoulinsi (Desor) Italy 38 Eocene PAL 465673 Schizaster archiaci Cotteau Italy 38 Eocene MO 461449 Gitolampas placenta (Dames) Italy 38 Eocene PAL 479784 Conoclypus conoideus (Leske) Italy 38 Eocene PAL 467432 Cyclaster stachei Taramelli Italy 38 Eocene PAL 468957 Ditremaster covazii Taramelli Italy 38 Eocene PAL 463391 Echinolampas lucianii Unknown Italy 38 Eocene PAL 465628 Parabrissus pseudoprenaster Bittner Italy 38 Eocene PAL 539667 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 39 Eocene PAL 462772 Phyllotheca ? (Rhopostoma) cruciferum (Morton) United States 40 Eocene PAL 462774 Phyllotheca ? cruciferum (Morton) United States 40 Eocene PAL 468771 Maretia ? aragonensis Cotteau Spain 40 Eocene PAL 462784 Amblipygus dilatatus Agassiz Spain 41 Eocene MO 633983 Echinolampas ellipsoidalis D'Archiac Spain 41 Eocene PAL 465361 Linthia heberti (Cotteau) Spain 41 Eocene PAL 465362 Linthia heberti (Cotteau) Spain 41 Eocene MO 633982 Linthia heberti (Cotteau) Spain 41 Eocene PAL 465397 Linthia sp Spain 41 Eocene PAL 466501 Ornithaster sp Spain 41 Eocene MO 633976 Schizaster arizensis (D'Archiac) Spain 41 Eocene MO 633970 Schizaster rousseli Cotteau Spain 41 Eocene MO 19543 Clypeaster scutellatus Agassiz France 42 Eocene PAL 462879 Parmulechinus ? subtetracona (Grateloup) France 43 Eocene PAL 466481 Eoscutella coosensis (Kew) United States 43 Eocene PAL 466541 Eoscutella coosensis (Kew) United States 43 Eocene PAL 466542 Eoscutella coosensis (Kew) United States 43 Eocene PAL 438173 Eoscutella coosensis (Kew) United States 43 Eocene PAL 438172 Eoscutella coosensis (Kew) United States 43 Eocene PAL 438170 Eoscutella coosensis (Kew) United States 43 Eocene PAL 438171 Eoscutella coosensis (Kew) United States 43 Eocene PAL 438174 Eoscutella coosensis (Kew) United States 43 Eocene PAL 438175 Eoscutella coosensis (Kew) United States 43 Eocene PAL 488750 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 43 Eocene MO 156840 Echinocyamus pyriformis Agassiz France 45 Eocene MO 156803 Parmulechinus striatula Agassiz France 45 Eocene PAL 465907 Eupatagus ornatus (Defrance) France 45 Eocene PAL 462787 Amblipygus dilatatus Agassiz France 45 Eocene PAL 462786 Amblipygus dilatatus Agassiz France 45 Eocene PAL 462785 Amblipygus dilatatus Agassiz France 45 Eocene PAL 463429 Echinolampas (Cypholampas) stellifera (Lamarck) France 45 Eocene

PAL 463430 Echinolampas (Cypholampas) stellifera (Lamarck) France 45 Eocene PAL 463426 Echinolampas (Cypholampas) stellifera (Lamarck) France 45 Eocene PAL 463366 Echinolampas burdigalensis Lambert France 45 Eocene PAL 463369 Echinolampas calvimontanum De Loriol France 45 Eocene PAL 463390 Echinolampas laymeriei Cotteau France 45 Eocene PAL 463421 Echinolampas ovalis Bory France 45 Eocene S 6224 Echinolampas similis Agassiz France 45 Eocene PAL 466440 Eupatagus sp France 45 Eocene PAL 488761 Genus indet. sp indet. France 45 Eocene MO 461452 Gitolampas issyavensis (Leske) France 45 Eocene PAL 461447 Gitolampas issyavensis (Leske) France 45 Eocene PAL 461448 Gitolampas issyavensis (Leske) France 45 Eocene PAL 466448 Macropneustes (Deakia) minor (Agassiz) France 45 Eocene PAL 466447 Macropneustes (Deakia) minor (Agassiz) France 45 Eocene PAL 466446 Macropneustes ? prevosti Desor France 45 Eocene PAL 466497 Pericosmus ? sp France 45 Eocene PAL 488754 Plagiopygus savini Lambert France 45 Eocene PAL 462800 Popanoceras ? lenticularis (Lamarck) France 45 Eocene PAL 461153 Rhyncholampas grigorensis (Defrance) France 45 Eocene PAL 633981 Rhyncholampas grigorensis (Defrance) France 45 Eocene MO 156815 Rhyncholampas savini (Lambert) France 45 Eocene PAL 461148 Rhyncholampas savini Cotteau France 45 Eocene PAL 465655 Schizaster rimosus Desor France 45 Eocene PAL 465657 Schizaster studeri Agassiz France 45 Eocene PAL 465725 Sismondia occitana (Defrance) France 45 Eocene PAL 463427 Echinolampas (Cypholampas) stellifera (Lamarck) France 45 Eocene MO 633969 Echinolampas (Cypholampas) stellifera (Lamarck) France 45 Eocene PAL 31126 Echinolampas calvimontanum De Loriol France 45 Eocene PAL 18587 Echinolampas calvimontanum De Loriol France 45 Eocene PAL 463375 Echinolampas ellipsoidalis D'Archiac France 45 Eocene MO 633975 Echinolampas ellipsoidalis D'Archiac France 45 Eocene PAL 463422 Echinolampas ovalis Bory France 45 Eocene S 6223 Echinolampas stelliformis Unknown France 45 Eocene MO 633964 Eupatagus ornatus (Defrance) France 45 Eocene MO 633965 Eupatagus ornatus (Defrance) France 45 Eocene MO 633966 Eupatagus ornatus (Defrance) France 45 Eocene PAL 633977 Genus indet. sp indet. France 45 Eocene S 6183 Gitolampas sp France 45 Eocene MO 633979 Hemiaster (Bolbaster) sp France 45 Eocene PAL 468527 Hemiaster (Trachyaster) brutati Cotteau France 45 Eocene PAL 19605 Linthia sp France 45 Eocene PAL 465398 Lutetiaster subglobosus (Lamarck) France 45 Eocene MO 143060 Newsomites ? texanus (Cragin) France 45 Eocene PAL 31125 Paleocyclotus ? patellaris Desor France 45 Eocene MO 327970 Popanoceras ? lenticularis (Lamarck) France 45 Eocene MO 143048 Popanoceras ? lenticularis (Lamarck) France 45 Eocene PAL 438180 Popanoceras ? lenticularis (Lamarck) France 45 Eocene PAL 438181 Popanoceras ? lenticularis (Lamarck) France 45 Eocene PAL 460729 Popanoceras ? lenticularis (Lamarck) France 45 Eocene PAL 31124 Popanoceras ? lenticularis (Lamarck) France 45 Eocene PAL 461152 Rhyncholampas grigorensis (Defrance) France 45 Eocene PAL 461156 Rhyncholampas lenensis Cotteau France 45 Eocene PAL 461147 Rhyncholampas sp indet. France 45 Eocene PAL 465650 Schizaster lovisatoi Cotteau France 45 Eocene PAL 19599 Schizaster sp France 45 Eocene PAL 465679 Schizaster sp France 45 Eocene MO 633974 Schizaster studeri Agassiz France 45 Eocene PAL 31123 Sismondia occitana (Defrance) France 45 Eocene PAL 463423 Echinolampas ventiensis Lambert France 45 Eocene

PAL 465658 Schizaster studeri Agassiz France 45 Eocene PAL 465671 Schizaster studeri Agassiz France 45 Eocene PAL 465672 Schizaster studeri Agassiz France 45 Eocene MO 369653 Conoclypus conoideus (Leske) Germany 47 Eocene MO 369655 Conoclypus conoideus (Leske) Germany 47 Eocene PAL 186342 Conoclypus subcylindricus Munster Germany 47 Eocene MO 369658 Echinolampas escheri Agassiz Germany 47 Eocene MO 369657 Echinolampas silensis Desor Germany 47 Eocene MO 369663 Periaster aequifissa (Desor) Germany 47 Eocene MO 369656 Plesiolampas oopyge (Quenstedt) Germany 47 Eocene MO 369662 Prenaster alpinus Desor Germany 47 Eocene S 6222 Echinolampas stelliformis Unknown Austria 47 Eocene S 6226 Conoclypus conoideus (Leske) Germany 47 Eocene PAL 464455 Plesiolampas oopyge (Quenstedt) Germany 47 Eocene PAL 460592 Rhyncholampas carinatus Schafer Germany 47 Eocene MO 369661 Rhyncholampas carinatus Schafer Germany 47 Eocene MO 324206 Popanoceras ? lenticularis (Lamarck) France 47 Eocene MO 327505 Popanoceras ? lenticularis (Lamarck) France 47 Eocene MO 324205 Proscutella cailliaudi (Cotteau) France 47 Eocene PAL 438177 Proscutella cailliaudi (Cotteau) France 47 Eocene PAL 438178 Proscutella cailliaudi (Cotteau) France 47 Eocene PAL 438179 Proscutella cailliaudi (Cotteau) France 47 Eocene PAL 438182 Proscutella cailliaudi (Cotteau) France 47 Eocene PAL 465363 Linthia ? sp United States 47 Eocene PAL 3325 Conoclypus conoideus (Leske) Hungary 47 Eocene PAL 465629 Prenaster alpinus Desor Switzerland 47 Eocene PAL 462891 Paleocyclotus ? patellaris Desor France 48 Eocene PAL 462890 Popanoceras ? lenticularis (Lamarck) France 49 Eocene PAL 465731 Sismondia altavillensis (Defrance) France 49 Eocene MO 143058 Paleocyclotus ? patellaris Desor France 49 Eocene PAL 464458 Conoclypus conoideus (Leske) Germany 51 Eocene MO 461459 Gitolampas cuvieri (Munster) Germany 51 Eocene MO 369659 Gitolampas cuvieri (Munster) Germany 51 Eocene MO 369660 Gitolampas cuvieri (Munster) Germany 51 Eocene PAL 462577 Clypeaster pyramidalis ? Smith England 51 Eocene PAL 463416 Echinolampas regularis Wright England 51 Eocene PAL 464459 Conoclypus conoideus (Leske) Germany 51 Eocene S 6225 Conoclypus subcylindricus Munster Germany 51 Eocene MO 461466 Gitolampas cuvieri (Munster) Germany 51 Eocene PAL 465857 Gillechinus cudmorei Fell Australia 34S Eocene PAL 460694 Fibularia gregata (Tate) Australia 34S Eocene PAL 462285 Clypeaster gippslandicus (McCoy) Australia 34S Eocene PAL 463418 Echinolampas posterocrassus Gregory Australia 35S Eocene PAL 460548 Australanthus longianus (Gregory) Australia 35S Eocene PAL 461522 Haimea rutteni (Pijers) Indonesia 5S Eocene PAL 461521 Haimea rutteni (Pijers) Indonesia 5S Eocene PAL 461519 Haimea rutteni (Pijers) Indonesia 5S Eocene PAL 461520 Haimea rutteni (Pijers) Indonesia 5S Eocene PAL 380835 Haimea rutteni (Pijers) Indonesia 5S Eocene PAL 380835 Haimea rutteni (Pypers) Indonesia 5S Eocene PAL 444300 Amblypgus americanus Michelin United States 5S Eocene PAL 460651 Clypeaster sp Colombia 4 Oligocene PAL 540767 Encope annectans Jackson, 1917 Panama 9 Oligocene MO 324451 Clypeaster lanceolatus Cotteau Panama 9 Oligocene PAL 530791 Lovenia alabamensis Cooke Antigua 17 Oligocene PAL 463396 Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy Puerto Rico 18 Oligocene PAL 463394 Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy Puerto Rico 18 Oligocene PAL 463393 Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy Puerto Rico 18 Oligocene PAL 463406 Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy Puerto Rico 18 Oligocene

PAL 463397 Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy Puerto Rico 18 Oligocene MO 647843 Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy Puerto Rico 18 Oligocene PAL 464447 Echinolampas sp Puerto Rico 18 Oligocene Dominican PAL 462273 Clypeaster concavus Cotteau Republic 19 Oligocene PAL 462257 Clypeaster batheri Lambert Cuba 21 Oligocene PAL 463413 Echinolampas semiorbis Guppy Cuba 21 Oligocene MO 115391 Schizaster (Paraster) loveni Cotteau Cuba 21 Oligocene PAL 465306 Agassizia inflata Jackson Cuba 22 Oligocene PAL 460961 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene MO 137881 Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) United States 27 Oligocene MO 164660 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Oligocene PAL 137881 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Oligocene MO 137873 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Oligocene MO 137919 Plagiobrissus dixie (Cooke) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 465333 Agassizia (Anisaster) mossoni Cooke United States 27 Oligocene PAL 402063 Brissus cf. glenni Cooke United States 27 Oligocene PAL 462638 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 462639 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 462640 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 460644 Clypeaster sp United States 27 Oligocene PAL 460656 Clypeaster sp United States 27 Oligocene PAL 460647 Clypeaster sp United States 27 Oligocene PAL 465875 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Oligocene MO 164657 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 488582 Eupatagus floridanus Unknown United States 27 Oligocene PAL 164654 Lovenia clarki (Lambert) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 468800 Lovenia clarki (Lambert) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 468803 Lovenia clarki (Lambert) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 468801 Lovenia clarki (Lambert) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 468802 Lovenia clarki (Lambert) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 166518 Lovenia clarki (Lambert) United States 27 Oligocene MO 137897 Neolaganum dalli (Twitchell) United States 27 Oligocene MO 165265 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Oligocene MO 165685 Oligopygus wetherbyi Loriol United States 27 Oligocene PAL 460599 Rhyncholampas conradi (Conrad) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 460601 Rhyncholampas conradi (Conrad) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 460580 Rhyncholampas ericsoni Fischer United States 27 Oligocene PAL 460581 Rhyncholampas ericsoni Fischer United States 27 Oligocene PAL 461107 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene MO 372875 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 460915 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 461138 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 461140 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene MO 137906 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene S 6181 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 460954 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 461110 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 461111 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 460948 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 460949 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 460959 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 461095 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 461106 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 461109 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 461121 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 461122 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 461125 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 461144 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene MO 136439 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene

100

PAL 164650 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 460958 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Oligocene PAL 461183 Rhyncholampas sp United States 27 Oligocene PAL 461184 Rhyncholampas sp United States 27 Oligocene PAL 461188 Rhyncholampas sp United States 27 Oligocene MO 164749 Rhyncholampas sp United States 27 Oligocene MO 165678 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 466469 Plagiobrissus curvus (Cooke) United States 32 Oligocene MO 559494.A Coelopleurus aldrichi Clark in Clark & Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene MO 559494.B Coelopleurus aldrichi Clark in Clark & Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462604 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462605 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462606 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462607 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462613 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462615 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462617 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462612 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 466443 Eupatagus sp United States 32 Oligocene PAL 468794 Lovenia ? sp indet. United States 32 Oligocene PAL 465840 Schizaster (Paraster) americanus Clark United States 32 Oligocene MO 16650 Oligopygus sp United States 32 Oligocene PAL 461139 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 461584 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene MO 164648 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462634 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene MO 137801 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462633 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene MO 156464 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene S 6241 Agassizia (Anisaster) mossoni Cooke United States 32 Oligocene MO 137196 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462609 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462610 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462616 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462618 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462611 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462600 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462601 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462602 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462603 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462608 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462614 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 372897 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 460645 Clypeaster sp United States 32 Oligocene PAL 467430 Cyclaster drewryensis ? Cooke United States 32 Oligocene PAL 467428 Cyclaster drewryensis Cooke United States 32 Oligocene PAL 467429 Cyclaster drewryensis Cooke United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462798 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene MO 164653 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 463336 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462797 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 463346 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462799 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 463340 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 463341 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene S 6214 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 468791 Lovenia alabamensis Cooke United States 32 Oligocene PAL 468792 Lovenia alabamensis Cooke United States 32 Oligocene PAL 464421 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Oligocene

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PAL 464395 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Oligocene S 6174 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene S 6177 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene S 6178 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 465844 Schizaster (Paraster) americanus Clark United States 32 Oligocene MO 156090 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 465332 Agassizia (Anisaster) mossoni Cooke United States 32 Oligocene PAL 402062 Brissus bridgeboroensis Carter United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462282 Clypeaster cotteaui Egozcue United States 32 Oligocene MO 166507 Macropneustes mortoni (Conrad) United States 32 Oligocene MO 164742 Parvicorbis ? quinquefarius (Say) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 464420 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Oligocene MO 164741 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 464418 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 464419 Periarchus lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 466470 Plagiobrissus curvus (Cooke) United States 32 Oligocene MO 138005 Protoscutella lyelli (Conrad) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 460911 Rhyncholampas georgiensis Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene MO 164740 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene MO 164746 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 461131 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 461137 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 461587 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 461108 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 461575 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 461578 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 461579 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 461129 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 461115 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 461103 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 465811 Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 465329 Agassizia (Anisaster) mossoni Cooke United States 32 Oligocene PAL 465870 Brissopsis blanpiedi Grant & Hertlein United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462626 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462628 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene MO 137804 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462635 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462637 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462631 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462622 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462623 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462624 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462625 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462629 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462630 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462632 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 462636 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene MO 1831 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene MO 480021 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 32 Oligocene PAL 463333 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 463334 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 463339 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 463338 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 463335 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 463345 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 463344 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 463347 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell United States 32 Oligocene PAL 465839 Schizaster (Paraster) americanus Clark United States 32 Oligocene PAL 465841 Schizaster (Paraster) americanus Clark United States 32 Oligocene

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PAL 465843 Schizaster (Paraster) americanus Clark United States 32 Oligocene PAL 398328 Agassizia mossomi Cooke United States 34 Oligocene PAL 398329 Agassizia mossomi Cooke United States 34 Oligocene PAL 398335 Agassizia sp United States 34 Oligocene PAL 398336 Agassizia sp United States 34 Oligocene PAL 398475 Clypeaster rogersi (Morton) United States 34 Oligocene PAL 398337 Maretia carolinensis Kier, 1997 United States 34 Oligocene PAL 398339 Maretia carolinensis Kier, 1997 United States 34 Oligocene PAL 398340 Maretia carolinensis Kier, 1997 United States 34 Oligocene PAL 398341 Maretia carolinensis Kier, 1997 United States 34 Oligocene PAL 398338 Maretia carolinensis Kier, 1997 United States 34 Oligocene PAL 398472 Maretia sp United States 34 Oligocene PAL 398473 Maretia sp United States 34 Oligocene PAL 398325 Rhyncholampas gouldii newbernensis Kier, 1997 United States 34 Oligocene PAL 398324 Rhyncholampas gouldii newbernensis Kier, 1997 United States 34 Oligocene MO 164656 Santelampas ? raveneli (Twitchell) United States 35 Oligocene PAL 465684 Schizaster ? sp Malta 35 Oligocene MO 327226 Schizaster sp Malta 35 Oligocene PAL 264139 Scutaster andersoni Pack United States 36 Oligocene PAL 560426 Kewia parvus Nisiyama Japan 36 Oligocene PAL 468768 Mazzettia pareti (Manzoni) Italy 38 Oligocene PAL 468769 Spatangus corsicus Desor Italy 38 Oligocene PAL 468770 Spatangus corsicus Desor Italy 38 Oligocene PAL 460709 Echinocyamus sp Italy 38 Oligocene PAL 460710 Echinocyamus sp Italy 38 Oligocene PAL 465654 Schizaster pabloensis Stefanini Italy 38 Oligocene PAL 465670 Schizaster rimosus Desor France 45 Oligocene S 6221 Echinolampas kleini (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Oligocene PAL 468760 Maretia hoffmanni (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Oligocene S 6349 Spatangus desmaresti Munster Germany 51 Oligocene S 6350 Spatangus desmaresti Munster Germany 51 Oligocene S 6351 Spatangus desmaresti Munster Germany 51 Oligocene S 6352 Spatangus desmaresti Munster Germany 51 Oligocene PAL 463385 Echinolampas kleini (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Oligocene PAL 463386 Echinolampas kleini (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Oligocene PAL 463384 Echinolampas kleini (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Oligocene PAL 463382 Echinolampas kleini (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Oligocene S 6219 Echinolampas kleini (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Oligocene S 6220 Echinolampas kleini (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Oligocene PAL 468761 Maretia hoffmanni (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Oligocene PAL 468762 Maretia hoffmanni (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Oligocene S 6347 Maretia hoffmanni (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Oligocene S 6348 Maretia hoffmanni (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Oligocene PAL 468779 Spatangus desmaresti Munster Germany 51 Oligocene MO 461462 Studeria subcarinatus (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Oligocene MO 353554 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) rotundus Duncan Australia 34S Oligocene PAL 353553 Lovenia forbesi (Woods) Australia 34S Oligocene PAL 462287 Clypeaster gippslandicus McCoy Australia 34S Oligocene PAL 460547 Australanthus sp Australia 35S Oligocene PAL 96250 Australanthus sp Australia 35S Oligocene MO 353559 Corystus dysasteroides (Duncan) Australia 35S Oligocene PAL 96253 Echinolampas posterocrassus Gregory Australia 35S Oligocene PAL 467249 Corystus dysasteroides (Duncan) Australia 35S Oligocene PAL 466441 Eupatagus sp Australia 37S Oligocene MO 353895 Eupatagus clevei (Cotteau) Panama 9 Miocene MO 563452 Echinocyamus cf. parviporus Kier Marshall Islands 11 Miocene MO 563449 Echinocyamus parviporus Kier Marshall Islands 11 Miocene MO 563450 Echinocyamus parviporus Kier Marshall Islands 11 Miocene MO 563451 Echinocyamus parviporus Kier Marshall Islands 11 Miocene

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MO 563448 Echinocyamus parviporus Kier Marshall Islands 11 Miocene MO 563447 Echinocyamus parviporus Kier Marshall Islands 11 Miocene PAL 489743 Antillaster lamberti Jeannet Venezuela 11 Miocene PAL 362351 Antillaster lamberti Jeannet Venezuela 11 Miocene PAL 341261 Antillaster sp Kier Venezuela 11 Miocene PAL 460640 Clypeaster sp Venezuela 11 Miocene PAL 465334 Agassizia clevei (Cotteau) Trinidad 11 Miocene MO 461555 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Trinidad 11 Miocene MO 461556 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Trinidad 11 Miocene MO 461557 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Trinidad 11 Miocene PAL 466274 Abertella aberti (Conrad) Guatemala 15 Miocene PAL 330566 Abertella aberti (Conrad) Guatemala 15 Miocene PAL 461174 Rhyncholampas sp Guatemala 15 Miocene MO 461548 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Lesser Antilles 17 Miocene MO 461549 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Lesser Antilles 17 Miocene MO 461550 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Lesser Antilles 17 Miocene MO 461551 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Lesser Antilles 17 Miocene MO 461552 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Lesser Antilles 17 Miocene MO 461553 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Lesser Antilles 17 Miocene MO 461554 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Lesser Antilles 17 Miocene PAL 460648 Clypeaster sp Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 460639 Clypeaster sp Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462266 Clypeaster concavus Cotteau Anguilla 18 Miocene PAL 462267 Clypeaster concavus Cotteau Anguilla 18 Miocene PAL 462284 Clypeaster concavus Cotteau Anguilla 18 Miocene S 6205 Clypeaster concavus Cotteau Anguilla 18 Miocene MO 115399.B Tretocidaris anguillensis Cutress Anguilla 18 Miocene MO 115399.C Tretocidaris anguillensis Cutress Anguilla 18 Miocene MO 115399.D Tretocidaris anguillensis Cutress Anguilla 18 Miocene MO 115399.E Tretocidaris anguillensis Cutress Anguilla 18 Miocene MO 115399.A Tretocidaris anguillensis Cutress Anguilla 18 Miocene MO 461540 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Jamaica 18 Miocene MO 461541 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Jamaica 18 Miocene MO 461542 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Jamaica 18 Miocene MO 461543 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Jamaica 18 Miocene MO 461544 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Jamaica 18 Miocene MO 461545 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Jamaica 18 Miocene MO 461546 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Jamaica 18 Miocene MO 461547 Haimea ovumserpentio (Guppy) Jamaica 18 Miocene MO 461538 Haimea sp Jamaica 18 Miocene MO 461536 Haimea sp Jamaica 18 Miocene MO 461537 Haimea sp Jamaica 18 Miocene PAL 469000 Antillaster elegans (Jackson) Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462274 Clypeaster caudatus Jackson Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462269 Clypeaster concavus Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462272 Clypeaster concavus Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462270 Clypeaster concavus Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462271 Clypeaster concavus Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462255 Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462256 Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462251 Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462252 Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462246 Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462247 Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462248 Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462245 Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462253 Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462254 Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462249 Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene

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PAL 462250 Clypeaster cubensis Cotteau Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462591 Clypeaster oxybaphon Jackson Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462592 Clypeaster oxybaphon Jackson Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462593 Clypeaster oxybaphon Jackson Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462594 Clypeaster oxybaphon Jackson Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462586 Clypeaster oxybaphon Jackson Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462587 Clypeaster oxybaphon Jackson Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462585 Clypeaster oxybaphon Jackson Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462597 Clypeaster oxybaphon Jackson Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462590 Clypeaster oxybaphon Jackson Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462588 Clypeaster platygaster Jackson Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 460652 Clypeaster sp Puerto Rico 18 Miocene PAL 462268 Clypeaster concavus Cotteau Puerto Rico 19 Miocene MO 561748 Clypeaster concavus Cotteau Cuba 21 Miocene PAL 462288 Clypeaster lanceolatus Azpeitia Cuba 21 Miocene PAL 461169 Rhyncholampas rodriguezi (Lambert) Cuba 21 Miocene PAL 461170 Rhyncholampas rodriguezi (Lambert) Cuba 21 Miocene PAL 465835 Schizaster (Paraster) loveni Cotteau Cuba 21 Miocene PAL 465836 Schizaster (Paraster) loveni Cotteau Cuba 21 Miocene MO 461539 Haimea altissima Palmer Cuba 22 Miocene MO 352866 Lajanaster jacksoni Lambert & Sanchez Roig Cuba 22 Miocene PAL 341260 Asterostoma excentricum Agassiz Cuba 22 Miocene PAL 463402 Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy Cuba 22 Miocene PAL 463407 Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy Cuba 22 Miocene MO 563311 Haimea alta Arnold & Clark Cuba 22 Miocene PAL 488788 Haimea gigantea Sanchez-Roig Cuba 22 Miocene PAL 461171 Rhyncholampas rodriguezi (Lambert) Cuba 22 Miocene PAL 466224 Cubanaster torrei (Lambert) Cuba 23 Miocene PAL 466285 Abertella cazonensis (Kew) Mexico 23 Miocene PAL 462834 Palaeostachya ? tumidum Duncan & Sladen Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170497 Agassizia (Agassizia) powersi Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170498 Agassizia (Agassizia) powersi Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170499 Agassizia (Agassizia) powersi Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 465339 Agassizia powersi Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 465335 Agassizia powersi Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 465338 Agassizia powersi Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 465859 Brissus latidunensis Clegg Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170493 Brissus latidunensis Clegg Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170494 Brissus latidunensis Clegg Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170485 Echinodiscus desori Duncan & Sladen Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170486 Echinodiscus desori Duncan & Sladen Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170509 Echinodiscus desori Duncan & Sladen Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170510 Echinodiscus desori Duncan & Sladen Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170511 Echinodiscus desori Duncan & Sladen Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170512 Echinodiscus desori Duncan & Sladen Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 460700 Fibularia damensis Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170484 Fibularia damensis Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 460699 Fibularia damensis Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 460698 Fibularia damensis Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 460695 Fibularia damensis Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 460696 Fibularia damensis Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 460697 Fibularia damensis Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 460701 Fibularia damensis Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170482 Fibularia damensis Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170483 Fibularia damensis Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170481 Fibularia damensis Kier Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170487 Laganum tumidum Duncan & Sladen Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170488 Laganum tumidum Duncan & Sladen Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170489 Laganum tumidum Duncan & Sladen Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene

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PAL 170490 Laganum tumidum Duncan & Sladen Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170491 Laganum tumidum Duncan & Sladen Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170492 Lovenia cf. elongata (Gray) Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 465402 Moira adamthi Clegg Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 465623 Moira adamthi Clegg Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 465621 Moira adamthi Clegg Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 465400 Moira adamthi Clegg Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 465399 Moira adamthi Clegg Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 465624 Moira adamthi Clegg Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 465401 Moira adamthi Clegg Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 465622 Moira adamthi Clegg Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 465403 Moira adamthi Clegg Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170495 Moira adamthi Clegg Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 170496 Moira adamthi Clegg Saudi Arabia 25 Miocene PAL 466277 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 27 Miocene PAL 466278 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 27 Miocene PAL 481880 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 27 Miocene PAL 438163 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 27 Miocene PAL 438167 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 27 Miocene PAL 465493 Encope emarginata ? (Leske) United States 27 Miocene PAL 330565 Encope macrophora (Ravenel) United States 27 Miocene PAL 465947 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene PAL 465929 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene PAL 465929 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene PAL 465930 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene PAL 465933 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene PAL 465936 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene PAL 465940 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene PAL 465942 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene PAL 465943 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene PAL 465944 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene PAL 465945 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene PAL 465946 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene S 6244 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene PAL 465926 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene PAL 465927 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene S 6243 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene PAL 465948 Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske) United States 27 Miocene PAL 468798 Lovenia clarki (Lambert) United States 27 Miocene PAL 468796 Lovenia clarki (Lambert) United States 27 Miocene PAL 468797 Lovenia clarki (Lambert) United States 27 Miocene PAL 468799 Lovenia clarki (Lambert) United States 27 Miocene PAL 468795 Lovenia clarki (Lambert) United States 27 Miocene PAL 174459 Mellita aclinensis Kier United States 27 Miocene PAL 465442 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 27 Miocene PAL 465444 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 27 Miocene PAL 465443 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 27 Miocene PAL 460883 Rhyncholampas evergladensis (Mansfield) United States 27 Miocene PAL 461116 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 27 Miocene PAL 462283 Clypeaster complanatus Duncan & Sladen Egypt 27 Miocene PAL 463372 Echinolampas doma (Pomel) Egypt 27 Miocene PAL 463380 Echinolampas francei Lamarck Egypt 27 Miocene PAL 463376 Echinolampas heinzi Cotteau Egypt 27 Miocene PAL 463389 Echinolampas junasensis Loriol Egypt 27 Miocene PAL 463420 Echinolampas montesiensis Mazzetti Egypt 27 Miocene PAL 358868 Asterostoma pawsoni Kier Jamaica 27 Miocene MO 651336 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Miocene PAL 465676 Schizaster saheliensis Pomel Algeria 28 Miocene PAL 530259 Heliophora sp Morocco 32 Miocene

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MO 165698 Rhyncholampas gouldii (Bouve) United States 32 Miocene PAL 328457 Encope macrophora (Ravenel) United States 33 Miocene PAL 330562 Mellita cf. caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 33 Miocene S 6242 Mellita sp indet. United States 33 Miocene MO 562449.B Spatangus glenni Cooke United States 33 Miocene MO 562449.C Spatangus glenni Cooke United States 33 Miocene MO 562449.A Spatangus glenni Cooke United States 33 Miocene PAL 216374 Mellita aclinensis Kier United States 34 Miocene PAL 465951 Encope sp indet. United States 34 Miocene PAL 465446 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Miocene MO 166525 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Miocene MO 166525 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Miocene MO 166525 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Miocene MO 164659 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Miocene PAL 465459 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Miocene MO 165679 Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske) United States 34 Miocene PAL 398330 Agassizia mossomi Cooke United States 34 Miocene PAL 398331 Agassizia mossomi Cooke United States 34 Miocene PAL 398332 Agassizia mossomi Cooke United States 34 Miocene PAL 398333 Agassizia mossomi Cooke United States 34 Miocene PAL 398334 Agassizia mossomi Cooke United States 34 Miocene PAL 398477 Echinocyamus wilsoni Kier, 1997 United States 34 Miocene PAL 398478 Echinocyamus wilsoni Kier, 1997 United States 34 Miocene PAL 398479 Echinocyamus wilsoni Kier, 1997 United States 34 Miocene PAL 398476 Echinocyamus wilsoni Kier, 1997 United States 34 Miocene PAL 465458 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Miocene PAL 465457 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Miocene PAL 466265 Scutella subrotunda (Leske) Malta 35 Miocene PAL 466276 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 35 Miocene PAL 466283 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 35 Miocene PAL 462843 Palaeostachya ? fudsiyama untenesis Cooke Japan 35 Miocene PAL 465668 Schizaster eurynotus Agassiz Malta 35 Miocene MO 154380 Clypeaster gibbosus De Serres Syria 35 Miocene MO 13332 Clypeaster gibbosus Deserres Syria 35 Miocene MO 154380 Clypeaster gibbosus Deserres Syria 35 Miocene PAL 468955 Opissaster scillae (Wright) Malta 35 Miocene PAL 438165 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 35 Miocene PAL 438164 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 35 Miocene PAL 466270 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 35 Miocene PAL 466540 Abertella alberti (Conrad) United States 35 Miocene MO 13337 Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad, 1857 United States 36 Miocene PAL 488757 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 36 Miocene PAL 174466 Echinocardium orthonotum (Conrad) United States 36 Miocene PAL 174458 Mellita aclinensis Kier United States 36 Miocene PAL 174457 Mellita aclinensis Kier United States 36 Miocene PAL 174464 Spatangus glenni Cooke United States 36 Miocene PAL 380836 Astrodapsis sp United States 36 Miocene PAL 254375 Astrodapsis tumidus Remond United States 36 Miocene PAL 465141 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465142 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465143 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465144 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465145 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465404 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465405 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465406 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465407 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465408 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465409 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene

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PAL 465410 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465421 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465427 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465411 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465412 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465424 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465425 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465422 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Miocene PAL 465138 Astrodaspis sp indet. United States 36 Miocene PAL 465134 Astrodaspis sp indet. United States 36 Miocene PAL 465429 Astrodaspis whitneyi Reymond United States 36 Miocene PAL 465430 Astrodaspis whitneyi Reymond United States 36 Miocene PAL 465428 Astrodaspis whitneyi Reymond United States 36 Miocene MO 324565 Clypeaster deserti Kew United States 36 Miocene PAL 465122 Dendraster gibbsii (Remond) United States 36 Miocene PAL 328454 Echinarachinus gibbsii Remond United States 36 Miocene PAL 328455 Echinarachinus gibbsii Remond United States 36 Miocene PAL 465501 Encope michelini Agassiz United States 36 Miocene MO 324570 Encope tenuis ? Kew United States 36 Miocene PAL 465952 Encope tenuis ? Kew United States 36 Miocene PAL 466436 Eupatagus sp United States 36 Miocene PAL 438155 Vaquerosella merriami Mooi United States 36 Miocene PAL 438156 Vaquerosella merriami Mooi United States 36 Miocene PAL 438153 Vaquerosella merriami Mooi United States 36 Miocene PAL 438154 Vaquerosella merriami Mooi United States 36 Miocene PAL 438152 Vaquerosella merriami Mooi United States 36 Miocene MO 166517 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 36 Miocene MO 1688 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 36 Miocene MO 560430 Echinolampas (Miolampas) yoshiwarai De Loriol Japan 36 Miocene PAL 463424 Echinolampas yoshiwarai De Loriol Japan 36 Miocene PAL 329501 Scutella ? merriami (Anderson) United States 36 Miocene PAL 254348 Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew United States 36 Miocene PAL 254377 Astrodapsis whitneyi Remond United States 36 Miocene PAL 174462 Echinocardium orthonotum (Conrad) United States 36 Miocene PAL 174463 Echinocardium orthonotum (Conrad) United States 36 Miocene PAL 174468 Mellita aclinensis Kier United States 36 Miocene PAL 465445 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 36 Miocene PAL 460637 Clypeaster seguenrai Vadas Italy 38 Miocene PAL 462277 Clypeaster capellini Nelli Italy 38 Miocene PAL 462259 Clypeaster insignus Seguenza Italy 38 Miocene PAL 463425 Echinolampas (Hypoclypeus) stefaninii Nelli Italy 38 Miocene PAL 463337 Echinolampas aldrichi Twitchell Italy 38 Miocene PAL 463367 Echinolampas angulatus Mer Italy 38 Miocene PAL 463377 Echinolampas hemisphaericus Lamarck Italy 38 Miocene PAL 466445 Meoma (Schizobrissus) locardi (Cotteau) Italy 38 Miocene PAL 466482 Trachypatagus peroni Cotteau Italy 38 Miocene PAL 465853 Brissopsis crescenticus Wright Italy 38 Miocene PAL 468956 Ditremaster vadosus Gregory Italy 38 Miocene PAL 466451 Mariania marmorae (Agassiz) Italy 38 Miocene PAL 466452 Meoma (Schizobrissus) saheliensis Pomel Italy 38 Miocene PAL 466496 Pericosmus orbignyi Cotteau Italy 38 Miocene PAL 465648 Schizaster eurynotus Agassiz Italy 38 Miocene PAL 465649 Schizaster eurynotus Agassiz Italy 38 Miocene PAL 465653 Schizaster eurynotus Agassiz Italy 38 Miocene PAL 465674 Schizaster eurynotus Agassiz Italy 38 Miocene PAL 174467 Echinocardium marylandiense Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 174460 Echinocardium marylandiense Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 1691 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 438168 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene

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PAL 438169 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 466282 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 438166 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 489746 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 489747 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 489748 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 489749 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 489758 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 489759 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 98613 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 466271 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene S 6260 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene MO 651351 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 466272 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 466273 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 466275 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 466279 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 466280 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 489744 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 489745 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 328217 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 380832 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 438162 Abertella aberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 9478 Abertella aberti Conrad United States 39 Miocene PAL 466538 Abertella alberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 466284 Abertella alberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene MO 373043 Abertella alberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 466537 Abertella alberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 466539 Abertella alberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene S 3968 Abertella alberti (Conrad) United States 39 Miocene PAL 468851 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468852 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468968 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468969 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468970 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468971 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468972 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468973 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468980 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 498690 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468824 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468825 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468826 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468827 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468828 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468829 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468830 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468831 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468832 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468833 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468834 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468835 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468836 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468837 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468838 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468839 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468840 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468841 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468842 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene

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PAL 468843 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468844 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468845 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468846 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468847 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468848 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468849 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468850 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468853 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468974 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468975 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468976 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468977 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468978 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468979 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene PAL 468981 Echinocardium marylandiensis Kier United States 39 Miocene MO 146005 Protoscutella mississippiensis (Twitchell) United States 39 Miocene PAL 465669 Schizaster eurynotus Agassiz Portugal 39 Miocene PAL 339084 Astrodapsis nipponicus Nisiyama Japan 40 Miocene PAL 460635 Clypeaster ventiensis Tournouer France 43 Miocene PAL 264125 Kewia blancoensis (Kew) United States 43 Miocene PAL 264127 Kewia blancoensis (Kew) United States 43 Miocene PAL 462835 Clypeaster ventiensis Tournouer France 43 Miocene PAL 460728 Echinocyamus pseudopusillus (Cotteau) France 44 Miocene PAL 463409 Echinolampas (Hypsoclypeus) semiglobus (Lamarck) France 45 Miocene PAL 466269 Phaneroptyxis ? leognanensis Lambert France 45 Miocene MO 157369 Amphiope bioculatus (Desmoulins) France 45 Miocene PAL 479697 Amphiope bioculatus (Desmoulins) France 45 Miocene PAL 465985 Amphiope bioculatus (Desmoulins) France 45 Miocene PAL 465986 Amphiope bioculatus (Desmoulins) France 45 Miocene PAL 462258 Clypeaster altus Lamarck France 45 Miocene PAL 19541 Clypeaster altus Lamarck France 45 Miocene MO 19542 Clypeaster grandiflorus Burns France 45 Miocene MO 8941 Clypeaster grandiflorus Burns France 45 Miocene MO 479704 Clypeaster marginatus Lamarck France 45 Miocene S 6207 Clypeaster marginatus Lamarck France 45 Miocene S 6208 Clypeaster marginatus Lamarck France 45 Miocene PAL 462581 Clypeaster oxybaphon Jackson France 45 Miocene PAL 462582 Clypeaster oxybaphon Jackson France 45 Miocene PAL 462583 Clypeaster oxybaphon Jackson France 45 Miocene PAL 463408 Echinolampas (Hypsopygus) semiglobus (Lamarck) France 45 Miocene MO 157360 Echinolampas (Hypsopygus) semiglobus (Lamarck) France 45 Miocene MO 327853 Echinolampas escheri Agassiz France 45 Miocene PAL 464446 Echinolampas scutiformis Desmoulins France 45 Miocene S 6245 Echinolampas semiorbis Guppy France 45 Miocene PAL 464449 Echinolampas sp France 45 Miocene PAL 19603 Eupatagus sp France 45 Miocene PAL 466267 Genus indet. sp indet. France 45 Miocene PAL 466268 Genus indet. sp indet. France 45 Miocene MO 19544 Phaneroptyxis ? sp France 45 Miocene MO 167327 Phaneroptyxis ? leognanensis Lambert France 45 Miocene PAL 463378 Echinolampas francei Desmoulins France 45 Miocene PAL 463379 Echinolampas francei lusitanica Lambert France 45 Miocene PAL 463373 Echinolampas hemisphaericum Lamarck France 45 Miocene PAL 464444 Echinolampas scutiformis Desmoulins France 45 Miocene MO 479695 Echinolampas scutiformis Desmoulins France 45 Miocene PAL 463431 Echinolampas scutiformis Desmoulins France 45 Miocene PAL 465647 Schizaster eurynotus Agassiz France 45 Miocene PAL 468774 Spatangus simplex Agassiz France 45 Miocene

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MO 479702 Phaneroptyxis ? paulensis (Agassiz) France 45 Miocene S 6259 Phaneroptyxis ? paulensis (Agassiz) France 45 Miocene PAL 466266 Scutella striatula Agassiz France 47 Miocene PAL 462285 Clypeaster complanatus Duncan & Sladen Austria 47 Miocene MO 3334 Clypeaster grandiflorus Burns Austria 47 Miocene MO 479701 Scutella faujasi Defrance France 48 Miocene MO 560313 Echinolampas kleini (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Miocene PAL 463387 Echinolampas kleini (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Miocene MO 560312 Echinolampas kleini (Goldfuss) Germany 51 Miocene PAL 181140 Echinarachnius astrodapsoides Wagner United States 64 Miocene PAL 181141 Echinarachnius astrodapsoides Wagner United States 64 Miocene PAL 181139 Echinarachnius astrodapsoides Wagner United States 64 Miocene PAL 181143 Echinarachnius plafkeri Wagner United States 64 Miocene PAL 181142 Echinarachnius plafkeri Wagner United States 64 Miocene PAL 181144 Echinarachnius ungaensis Wagner United States 64 Miocene PAL 181146 Kewia lituyaensis Wagner United States 64 Miocene PAL 181147 Kewia lituyaensis Wagner United States 64 Miocene PAL 181145 Kewia lituyaensis Wagner United States 64 Miocene PAL 181150 Scutellaster oregonensis (Clark) United States 64 Miocene PAL 463388 Echinolampas jacquemonti Unknown South Africa 29S Miocene PAL 460658 Monostychia australis (Laube) Australia 34S Miocene PAL 468479 Hemiaster (Bolbaster) planedeclivis Gregory Australia 34S Miocene PAL 468480 Hemiaster (Bolbaster) planedeclivis Gregory Australia 34S Miocene PAL 468481 Hemiaster (Bolbaster) planedeclivis Gregory Australia 34S Miocene PAL 468482 Hemiaster (Bolbaster) planedeclivis Gregory Australia 34S Miocene PAL 465911 Eupatagus murrayensis (Laube) Australia 34S Miocene PAL 465910 Eupatagus murrayensis (Laube) Australia 34S Miocene MO 353555 Eupatagus wrighti (Laube) Australia 34S Miocene PAL 468783 Lovenia forbesi (Woods) Australia 34S Miocene PAL 460659 Monostychia australis (Laube) Australia 34S Miocene PAL 380833 Lovenia forhesi (Woods & Duncan) Australia 34S Miocene PAL 468787 Lovenia forbesi (Woods) Australia 34S Miocene PAL 467427 Cyclaster archeri (Woods) Australia 35S Miocene PAL 467250 Corystus dysasteroides (Duncan) Australia 35S Miocene MO 353552 Schizaster abductus Tate Australia 35S Miocene PAL 465851 Brissopsis tatei Hall Australia 37S Miocene PAL 465856 Granobrissoides australiae (Cotteau) Australia 37S Miocene PAL 468790 Lovenia forbesi (Woods) Australia 37S Miocene PAL 112174 Lovenia forbesi (Woods) Australia 37S Miocene S 6356 Lovenia forbesi (Woods) Australia 37S Miocene PAL 468786 Lovenia forbesi (Woods) Australia 37S Miocene PAL 633985 Lovenia forbesi (Woods) Australia 37S Miocene PAL 96249 Lovenia forbesi (Woods) Australia 37S Miocene PAL 166562 Lovenia forbesi (Woods) Australia 37S Miocene S 6357 Lovenia forbesi (Woods) Australia 37S Miocene PAL 465434 Monophoraster darwini (Desor) Argentina 43S Miocene PAL 465435 Monophoraster darwini (Desor) Argentina 43S Miocene PAL 465433 Monophoraster darwini (Desor) Argentina 43S Miocene PAL 462653 Clypeaster rosaceus Lamarck Colombia 4 Pliocene PAL 465304 Agassizia (Anisaster) gregoriensis Unknown Venezuela 11 Pliocene PAL 462240 Clypeaster aegypticus Agassiz Libya 25 Pliocene PAL 465727 Palaeostachya ? depressum Agassiz Taiwan 25 Pliocene PAL 465119 Scaphechinus mirabilis Agassiz Taiwan 25 Pliocene PAL 465113 Scaphechinus mirabilis Agassiz Taiwan 25 Pliocene PAL 465117 Scaphechinus mirabilis Agassiz Taiwan 25 Pliocene PAL 465116 Scaphechinus mirabilis Agassiz Taiwan 25 Pliocene PAL 465115 Scaphechinus mirabilis Agassiz Taiwan 25 Pliocene PAL 465118 Scaphechinus mirabilis Agassiz Taiwan 25 Pliocene PAL 465114 Scaphechinus mirabilis Agassiz Taiwan 25 Pliocene

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PAL 465120 Scaphechinus mirabilis Agassiz Taiwan 25 Pliocene PAL 462649 Clypeaster rosaceus Lamarck United States 27 Pliocene PAL 462650 Clypeaster rosaceus Lamarck United States 27 Pliocene PAL 462647 Clypeaster rosaceus Lamarck United States 27 Pliocene PAL 462648 Clypeaster rosaceus Lamarck United States 27 Pliocene MO 164670 Clypeaster rosaceus Lamarck United States 27 Pliocene PAL 462645 Clypeaster rosaceus Lamarck United States 27 Pliocene PAL 462646 Clypeaster rosaceus Lamarck United States 27 Pliocene PAL 465494 Encope aberrans Martens United States 27 Pliocene PAL 380829 Encope michelini Agassiz United States 27 Pliocene PAL 380829 Encope michelini Agassiz United States 27 Pliocene PAL 465922 Encope michelini imperforata Kier United States 27 Pliocene PAL 465923 Encope michelini imperforata Kier United States 27 Pliocene PAL 465921 Encope michelini imperforata Kier United States 27 Pliocene PAL 380830 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Pliocene MO 164658 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Pliocene PAL 465934 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Pliocene PAL 465938 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Pliocene PAL 380830 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Pliocene PAL 465935 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Pliocene PAL 465939 Encope tamiamiensis Mansfield United States 27 Pliocene PAL 460591 Rhyncholampas ayresi Kier United States 27 Pliocene PAL 460585 Rhyncholampas ayresi Kier United States 27 Pliocene PAL 462243 Clypeaster aegypticus Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 462235 Clypeaster aegypticus Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 462237 Clypeaster aegypticus Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 462238 Clypeaster aegypticus Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 462239 Clypeaster aegypticus Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 462236 Clypeaster aegypticus Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 462241 Clypeaster aegypticus Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 462242 Clypeaster aegypticus Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene S 6204 Clypeaster aegypticus Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene S 6199 Clypeaster aegypticus Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene S 6200 Clypeaster aegypticus Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene S 6201 Clypeaster aegypticus Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene S 6202 Clypeaster aegypticus Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene S 6203 Clypeaster aegypticus Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339514 Clypeaster fervens Koehler Egypt 27 Pliocene MO 339517 Clypeaster humilis (Leske) Egypt 27 Pliocene MO 339512 Clypeaster humilis (Leske) Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339525 Echinodiscus bisperforatus Leske Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339528 Fibularia volva Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339522 Laganum depressum Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339259 Schizaster (Paraster) gibberulus Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 465886 Eupatagus (Gymnopatagus) antillarum (Cotteau) United States 27 Pliocene PAL 488871 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 27 Pliocene PAL 339747 Brissus latecarinatus (Leske) Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339749 Brissus shaimaae Ali Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339750 Brissus shaimaae Ali Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339513 Clypeaster fervens Koehler Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339514 Clypeaster fervens Koehler Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339511 Clypeaster humilis (Leske) Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339517 Clypeaster humilis (Leske) Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339512 Clypeaster humilis (Leske) Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339516 Clypeaster kamaranense (Cotteau) Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339578 Clypeaster reticulatus (L.) Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339510 Clypeaster suffarcinatus Duncan & Sladen Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339515 Clypeaster telurus Clark Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339527 Echinodiscus autritus Leske Egypt 27 Pliocene

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PAL 339524 Echinodiscus bisperforatus Leske Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339525 Echinodiscus desori Duncan & Sladen Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339520 Laganum depressum Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339521 Laganum depressum Agassiz Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339519 Laganum depressum delicatum Mazzetti Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339523 Laganum tumidum Duncan & Sladen Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339751 Lovenia elongata (Gray) Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339748 Maretia planulata abbassi Ali Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339746 Schizaster (Paraster) cf. bicuspis Ali Egypt 27 Pliocene PAL 339745 Schizaster (Paraster) cf. bicuspis Ali Egypt 27 Pliocene MO 479694 Rotuloidea fimbriata Etheridge Morocco 32 Pliocene PAL 465864 Brissus sp United States 33 Pliocene MO 9970 Encope macrophora (Ravenel) United States 33 Pliocene PAL 154280 Encope macrophora (Ravenel) United States 33 Pliocene MO 145411 Encope macrophora (Ravenel) United States 33 Pliocene PAL 465924 Encope michelini imperforata Kier United States 33 Pliocene PAL 465489 Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske) United States 33 Pliocene PAL 465486 Mellita sp indet. United States 33 Pliocene PAL 460890 Rhyncholampas evergladensis (Mansfield) United States 33 Pliocene PAL 460893 Rhyncholampas evergladensis (Mansfield) United States 33 Pliocene PAL 461149 Rhyncholampas sabistonensis Smith United States 33 Pliocene PAL 461150 Rhyncholampas sabistonensis Smith United States 33 Pliocene PAL 468817 Echinocardium kellogi Kier United States 34 Pliocene PAL 468821 Echinocardium kellogi Kier United States 34 Pliocene PAL 468816 Echinocardium kellogi Kier United States 34 Pliocene PAL 468822 Echinocardium kellogi Kier United States 34 Pliocene PAL 468814 Echinocardium kellogi Kier United States 34 Pliocene PAL 468818 Echinocardium kellogi Kier United States 34 Pliocene PAL 468819 Echinocardium kellogi Kier United States 34 Pliocene PAL 468820 Echinocardium kellogi Kier United States 34 Pliocene PAL 468815 Echinocardium kellogi Kier United States 34 Pliocene PAL 465448 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Pliocene PAL 465449 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Pliocene PAL 465450 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Pliocene PAL 465451 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Pliocene PAL 465467 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Pliocene PAL 438187 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Pliocene PAL 438188 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Pliocene PAL 465447 Mellita caroliniana (Ravenel) United States 34 Pliocene PAL 186524 Mellita cf. acutidens Kier United States 34 Pliocene PAL 488879 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Pliocene PAL 488880 Genus indet. sp indet. United States 34 Pliocene PAL 489760 Genus sp United States 34 Pliocene PAL 186521 Echinocardium kelloggi Kier in Ray United States 34 Pliocene PAL 468823 Echinocardium kellogi Kier United States 34 Pliocene PAL 465959 Astriclypeus sp indet. Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 468793 Breynia ? sp indet. Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462291 Clypeaster japonicus Doderlein Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462292 Clypeaster japonicus Doderlein Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462568 Clypeaster japonicus Doderlein Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462569 Clypeaster japonicus Doderlein Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462571 Clypeaster japonicus Doderlein Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462572 Clypeaster japonicus Doderlein Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462573 Clypeaster japonicus Doderlein Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462574 Clypeaster japonicus Doderlein Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462575 Clypeaster japonicus Doderlein Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462576 Clypeaster japonicus Doderlein Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462293 Clypeaster japonicus Doderlein Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462584 Clypeaster okinawa Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene

113

PAL 462844 Palaeostachya ? fudsiyama untenesis Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462840 Palaeostachya ? fudsiyama untenesis Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462841 Palaeostachya ? fudsiyama untenesis Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462847 Palaeostachya ? fudsiyama untenesis Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462848 Palaeostachya ? fudsiyama untenesis Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462838 Palaeostachya ? fudsiyama untenesis Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462839 Palaeostachya ? fudsiyama untenesis Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462837 Palaeostachya ? fudsiyama untenesis Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462845 Palaeostachya ? fudsiyama untenesis Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462846 Palaeostachya ? fudsiyama untenesis Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 465723 Peronella kamimura Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 465722 Peronella kamimura Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 465724 Peronella kamimura Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462896 Peronella merrilli Israelski Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 465721 Peronella motobu Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462899 Peronella motobu Cooke Japan 35 Pliocene PAL 462895 Peronella sp Japan 35 Pliocene MO 649087 Astrodapsis arnoldi Pack United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465137 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465140 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465139 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465136 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465413 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465414 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465415 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465416 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465419 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465420 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465432 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465417 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465426 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Pliocene S 6240 Astrodaspis antistelli Conrad United States 36 Pliocene PAL 462264 Clypeaster bowersi Weaver United States 36 Pliocene PAL 462265 Clypeaster bowersi Weaver United States 36 Pliocene MO 324571 Clypeaster bowersi Weaver United States 36 Pliocene PAL 462263 Clypeaster bowersi Weaver United States 36 Pliocene PAL 462262 Clypeaster bowersi Weaver P United States 36 Pliocene PAL 462260 Clypeaster bowersi Weaver P United States 36 Pliocene PAL 462261 Clypeaster bowersi Weaver P United States 36 Pliocene PAL 488743 Dendraster diegoensis United States 36 Pliocene PAL 488742 Dendraster diegoensis Unknown United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465121 Dendraster eccentricus (Eschscholtz) United States 36 Pliocene PAL 562257 Dendraster elsmerensis Durham United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465124 Dendraster gibbsii (Remond) United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465128 Dendraster granti Durham United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465127 Dendraster granti Durham United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465123 Dendraster sp United States 36 Pliocene PAL 328453 Echinarachinus ashleyi Merriam United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465126 Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson) United States 36 Pliocene PAL 560358 Scutellaster interlineatus (Stimpson) United States 36 Pliocene PAL 560358 Scutellaster interlineatus (Stimpson) United States 36 Pliocene PAL 560358 Scutellaster interlineatus (Stimpson) United States 36 Pliocene PAL 465953 Astriclypeus manni Verrill Japan 36 Pliocene PAL 465862 Brissus latecarinatus ? (Leske) Japan 36 Pliocene PAL 465132 Newlandia ? laganolithinus Nisiyama Japan 36 Pliocene PAL 560427 Newlandia ? laganolithinus Nisiyama Japan 36 Pliocene PAL 353909 Echinocyamus pusillus Muller England 51 Pliocene MO 562074 Echinarachnius alaskense Durham United States 64 Pliocene MO 562075 Echinarachnius alaskense Durham United States 64 Pliocene

114

MO 562076 Echinarachnius alaskense Durham United States 64 Pliocene MO 562077 Echinarachnius alaskense Durham United States 64 Pliocene MO 562073 Echinarachnius alaskense Durham United States 64 Pliocene PAL 181149 Kewia tachilniensis Wagner United States 64 Pliocene PAL 181148 Kewia tachilniensis Wagner United States 64 Pliocene PAL 96251 Monostychia australis (Laube) Australia 34S Pliocene PAL 468781 Lovenia forbesi (Woods) Australia 37S Pliocene PAL 460661 Fellaster zelaadiae (Gray) New Zealand 41S Pliocene PAL 460660 Fellaster zelaadiae (Gray) New Zealand 41S Pliocene MO 563453 Fibularia ovulum Lamarck Marshall Islands 11 Pleistocene PAL 465861 Brissus carinatus (Lamarck) Indonesia 12 Pleistocene PAL 465340 Agassizia porifera (Ravenel) United States 27 Pleistocene PAL 465341 Agassizia porifera (Ravenel) United States 27 Pleistocene PAL 381045 Agassizia porifera (Ravenel) United States 27 Pleistocene PAL 381045 Agassizia porifera (Ravenel) United States 27 Pleistocene PAL 462642 Clypeaster rosaceus Lamarck United States 27 Pleistocene PAL 462643 Clypeaster rosaceus Lamarck United States 27 Pleistocene PAL 381043 Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray) United States 27 Pleistocene Palaeostachya ? cf. depressum tonganense Quoy & PAL 462849 Gaimard Japan 29 Pleistocene PAL 174698 Encope michelini Agassiz United States 33 Pleistocene PAL 465495 Encope michelini Agassiz United States 33 Pleistocene PAL 154281 Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske) United States 33 Pleistocene PAL 465627 Moira atropos ? (Lamarck) United States 33 Pleistocene PAL 460912 Rhyncholampas evergladensis (Mansfield) United States 33 Pleistocene PAL 460913 Rhyncholampas evergladensis (Mansfield) United States 33 Pleistocene PAL 465469 Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske) United States 34 Pleistocene PAL 462842 Palaeostachya ? fudsiyama untenesis Cooke Japan 35 Pleistocene PAL 465863 Brissus latecarinatus (Leske) Japan 36 Pleistocene MO 560424 Fibularia acuta Toshiwara Japan 36 Pleistocene PAL 460720 Echinocyamus pusillus Muller England 51 Pleistocene

115

Paleobiology Database Collections. Database Accessed February 11th, 2011.

CollectionNumber Genus Country Latitude EpochAge

7791 Togocyamus Nigeria 6 Paleocene 7791 Cassidulus Nigeria 6 Paleocene 42446 Togocyamus Nigeria 6 Paleocene 42446 Cassidulus Nigeria 6 Paleocene 42679 Togocyamus Togo 6 Paleocene 87000 Micraster Egypt 25 Paleocene 87000 Hemiaster Egypt 25 Paleocene 77235 Hemiaster Libya 29 Paleocene 77235 Hemiaster Libya 29 Paleocene 77235 Nucleolites Libya 29 Paleocene 2808 Linthia United States 32 Paleocene 2813 Gitolampas United States 32 Paleocene 2813 Rhopostoma United States 32 Paleocene 2814 Rhopostoma United States 32 Paleocene 2832 Gitolampas United States 32 Paleocene 2832 Linthia United States 32 Paleocene 2837 Gitolampas United States 32 Paleocene 2837 Linthia United States 32 Paleocene 2838 Gitolampas United States 32 Paleocene 2838 Linthia United States 32 Paleocene 2838 Rhopostoma United States 32 Paleocene 2838 Rhopostoma United States 32 Paleocene 2839 Rhopostoma United States 32 Paleocene 2840 Gitolampas United States 32 Paleocene 2840 Rhopostoma United States 32 Paleocene 2840 Rhopostoma United States 32 Paleocene 2841 Rhopostoma United States 32 Paleocene 2842 Gitolampas United States 32 Paleocene 2842 Rhopostoma United States 32 Paleocene 2923 Gitolampas United States 32 Paleocene 2856 Gitolampas United States 33 Paleocene 2858 Linthia United States 33 Paleocene 90072 Schizaster United States 34 Paleocene 37389 Periaster United States 37 Paleocene 37389 Pericosmus United States 37 Paleocene 37512 Periaster United States 37 Paleocene 52612 Schizaster United States 38 Paleocene 3113 Cassidulus United States 40 Paleocene 3113 Catopygus United States 40 Paleocene 3113 Echinocorys United States 40 Paleocene 3113 Hemiaster United States 40 Paleocene 3113 Hemiaster United States 40 Paleocene 3113 Hemiaster United States 40 Paleocene 3113 Holaster United States 40 Paleocene 3113 Linthia United States 40 Paleocene 3113 Plagiochasma United States 40 Paleocene 48062 Isaster Turkey 41 Paleocene 20816 Pygopyrina France 43 Paleocene 22970 Echinocorys France 43 Paleocene 22970 Isopneustes France 43 Paleocene 22970 Hemiaster France 43 Paleocene 22970 Coraster France 43 Paleocene 48023 Echinocorys Kazakstan 44 Paleocene 48023 Galeaster Kazakstan 44 Paleocene

116

48023 Cyclaster Kazakstan 44 Paleocene 47930 Adelopneustes Austria 47 Paleocene 47930 Adelopneustes Austria 47 Paleocene 47930 Adelopneustes Austria 47 Paleocene 47930 Plagiochasma Austria 47 Paleocene 47930 Echinocorys Austria 47 Paleocene 47930 Cyclaster Austria 47 Paleocene 47930 Isaster Austria 47 Paleocene 47930 Hemiaster Austria 47 Paleocene 47930 Coraster Austria 47 Paleocene 47930 Orthaster Austria 47 Paleocene 47930 Orthaster Austria 47 Paleocene 47930 Homoeaster Austria 47 Paleocene 47930 Linthia Austria 47 Paleocene 47930 Procassidulus Austria 47 Paleocene 47930 Galeaster Austria 47 Paleocene 47930 Cottreaucorys Austria 47 Paleocene 84335 Schizaster Austria 47 Paleocene 84335 Schizaster Austria 47 Paleocene 87001 Echinocorys Austria 47 Paleocene 87001 Echinocorys Austria 47 Paleocene 87001 Echinocorys Austria 47 Paleocene 87001 Echinocorys Austria 47 Paleocene 87001 Garumnaster Austria 47 Paleocene 87001 Hemiaster Austria 47 Paleocene 87001 Brissopneustes Austria 47 Paleocene 87002 Brissopneustes Austria 47 Paleocene 3122 Diplodetus Netherlands 52 Paleocene 32170 Adelopneustes Netherlands 52 Paleocene 32170 Procassidulus Netherlands 52 Paleocene 32170 Linthia Netherlands 52 Paleocene 35040 Cyclaster Denmark 56 Paleocene 89866 Echinocorys Denmark 56 Paleocene 89866 Brissopneustes Denmark 56 Paleocene 89866 Pyrina Denmark 56 Paleocene 89866 Holaster Denmark 56 Paleocene 89866 Micraster Denmark 56 Paleocene 89866 Cassidulus Denmark 56 Paleocene 89866 Hemiaster Denmark 56 Paleocene 89866 Globator Denmark 56 Paleocene 5160 Schizaster Argentina 48S Paleocene 5162 Schizaster Argentina 48S Paleocene 42653 Fibularia Nigeria 6 Eocene 46247 Fibularia Nigeria 6 Eocene 90060 Oligopygus Venezuela 8 Eocene 42488 Cubanaster Panama 9 Eocene 42488 Weisbordella Panama 9 Eocene 42488 Weisbordella Panama 9 Eocene 42488 Schizaster Panama 9 Eocene 42488 Eupatagus Panama 9 Eocene 42698 Peronella Panama 9 Eocene 42698 Peronella Panama 9 Eocene 42698 Peronella Panama 9 Eocene 42698 Schizaster Panama 9 Eocene 42698 Eupatagus Panama 9 Eocene 75234 Plesiolampas Niger 16 Eocene 75234 Linthia Niger 16 Eocene 85738 Linthia Mexico 17 Eocene 85738 Schizaster Mexico 17 Eocene

117

8122 Eurhodia Jamaica 18 Eocene 8122 Durhamella Jamaica 18 Eocene 60573 Linthia Haiti 19 Eocene 60573 Schizaster Haiti 19 Eocene 60573 Eupatagus Haiti 19 Eocene 61190 Echinanthus Haiti 19 Eocene 91154 Schizaster Cuba 21 Eocene 91154 Hemiaster Cuba 21 Eocene 91158 Botriopygus Cuba 21 Eocene 91158 Botriopygus Cuba 21 Eocene 91158 Hemiaster Cuba 21 Eocene 91159 Botriopygus Cuba 21 Eocene 91162 Echinolampas Cuba 21 Eocene 91162 Prosostoma Cuba 21 Eocene 91162 Schizobrissus Cuba 21 Eocene 91165 Oligopygus Cuba 21 Eocene 91176 Oligopygus Cuba 21 Eocene 91176 Oligopygus Cuba 21 Eocene 43753 Schizaster Mexico 24 Eocene 43753 Schizaster Mexico 24 Eocene 43754 Schizaster Mexico 24 Eocene 3300 Sismondia Egypt 26 Eocene 3300 Sismondia Egypt 26 Eocene 5496 Schizaster Mexico 26 Eocene 5499 Schizaster Mexico 26 Eocene 5502 Schizaster Mexico 26 Eocene 5506 Echinolampas Mexico 26 Eocene 5506 Schizaster Mexico 26 Eocene 5506 Eupatagus Mexico 26 Eocene 5507 Schizaster Mexico 26 Eocene 40516 Echinolampas Egypt 27 Eocene 42123 Echinolampas Libya 27 Eocene 42123 Linthia Libya 27 Eocene 42123 Linthia Libya 27 Eocene 42123 Schizaster Libya 27 Eocene 42125 Sismondia Libya 27 Eocene 42125 Echinocyamus Libya 27 Eocene 42127 Scutellina Libya 27 Eocene 42127 Echinolampas Libya 27 Eocene 42127 Echinolampas Libya 27 Eocene 42127 Brissoides Libya 27 Eocene 42129 Echinolampas Libya 27 Eocene 42129 Echinolampas Libya 27 Eocene 42129 Sismondia Libya 27 Eocene 42138 Echinolampas Libya 27 Eocene 42139 Echinolampas Libya 27 Eocene 42144 Echinolampas Libya 27 Eocene 42144 Echinolampas Libya 27 Eocene 42144 Echinolampas Libya 27 Eocene 42144 Echinolampas Libya 27 Eocene 42144 Schizaster Libya 27 Eocene 77304 Amblypygus Pakistan 27 Eocene 77304 Echinolampas Pakistan 27 Eocene 77304 Metalia Pakistan 27 Eocene 34992 Oligopygus United States 28 Eocene 34992 Amblypygus United States 28 Eocene 34992 Fibularia United States 28 Eocene 34992 Weisbordella United States 28 Eocene 34992 Durhamella United States 28 Eocene

118

34992 Neolaganum United States 28 Eocene 34992 Wythella United States 28 Eocene 34992 Eurhodia United States 28 Eocene 34992 Echinolampas United States 28 Eocene 34992 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Eocene 34992 Schizaster United States 28 Eocene 34992 Ditremaster United States 28 Eocene 34992 Agassizia United States 28 Eocene 34992 Macropneustes United States 28 Eocene 34992 Brissopsis United States 28 Eocene 34992 Plagiobrissus United States 28 Eocene 34992 Eupatagus United States 28 Eocene 34992 Mortonella United States 28 Eocene 34992 Oligopygus United States 28 Eocene 34992 Plagiobrissus United States 28 Eocene 41899 Schizaster Egypt 29 Eocene 41899 Schizaster Egypt 29 Eocene 41899 Schizaster Egypt 29 Eocene 41899 Schizaster Egypt 29 Eocene 41899 Schizaster Egypt 29 Eocene 41899 Schizaster Egypt 29 Eocene 41899 Brissopsis Egypt 29 Eocene 41899 Brissopsis Egypt 29 Eocene 41899 Brissopsis Egypt 29 Eocene 41899 Echinolampas Egypt 29 Eocene 41900 Sismondia Egypt 29 Eocene 41901 Conoclypeus Egypt 29 Eocene 41902 Schizaster Egypt 29 Eocene 41904 Echinolampas Egypt 29 Eocene 41904 Schizaster Egypt 29 Eocene 41904 Cassidulus Egypt 29 Eocene 41905 Echinolampas Egypt 29 Eocene 41905 Echinolampas Egypt 29 Eocene 41905 Schizaster Egypt 29 Eocene 41906 Echinolampas Egypt 29 Eocene 41906 Echinolampas Egypt 29 Eocene 41906 Schizaster Egypt 29 Eocene 41918 Echinolampas Egypt 29 Eocene 41918 Agassizia Egypt 29 Eocene 42051 Echinolampas Egypt 29 Eocene 42051 Thagastea Egypt 29 Eocene 42051 Brissopsis Egypt 29 Eocene 42053 Echinolampas Egypt 29 Eocene 42057 Echinolampas Egypt 29 Eocene 45626 Echinolampas Egypt 29 Eocene 45626 Schizaster Egypt 29 Eocene 76988 Echinolampas Egypt 29 Eocene 79700 Echinolampas Egypt 29 Eocene 96952 Conoclypeus Egypt 29 Eocene 97545 Brissopsis Egypt 29 Eocene 3503 Periarchus United States 29 Eocene 3504 Periarchus United States 29 Eocene 3535 Eupatagus United States 29 Eocene 3535 Fibularia United States 29 Eocene 3535 Laganum United States 29 Eocene 3535 Neolaganum United States 29 Eocene 3535 Periarchus United States 29 Eocene 3535 Rhyncholampas United States 29 Eocene 3535 Rhyncholampas United States 29 Eocene

119

3536 Eupatagus United States 29 Eocene 3536 Eupatagus United States 29 Eocene 3536 Periarchus United States 29 Eocene 3537 Schizaster United States 29 Eocene 34993 Oligopygus United States 29 Eocene 34993 Fibularia United States 29 Eocene 34993 Periarchus United States 29 Eocene 34993 Rhyncholampas United States 29 Eocene 34993 Agassizia United States 29 Eocene 34993 Plagiobrissus United States 29 Eocene 34993 Eupatagus United States 29 Eocene 34993 Plagiobrissus United States 29 Eocene 34994 Oligopygus United States 29 Eocene 34995 Neolaganum United States 29 Eocene 41453 Periarchus United States 29 Eocene 41475 Periarchus United States 29 Eocene 41475 Cassidulus United States 29 Eocene 41475 Cassidulus United States 29 Eocene 41475 Eupatagus United States 29 Eocene 49882 Oligopygus United States 29 Eocene 49882 Rhyncholampas United States 29 Eocene 49882 Rhyncholampas United States 29 Eocene 49882 Eupatagus United States 29 Eocene 49882 Eupatagus United States 29 Eocene 49882 Agassizia United States 29 Eocene 49882 Plagiobrissus United States 29 Eocene 49882 Periarchus United States 29 Eocene 49882 Neolaganum United States 29 Eocene 49882 Durhamella United States 29 Eocene 49882 Fibularia United States 29 Eocene 61109 Fibularia United States 29 Eocene 61109 Oligopygus United States 29 Eocene 61109 Laganum United States 29 Eocene 61109 Peronella United States 29 Eocene 61109 Peronella United States 29 Eocene 61109 Peronella United States 29 Eocene 61109 Periarchus United States 29 Eocene 61109 Cassidulus United States 29 Eocene 61109 Eupatagus United States 29 Eocene 61109 Eupatagus United States 29 Eocene 61109 Agassizia United States 29 Eocene 61109 Cassidulus United States 29 Eocene 61109 Cassidulus United States 29 Eocene 61113 Fibularia United States 29 Eocene 61113 Peronella United States 29 Eocene 61114 Agassizia United States 29 Eocene 61114 Oligopygus United States 29 Eocene 61114 Fibularia United States 29 Eocene 61114 Laganum United States 29 Eocene 61114 Laganum United States 29 Eocene 61114 Peronella United States 29 Eocene 61114 Schizaster United States 29 Eocene 77237 Schizaster Libya 30 Eocene 77237 Echinolampas Libya 30 Eocene 3568 Wythella United States 30 Eocene 3569 Cassidulus United States 30 Eocene 3569 Cassidulus United States 30 Eocene 3569 Clypeaster United States 30 Eocene 3569 Eurhodia United States 30 Eocene

120

3569 Oligopygus United States 30 Eocene 3569 Weisbordella United States 30 Eocene 3569 Weisbordella United States 30 Eocene 3570 Agassizia United States 30 Eocene 3570 Amblypygus United States 30 Eocene 3570 Oligopygus United States 30 Eocene 3570 Oligopygus United States 30 Eocene 3570 Weisbordella United States 30 Eocene 3571 Amblypygus United States 30 Eocene 3571 Oligopygus United States 30 Eocene 3571 Plagiobrissus United States 30 Eocene 3573 Oligopygus United States 30 Eocene 3575 Oligopygus United States 30 Eocene 3575 Weisbordella United States 30 Eocene 3576 Oligopygus United States 30 Eocene 4899 Fibularia United States 30 Eocene 73586 Echinolampas United States 30 Eocene 79074 Hemiaster Pakistan 31 Eocene 3507 Echinocyamus United States 31 Eocene 3507 Eupatagus United States 31 Eocene 3507 Fibularia United States 31 Eocene 3508 Echinocyamus United States 31 Eocene 3508 Echinocyamus United States 31 Eocene 3508 Eupatagus United States 31 Eocene 3508 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 3509 Echinocyamus United States 31 Eocene 3509 Echinolampas United States 31 Eocene 3509 Eupatagus United States 31 Eocene 3509 Fibularia United States 31 Eocene 3509 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 3510 Echinolampas United States 31 Eocene 3510 Eupatagus United States 31 Eocene 3510 Fibularia United States 31 Eocene 3510 Oligopygus United States 31 Eocene 3510 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 3511 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 3512 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 3513 Echinocyamus United States 31 Eocene 3514 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 3515 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 3516 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 3517 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 3517 Wythella United States 31 Eocene 3526 Rhyncholampas United States 31 Eocene 3543 Ditremaster United States 31 Eocene 3543 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 3545 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 3546 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 3554 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 3555 Cassidulus United States 31 Eocene 3555 Weisbordella United States 31 Eocene 3556 Weisbordella United States 31 Eocene 41922 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 41922 Echinolampas United States 31 Eocene 41923 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 41938 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 41941 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 41984 Echinocyamus United States 31 Eocene 41984 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene

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41985 Cassidulus United States 31 Eocene 41985 Cassidulus United States 31 Eocene 43347 Eupatagus United States 31 Eocene 49880 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 57926 Echinolampas United States 31 Eocene 57926 Cassidulus United States 31 Eocene 57926 Clypeaster United States 31 Eocene 57927 Oligopygus United States 31 Eocene 57927 Agassizia United States 31 Eocene 57927 Eupatagus United States 31 Eocene 81242 Oligopygus United States 31 Eocene 81242 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 81253 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 81254 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 81261 Oligopygus United States 31 Eocene 81261 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 81262 Oligopygus United States 31 Eocene 81262 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 81282 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 89613 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 89614 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 94040 Periarchus United States 31 Eocene 3505 Periarchus United States 32 Eocene 3505 Schizaster United States 32 Eocene 3506 Periarchus United States 32 Eocene 3506 Schizaster United States 32 Eocene 3518 Periarchus United States 32 Eocene 3518 Schizaster United States 32 Eocene 3519 Periarchus United States 32 Eocene 3520 Periarchus United States 32 Eocene 3525 Periarchus United States 32 Eocene 3525 Periarchus United States 32 Eocene 3526 Periarchus United States 32 Eocene 3540 Periarchus United States 32 Eocene 3540 Plagiobrissus United States 32 Eocene 3540 Schizaster United States 32 Eocene 3541 Eurhodia United States 32 Eocene 3541 Periarchus United States 32 Eocene 3541 Periarchus United States 32 Eocene 3542 Periarchus United States 32 Eocene 3548 Laganum United States 32 Eocene 3548 Schizaster United States 32 Eocene 3548 Weisbordella United States 32 Eocene 3549 Macropneustes United States 32 Eocene 3549 Schizaster United States 32 Eocene 3550 Macropneustes United States 32 Eocene 3551 Macropneustes United States 32 Eocene 81186 Protoscutella United States 32 Eocene 81187 Protoscutella United States 32 Eocene 8675 Clypeaster Pakistan 33 Eocene 8675 Fibularia Pakistan 33 Eocene 8676 Fibularia Pakistan 33 Eocene 8677 Conoclypus Pakistan 33 Eocene 8677 Hemiaster Pakistan 33 Eocene 8677 Schizaster Pakistan 33 Eocene 8677 Fibularia Pakistan 33 Eocene 45620 Fibularia Pakistan 33 Eocene 47022 Conoclypeus Pakistan 33 Eocene 47022 Conoclypeus Pakistan 33 Eocene

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3528 Periarchus United States 33 Eocene 3528 Schizaster United States 33 Eocene 3531 Periarchus United States 33 Eocene 3532 Periarchus United States 33 Eocene 3532 Schizaster United States 33 Eocene 3534 Schizaster United States 33 Eocene 5341 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 5341 Santeelampas United States 33 Eocene 5342 Eupatagus United States 33 Eocene 5342 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5342 Santeelampas United States 33 Eocene 5343 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5344 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 5344 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 5344 Linthia United States 33 Eocene 5344 Linthia United States 33 Eocene 5344 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5344 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5345 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5353 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5354 Agassizia United States 33 Eocene 5354 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 5354 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 5354 Linthia United States 33 Eocene 5354 Linthia United States 33 Eocene 5354 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5354 Unifascia United States 33 Eocene 5362 Periarchus United States 33 Eocene 5362 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5363 Periarchus United States 33 Eocene 5363 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5460 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5460 Santeelampas United States 33 Eocene 5461 Schizaster United States 33 Eocene 5461 Periarchus United States 33 Eocene 5462 Agassizia United States 33 Eocene 5462 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 5462 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 5462 Linthia United States 33 Eocene 5462 Linthia United States 33 Eocene 5462 Linthia United States 33 Eocene 5462 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5462 Unifascia United States 33 Eocene 5463 Eupatagus United States 33 Eocene 5463 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5463 Santeelampas United States 33 Eocene 5464 Periarchus United States 33 Eocene 5465 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 5465 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5466 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 5468 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 5468 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5469 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5469 Santeelampas United States 33 Eocene 5473 Agassizia United States 33 Eocene 5473 Periarchus United States 33 Eocene 5474 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 5474 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 5474 Linthia United States 33 Eocene

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5474 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5474 Santeelampas United States 33 Eocene 5474 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5474 Linthia United States 33 Eocene 5476 Maretia United States 33 Eocene 5476 Periarchus United States 33 Eocene 5476 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5476 Rhyncholampas United States 33 Eocene 5478 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 5478 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5478 Santeelampas United States 33 Eocene 5480 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 5480 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 5481 Santeelampas United States 33 Eocene 5482 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 5483 Eurhodia United States 33 Eocene 32901 Protoscutella United States 33 Eocene 92433 Sismondia United States 33 Eocene 42873 Neocatopygus India 34 Eocene 42873 Hemiaster India 34 Eocene 42873 Linthia India 34 Eocene 42873 Plesiolampas India 34 Eocene 42873 Plesiolampas India 34 Eocene 42873 Eurhodia India 34 Eocene 81937 Echinolampas India 34 Eocene 5366 Agassizia United States 34 Eocene 5366 Echinocyamus United States 34 Eocene 5366 Eurhodia United States 34 Eocene 5366 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5366 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5366 Maretia United States 34 Eocene 5366 Periarchus United States 34 Eocene 5366 Protoscutella United States 34 Eocene 5366 Unifascia United States 34 Eocene 5367 Agassizia United States 34 Eocene 5367 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5367 Eurhodia United States 34 Eocene 5367 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5367 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5367 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5367 Maretia United States 34 Eocene 5367 Periarchus United States 34 Eocene 5367 Protoscutella United States 34 Eocene 5375 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5375 Periarchus United States 34 Eocene 5376 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5376 Eurhodia United States 34 Eocene 5376 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5376 Periarchus United States 34 Eocene 5377 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5377 Periarchus United States 34 Eocene 5377 Rhyncholampas United States 34 Eocene 5378 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5378 Periarchus United States 34 Eocene 5379 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5379 Eurhodia United States 34 Eocene 5379 Periarchus United States 34 Eocene 5380 Eurhodia United States 34 Eocene 5380 Cassidulus United States 34 Eocene

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5383 Agassizia United States 34 Eocene 5383 Echinocyamus United States 34 Eocene 5383 Echinocyamus United States 34 Eocene 5383 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5383 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5383 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5383 Maretia United States 34 Eocene 5383 Periarchus United States 34 Eocene 5383 Unifascia United States 34 Eocene 5384 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5384 Eurhodia United States 34 Eocene 5384 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5384 Periarchus United States 34 Eocene 5384 Plagiobrissus United States 34 Eocene 5384 Protoscutella United States 34 Eocene 5384 Rhyncholampas United States 34 Eocene 5385 Eurhodia United States 34 Eocene 5385 Eurhodia United States 34 Eocene 5385 Maretia United States 34 Eocene 5385 Plagiobrissus United States 34 Eocene 5385 Protoscutella United States 34 Eocene 5385 Protoscutella United States 34 Eocene 5385 Santeelampas United States 34 Eocene 5386 Echinocyamus United States 34 Eocene 5386 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5386 Eupatagus United States 34 Eocene 5386 Eupatagus United States 34 Eocene 5386 Eupatagus United States 34 Eocene 5386 Eurhodia United States 34 Eocene 5386 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5386 Maretia United States 34 Eocene 5386 Periarchus United States 34 Eocene 5386 Unifascia United States 34 Eocene 5387 Eupatagus United States 34 Eocene 5387 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5387 Periarchus United States 34 Eocene 5388 Echinocyamus United States 34 Eocene 5389 Echinocyamus United States 34 Eocene 5436 Agassizia United States 34 Eocene 5436 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5436 Eupatagus United States 34 Eocene 5436 Eupatagus United States 34 Eocene 5436 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5436 Rhyncholampas United States 34 Eocene 5436 Periarchus United States 34 Eocene 5436 Cassidulus United States 34 Eocene 5436 Cassidulus United States 34 Eocene 5436 Hemipatagus United States 34 Eocene 5436 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5436 Macropneustes United States 34 Eocene 5437 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5437 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5437 Rhyncholampas United States 34 Eocene 5437 Cassidulus United States 34 Eocene 5437 Cassidulus United States 34 Eocene 5438 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5439 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5440 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5441 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene

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5442 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5442 Rhyncholampas United States 34 Eocene 5444 Eurhodia United States 34 Eocene 5444 Protoscutella United States 34 Eocene 5444 Cassidulus United States 34 Eocene 5445 Eurhodia United States 34 Eocene 5445 Protoscutella United States 34 Eocene 5457 Maretia United States 34 Eocene 5458 Protoscutella United States 34 Eocene 5459 Periarchus United States 34 Eocene 5459 Echinolampas United States 34 Eocene 5459 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5459 Eurhodia United States 34 Eocene 5459 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5459 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 5459 Maretia United States 34 Eocene 5459 Agassizia United States 34 Eocene 5459 Protoscutella United States 34 Eocene 5459 Rhyncholampas United States 34 Eocene 5459 Eurhodia United States 34 Eocene 5460 Maretia United States 34 Eocene 8012 Eupatagus United States 34 Eocene 41823 Periarchus United States 34 Eocene 41823 Linthia United States 34 Eocene 51931 Eupatagus United States 34 Eocene 5381 Echinolampas United States 35 Eocene 5381 Periarchus United States 35 Eocene 5381 Rhyncholampas United States 35 Eocene 5382 Eurhodia United States 35 Eocene 5382 Protoscutella United States 35 Eocene 5382 Santeelampas United States 35 Eocene 5447 Eurhodia United States 35 Eocene 5447 Cassidulus United States 35 Eocene 5448 Agassizia United States 35 Eocene 5448 Eurhodia United States 35 Eocene 5451 Eurhodia United States 35 Eocene 5451 Rhyncholampas United States 35 Eocene 5452 Maretia United States 35 Eocene 5453 Eupatagus United States 35 Eocene 5456 Rhyncholampas United States 35 Eocene 5457 Linthia United States 35 Eocene 40792 Schizaster Turkey 41 Eocene 40792 Echinolampas Turkey 41 Eocene 40792 Parabrissus Turkey 41 Eocene 40793 Galeraster Turkey 41 Eocene 40793 Echinolampas Turkey 41 Eocene 40793 Echinolampas Turkey 41 Eocene 40793 Echinolampas Turkey 41 Eocene 40793 Echinolampas Turkey 41 Eocene 40793 Echinanthus Turkey 41 Eocene 40793 Parabrissus Turkey 41 Eocene 40793 Schizaster Turkey 41 Eocene 40794 Echinolampas Turkey 41 Eocene 40794 Echinolampas Turkey 41 Eocene 40794 Echinanthus Turkey 41 Eocene 40794 Clypeaster Turkey 41 Eocene 59788 Linthia France 43 Eocene 59788 Linthia France 43 Eocene 59788 Echinanthus France 43 Eocene

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59788 Echinolampas France 43 Eocene 59788 Amblypygus France 43 Eocene 59788 Conoclypeus France 43 Eocene 52272 Schizaster United States 43 Eocene 52419 Schizaster United States 43 Eocene 10703 Schizaster Germany 48 Eocene 10963 Conoclypus Germany 48 Eocene 10963 Sismondia Germany 48 Eocene 10963 Echinolampas Germany 48 Eocene 10963 Cassidulus Germany 48 Eocene 10963 Echinanthus Germany 48 Eocene 3494 Macropneustes France 49 Eocene 8024 Schizaster United Kingdom 51 Eocene 8024 Eupatagus United Kingdom 51 Eocene 8024 Eupatagus United Kingdom 51 Eocene 8024 Spatangus United Kingdom 51 Eocene 39695 Spatangus United Kingdom 51 Eocene 42582 Schizaster United Kingdom 51 Eocene 42636 Hemiaster United Kingdom 51 Eocene 42636 Maretia United Kingdom 51 Eocene 42644 Hemiaster United Kingdom 51 Eocene 42648 Hemiaster United Kingdom 51 Eocene 42658 Hemiaster United Kingdom 51 Eocene 42662 Hemiaster United Kingdom 51 Eocene 48443 Psephoaster Australia 35S Eocene 48443 Hemiaster Australia 35S Eocene 90083 Psephoaster Australia 35S Eocene 4886 Schizaster New Zealand 41S Eocene 4887 Schizaster New Zealand 41S Eocene 4887 Taimanawa New Zealand 41S Eocene 51050 Apatopygus New Zealand 41S Eocene 51079 Apatopygus New Zealand 41S Eocene 51079 Giraliaster New Zealand 41S Eocene 52447 Apatopygus New Zealand 43S Eocene 52558 Giraliaster New Zealand 43S Eocene 52558 Echinolampas New Zealand 43S Eocene 52558 Apatopygus New Zealand 43S Eocene 52561 Apatopygus New Zealand 43S Eocene 65177 Iheringiella Argentina 47S Eocene 65180 Platipygus Argentina 47S Eocene 65180 Iheringiella Argentina 47S Eocene 65183 Platipygus Argentina 47S Eocene 65183 Iheringiella Argentina 47S Eocene 65185 Iheringiella Argentina 47S Eocene 65186 Brisaster Argentina 47S Eocene 66142 Iheringiella Argentina 47S Eocene 50067 Schizaster Argentina 48S Eocene 50067 Iheringiella Argentina 48S Eocene 50067 Linthia Argentina 48S Eocene 78952 Clypeaster Somalia 10 Oligocene 78952 Eupatagus Somalia 10 Oligocene 78952 Brissopsis Somalia 10 Oligocene 79050 Schizaster Somalia 10 Oligocene 80290 Sismondia Antigua and Barbuda 17 Oligocene 80290 Schizaster Antigua and Barbuda 17 Oligocene 80290 Echinolampas Antigua and Barbuda 17 Oligocene 80290 Metalia Antigua and Barbuda 17 Oligocene 7214 Echinoneus Jamaica 18 Oligocene 7214 Clypeaster Jamaica 18 Oligocene

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7214 Clypeaster Jamaica 18 Oligocene 7214 Agassizia Jamaica 18 Oligocene 7215 Echinolampas Jamaica 18 Oligocene 7215 Clypeaster Jamaica 18 Oligocene 7215 Clypeaster Jamaica 18 Oligocene 7215 Clypeaster Jamaica 18 Oligocene 7215 Agassizia Jamaica 18 Oligocene 7216 Echinolampas Jamaica 18 Oligocene 7216 Clypeaster Jamaica 18 Oligocene 7216 Eupatagus Jamaica 18 Oligocene 61195 Clypeaster Haiti 19 Oligocene 61195 Brissopsis Haiti 19 Oligocene 91150 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Oligocene 91156 Jacksonaster Cuba 21 Oligocene 91156 Jacksonaster Cuba 21 Oligocene 91156 Jacksonaster Cuba 21 Oligocene 91156 Oligopygus Cuba 21 Oligocene 91156 Oligopygus Cuba 21 Oligocene 91160 Rhyncholampas Cuba 21 Oligocene 91161 Rhyncholampas Cuba 21 Oligocene 91163 Echinolampas Cuba 21 Oligocene 91179 Brissopsis Cuba 21 Oligocene 78000 Astriclypeus Taiwan 24 Oligocene 43805 Scutella Mexico 26 Oligocene 34409 Clypeaster Saudi Arabia 28 Oligocene 60663 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60665 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60672 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60677 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60951 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60953 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60957 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60960 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60965 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60968 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60970 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60971 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60972 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60973 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60974 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60975 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60976 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60977 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 60978 Rhyncholampas United States 28 Oligocene 42142 Scutella Libya 29 Oligocene 61122 Cassidulus United States 29 Oligocene 61123 Clypeaster United States 29 Oligocene 61123 Cassidulus United States 29 Oligocene 69932 Clypeaster United States 29 Oligocene 69932 Agassizia United States 29 Oligocene 69932 Brissus United States 29 Oligocene 69932 Lovenia United States 29 Oligocene 77253 Amphiope Libya 30 Oligocene 77253 Clypeaster Libya 30 Oligocene 77253 Scutella Libya 30 Oligocene 35013 Clypeaster United States 31 Oligocene 35013 Rhyncholampas United States 31 Oligocene 35013 Agassizia United States 31 Oligocene 35013 Schizaster United States 31 Oligocene

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35013 Brissus United States 31 Oligocene 35013 Clypeaster United States 31 Oligocene 35014 Clypeaster United States 31 Oligocene 35014 Agassizia United States 31 Oligocene 35015 Clypeaster United States 31 Oligocene 35015 Schizaster United States 31 Oligocene 42155 Clypeaster United States 31 Oligocene 57924 Clypeaster United States 31 Oligocene 69932 Clypeaster United States 31 Oligocene 84142 Cyclaster United States 31 Oligocene 89611 Clypeaster United States 31 Oligocene 90567 Clypeaster United States 31 Oligocene 90567 Rhyncholampas United States 31 Oligocene 90567 Brissus United States 31 Oligocene 51450 Echinodiscus Japan 34 Oligocene 51455 Echinodiscus Japan 34 Oligocene 51456 Echinodiscus Japan 34 Oligocene 51457 Echinodiscus Japan 34 Oligocene 70764 Echinodiscus Japan 34 Oligocene 52417 Vaquerosella United States 34 Oligocene 52626 Scutella United States 34 Oligocene 90568 Kewia United States 45 Oligocene 90569 Kewia United States 45 Oligocene 52356 Schizaster United States 47 Oligocene 52362 Schizaster United States 47 Oligocene 32012 Echinocyamus Germany 53 Oligocene 32013 Echinocyamus Germany 53 Oligocene 32013 Maretia Germany 53 Oligocene 45792 Spatangus Australia 35S Oligocene 45792 Clypeaster Australia 35S Oligocene 45823 Scutellinoides Australia 35S Oligocene 90084 Hemiaster Australia 35S Oligocene 90085 Hemiaster Australia 35S Oligocene 50070 Hemiaster Australia 37S Oligocene 72199 Psephoaster Australia 37S Oligocene 45653 Brissus New Zealand 46S Oligocene 45689 Schizaster Argentina 47S Oligocene 71595 Iheringiella Argentina 47S Oligocene 71600 Brisaster Argentina 47S Oligocene 77650 Clypeaster Sri Lanka 7 Miocene 93237 Clypeaster Panama 9 Miocene 92098 Echinolampas Costa Rica 10 Miocene 92098 Clypeaster Costa Rica 10 Miocene 92098 Pericosmus Costa Rica 10 Miocene 92098 Schizaster Costa Rica 10 Miocene 92098 Brissopsis Costa Rica 10 Miocene 92098 Schizobrissus Costa Rica 10 Miocene 92098 Plagiobrissus Costa Rica 10 Miocene 92098 Plagiobrissus Costa Rica 10 Miocene 78939 Echinocyamus Somalia 10 Miocene 79080 Echinocyamus Somalia 11 Miocene 73793 Clypeaster Colombia 12 Miocene 73796 Echinolampas Colombia 12 Miocene 73797 Clypeaster Colombia 12 Miocene 73797 Echinolampas Colombia 12 Miocene 73799 Clypeaster Colombia 12 Miocene 73799 Clypeaster Colombia 12 Miocene 43364 Clypeaster Northern Mariana Islands 15 Miocene 43368 Echinolampas Northern Mariana Islands 15 Miocene

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43368 Sismondia Northern Mariana Islands 15 Miocene 43370 Sismondia Northern Mariana Islands 15 Miocene 43371 Schizaster Northern Mariana Islands 15 Miocene 43371 Sismondia Northern Mariana Islands 15 Miocene 69729 Echinoneus Jamaica 18 Miocene 69729 Clypeaster Jamaica 18 Miocene 66166 Encope Mexico 18 Miocene 66167 Encope Mexico 18 Miocene 90616 Clypeaster Dominican Republic 19 Miocene 77783 Echinolampas Pakistan 19 Miocene 91130 Pericosmus Cuba 21 Miocene 91130 Habanaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91130 Cyclaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91133 Oligopygus Cuba 21 Miocene 91134 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Echinolampas Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Echinolampas Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Sanchezaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Antillaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Antillaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Antillaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Antillaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Lajanaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Lajanaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Brissoides Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Brissoides Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Brissoides Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Brissoides Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Brissoides Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Brissoides Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Brissoides Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Brissoides Cuba 21 Miocene 91139 Maretia Cuba 21 Miocene 91141 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91142 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91144 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91145 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91145 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91145 Jacksonaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91145 Echinolampas Cuba 21 Miocene 91146 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91147 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91147 Echinolampas Cuba 21 Miocene 91147 Mauritanaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91148 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91149 Clypeaster Cuba 21 Miocene 91155 Pericosmus Cuba 21 Miocene 91155 Asterostoma Cuba 21 Miocene 91164 Echinolampas Cuba 21 Miocene 78614 Schizaster India 22 Miocene 78614 Schizaster India 22 Miocene 78641 Schizaster India 22 Miocene 78641 Schizaster India 22 Miocene

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78641 Schizaster India 22 Miocene 78641 Schizaster India 22 Miocene 43809 Clypeaster Mexico 24 Miocene 43809 Scutella Mexico 24 Miocene 43814 Scutella Mexico 24 Miocene 72012 Astriclypeus Taiwan 24 Miocene 72013 Astriclypeus Taiwan 24 Miocene 72014 Astriclypeus Taiwan 24 Miocene 72015 Astriclypeus Taiwan 24 Miocene 13450 Merriamaster Mexico 26 Miocene 96570 Scutella Mexico 27 Miocene 42059 Scutella Egypt 29 Miocene 42060 Scutella Egypt 29 Miocene 42060 Echinolampas Egypt 29 Miocene 42060 Clypeaster Egypt 29 Miocene 47992 Parascutella Egypt 30 Miocene 47992 Amphiope Egypt 30 Miocene 47992 Clypeaster Egypt 30 Miocene 47992 Echinolampas Egypt 30 Miocene 47993 Echinocyamus Egypt 30 Miocene 47993 Echinolampas Egypt 30 Miocene 47994 Clypeaster Egypt 30 Miocene 47994 Clypeaster Egypt 30 Miocene 47994 Echinolampas Egypt 30 Miocene 47996 Clypeaster Egypt 30 Miocene 47996 Schizaster Egypt 30 Miocene 47996 Pericosmus Egypt 30 Miocene 47996 Brissopsis Egypt 30 Miocene 47996 Hemiaster Egypt 30 Miocene 47996 Spatangus Egypt 30 Miocene 47998 Clypeaster Egypt 30 Miocene 48003 Clypeaster Egypt 30 Miocene 48004 Clypeaster Egypt 30 Miocene 48004 Echinolampas Egypt 30 Miocene 42130 Echinolampas Libya 32 Miocene 42143 Clypeaster Libya 32 Miocene 42143 Scutella Libya 32 Miocene 42143 Parascutella Libya 32 Miocene 42821 Clypeaster Algeria 35 Miocene 69864 Clypeaster Algeria 35 Miocene 70785 Clypeaster Algeria 35 Miocene 70863 Brissus Algeria 35 Miocene 70881 Echinoneus Algeria 35 Miocene 70881 Echinolampas Algeria 35 Miocene 70881 Clypeaster Algeria 35 Miocene 70882 Brissus Algeria 35 Miocene 70886 Brissopsis Algeria 35 Miocene 70886 Schizaster Algeria 35 Miocene 70886 Echinolampas Algeria 35 Miocene 70887 Clypeaster Algeria 35 Miocene 66957 Pygospatangus Cyprus 35 Miocene 71875 Heterobrissus Cyprus 35 Miocene 71879 Brissolampas Cyprus 35 Miocene 34860 Clypeaster Greece 35 Miocene 70889 Clypeaster Morocco 35 Miocene 70889 Echinolampas Morocco 35 Miocene 35022 Abertella United States 35 Miocene 79106 Abertella United States 35 Miocene 79113 Abertella United States 35 Miocene

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37524 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 37525 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 37526 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 37527 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 37528 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 37542 Astrodapsis United States 36 Miocene 37542 Astrodapsis United States 36 Miocene 37544 Astrodapsis United States 36 Miocene 37547 Megapetalus United States 36 Miocene 37549 Megapetalus United States 36 Miocene 44098 Echinarachnius United States 36 Miocene 44892 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44893 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44894 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44894 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44895 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44895 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44897 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44897 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44926 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44928 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44928 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44929 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44932 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44935 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44935 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44935 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44935 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44940 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44967 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44967 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44968 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44969 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44969 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44969 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44969 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44979 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44980 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44982 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44982 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44985 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44987 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 44988 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 59073 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 59074 Astrodapsis United States 36 Miocene 60376 Abertella United States 36 Miocene 94816 Echinarachnius United States 36 Miocene 94850 Kewia United States 36 Miocene 94862 Kewia United States 36 Miocene 94864 Vaquerosella United States 36 Miocene 94865 Kewia United States 36 Miocene 70493 Echinolampas Italy 38 Miocene 70493 Clypeaster Italy 38 Miocene 70494 Clypeaster Italy 38 Miocene 70513 Clypeaster Italy 38 Miocene 35018 Abertella United States 39 Miocene 35019 Abertella United States 39 Miocene 70843 Abertella United States 39 Miocene 79111 Abertella United States 39 Miocene

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79114 Abertella United States 39 Miocene 96227 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96228 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96228 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96228 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96228 Studeria Italy 40 Miocene 96228 Studeria Italy 40 Miocene 96229 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96230 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96230 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96230 Hemiaster Italy 40 Miocene 96231 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96231 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96232 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96234 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96234 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96235 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96235 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96235 Pericosmus Italy 40 Miocene 96235 Studeria Italy 40 Miocene 96235 Schizaster Italy 40 Miocene 96236 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96236 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96236 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96236 Studeria Italy 40 Miocene 96236 Pericosmus Italy 40 Miocene 96237 Schizaster Italy 40 Miocene 96238 Schizaster Italy 40 Miocene 96238 Clypeaster Italy 40 Miocene 96238 Schizaster Italy 40 Miocene 96238 Brissopsis Italy 40 Miocene 96238 Spatangus Italy 40 Miocene 96239 Schizaster Italy 40 Miocene 96239 Brissopsis Italy 40 Miocene 96239 Hemiaster Italy 40 Miocene 96239 Spatangus Italy 40 Miocene 96241 Echinolampas Italy 40 Miocene 96243 Spatangus Italy 40 Miocene 96244 Spatangus Italy 40 Miocene 34469 Clypeaster Spain 40 Miocene 34469 Echinolampas Spain 40 Miocene 56687 Echinolampas Spain 40 Miocene 54126 Clypeaster Bosnia and Herzegovina 44 Miocene 54126 Scutella Bosnia and Herzegovina 44 Miocene 54126 Echinolampas Bosnia and Herzegovina 44 Miocene 54126 Spatangus Bosnia and Herzegovina 44 Miocene 34609 Echinocyamus France 45 Miocene 34609 Echinolampas France 45 Miocene 59265 Echinolampas France 45 Miocene 55394 Echinocyamus Austria 47 Miocene 55394 Hemiaster Austria 47 Miocene 55394 Conoclypus Austria 47 Miocene 55394 Pericosmus Austria 47 Miocene 55394 Clypeaster Austria 47 Miocene 55394 Schizaster Austria 47 Miocene 99160 Linthia Austria 47 Miocene 78643 Brissus Moldova 47 Miocene 78661 Echinolampas Moldova 47 Miocene 78661 Brissus Moldova 47 Miocene

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78663 Brissus Moldova 47 Miocene 78666 Echinolampas Moldova 47 Miocene 72322 Echinocardium Switzerland 47 Miocene 72322 Echinocardium Switzerland 47 Miocene 72421 Echinocardium Switzerland 47 Miocene 72423 Echinocardium Switzerland 47 Miocene 66971 Brissus Ukraine 49 Miocene 95167 Spatangus Belgium 51 Miocene 95167 Hemipatagus Belgium 51 Miocene 70539 Echinocyamus Poland 52 Miocene 88284 Hemipatagus Greenland 71 Miocene 51586 Echinocyamus Madagascar 15S Miocene 51586 Schizaster Madagascar 15S Miocene 55830 Echinocyamus Madagascar 15S Miocene 55830 Pseudopygaulus Madagascar 15S Miocene 55831 Echinocyamus Madagascar 15S Miocene 55831 Pseudopygaulus Madagascar 15S Miocene 55832 Echinocyamus Madagascar 15S Miocene 55832 Schizaster Madagascar 15S Miocene 68187 Lovenia Fiji 18S Miocene 68292 Fibularia Fiji 18S Miocene 68294 Fibularia Fiji 18S Miocene 68296 Laganum Fiji 18S Miocene 68300 Lovenia Fiji 18S Miocene 68301 Lovenia Fiji 18S Miocene 68302 Fibularia Fiji 18S Miocene 68313 Metalia Fiji 18S Miocene 68313 Lovenia Fiji 18S Miocene 68313 Lovenia Fiji 18S Miocene 68314 Clypeaster Fiji 18S Miocene 68314 Laganum Fiji 18S Miocene 68314 Fibularia Fiji 18S Miocene 68314 Lovenia Fiji 18S Miocene 68315 Laganum Fiji 18S Miocene 68315 Fibularia Fiji 18S Miocene 68315 Lovenia Fiji 18S Miocene 68326 Lovenia Fiji 18S Miocene 68330 Metalia Fiji 18S Miocene 63288 Breynia Australia 21S Miocene 63288 Schizaster Australia 21S Miocene 63288 Echinolampas Australia 21S Miocene 63288 Clypeaster Australia 21S Miocene 63289 Echinolampas Australia 21S Miocene 63290 Echinolampas Australia 21S Miocene 63290 Clypeaster Australia 21S Miocene 63292 Schizaster Australia 21S Miocene 63292 Echinolampas Australia 21S Miocene 63292 Clypeaster Australia 21S Miocene 63292 Fibularia Australia 21S Miocene 63293 Echinolampas Australia 21S Miocene 63294 Breynia Australia 21S Miocene 63300 Clypeaster Australia 21S Miocene 63306 Echinolampas Australia 21S Miocene 63308 Clypeaster Australia 21S Miocene 40791 Holcopneustes New Caledonia 22S Miocene 41473 Clypeaster South Africa 29S Miocene 41473 Clypeaster South Africa 29S Miocene 41473 Laganum South Africa 29S Miocene 41473 Echinolampas South Africa 29S Miocene

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41473 Echinolampas South Africa 29S Miocene 88322 Monostychia Australia 34S Miocene 88322 Scutellinoides Australia 34S Miocene 88322 Brissopsis Australia 34S Miocene 88322 Brissus Australia 34S Miocene 88322 Cyclaster Australia 34S Miocene 88322 Eupatagus Australia 34S Miocene 88322 Eupatagus Australia 34S Miocene 88322 Hemiaster Australia 34S Miocene 88322 Lovenia Australia 34S Miocene 88322 Murraypneustes Australia 34S Miocene 88322 Pericosmus Australia 34S Miocene 88322 Prenaster Australia 34S Miocene 88322 Spatagobrissus Australia 34S Miocene 72197 Hemiaster Australia 38S Miocene 72198 Psephoaster Australia 38S Miocene 72222 Psephoaster Australia 38S Miocene 72230 Hemiaster Australia 38S Miocene 72231 Hemiaster Australia 38S Miocene 90086 Hemiaster Australia 38S Miocene 35651 Pericosmus New Zealand 40S Miocene 35651 Hemipatagus New Zealand 40S Miocene 94817 Abertella Argentina 47S Miocene 46977 Schizaster Chile 47S Miocene 78425 Iheringiella Chile 47S Miocene 78427 Schizaster Chile 47S Miocene 78525 Schizaster Chile 47S Miocene 78526 Schizaster Chile 47S Miocene 41609 Breynia Indonesia 5S Miocene 41609 Eupatagus Indonesia 5S Miocene 41609 Schizaster Indonesia 5S Miocene 41610 Schizaster Indonesia 5S Miocene 70098 Clypeaster Indonesia 5S Miocene 70098 Schizaster Indonesia 5S Miocene 70098 Pericosmus Indonesia 5S Miocene 70098 Pericosmus Indonesia 5S Miocene 70099 Peronella Indonesia 5S Miocene 70099 Peronella Indonesia 5S Miocene 70099 Clypeaster Indonesia 5S Miocene 70099 Echinanthus Indonesia 5S Miocene 70099 Brissus Indonesia 5S Miocene 70099 Brissopsis Indonesia 5S Miocene 70099 Pericosmus Indonesia 5S Miocene 70099 Pericosmus Indonesia 5S Miocene 70099 Breynia Indonesia 5S Miocene 70099 Maretia Indonesia 5S Miocene 70099 Maretia Indonesia 5S Miocene 81717 Peronella Indonesia 5S Miocene 81717 Pericosmus Indonesia 5S Miocene 42400 Echinolampas Tanzania 6S Miocene 96595 Encope Ecuador 0 Plio/Pleistocene 96596 Encope Ecuador 0 Plio/Pleistocene 48021 Echinolampas Barbados 13 Plio/Pleistocene 48021 Clypeaster Barbados 13 Plio/Pleistocene 80718 Clypeaster Eritrea 15 Plio/Pleistocene 80718 Clypeaster Eritrea 15 Plio/Pleistocene 80718 Maretia Eritrea 15 Plio/Pleistocene 58820 Clypeaster Dominican Republic 19 Plio/Pleistocene 74968 Moira Dominican Republic 19 Plio/Pleistocene

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74968 Schizaster Dominican Republic 19 Plio/Pleistocene 80136 Clypeaster Dominican Republic 19 Plio/Pleistocene 90591 Clypeaster Dominican Republic 19 Plio/Pleistocene 90593 Clypeaster Dominican Republic 19 Plio/Pleistocene 90594 Clypeaster Dominican Republic 19 Plio/Pleistocene 90595 Clypeaster Dominican Republic 19 Plio/Pleistocene 90618 Encope Dominican Republic 19 Plio/Pleistocene 90619 Brissopsis Dominican Republic 19 Plio/Pleistocene 90620 Schizaster Dominican Republic 19 Plio/Pleistocene 91153 Schizaster Cuba 21 Plio/Pleistocene 91153 Echinoneus Cuba 21 Plio/Pleistocene 91153 Brissus Cuba 21 Plio/Pleistocene 82820 Meoma Mexico 21 Plio/Pleistocene 72011 Clypeaster Taiwan 24 Plio/Pleistocene 72016 Astriclypeus Taiwan 24 Plio/Pleistocene 72016 Breynia Taiwan 24 Plio/Pleistocene 72016 Breynia Taiwan 24 Plio/Pleistocene 72016 Echinarachnius Taiwan 24 Plio/Pleistocene 96758 Brissus Egypt 26 Plio/Pleistocene 96759 Brissus Egypt 26 Plio/Pleistocene 96759 Clypeaster Egypt 26 Plio/Pleistocene 96759 Clypeaster Egypt 26 Plio/Pleistocene 96759 Laganum Egypt 26 Plio/Pleistocene 96760 Clypeaster Egypt 26 Plio/Pleistocene 96760 Clypeaster Egypt 26 Plio/Pleistocene 96760 Laganum Egypt 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35025 Encope United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35025 Clypeaster United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35025 Rhyncholampas United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35025 Agassizia United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35026 Encope United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35026 Mellita United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35026 Clypeaster United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35026 Rhyncholampas United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35026 Agassizia United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35026 Echinocardium United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35026 Plagiobrissus United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35026 Echinocardium United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35026 Encope United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35027 Encope United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35027 Clypeaster United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35027 Echinocardium United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 35028 Encope United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 41202 Encope United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 41205 Encope United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 41206 Encope United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 41206 Cassidulus United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 41209 Cassidulus United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 41496 Encope United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 75019 Encope United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 75021 Encope United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 79747 Clypeaster United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 79747 Rhyncholampas United States 26 Plio/Pleistocene 43683 Dendraster Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene 43683 Encope Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene 43688 Dendraster Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene 43688 Dendraster Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene 43841 Encope Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene 43844 Encope Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene

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43846 Encope Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene 43847 Meoma Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene 44027 Encope Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene 44029 Encope Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene 44032 Encope Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene 44032 Encope Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene 44035 Echinolampas Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene 44040 Encope Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene 44963 Encope Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene 59292 Encope Mexico 27 Plio/Pleistocene 97124 Astrodapsis Mexico 28 Plio/Pleistocene 97124 Astrodapsis Mexico 28 Plio/Pleistocene 97124 Dendraster Mexico 28 Plio/Pleistocene 97124 Dendraster Mexico 28 Plio/Pleistocene 97124 Dendraster Mexico 28 Plio/Pleistocene 97124 Dendraster Mexico 28 Plio/Pleistocene 97124 Dendraster Mexico 28 Plio/Pleistocene 97125 Clypeaster Mexico 28 Plio/Pleistocene 97127 Dendraster Mexico 28 Plio/Pleistocene 97127 Dendraster Mexico 28 Plio/Pleistocene 97128 Dendraster Mexico 28 Plio/Pleistocene 97129 Dendraster Mexico 28 Plio/Pleistocene 97130 Dendraster Mexico 28 Plio/Pleistocene 97130 Dendraster Mexico 28 Plio/Pleistocene 82749 Clypeaster Jordan 29 Plio/Pleistocene 82750 Clypeaster Jordan 29 Plio/Pleistocene 82755 Clypeaster Jordan 29 Plio/Pleistocene 35028 Mellita United States 29 Plio/Pleistocene 35028 Brissopsis United States 29 Plio/Pleistocene 35028 Clypeaster United States 29 Plio/Pleistocene 35030 Encope United States 29 Plio/Pleistocene 35030 Mellita United States 29 Plio/Pleistocene 35031 Encope United States 29 Plio/Pleistocene 35031 Clypeaster United States 29 Plio/Pleistocene 35032 Mellita United States 29 Plio/Pleistocene 42118 Clypeaster Egypt 30 Plio/Pleistocene 42120 Clypeaster Egypt 30 Plio/Pleistocene 42120 Laganum Egypt 30 Plio/Pleistocene 35029 Mellita United States 30 Plio/Pleistocene 35029 Echinocardium United States 30 Plio/Pleistocene 67642 Dendraster Mexico 31 Plio/Pleistocene 96556 Encope Mexico 31 Plio/Pleistocene 96557 Encope Mexico 31 Plio/Pleistocene 96581 Meoma Mexico 31 Plio/Pleistocene 96583 Meoma Mexico 31 Plio/Pleistocene 96587 Agassizia Mexico 31 Plio/Pleistocene 96587 Clypeaster Mexico 31 Plio/Pleistocene 96587 Clypeaster Mexico 31 Plio/Pleistocene 96587 Encope Mexico 31 Plio/Pleistocene 96588 Encope Mexico 31 Plio/Pleistocene 34923 Encope Mexico 32 Plio/Pleistocene 34933 Encope Mexico 32 Plio/Pleistocene 34934 Encope Mexico 32 Plio/Pleistocene 34939 Encope Mexico 32 Plio/Pleistocene 60927 Encope United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 60929 Encope United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 60929 Mellita United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 60938 Encope United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 60940 Encope United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene

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60940 Mellita United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 60940 Echinocardium United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 60940 Spatangus United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 92410 Encope United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 92411 Encope United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 92411 Echinocardium United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 92411 Brissus United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 92411 Metalia United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 96541 Clypeaster United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 96541 Encope United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 96542 Clypeaster United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 96544 Clypeaster United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 96544 Clypeaster United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 96544 Encope United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 96546 Clypeaster United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 96547 Clypeaster United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 96553 Clypeaster United States 33 Plio/Pleistocene 62297 Scaphechinus Japan 34 Plio/Pleistocene 60944 Leodia United States 34 Plio/Pleistocene 52582 Echinocardium United States 35 Plio/Pleistocene 52582 Encope United States 35 Plio/Pleistocene 61919 Mellita United States 35 Plio/Pleistocene 61919 Agassizia United States 35 Plio/Pleistocene 71053 Dendraster United States 36 Plio/Pleistocene 71054 Dendraster United States 36 Plio/Pleistocene 79705 Dendraster United States 36 Plio/Pleistocene 79707 Dendraster United States 36 Plio/Pleistocene 79786 Dendraster United States 36 Plio/Pleistocene 80039 Dendraster United States 36 Plio/Pleistocene 96930 Dendraster United States 36 Plio/Pleistocene 96935 Dendraster United States 36 Plio/Pleistocene 96936 Dendraster United States 36 Plio/Pleistocene 96937 Dendraster United States 36 Plio/Pleistocene 96938 Dendraster United States 36 Plio/Pleistocene 96939 Dendraster United States 36 Plio/Pleistocene 97208 Astrodapsis United States 36 Plio/Pleistocene 97233 Astrodapsis United States 36 Plio/Pleistocene 66720 Moira United States 38 Plio/Pleistocene 36867 Scutellaster United States 41 Plio/Pleistocene 71142 Scutella United States 42 Plio/Pleistocene 71146 Scutella United States 42 Plio/Pleistocene 71149 Scutella United States 42 Plio/Pleistocene 62341 Schizaster Italy 44 Plio/Pleistocene 88328 Schizaster Italy 44 Plio/Pleistocene 32146 Echinocardium Belgium 51 Plio/Pleistocene 32146 Echinocyamus Belgium 51 Plio/Pleistocene 32146 Spatangus Belgium 51 Plio/Pleistocene 55829 Echinocyamus United Kingdom 52 Plio/Pleistocene 68181 Clypeaster Fiji 18S Plio/Pleistocene 68181 Schizaster Fiji 18S Plio/Pleistocene 68181 Brissus Fiji 18S Plio/Pleistocene 68182 Brissus Fiji 18S Plio/Pleistocene 50343 Lovenia Australia 34S Plio/Pleistocene 45258 Fellaster New Zealand 37S Plio/Pleistocene 45259 Fellaster New Zealand 37S Plio/Pleistocene 94818 Fellaster New Zealand 41S Plio/Pleistocene

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APPENDIX D

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Barge Canal: 29° 0'38.74"N, 82°39'53.15"W. Dredgings found alongside Florida Barge Canal, 2.0 km south of Inglis.

Branford Quarry: 29°57'22.07"N, 82°52'59.65"W. Limestone quarry 3.8 km east of Branford, Florida.

Brooksville Quarry: 28°36'15.96"N, 82°25'39.54"W. Limestone quarry 5.5 km northwest of Brooksville, Florida.

Marianna Quarry: 30°48'23.36"N, 85°15'27.71"W. Limestone quarry 2.5 km north of Marianna, Florida.

Mayo Quarry: 30° 5'38.49"N, 83°18'36.01"W. Limestone quarry 6.5 km northwest of Mayo, Florida.

Newberry Quarry: 29°41'38.25"N, 82°34'49.84"W. Limestone quarry 5.5 km northeast of Newberry, Florida.

Tennille: 29°46'5.63"N, 83°19'21.83"W. Limestone outcrops under Highway 19/98 1.1 km south of Tennille, Florida

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APPENDIX E

FIELD AND MUSEUM SPECIMENS ANALYZED FOR PREDATION

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Field and museum specimens used in Chapter 3. For University of Florida Natural History

Museum and Alabama Geological Society specimens the collection number is noted and for field specimens the location of the field site. The species, specimen length, and drill hole (if present) is noted for each specimen. Specimens for which length could not be measured due to a broken test or encrusting sediment are noted with “NA”.

University of Florida Natural History Museum Samples

MUSEUM# SPECIES LENGTH Cassid Drill Hole 2202 Mortonella quinquefaria 59.4 2202 Mortonella quinquefaria 61.1 2202 Mortonella quinquefaria 60.6 drill hole near 1st ambulacrum 2202 Mortonella quinquefaria 59.8 2202 Mortonella quinquefaria 59.2 2202 Mortonella quinquefaria 55.4 2202 Mortonella quinquefaria 55.4 2202 Mortonella quinquefaria 50.5 2202 Mortonella quinquefaria 57.7 2202 Mortonella quinquefaria 55.2 2202 Mortonella quinquefaria 55.1 2202 Mortonella quinquefaria 51.2 drill hole on 5th ambulacrum 2202 Mortonella quinquefaria 53.5 2202 Mortonella quinquefaria 50.1 2202 Mortonella quinquefaria 54.8 2203 Mortonella quinquefaria 60.2 2203 Mortonella quinquefaria 57.1 2203 Mortonella quinquefaria 52.6 2203 Mortonella quinquefaria 55.6 2203 Mortonella quinquefaria 55.8 2203 Mortonella quinquefaria 57.1 2203 Mortonella quinquefaria 50.3 2203 Mortonella quinquefaria 47.4 2203 Mortonella quinquefaria 47.3 2203 Mortonella quinquefaria 48.5 2204 Mortonella quinquefaria 55.9 2204 Mortonella quinquefaria 53.4 2204 Mortonella quinquefaria 55.0 2204 Mortonella quinquefaria 58.1 2204 Mortonella quinquefaria 59.3 2204 Mortonella quinquefaria 60.2

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2204 Mortonella quinquefaria 54.2 2575 Agassizia clevei 23.7 3339 Plagiobrissus dixie 62.4 3340 Agassizia clevei 30.5 3340 Agassizia clevei 14.8 4364 Eupatagus ocalanus 55.1 4364 Eupatagus ocalanus 44.9 4364 Eupatagus ocalanus 45.5 4364 Eupatagus ocalanus NA 4365 Plagiobrissus dixie 67.8 4924 Schizaster armiger 51.6 4924 Schizaster armiger 56.8 4924 Schizaster armiger 45.9 4924 Schizaster armiger 60.4 4924 Schizaster armiger NA 4929 Plagiobrissus dixie 66.5 4929 Plagiobrissus dixie 71.3 4942 Schizaster armiger 63.4 4942 Schizaster armiger 29.0 4942 Schizaster armiger NA 4942 Schizaster armiger 59.4 4942 Schizaster armiger 29.0 4942 Schizaster armiger 54.9 4942 Schizaster armiger 46.9 4942 Schizaster armiger 35.1 4942 Schizaster armiger 31.3 4942 Schizaster armiger 42.6 4942 Schizaster armiger 31.4 4942 Schizaster armiger 49.3 4944 Eupatagus ocalanus 49.3 5558 Schizaster armiger 69.6 5558 Schizaster armiger NA 5558 Schizaster armiger 58.2 drill hole near 5558 Schizaster armiger 61.3 5558 Schizaster armiger 46.1 5558 Schizaster armiger 58.0 5558 Schizaster armiger 47.2 5558 Schizaster armiger 46.3 5558 Schizaster armiger 51.9 5558 Schizaster armiger 58.1 5558 Schizaster armiger 44.1 5558 Schizaster armiger 38.4 5558 Schizaster armiger NA

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5558 Schizaster armiger NA 5813 Agassizia clevei 26.6 5847 Schizaster armiger 55.9 5848 Rhyncholampas conradi 47.9 5848 Rhyncholampas conradi 44.5 12643 Agassizia clevei 26.0 39452 Rhyncholampas conradi 44.9 drill hole on 5th ambulacrum 39452 Rhyncholampas conradi 44.9 39452 Rhyncholampas conradi 31.8 39452 Rhyncholampas conradi 37.6 39452 Rhyncholampas conradi 41.6 39452 Rhyncholampas conradi 38.6 39452 Rhyncholampas conradi 38.6 39452 Rhyncholampas conradi 35.8 39452 Rhyncholampas conradi 39.0 39452 Rhyncholampas conradi 38.9 39452 Rhyncholampas conradi 39.3 39453 Rhyncholampas conradi 41.7 39453 Rhyncholampas conradi 41.5 39453 Rhyncholampas conradi 35.7 39453 Rhyncholampas conradi NA 39453 Rhyncholampas conradi 44.4 39453 Rhyncholampas conradi 20.3 39453 Rhyncholampas conradi 35.2 39453 Rhyncholampas conradi 44.8 39453 Rhyncholampas conradi 30.7 39453 Rhyncholampas conradi 43.9 39453 Rhyncholampas conradi NA 39453 Rhyncholampas conradi 34.3 39453 Rhyncholampas conradi 46.0 41270 Rhyncholampas ericsoni 21.1 41270 Rhyncholampas ericsoni 18.9 41270 Rhyncholampas ericsoni 27.9 41270 Rhyncholampas ericsoni 19.4 41270 Rhyncholampas ericsoni 29.2 41270 Rhyncholampas ericsoni 28.5 41270 Rhyncholampas ericsoni 29.6 41270 Rhyncholampas ericsoni 11.3 41277 Rhyncholampas conradi 55.2 46160 Eupatagus antillarum 64.1 46160 Eupatagus antillarum 56.2 drill hole near peristome 46160 Eupatagus antillarum 58.6 46160 Eupatagus antillarum 68.0

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46160 Eupatagus antillarum 54.9 46160 Eupatagus antillarum 53.4 46930 Schizaster armiger 63.1 46930 Schizaster armiger 53.5 46930 Schizaster armiger 50.7 46930 Schizaster armiger 51.3 46930 Schizaster armiger 47.5 46930 Schizaster armiger 40.1 46930 Schizaster armiger 47.7 46930 Schizaster armiger NA 46930 Schizaster armiger 49.6 46930 Schizaster armiger 39.6 46930 Schizaster armiger 47.4 46930 Schizaster armiger 39.1 46930 Schizaster armiger 49.9 46930 Schizaster armiger 46.9 46930 Schizaster armiger 52.1 46930 Schizaster armiger NA 46930 Schizaster armiger 48.9 46930 Schizaster armiger NA 46936 Rhyncholampas conradi 38.9 46936 Rhyncholampas conradi 37.2 46939 Agassizia clevei 21.0 drill between 3rd and 4th ambulacra 46942 Eupatagus ocalanus 60.8 47038 Schizaster armiger 59.8 Drill hole on margin of test 47038 Schizaster armiger 51.5 Drill hole on margin of test 47038 Schizaster armiger NA 47038 Schizaster armiger 58.9 47038 Schizaster armiger 38.9 47038 Schizaster armiger 44.6 47038 Schizaster armiger 55.1 47038 Schizaster armiger NA 47038 Schizaster armiger 54.2 47038 Schizaster armiger NA 47038 Schizaster armiger 51.0 47038 Schizaster armiger 64.2 47043 Eupatagus ocalanus 49.4 47043 Eupatagus ocalanus 45.5 47043 Eupatagus ocalanus 39.2 47360 Schizaster armiger 65.8 47360 Schizaster armiger 48.3 47950 Schizaster armiger 52.2 47950 Schizaster armiger 53.7

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47950 Schizaster armiger 56.9 48488 Schizaster armiger 46.8 48488 Schizaster armiger 49.7 48488 Schizaster armiger 52.7 48488 Schizaster armiger 33.2 48488 Schizaster armiger 28.0 48488 Schizaster armiger 55.3 48488 Schizaster armiger 48.3 Drill hole on 3rd ambulacrum 48488 Schizaster armiger 63.2 48488 Schizaster armiger 51.4 48488 Schizaster armiger 49.8 48488 Schizaster armiger NA 48488 Schizaster armiger 39.4 48488 Schizaster armiger NA 48489 Eupatagus ocalanus 46.9 48489 Eupatagus ocalanus 51.6 48489 Eupatagus ocalanus 46.2 48489 Eupatagus ocalanus 42.2 48489 Eupatagus ocalanus 49.5 48495 Rhyncholampas conradi 39.7 48495 Rhyncholampas conradi 41.1 48495 Rhyncholampas conradi 53.6 48495 Rhyncholampas conradi 38.4 48495 Rhyncholampas conradi 42.4 48495 Rhyncholampas conradi 38.1 48495 Rhyncholampas conradi 42.8 48495 Rhyncholampas conradi 27.7 48496 Plagiobrissus dixie 62.1 111599 Eupatagus antillarum 37.1 111599 Eupatagus antillarum 30.8 111599 Eupatagus antillarum 26.1 111599 Eupatagus antillarum 23.7 111600 Eupatagus antillarum 32.8 111600 Eupatagus antillarum 31.8 111600 Eupatagus antillarum 27.1 111600 Eupatagus antillarum 32.1 111600 Eupatagus antillarum 25.8 111600 Eupatagus antillarum 32.1 111600 Eupatagus antillarum 30.9 111600 Eupatagus antillarum 34.1 111600 Eupatagus antillarum 28.4 111600 Eupatagus antillarum 33.2 111601 Eupatagus antillarum 29.5 drill hole near peristome

146

111601 Eupatagus antillarum 31.4 111601 Eupatagus antillarum 33.8 111601 Eupatagus antillarum 30.7 111601 Eupatagus antillarum 21.8 111601 Eupatagus antillarum 31.3 111601 Eupatagus antillarum 38.3 111601 Eupatagus antillarum 26.8 111601 Eupatagus antillarum 26.0 111601 Eupatagus antillarum 40.2 111601 Eupatagus antillarum 34.9 111601 Eupatagus antillarum 31.1 111601 Eupatagus antillarum 39.8 111601 Eupatagus antillarum 23.4 111601 Eupatagus antillarum 36.2 111601 Eupatagus antillarum 31.1 111622 Rhyncholampas ericsoni 17.9 111622 Rhyncholampas ericsoni 21.6 111624 Agassizia clevei NA 111624 Agassizia clevei 19.4 111624 Agassizia clevei 17.8 111624 Agassizia clevei 15.5 drill hole between 1st and 5th 111624 Agassizia clevei 8.3 ambulacra 114429 Schizaster armiger 73.4 Drill hole near 2nd ambulacrum

Alabama Geological Survey Samples

Museum# SPECIES LENGTH Cassid Drill Hole FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 34.5 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 32.5 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 38.0 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 29.5 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 35.3 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 38.5 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 38.3 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 36.2 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 20.3 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 26.3 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 24.2 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 17.4 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 18.5 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae NA FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 15.5

147

FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 21.2 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 17.8 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 12.7 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 17.0 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 13.8 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 12.8 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 12.4 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 12.7 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 16.7 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 13.6 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 18.4 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 10.8 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 8.2 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 7.1 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 7.9 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 8.6 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 11.8 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 12.7 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 18.0 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 11.2 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 15.3 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 12.8 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 12.9 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 9.4 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 12.2 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 17.1 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 20.5 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 13.7 FLA-1 Weisbordella cubae 7.4 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 60.5 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 62.6 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 62.8 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 64.5 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 64.0 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 68.8 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 69.8 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 71.4 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 34.5 drill hole near peristome FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 59.4 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 59.0 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 60.7 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 48.3 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 56.0

148

FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 74.2 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 69.2 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 73.8 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 73.9 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 61.7 FCI-1 Eupatagus antillarum 65.4 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 49.8 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 45.4 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 42.6 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 49.1 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 36.5 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 34.4 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 39.9 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 42.7 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 40.2 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 44.1 drill hole near 2nd ambulacrum Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 31.2 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 44.6 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 45.2 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 37.7 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 39.2 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 43.8 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 48.0 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 50.9 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 37.7 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 56.2 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 49.1 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 33.5 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 38.9 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 45.4 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 35.3 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 42.3 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 33.6 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 44.1 Fla-1 Oligopygus wetherbyi 43.1 Fla-2 Oligopygus wetherbyi 47.7 Fla-2 Oligopygus wetherbyi 54.7 Fla-2 Oligopygus wetherbyi 44.0 Fla-2 Oligopygus wetherbyi 50.0 drill hole on 2nd ambulacrum Fla-2 Oligopygus wetherbyi 37.5 Fla-2 Oligopygus wetherbyi 39.0 FJA-1 Oligopygus haldemani 10.8 FJA-1 Oligopygus haldemani 14.0

149

FJA-1 Oligopygus haldemani 15.3 FJA-1 Oligopygus haldemani 14.0 FJA-1 Oligopygus haldemani 13.2 FJA-1 Oligopygus haldemani 9.3 FJA-1 Oligopygus haldemani 8.6 FJA-1 Oligopygus haldemani 13.0 FJA-1 Oligopygus haldemani 12.8 FJA-1 Oligopygus haldemani 11.4 FJA-1 Oligopygus haldemani 12.2 Field collected specimens

Location Species LENGTH Cassid Drill Hole Barge Canal Eupatagus antillarum 68.7 Barge Canal Eupatagus antillarum 65.4 Barge Canal Eupatagus antillarum 63 Barge Canal Eupatagus antillarum 52.4 Barge Canal Rhyncholampas georgiensis 27.7 Barge Canal Weisbordella cubae 25.5 Barge Canal Weisbordella cubae 22.5 Brandford Quarry Agassizia clevei 26.9 Brandford Quarry Agassizia clevei 28.1 Branford Quarry Brissopsis steinhatchee 34 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 27.9 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 21 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 17.2 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 25.8 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 11.4 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 14.1 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 10.2 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 17.7 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 26.1 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 16.8 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 9.2 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 13.9 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 14.7 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 25 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 37.1 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 29 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 30.2 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 23.1 Branford Quarry Weisbordella cubae 25.9 Mariana Agassizia clevei 26.1 Mariana Agassizia clevei 13.5

150

Mariana Agassizia clevei 17 Mariana Agassizia clevei 12.1 Drill hole between 4th and 5th Mariana Agassizia clevei 20.5 ambulacra Mariana Agassizia clevei 13.6 Mariana Agassizia clevei 14.2 Mariana Agassizia clevei 16.9 Mariana Eurhodia patelliformis 19.2 Mariana Eurhodia patelliformis 23.3 Mariana Eurhodia patelliformis 25.8 Mariana Eurhodia patelliformis 24.5 Mariana Eurhodia patelliformis 31 Mariana Eurhodia patelliformis 22.1 Mariana Eurhodia patelliformis 37.4 Mariana Eurhodia patelliformis 22.8 Mariana Eurhodia patelliformis 29.8 Mariana Oligopygus haldemani NA Mariana Oligopygus haldemani 18.9 Mariana Oligopygus haldemani 14.9 Mariana Oligopygus haldemani 17.2 Mariana Oligopygus haldemani 14.1 Mariana Oligopygus haldemani 13.8 Mariana Oligopygus haldemani 12.7 Mariana Oligopygus haldemani 18.6 Mariana Oligopygus haldemani 20.7 Mariana Oligopygus haldemani 16 Mariana Oligopygus haldemani 18.5 Mariana Oligopygus haldemani 19 Mariana Oligopygus haldemani 11 Mariana Oligopygus haldemani 14.3 Mariana Oligopygus haldemani 16.2 Mariana Rhyncholampas conradi 21 Mariana Rhyncholampas conradi 15.8 Mariana Rhyncholampas conradi 22.6 Mariana Rhyncholampas conradi 34.1 Mariana Rhyncholampas conradi 15.9 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 25.5 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 25.1 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 24.8 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 22.3 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 27.1 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 30.1 drill hole near peristome Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 18.9

151

Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 22 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 26.7 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 20 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis NA Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 25.8 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 26 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis NA Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 20.8 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 23.7 drill hole near peristome Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 28.2 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 28.7 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis NA Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 21.1 drill hole near peristome Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 28.2 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis NA Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 29 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 23.1 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 25.3 Mariana Rhyncholampas georgiensis 28.2 Mariana Weisbordella cubae 17.3 Mariana Weisbordella cubae 25.5 Mariana Weisbordella cubae 26.3 Mariana Weisbordella cubae 29.5 Mariana Weisbordella cubae 28.7 Mariana Weisbordella cubae 29 Mariana Weisbordella cubae 23.9 Mariana Weisbordella cubae 17.5 Mayo Agassizia clevei 13.2 Mayo Agassizia clevei 19.7 Mayo Brissopsis steinhatchee 49 Mayo Rhyncholampas conradi 28.5 Mayo Rhyncholampas conradi 17.8 Mayo Rhyncholampas conradi 32.7 Mayo Rhyncholampas conradi 40.3 Mayo Rhyncholampas conradi 22.1 Mayo Schizaster armiger 34.1 Drill on margin of test Mayo Schizaster armiger 36.3 Mayo Weisbordella cubae 17.8 Mayo Weisbordella cubae 15.7 Mayo Weisbordella cubae 19.9 Mayo Weisbordella cubae 11.2 Mayo Weisbordella cubae 11.7 Mayo Weisbordella cubae 12.8

152

Mayo Weisbordella cubae 9.2 Mayo Weisbordella cubae 13.1 Mayo Weisbordella cubae 15.5 Mayo Weisbordella cubae 8.5 Mayo Weisbordella cubae 6 Newberry Agassizia clevei 14.4 Newberry Agassizia clevei 13 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 21.7 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 21 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 22.1 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 23.1 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 19.8 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 17 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 15.5 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 24.5 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 20.5 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 21.8 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 16.4 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 21.9 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 17.1 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 14.9 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 23.7 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 22.1 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 19.9 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 20 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 12.1 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 19.2 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 18.2 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 17 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 14.5 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 14.8 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 18.7 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 20.7 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 17.4 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 16.9 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 18.8 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 14.8 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 12.1 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 23.7 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 25.8 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 17.1 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 12.1 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 18.5

153

Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 21 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 18.4 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 18.8 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 28.2 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 23.1 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 17 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 20 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 10.8 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 14.8 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 17.1 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 19.2 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 21.6 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 20.7 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 18.9 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 18.5 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 14.3 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 17.6 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 10.5 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 19.1 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 11.1 Newberry Oligopygus haldemani 8.7 Newberry Rhyncholampas georgiensis 26.1 Newberry Rhyncholampas georgiensis 17.8 Newberry Weisbordella cubae 19 Newberry Weisbordella cubae 15.9 Newberry Weisbordella cubae 22.1 Newberry Weisbordella cubae 26.4 Newberry Weisbordella cubae 27.5 Newberry Weisbordella cubae 25.9 Newberry Weisbordella cubae 25.3 Newberry Weisbordella cubae 26.1 Newberry Weisbordella cubae 14.9 Newberry Weisbordella cubae 9.5 Newberry Weisbordella cubae 14.1 Newberry Weisbordella cubae 16.4 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 20.8 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 17.3 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 19.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 20.7 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 25.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 16.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 15.7 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 18.2

154

Tennille Weisbordella cubae 26.7 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 20.3 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 18.6 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 14.2 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 19 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 15.5 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 15 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 14.2 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10.8 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 14.3 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 11.2 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 18.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10.6 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 23.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 9.4 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 15 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 7.2 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 9.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 11 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10.4 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 13.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 16.4 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 11.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 13.7 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 13 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 15.6 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 13.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 16.8 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 14.3 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 21.3 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 15.6 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 25.5 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 12.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 12.5 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 9.6 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 33.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 30.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 32.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 17 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 13.2 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 16.1

155

Tennille Weisbordella cubae 13.5 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 15.2 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 12.3 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 21 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 12.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 16.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 19 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 8 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 12.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 7.8 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 13.6 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 19.3 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 14.8 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 15.5 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 11 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 14.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 11.8 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 13.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 12.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 13.4 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 11.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 9.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 17.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 11.7 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 8.6 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 16.5 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10.2 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10.8 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 15 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 9.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 8.8 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 14.8 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 8.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 12.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 14.5 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 9.5 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 9.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 13.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 13.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 9.6

156

Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10.5 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 13.5 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 8.5 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 12 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 8.7 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 16.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 8.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 16.5 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 14.5 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10.6 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 11.4 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10.7 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 11.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 8.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 11.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 11.7 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 13.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 17 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 14.8 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 15.3 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 12.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 7.1 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 8.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 10.8 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 11.7 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 9.3 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 17.9 Tennille Weisbordella cubae 19.5 Mayo Eupatagus ocalanus 47.9