Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Volume 19, Number 3 Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Trochidae Bivalvia: Solemyoida, Nuculida Gastropods II, Bivalves II o.1, No. 3 Vol. 19, Gastropods II , Bivalves

Flora and Fauna of Korea II

National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment National Institute of Biological Resources NIBR Ministry of Environment Russia

CB Chungcheongbuk-do CN Chungcheongnam-do HB GB Gyeongsangbuk-do China GG Gyeonggi-do YG GN Gyeongsangnam-do GW Gangwon-do HB Hamgyeongbuk-do JG HN Hamgyeongnam-do HWB Hwanghaebuk-do HN HWN Hwanghaenam-do PB JB Jeollabuk-do JG Jagang-do JJ Jeju-do JN Jeollanam-do PN PB Pyeonganbuk-do PN Pyeongannam-do YG Yanggang-do HWB HWN GW East Sea GG GB (Ulleung-do, Dok-do) Yellow Sea CB CN GB

JB GN JN

JJ South Sea Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Volume 19, Number 3 Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Trochidae Bivalvia: Solemyoida, Nuculida Gastropods II, Bivalves II

2014

National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment

Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Volume 19, Number 3 Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Trochidae Bivalvia: Solemyoida, Nuculida Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Jun-Sang Lee Kangwon National University Invertebrate Fauna of Korea Volume 19, Number 3 Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Trochidae Bivalvia: Solemyoida, Nuculida Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Published by the National Institute of Biological Resources Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu Incheon, 404-708, Republic of Korea www.nibr.go.kr

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the National Institute of Biological Resources.

ISBN : 9788968111525-96470 Government Publications Registration Number 11-1480592-000800-01

Printed by Junghaengsa, Inc. in Korea on acid-free paper

Publisher : Kim, Sang-Bae Author : Jun-Sang Lee

Published on December 15, 2014

The Flora and Fauna of Korea logo was designed to represent six major target groups of the project including vertebrates, invertebrates, insects, algae, fungi, and bacteria. The book cover and the logo were designed by Jee-Yeon Koo. Preface

The biological resources represent all the composition of organisms and genetic resources which possess the practical and potential values essential for human lives, and occupies a firm position in producing highly value-added products such as new breeds, new materials and new drugs as a means of boosting the national competitiveness. As Nagoya Protocol adopted in 2010 entered into force in the 12th Conference of Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 2014, the national and international environment in the approach and common ownership of profit on genetic resources has been rapidly changed, and the competition among the nations surrounding the genetic resources is expected to be highly intense. As a part of the program, each nation in the world is putting into order to secure the information about native organisms inhabiting in its own land. The National Institute of Biological Resources of the Ministry of Environment has been publishing the ‘Flora and Fauna of Korea’ from 2006 to generally manage biological resources and to enhance national competitiveness by setting the foundation for the sovereignty over biological resources. Professional research group consisting of professors of taxonomy and related experts has syste- matically examined a total of 10,752 species for the past 7 years to publish 120 volumes each in Korean and English, and 2 volumes of World Monograph covering 216 species. In addition, 30 volumes of the ‘Flora and Fauna of Korea’, both in Korean and in English, covering 1,665 species of invertebrates, insects and algae are additionally published this year. The publication of the ‘Flora and Fauna of Korea’ serve to identify indigenous species living in Korea, to investigate biota, to improve the quality of national biological resources management and to provide the opportunity to lay the groundwork for the biotechnological industrialization of biological resources. And I hope the project initiated by The National Institute of Biological Resources of the Ministry of Environment will help to discover useful biological resources in Korea and to create high value-added activities including natural products, genetic resources and medical sub- stance development. The National Institute of Biological Resources of the Ministry of Environment will continue to accelerate the project of the publication of the ‘Flora and Fauna of Korea’ to identify the entity of Korean indigenous species in the future. Personally I would like to express my sincere appreciation for those experts who spared no effort to publish the biological monographs; Dr. Jun-Sang Lee of Kangwon National University.

Kim, Sang-Bae President National Institute of Biological Resources

Contents

Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Trochidae

List of Taxa 7 Introduction 10 Materials and Methods 11 Taxonomic Notes 13 1. Chlorostoma argyrostoma sublaevis Pilsbry 15 2. Chlorostoma lischkei Tapparone-Canefri 16 3. Chlorostoma turbinata (A. Adams) 18 4. Chlorostoma xanthostigma (A. Adams) 20 5. Omphalius rusticus rusticus (Gmelin) 22 6. Omphalius pfeifferi pfeifferi (Philippi) 24 7. Omphalius pfeifferi carpenteri (Dunker) 25 8. Granata lyrata (Pilsbry) 28 9. Hybochelus cancellatus orientalis (Pilsbry) 30 10. Euchelus atratus (Gmelin) 32 11. Euchelus rubra (A. Adams) 33 12. Euchelus lischkei Pilsbry 35 13. Herpetopoma clathrata (A. Adams) 37 14. Turcica coreensis Pease 38 15. Perrinia concinna (A. Adams) 40 16. Ginebis crumpii (Pilsbry) 42 17. Margarites (Margarites) helicinus pilsbryi (Kuroda and Habe) 44 18. Trochus (Trochus) sacellum rota Dunker 47 19. Clanculus (Clanculus) margaritarius Philippi 49 20. Clanculus (Mesoclanculus) denticulatus (Gray) 51 21. Clanculus (Mesoclanculus) microdon A. Adams 52 22. Fossarina picta A. Adams 54 23. Monodonta (Monodonta) labio confusa Tapparone-Canefri 57 24. Monodonta (Monodonta) australis Lamarck 58 25. Monodonta (Neomonodonta) neritoides (Philippi) 60 26. Monodonta (Neomonodonta) perplexa perplexa Pilsbry 62 27. Cantharidus hirasei (Pilsbry) 64 28. Cantharidus japonicus (A. Adams) 66 29. Cantharidus jessoensis (Schrenck) 68 30. Cantharidus callichroa (Philippi) 69 31. Cantharidus callichroa bisbalteatus (Pilsbry) 71 32. Komaitrochus pulcher Kuroda and Iw. Taki 73 33. Alcyna ocellata A. Adams 75 34. Stomatella planulata (Lamarck) 77 2 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

35. Stomatolina rubra (Lamarck) 78 36. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) haliarchus (Melvill) 81 37. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) koma (Shikama and Habe) 82 38. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) aculeatum (Sowerby III) 82 39. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) consors (Lischke) 85 40. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) multiliratum (Sowerby II) 87 41. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) unicum (Dunker) 88 42. Minolia punctata A. Adams 91 43. Lirularia (Lirularia) iridescens (Schrenck) 93 44. Lirularia (Lirularia) pygmaea (Yokoyama) 94 45. Umbonium (Umbonium) thomasi (Crosse) 97 46. Umbonium (Suchium) moniliferum (Lamarck) 98 47. Umbonium (Suchium) costatum (Kiener) 100 48. Ethminolia stearnsii (Pilsbry) 102 49. Conotalopia ornata (Sowerby III) 103 50. Conotalopia mustelina (Gould) 105 Literature Cited 107

Bivalvia: Solemyoida, Nuculida

List of Taxa 115 Introduction 117 Materials and Methods 118 Taxonomic Notes 121 1. Solemya pusilla Gould 122 2. Nucula paulula A. Adams 124 3. Lamellinucula tokyoensis Yokoyama 126 4. Acila (Acila) divaricata divaricata (Hinds) 128 5. Acila (Acila) divaricata vigila Schenck 129 6. Acila (Truncacila) insignis (Gould) 131 7. Ennucula niponica (E. A. Smith) 132 8. Ennucula tenuis (Montagu) 134 9. Sarepta speciosa A. Adams 136 10. Nuculana (Nuculana) pernula pernuloides (Dunker) 138 11. Nuculana (Nuculana) pernula sadoensis (Yokoyama) 139 12. Nuculana (Thestyleda) yokoyamai yokoyamai (Kuroda) 140 13. Nuculana (Thestyleda) acinacea Habe 142 14. Saccella (Saccella) gordonis (Yokoyama) 143 15. Saccella (Saccella) sematensis (Suzuki and Ishizuka) 144 16. Yoldia (Yoldia) amygdalia (Velenciennes) 146 17. Yoldia (Yoldia) limatula Say 147 Contents 3

18. Yoldia (Cnesterium) johanni Dall 148 19. Megayoldia thraciaeformis Storer 149 20. Portlandia japonica (A. Adams and Reeve) 150 Literature Cited 153 Plates 158 Index to Korean Names 169 Index to Korean Names as Pronounced 172 Index to Scientific Names 175

Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Trochidae

List of Taxa

Phylum Mollusca Linnaeus, 1758 Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797 Order Vetigastropoda Salvini-Plawen, 1980 Family Trochidae Rafinesque, 1815 Subfamily Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe and Oyama, 1971 Genus Chlorostoma Swainson, 1840 Chlorostoma argyrostoma sublaevis Pilsbry, 1904 Chlorostoma lischkei Tapparone-Canefri, 1874 Chlorostoma turbinata (A. Adams, 1853b) Chlorostoma xanthostigma (A. Adams, 1853b) Genus Omphalius Philippi, 1847 Omphalius rusticus rusticus (Gmelin, 1791) Omphalius pfeifferi pfeifferi (Philippi, 1846) Omphalius pfeifferi carpenteri (Dunker, 1860) Subfamily Chilodontinae Wenz, 1938 Genus Granata Cotton, 1957 Granata lyrata (Pilsbry, 1890) Genus Hybochelus Pilsbry, 1890 Hybochelus cancellatus orientalis (Pilsbry, 1904) Genus Euchelus Philippi, 1847 Euchelus atratus (Gmelin, 1791) Euchelus rubra (A. Adams, 1853b) Euchelus lischkei Pilsbry, 1904 Genus Herpetopoma Pilsbry, 1890 Herpetopoma clathrata (A. Adams, 1853a) Genus Turcica H. and A. Adams, 1854 Turcica coreensis Pease, 1860 Genus Perrinia H. and A. Adams, 1854 Perrinia concinna (A. Adams, 1864) Subfamily Calliotropinae Hickman and Mclean, 1990 Genus Ginebis Is. Taki and Otsuka, 1943 Ginebis crumpii (Pilsbry, 1893) Subfamily Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 Genus Margarites Gray, 1847 Margarites (Margarites) helicinus pilsbryi (Kuroda and Habe, 1952) Subfamily Trochinae Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Trochus Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus Trochus Linnaeus, 1758 Trochus (Trochus) sacellum rota Dunker, 1860 Genus Clanculus Montfort, 1810 8 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Subgenus Clanculus Montfort, 1810. Clanculus (Clanculus) margaritarius Philippi, 1849 Subgenus Mesoclanculus Iredale, 1924 Clanculus (Mesoclanculus) denticulatus (Gray, 1827) Clanculus (Mesoclanculus) microdon A. Adams, 1853b Subfamily Gibbulinae Stoliczka, 1868 Genus Fossarina A. Adams and Angas, 1864 Fossarina picta A. Adams, 1867 Genus Monodonta Lamarck, 1799 Subgenus Monodonta Lamarck, 1799. Monodonta (Monodonta) labio confusa Tapparone-Canefri, 1874 Monodonta (Monodonta) australis Lamarck, 1822a Subgenus Neomonodonta Kuroda, Habe and Oyama, 1971 Monodonta (Neomonodonta) neritoides (Philippi, 1849) Monodonta (Neomonodonta) perplexa perplexa Pilsbry, 1889 Subfamily Cantharidinae Cotton, 1959 Genus Cantharidus Montfort, 1810 Cantharidus hirasei (Pilsbry, 1901a) Cantharidus japonicus (A. Adams, 1853b) Cantharidus jessoensis (Schrenck, 1863) Cantharidus callichroa (Philippi, 1850) Cantharidus callichroa bisbalteatus (Pilsbry, 1901a) Genus Komaitrochus Kuroda and Iw. Taki, 1958 Komaitrochus pulcher Kuroda and Iw. Taki, 1958 Genus Alcyna A. Adams, 1860a Alcyna ocellata A. Adams, 1860a Subfamily Stomatellinae Gray, 1840 Genus Stomatella Lamarck, 1816 Stomatella planulata (Lamarck, 1816) Genus Stomatolina Iredale, 1937 Stomatolina rubra (Lamarck, 1822a) Subfamily Calliostomatinae Thiele, 1924 Genus Calliostoma Swainson, 1840 Subgenus Calliostoma Swainson, 1840 Calliostoma (Calliostoma) haliarchus (Melvill, 1889) Calliostoma (Calliostoma) koma (Shikama and Habe, 1965) Calliostoma (Calliostoma) aculeatum (Sowerby III, 1912) Calliostoma (Calliostoma) consors (Lischke, 1872) Calliostoma (Calliostoma) multiliratum (Sowerby II, 1875) Calliostoma (Calliostoma) unicum (Dunker, 1860) Subfamily Solariellinae Powell, 1951 Genus Minolia A. Adams, 1860b Minolia punctata A. Adams, 1860b List of Taxa 9

Subfamily Lirulariinae Hickman and Mclean, 1990 Genus Lirularia Dall, 1909 Subgenus Lirularia Dall, 1909 Lirularia (Lirularia) iridescens (Schrenck, 1863) Lirularia (Lirularia) pygmaea (Yokoyama, 1922) Subfamily Umboniinae H. A. Adams, 1854 Genus Umbonium Link, 1807 Subgenus Umbonium Link, 1807 Umbonium (Umbonium) thomasi (Crosse, 1862) Subgenus Suchium Makiyama, 1925 Umbonium (Suchium) moniliferum (Lamarck, 1822b) Umbonium (Suchium) costatum (Kiener, 1838) Genus Ethminolia Iredale, 1924 Ethminolia stearnsii (Pilsbry, 1895) Genus Conotalopia Iredale, 1929 Conotalopia ornata (Sowerby III, 1903) Conotalopia mustelina (Gould, 1861) 10

Introduction

The Trochidae are gastropods belonging to the subclass Vetigastropoda, superfamily Trochoidea. Seven nominal families are included in this superfamily: Trochidae, Seguenziidae, Stomatellidae, Skeneidae, Cyclostrematidae, Turbinidae, and Phasianellidae. Bouchet and Rocroi (2005) revised the Trochoidea to contain nine families Trochidae, Calliostomatidae, Elasmonematidae, Eucochlidae, Microdomatidae, Proconulidae, Solariellidae, Tychobraheidae, and Velainellidae. According to Wil- liams et al. (2008), the Trochoidea now consists of 14 families: Calliostomatidae, Liotiidae, Margari- tidae, Skeneidae, Solariellidae, Tegulidae, Trochidae, Turbinidae, Elasmonematidae, Eucochlidae, Microdomatidae, Proconulidae, Tychobraheidae, and Velainellidae. Members of the two largest families, Trochidae and Turbinidae, are noteworthy in diversity, size, and abundance. The Trochidae has a worldwide distribution in tropical, temperate, and arctic waters. Trochids inhabit mainly the littoral and shallow sublittoral zones, occurring in large num- bers on rocky shores or coral reefs. However, there are also species living among eelgrass or on deep- water substrates of sand or mud. The mainly littoral and sublittoral species feed primarily by scraping detritus and algae from mostly hard substrates or from various species of marine algae. Some ciliary feeder and carnivores are known. The Trochidae are dioecious, and fertilization occurs exter- nally by the release of eggs and sperm. Eggs are laid singly in sea water and hatch as free-swimming planktonic larvae, or bound in gelatinous masses and then frequently hatching as crawling juveniles. Trochids are traditionally used as food by coastal populations, and their shells are utilized for hand- icrafts, especially the “mother-of-pearl”, and sometimes for lime-based products, such as fertilizer. The species of Korean Trochidae were catalogued by Shiba (1934), 7 species in three genera, Lee (1956a), 20 species in seven genera, Kang et al. (1971), 25 species in eight genera, Je (1989), 39 species in 14 genera, Choe and Park (1997) 41 species in 16 genera, and Lee and Min (2002), 55 species in 28 genera. Also, Yoo (1976) provided colored illustrations for nine species in five genera, as well as Kwon et al. (1993), 30 species in 13 genera, and Min et al. (2004) 55 species in 28 genera . Recently, Lee and Min (2008) added two trochid species to the Korean fauna. As a result, a total of 57 species in 12 subfamilies (Tegulinae, Chilodontinae, Calliotropinae, Margaritinae, Trochinae, Gibbulinae, Cantharidinae, Stomatellinae, Calliostomatinae, Solariellinae, Lirulariinae, and Umboniinae) have been recorded in the Korean Trochidae. Although recent studies (eg. Williams et al., 2008; Williams et al., 2010) place the Korean species of the traditional family Trochidae in five families, including the Turbinidae, and two superfamilies, Trochoidea and Seguenzioidea. This monograph describes 50 species of 25 genera in seven subfamilies, which characterize the Trochidae in Korea. 11

Materials and Methods

For this monograph, specimens were collected from islands and along the coasts of the Korean Peninsula during the years 1994 to 2012. The specimens were collected from the intertidal zone at low tide or from nets in fishing ports, and are deposited in the Min Molluscan Research Institute and the Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Kangwon. These specimens were identified using mainly details of external morphology, and for more detailed observa- tion stereo microscopes were used. For identification purposes, Habe and Ito (1975), Okada (1967), Habe (1977), Kira (1977), Higo and Goto (1999), Okutani et al. (2000), and Min et al. (2004) were referenced. The nomenclature used is based mainly on Higo et al. (1999) and Min et al. (2004). Because the traditional systematic classification is used here, it follows that of Higo and Goto (1999) and Lee and Min (2002). For photo- graphs a Nikon D80 digital camera was used. Specimens studied were either dry or preserved in 70% ethanol, and were deposited for storage in a cool, dry room.

Taxonomic Notes

Phylum Mollusca Linnaeus, 1758 Yeon-che-dong-mul-mun (연체동물문)

Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797 Bog-jog-gang (복족강)

Order Vetigastropoda Salvini-Plawen, 1980 Go-bog-jog-mok (고복족목)

Family Trochidae Rafinesque, 1815 Bam-go-dung-gwa (밤고둥과)

Shells mainly medium to moderately large, conical, turbinate, subglobose, or spirally coiled with base sometimes flattened. Peristome discontinuous in most genera and outer lip and columella not usually parallel. Umbilicus more or less narrow and sometimes has a callus plug. Operculum thin, corneous, nearly circular with many coils and a central nucleus, and often does not take exact shape of aperture. Shell smooth or sculptured radially and spirally, with beads, nodules, or tur- ercles. Radula rhipidoglossate and has a central tooth, 1-10 (mostly 5) lateral teeth, and a variable number of sometimes large, narrow marginal teeth. Trochids mostly littoral and sublittoral animal feeding primarily by scraping detritus and algae from mostly hard substrates. Some ciliary feeders (Umbonium) and carnivores (Calliostoma).

GENERA 94 (21 in Korea), species 350 (56 in Korea). DISTRIBUTION: World-wide in distribution, especially in both northern and southern temperate and cold seas.

Key to the subfamily of family Trochidae

1. Shell surface smooth ···············································································································2 - Shell surface rough ·················································································································4 2. Spire high; narrow in width················································································Cantharidinae - Spire low; wide in width·········································································································3 3. Body whorl swollen and rounded ········································································Margaritinae - Body whorl not swollen, angulate ·········································································Umboniinae 4. Sculpture irregular··················································································································5 - Sculpture regular ····················································································································6 14 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

5. Shell conical with oblique spiral ribs··········································································Tegulinae - Spire low and aperture large················································································Stomatellinae 6. Outer surface weakly sculptured or square-shaped ·················································Gibbulinae - Outer surface strongly sculptured···························································································7 7. Spiral ribs low and compact; aperture roundly-quadrate································Calliostomatinae - Spiral ribs strongly sculptured ································································································8 8. Spiral ribs granular or with short spines ·················································································9 - Spiral ribs strongly sculptured················································································Lirulariinae 9. Umbilicus absent; spinose spiral ribs··································································Calliotropinae - Spiral ribs granular ···············································································································10 10. Umbilicus absent or very narrow; spiral ribs widely-spaced and cancellate········Chilodontinae - Umbilicus present; spiral ribs closely-spaced·········································································11 11. Umbilicus wide, without nodules; outer lip thin····················································Solariellinae - Umbilicus narrow with nodules; outer lip thick·························································Trochinae

Subfamily Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe and Oyama, 1971 Bo-mal-a-gwa (보말아과)

Shell medium, conical, thick and solid, surface rough. Outer lip strongly oblique above periphery. Umbilicus present or absent. On rocky shores, from low intertidal zone to a depth of about 10 m. In Korea this subfamily consists of genera Chlorostoma and Omphalius. Recent phylogenetic studies have placed this subfamily in Turbinidae (Williams et al., 2008; Williams et al., 2010).

Key to the genera of subfamily Tegulinae

1. Umbilical area covered with greenish or yellowish green callus ·······························Chlorostoma - Umbilical area covered with white callus····································································Omphalius

Genus Chlorostoma Swainson, 1840 Bam-go-dung-but-i-sok (밤고둥붙이속)

Shell medium-sized (up to 35-40 mm in height), low-conical in shape. Outer surface smooth or roughened by axial cords. Periphery of body whorl angulate. Umbilicus narrow and deep or absent, generally covered with green callus. Four species in this genus have been recorded in Korea: (C. argyrostoma sublaevis, C. lischkei, C. turbinata, and C. xanthostigma) (Lee and Min, 2002a). Type species: Trochus argyrostomus Gmelin, 1791.

SPECIES 6 (4 in Korea). Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Chlorostoma 15

Key to the species of genus Chlorostoma

1. Umbilicus narrow and deep ·····································································································2 - Umbilicus closed ······················································································································3 2. Upper margin length of outer lip short ···················································C. argyrostoma sublaevis - Upper margin length of outer lip widely extended ···················································C. turbinata 3. Outer surface rough·····································································································C. lischkei - Outer surface smooth··························································································C. xanthostigma

1. Chlorostoma argyrostoma sublaevis Pilsbry, 1904(Fig. 1, Pl. 1) Gaet-gol-baeng-i(갯골뱅이)

Chlorostoma rugatum sublaevis Pilsbry, 1904, p. 33, pl. 5, fig. 50. Chlorostoma argyrostoma sublaevis: Higo, 1973, p. 30; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 160; Choe, 1992, p. 258, pl. 38, fig. 52a, b; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 39; Higo et al., 1999, p. 51; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 95, fig. 93. Tegula (Chlorostoma) argyrostoma sublaevis: Hirase, 1941, p. 37, pl. 67, fig. 5; Lee, 1956b, p. 66; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54; Je, 1989, p. 11.

Shell medium-sized, solid and heavy, low-conical and turbinate; width usually longer than length. Whorls about 4-5; slightly convex or flat-sided, with moderately deep suture, increasing gradually in size; body whorl rather large, occupying about 83% of shell height. Periphery of body whorl regularly rounded. Spire low and conical, about 17% total height of shell. Shell with wide apical angle, about 90 degrees. Protoconch very small, about 2 mm in diameter, yellowish-white in color; apex eroded, often with a narrow hole. Shell variable in colour and pattern, usually dark gray and black, often ornamented with axial cords. Base flattened, with many fine spiral grooves extending from periphery to umbilical area. Sculpture of 16 blunt tubercules on body whorl and 20 on penultimate whorl, with closely-spaced oblique lines of growth. Axial ribs and growth lines gradually disappearing on spire, occasionally exposing nacreous layer. Aperture rhomboidal, broader than high. Outer lip sharp with rounded wrinkles at periphery, smooth inside, enclosed by white callus band. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella obliquely straight and smooth, with slightly thickened margin, and small nodule at base. Umbilicus present and surrounded by white callus, about 15% width of shell. Operculum corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 25 mm, width 30 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Coarse gravel substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: GW, GB, JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 8 specimens (Dongsan harbor, Gangwon-do: 7.iv.2012); 15 specimens (Ju- munjin, Gangwon-do: 7.iv.2012); 8 specimens (Guemjin, Gangwon-do: 7.iv.2012); 14 specimens (Gangreung, Gangwon-do: 26.vi.2013); 9 specimens (Jangsaengpo, Ulsan: 25.vi.2011, 19.x.2011). 16 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Fig. 1. Chlorostoma argyrostoma sublaevis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

REMARKS: Currently regarded by some researchers as a synonym of Chlorostoma turbinata (A. Adams, 1853).

2. Chlorostoma lischkei Tapparone-Canefri, 1874 (Fig. 2, Pl. 2) Bam-go-dung (밤고둥)

Chlorostoma lischkei Tapparone-Canefri, 1874, p. 64 ; Kira, 1977, p. 15, pl. 7, fig. 17; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 14, pl. 5, fig. 11; Kim and Rho, 1971, p. 13; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 39; Higo et al., 1999, p. 51; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 55, pl. 27, fig. 1; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 95, fig. 94; Kil et al., 2005, p. 34. Tegula (Chlorostoma) lischkei: Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 8, pl. 4, fig. 35; Lee, 1956a, p. 4; Lee, 1956b, p. 66 ; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54. Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Chlorostoma 17

Fig. 2. Chlorostoma lischkei. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

Tegula lischkei: Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p.38, pl. 17A. Chlorostoma argyrostoma lischkei: Kira, 1962, p. 11, pl. 8, fig. 17; Okada et al., 1967, p. 32, no. 86 ; Kuro- da et al., 1971, p. 57(J), 38(E), pl. 11, figs. 5-7; Higo, 1973, p. 30; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 48, 198; Inaba, 1982, p. 78; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 159, pl. 7, fig. 4, pl. 18, figs. 4, 5; Je, 1989, p. 11; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 69; Choe, 1992, p. 257, pl. 37, fig. 51; Kwon et al., 1993, p.241; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 91; Choe et al, 1999, p. 30. Trochus argyrostomus: Lischke, 1869, p. 96, pl. 7, figs. 3-5 (non Gmelin, 1791). Chlorostoma argyrostomum basiliratum: Pilsbry, 1901a, p. 202. Chlorostoma argyrostomum basilirata: Higo et al., 1999, p. 51. Tegula (Chlorostoma) argyrostoma basilirata: Shiba, 1934, p. 17; Hirase, 1941, p. 36, pl. 67, fig. 2.

Shell medium-sized, solid and heavy, low-conical and turbinate; width usually longer than length. 18 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Whorls about 6-7; each whorl slightly convex or flat-sided with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl rather large, occupying about 76% of shell height. Spire relatively low and conical, about 23% total height of shell. Shell with wide apical angle, about 90 degrees. Protoconch very small, about 2 mm in diameter, yellowish-brown in color; apex eroded, often with a narrow hole. Colour usually dark gray and brown, often weakly ornamented with axial cords. Base of shell moderately flat with 5-6 spiral ridges and axial striae extending from periphery to umbilical area. Sculpture of numerous beaded spiral and axial threads; axial ribs extending to penultimate whorl and occasionally exposing nacreous layer near apex. Aperture rhomboidal, broader than high. Outer lip sharp and relatively long with rounded wrinkles at periphery, smooth inside, enclosed by white callus band. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella obliquely straight and smooth, with slightly thickened margin, and small nodule at base. Umbilicus closed with shallow indentation, and a white, yellow, or green callus. Operculum corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 40 mm, width 36 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Coarse gravel substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China. KOREA: GW, GN, JN, JJ, GG. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 7 specimens (Jumunjin harbor, Gangwon-do: 7.iv.2012); 24 specimens(Gang- reung, Gangwon-do: 26.vi.2013); 14 specimens (Yeonamdong, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 21.viii.2012); 40 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 6.i.2012); 47 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do 7.x.2001); 7 specimens (Sa- gaeri, Jeju-do: 29.vi.2010); 2 specimens (Seopjikoji, Jeju-do: 7.x.2001).

3. Chlorostoma turbinata A. Adams, 1853b (Fig. 3, Pl.3) Gu-meong-bam-go-dung (구멍밤고둥)

Chlorostoma turbinatum A. Adams, 1853b, pp. 182, 183; Higo et al., 1999, p. 51; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 55, pl. 27, fig. 2. Tegula (Chlorostoma) argyrostoma turbinata: Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 7, pl. 4, fig. 34; Lee, 1956a, p. 4; Lee, 1956b, p. 66; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54; Je, 1989, p. 11; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 241. Chlorostoma argyrostoma turbinata: Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 48, 263. Chlorostoma argyrostoma turbinatum: Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 14, pl. 5, fig. 12; Kim and Rho, 1971, p. 13; Higo, 1973, p. 30; Choe and Kim, 1988. p. 160, pl. 7, fig. 3, pl. 18, fig. 6, pl. 19, fig. 1; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 70; Choe, 1992, p. 259, pl. 39, fig. 53; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 91. Omphalius rusticus: Yoo, 1976, p. 47, pl. 5, figs. 5, 13; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 39; Choe et al., 1999, p. 31. Chlorostoma turbinata: Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Wu, 2003, p. 35; Min et al., 2004, p. 95, fig. 95.

Shell medium-sized, solid and heavy, low-conical and turbinate; with length usually longer than width. Whorls about 5-6, each whorl slightly convex or flat-sided with shallow suture, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl moderately inflated, with acutely-rounded periphery, and rather large, occupying about 82% of shell height. Spire relatively low and rounded-conical, about 18% total shell height. Shell with wide apical angle, about 80 degrees. Microsculpture of protoconch dif- Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Chlorostoma 19

Fig. 3. Chlorostoma turbinate. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

ficult to distinguish from rest of spire sculpture. Colour usually greenish or yellowish-brown, often strongly ornamented with axial cords. Base of shell moderately flat, with 6-7 spiral ridges and axial striae extending from periphery to umbilical area. Sculpture of moderately wide axial ribs criossed by fine growth threads; axial ribs usually extending to penultimate whorl and occasionally exposing nacreous layer near apex. Aperture rhomboidal, broader than high. Outer lip sharp and relatively long with rounded wrinkles at periphery, smooth inside, enclosed by white callus band. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella obliquely straight and smooth, with slightly thickened margin, and small nodule in center. Umbilicus present and surrounded by white callus, about 15% width of shell, closed or narrowed in juveniles and subadults. Operculum corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 40 mm, width 35 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: None designated. 20 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

HABITAT: On rocks and coarse gravel substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: GW, GB, GN, JN, JJ, CN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Geumjin harbor, Gangwon-do: 7.iv.2012); 38 specimens (Yeo- namdong, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 19.x.2010); 2 specimens (Yangpo harbor, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 24.vi. 2011, 22.xii.2012).

4. Chlorostoma xanthostigma A. Adams, 1853b (Fig. 4, Pl. 4) Myeong-ju-go-dung (명주고둥)

Chlorostoma xanthostigma A. Adams, 1853b, p. 183; Okada et al., 1967, p. 32, no. 85; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 58(J), 39(E), pl. 11, fig. 4; Higo, 1973, p. 30; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 48, 199; Yoo, 1976, p. 48, pl. 5, figs. 11, 12; Kira, 1977, p. 14, pl. 7, fig. 14; Inaba, 1982, p. 78; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 160, pl. 7, fig. 5, pl. 19, figs. 2, 3; Choe, 1992, p. 260, pl. 39, fig. 54; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 242; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 39; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 91; Higo et al., 1999, p. 51; Choe et al., 1999, p. 32; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 55, pl. 27, fig. 3; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Wu, 2003, p. 35; Min et al., 2004, p. 95, fig. 96. Chlorostoma xanthostigmum: Kira, 1962, p. 11, pl. 8, fig. 14. Tegula (Chlorostoma) xanthostigma: Hirase, 1941, p. 36, pl. 67, fig. 4; Kuroda, 1941, p. 75; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 8, pl. 4, fig. 36; Lee, 1956a, p. 4; Lee, 1956b, p. 66; Kang et al., 1971, p.54; Je, 1989, p. 11. Tegula xanthostigma: Lai, 1986, p. 15, pl. 7, fig.1. Trochus nigricolor Dunker, 1860, p. 237; Dunker, 1861, p. 22, pl. 3, fig. 2; Lischke, 1869, p. 100, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2; Lischke, 1871, p. 91. Chlorostoma nigricolor: Pilsbry, 1889, p. 167, pl. 26, figs. 21, 22; Tapparone-Canefri, 1874, p. 169. Chlorostoma nigricolor lischkei: Pilsbry, 1889, p. 167, pl. 26, fig. 16. Chlorostoma argyrostoma lischkei: Yoo, 1976, p. 46, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2 (non Tapparone-Canefri, 1874).

Shell medium-sized, solid and heavy, conical and turbinate; with width equal to or slightly longer than length. Whorls about 5-6, each whorl slightly convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl weakly inflated, with rounded periphery, and rather large, occupying about 75% of shell height. Spire relatively low and bluntly-conical, about 23% total shell height. Shell with wide apical angle, about 80 degrees. Protoconch small, 2 mm in diameter, light brown in color, with early teleoconch whorls eroded. Colour usually greenish-brown, dark gray, or dark green, often weakly ornamented with axial cords. Base of shell flat, light green, and smooth, with fine closely-spaced growth lines extending from periphery to umbilical area. Entire surface of shell smooth, devoid of spiral and axial sculpture, with oblique, thin growth lines. Aperture rhomboidal, broader than high. Outer lip sharp and rounded, relatively short, smooth inside, enclosed by white callus band. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella obliquely straight and smooth, with slightly thickened margin and strong nodule in center. Umbilicus closed in adult and subadults, covered with white callus. Operculum corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus. Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Chlorostoma 21

Fig. 4. Chlorostoma xanthostigma. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

SIZE: Height 35 mm, width 36 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: None designated. HABITAT: Rocks and coarse gravel substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan. KOREA: GW, GN, GB, JN, JJ, CN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 14 specimens (Ayajin, Gangwon-do: 7.ii.2012); 3 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju- do: 22.vii.2011, 6.i.2012); 4 specimens (Sagaeri, Jeju-do: 29.vi.2010). 22 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Genus Omphalius Philippi, 1847 Paeng-i-go-dung-sok (팽이고둥속)

Shell medium (up to 25-60 mm in height), low-conical in shape. Outer surface smooth or roughened with axial cords. Periphery of body whorl angulate. Umbilicus narrow and deep. Four species have been recorded in Korea: (O. rusticus, O. pfeifferi pfeifferi, O. pfeifferi carpenteri, and O. niger- rimus) (Je, 1989; Kwon et al., 1993; Choe and Park, 1997; Lee and Min, 2002a). Type species: Trochus rusticus Gmelin, 1847.

SPECIES 6 (4 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Omphalius

1. Outer surface with axial ribs·····································································································2 - Outer surface smooth ······················································································O. pfeifferi pfeifferi 2. Shell height less than 30 mm, angle of spire wide···········································O. rusticus rusticus - Shell height less than 60 mm, angle of spire narrow ·····································O. pfeifferi carpenteri

5. Omphalius rusticus rusticus (Gmelin, 1791) (Fig. 5, Pl. 5) Bo-mal-go-dung (보말고둥)

Trochus rusticus Gmelin, 1791, p. 3572; Dunker, 1861, p. 21; Lischke, 1869, p. 97; Lischke, 1871, p. 88. Chlorostoma rusticum: Dunker, 1882, p. 143; Tapparone-Canefri, 1874, p. 169; Pilsbry, 1889, p. 166, pl. 25, figs. 1-4; Chen et al., 1980, p. 60; Tsi and Ma, 1980, p. 433; Chau et al., 1982, p. 22, pl. 3, fig. 12. Tegula (Chlorostoma) rustica: Nomura and Hatai, 1928, p. 97; Shiba, 1934, p. 17; Hirase, 1941, p. 37, pl. 67, fig. 7; Oyama, 1973, p. 14, pl. 3, fig. 1. Tegula rustica: Kamita and Sato, 1941, p. 2; Lai, 1986, p. 17, pl. 8, fig. 2; Alexeyev, 2003, p. 35, pl. VI, figs 5, 6; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p.38, pl. 17B. Tegula (Omphalius) rustica: Kuroda, 1941, p. 75; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 8, pl. 5, fig. 38; Lee, 1956a, p. 4; Lee, 1956b, p. 66; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54. Tegula (Omphalius) rusticus: Je, 1989, p. 11. Chlorostoma (Omphalius) rusticum: Yamamoto and Habe, 1962, p. 10, pl. 2, figs. 19, 20. Chlorostoma rustica: Qi et al., 1989, p. 26, pl. 4, fig. 11. Omphalius rusticus: Kira, 1962, p. 11, pl. 8, fig. 16; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 14, pl. 5, fig. 10; Okada et al., 1967, p. 32, no. 87; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 59(J), 39(E), pl. 11, fig. 20; Higo, 1973, p. 30; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 49, 206; Inaba, 1982, p. 78; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 161, pl. 8, fig. 1, pl. 19, fig. 6, pl. 20, fig. 1; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 71; Choe, 1992, p. 262, pl. 40, fig. 56; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 243; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Choe et al., 1999, p. 34; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 55, pl. 27, fig. 4; Wu, 2003, p. 43; Kil et al., 2005, p. 34. Omphalius rusticum: Kira, 1977, p. 15, pl. 7, fig. 16. Omphalius rusticus rusticus: Higo et al., 1999, p. 51; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 97, fig. 97. Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Omphalius 23

Fig. 5. Omphalius rusticus rusticus. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

Shell medium-sized, solid and heavy, conical and turbinate; with width equal to or slightly longer than length. Whorls about 8, slightly convex with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl weakly inflated, with acutely rounded periphery, and rather large, occupying about 78% of shell height. Spire relatively high and bluntly-conical, about 21% total shell height. Shell with wide apical angle, about 75 degrees. Protoconch small, 2 to 3 mm in diameter, yellowish white in color, with early teleoconch whorls eroded and maybe a narrow hole at apex. Base of shell flat, with zigzag patterns extending from periphery to umbilical area. Colour usually spotted with dark gray and black, often weakly ornamented with axial cords. Sculpture very rough, often strongly ornamented with axial cords crossed by thin growth lines extending over penultimate whorl; nacreous layer may be exposed near apex. Aperture rhomboidal, broader than high. Outer lip sharp with rounded wrinkles at periphery, relatively short, smooth inside, enclosed by white callus band. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella obliquely straight and smooth, with slightly thickened margin, and strong nodule in center. Umbilicus present, surrounded by 24 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II white callus, about 16% width of shell. Umbilicus closed in adult and subadults, covered with white callus. Operculum characteristic Operculum corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 25 mm, width 26 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: China. HABITAT: Coarse gravel substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China. KOREA: GG, GW, GB, GN, CN, JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 14 specimens (Sipripo, Gyeonggi-do: 24.ii.2012); 14 specimens (Jangseung- po harbor, Gyeongsangnam-do: 15.viii.2009); 12 specimens (Yangpo harbor, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 22.xii.2012); 8 specimens (Jangmok, Jeollannam-do: 15.viii.2009); 30 specimens (Gwangyang harbor, Jeollannam-do: 27.vi.2010, 24.viii.2012). REMARKS: A subspecies Omphalius rusticus colliculus Sowerby, 1913, found in Japan.

6. Omphalius pfeifferi pfeifferi (Philippi, 1846) (Fig. 6, Pl. 6) Ba-da-bang-seok-go-dung (바다방석고둥)

Trochus pfeifferi Philippi, 1846, p. 104. Omphalius pfeifferi pfeifferi: Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 49, 249; Higo et al., 1999, p. 51; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 55, pl. 27, fig. 5; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 97, fig. 98. Omphalius pfeifferi: Okada et al., 1967, p. 32, no. 88; Kira, 1977, p. 15, pl. 7, fig. 19.

Shell medium-sized, solid and heavy low-conical and turbinate, with length usually longer than width. Whorls about 7 slightly convex with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated, with markedly angulate periphery, and rather large, occupying about 74% of shell height. Spire relatively low and bluntly-conical, about 25% total shell height. Shell with wide apical angle, about 75 degrees. Protoconch small, 2 mm in diameter, yellowish-white in color, with early teleoconch whorls eroded, and sometimes a narrow hole at apex. Colour usually dark brown, moderately rough, with oblique growth lines. Base of shell flat and smooth, black and white stripes extending from periphery to umbilical area. Sculpture moderately coarse, devoid of spiral and axial sculpture, with oblique fine growth lines. Aperture rhomboidal, broader than high. Outer lip sharp with rounded wrinkles at periphery, relatively long, smooth inside, enclosed by white callus band. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella obliquely straight and smooth, with slightly thickened margin, and strong nodule at base. Umbilicus present, surrounded by white callus, about 18% width of shell. Operculum characteristic of family. Operculum corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 47 mm, width 45 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: None designated. HABITAT: Coarse gravel substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China. KOREA: GW, GN. Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Omphalius 25

Fig. 6. Omphalius pfeifferi pfeifferi. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 9 specimens (Ayajin, Gangwon-do: 25.v.2011, 12.xi.2011); 11 specimens (Im- won, Gangwon-do: 22.vi.2012); 18 specimens (Yangpo, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 24.vi.2010, 19.x.2010); 4 specimens (Songnam, Gyeongsangnam-do: 22.vii.2012).

7. Omphalius pfeifferi carpenteri (Dunker, 1860) (Fig. 7, Pl. 7) Paeng-i-go-dung (팽이고둥)

Trochus carpenteri Dunker, 1860, p. 237; Dunker, 1861, p. 21, pl. 3, fig. 12; Lischke, 1869, p. 98, pl. 7, figs. 8-10; Lischke, 1871, p. 90. Tegula (Chlorostoma) carpenteri: Shiba, 1934, p. 17. 26 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Fig. 7. Omphalius pfeifferi carpenter. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

Tegula (Omphalius) pfeifferi carpenteri: Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 8, pl. 5, figs. 39, 40; Lee, 1956a, p. 4; Lee, 1956b, p. 66; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54; Je, 1989, p. 11. Chlorostoma carpenter: Pilsbry, 1889a, p.168. Chlorostoma (Omphalius) pfeifferi carpenteri: Yamamoto and Habe, 1962, p. 10, pl. 2, figs. 32, 33. Omphalius pfeifferi carpenteri: Kira, 1962, p. 11, pl. 8, fig. 18; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 15, pl. 5, fig. 13; Kim and Rho, 1971, p. 13; Higo, 1973, p. 30; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 49, 178; Yoo, 1976, p. 46, pl. 5, figs. 3, 4; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 161, pl. 7, fig. 6, pl. 19, figs. 4, 5; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 70; Choe, 1992, p. 261, pl. 40, fig. 55a, b; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 242; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 39; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Higo et al., 1999, p. 51; Choe et al., 1999, p. 33; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 55, pl. 27, fig. 6; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 97, fig. 99. Chlorostoma argyrostoma turbinatum: Yoo, 1976, p. 47, pl. 5, fig. 8.

Shell medium sized, solid and heavy, generally high-conical and turbinate in shape with length Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Granata 27 longer than width. Whorls about 7, slightly convex with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl weakly inflated, with markedly angulate periphery, and rather large, occupying about 58% of shell height. Spire relatively high and bluntly-conical, about 41% total shell height. Shell with wide apical angle, about 55 degrees. Protoconch small, 2 mm in diameter, grayish white in color, with early teleoconch whorls eroded and a narrow hole at apex. Colour usually greenish- brown, but covered with white deposits, often weakly ornamented with axial cords. Base of shell flat, with zigzag lines, 3-4 axial ridges, and shallow spiral groves extending from periphery to umbilical area. Sculpture very coarse with strong oblique axial ribs and growth lines. Aperture rhomboidal, broader than high. Outer lip sharp with rounded wrinkles at periphery, relatively long, smooth inside, enclosed by white callus band. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Col- umella obliquely straight and smooth, with slightly thickened margin, and strong nodule at base. Umbilicus present, surrounded by white callus, about 11% width of shell. Operculum corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 60 mm, width 50 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Coarse gravel substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: GB, JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 11 specimens (Yangpo harbor, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 24.vi.2011); 65 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 7.i.2012); 21 specimens (Bukchon, Jeju-do: 20.xii.2011); 8 specimens (Seong- san, Jeju-do: 20.i.2011).

Subfamily Chilodontinae Wenz, 1938 Gal-bi-go-dung-a-gwa (갈비고둥아과)

Chilodontinae most varied genus in Trochidae. Shells small to medium, conical or roundly- conical in shape, thick and solid or thin and fragile. Surface with strong spiral cords or cancellate with axial cords. Outer lip thick and crenulate, Umbilicus narrowly open or closed. On rocky shores and gravel substrate from lower intertidal zone to depths of 2000 m. This subfamily in Korea includes genera Granata, Hybochelus, Euchelus, Herpetopoma, Turcica, and Perrinia (Lee and Min, 2002a). Williams et al. (2008), Williams et al. (2010) regard this as a separate family, Chilodontidae, in superfamily Seguenzioidea.

Key to the genera of subfamily Chilodontinae

1. Umbilicus absent ······················································································································2 - Umbilicus present·····················································································································6 2. Spire low, body whorl rounded·······················································································Granata - Spire high, body whorl angulated·····························································································3 3. Outer surface strongly sculptured with spiral ribs ···················································Herpetopoma - Outer surface sculptured with nodulose or spiny spiral ribs·····················································4 4. Spiral ribs with short spines·····························································································Ginebis - Spiral ribs nodulose ··················································································································5 28 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

5. Base of whorl weakly inflated; columellar short·······························································Turcica - Base of whorl inflated; columella long ············································································Perrinia 6. Shell colour generally light, sculptured by axial and spiral ribs··································Hybochelus - Shell colour generally dark, sculptured by granulated axial ribs····································Euchelus

Genus Granata Cotton, 1957 Gal-bi-go-dung-sok (갈비고둥속)

Shell small (up to 15 mm in height), ear-shaped. Outer surface roughened by axial cords. Peri- phery round and inflated. Aperture elliptical; umbilicus absent. This genus recorded only one species (G. lyrata) in Korea (Choe and Park, 1997; Lee and Min, 2002a). Type species: Stomatella imbricata Lamarck, 1816.

SPECIES 3 (1 in Korea).

8. Granata lyrata (Pilsbry, 1890 in 1888-96) (Fig. 8, Pl. 8) Geom-eun-jeom-gal-bi-go-dung (검은점갈비고둥)

Stomatella lyrata Pilsbry, 1890, p. 12, pl. 2, figs. 3-5; Hirase, 1941, p. 34, pl. 64, fig. 1; Kawamota and Tanabe, 1956, p. 6; Lee, 1956b, p. 65. Hybochelus (Granata) lyrata: Yamamoto and Habe, 1962, p. 7, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4; Kira, 1977, p. 14, pl. 7, fig. 9; Kira, 1962, p. 10, pl. 8, fig. 9. Granata lyrata: Okada et al., 1967, p. 28, no. 70; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 48(J), 32(E), pl. 11, figs. 15, 16; Higo, 1973, p. 26; Oyama, 1973, p. 13, pl. 2, fig. 14; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 44, 160; Yoo, 1976, p. 45, pl. 4, figs. 11, 12; Inaba, 1982, p. 75; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 157, pl. 6, fig. 2; Je, 1989, p. 11; Ito, 1990, p. 85; Choe, 1992, p. 249, pl. 33, fig. 42; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 238; Hi- go and Goto, 1993, p. 30; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Higo et al., 1999, p. 51; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 55, pl. 28, fig. 8; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 97, fig. 100; Qi et al., 2004, p. 19, pl. 008 H.

Shell small to medium sized, thin but solid, ear-shaped, width usually longer than length. Whorls about 3, inflated, convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing greatly in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 88% of shell height, and periphery regularly rounded. Shell with wide apical angle, about 105 degrees. Spire very low and bluntly-conical, about 12% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 2 mm in diameter, shiny white, with eroded apex. Base of shell moderately inflated, with 6-7 axial ribs. Base color grayish or grayish-brown with low, widely-spaced light grayish spiral ribs bearing small dark brown spots. Sculpture moderately coarse with 25 rounded spiral ribs on body whorl and 5-6 on penultimate whorl, crossed by oblique axial threads. Aperture elliptical, relatively long, broader than high, nacreous, reflecting exterior sculpture. Outer lip sharp with rounded wrinkles at periphery. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella round and smooth, with slightly-thickened margin and without nodule at base Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Granata 29

Fig. 8. Granata lyrata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

Umbilicus absent. Operculum small; centrally-located in aperture; thin, yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 14 mm, width 18 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Coarse gravel substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Philippines. KOREA: GW, GB, JJ, CN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (Namae, Gangwon-do: 21.ix.2012); 2 specimens (Osan beach, Gangwon-do: 9.x.2010); 12 specimens (Guryoungpo, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 18.x.2011); 2 specimens (Donghae, Gangwon-do: 21.ix.2012); 1 specimen (Jumunjin, Gangwon-do: 7.iv.2012); 1 specimen (Yeonpo, Chungcheongnam-do: 18.iv.2005); 2 specimens(Heunghae, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 21.v.2012); 2 specimens (Mizo, Gyeongsangnam-do: 21.vii.2012); 2 specimens (Mokpo harbor, Jeollanam-do: 21.x.2010); 3 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 20.i.2011); 4 specimens (Jongdal, Jeju-do: 21.vii.2011); 4 specimens (Sagaeri, Jeju-do: 29.vi.2010); 7 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 20.ix.2012). 30 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Genus Hybochelus Pilsbry, 1890 Bae-kkop-kko-ma-ul-ta-ri-go-dung- sok (배꼽꼬마울타리고둥속)

Shell small (less than 10 mm in height), low-conical in shape. Surface with axial and spiral cords. Periphery of body whorl rounded, Umbilicus narrow and deep. This genus consists of only one species (H. cancellatus orientalis) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Stomatella cancellata Krauss, 1848.

SPECIES 3 (1 in Korea).

9. Hybochelus cancellatus orientalis (Pilsbry, 1904)(Fig. 9, Pl. 9) Bae-kkop-kko-ma-ul-ta-ri-go-dung (배꼽꼬마울타리고둥)

Euchelus (Hybochelus) cancellatus orientalis: Pilsbry, 1904, p. 35, figs. 57, 57a. Hybochelus orientalis: Kubo and Kuro zumi, 1995, p. 31, fig. 1. Hybochelus cancellatus orientalis: Habe, 1977, p. 8, pl. 4, fig. 15; Higo et al., 1999, p. 52; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 57, pl. 28, fig. 11; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 97, fig. 101. Euchelus fossulatus Souverbie, 1875: Pilsbry, 1889, p. 444, pl. 38, figs. 15, 16.

Shell small sized, thin but solid, low rounded-ovate, length usually longer than width. Whorls about 3, inflated, convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing greatly in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 87% of shell height, periphery regularly rounded. Shell with moderately wide apical angle, about 80 degrees. Spire very low, rounded-conical, about 13% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, bright yellowish-white, with eroded apex. Whorls with radial brownish band. Base of shell inflated, with 5 axial ribs. Sculp- ture very coarse with numerous beaded spiral ribs and shallow spiral grooves. Aperture rounded; outer lip short, moderately thickened, grooved, and finely sulcate inside, with crenulated outer edge; nacreous, reflecting exterior sculpture and tinted with glossy white. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella relatively straight, with slightly thickened margin, and occasionally with nodule at base. Umbilicus narrowly open, and partly filled with white callus. Opercul- um tinted with light brown, corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 10 mm, width 9.1 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Rocky and gravel areas in intertidal zone. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Taiwan. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 20.ii.2007). REMARKS: Also known as Hybochelus cancellatus (Krauss, 1848) (WoRMS, 2014). Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Euchelus 31

Fig. 9. Hybochelus cancellatus orientalis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm.

Genus Euchelus Philippi, 1847 Hong-bam-go-dung-sok (홍밤고둥속)

Shell small (up to 5-10 mm in height, 5-7 mm in width), low-conical in shape. Surface with granular or nodulose spiral cords. Periphery of body whorl rounded. Outer lip thick, with columellar tooth. Umbilicus narrow and deep. In Korea this genus consists of three species (E. atratus, E. rubra, and E. lischkei (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Trochus quadricarinatus Holten, 1802.

SPECIES 6 (3 in Korea). 32 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Key to the species of genus Euchelus

1. Spire high·····················································································································E. lischkei - Spire low ··································································································································2 2. Spiral grooves narrow, with granular spiral ribs ·····························································E. rubra - Spiral grooves wide, with nodulose spiral ribs ·····························································E. atratus

10. Euchelus atratus (Gmelin, 1791) (Fig. 10, Pl. 10) Geom-eun-kko-ma-ul-ta-ri-go-dung (검은꼬마울타리고둥)

Turbo atrata: Gmelin, 1791, p. 3601. Euchelus atrata: Habe, 1977, p. 7, pl. 4, fig. 9. Trochus canaliculatus Lamarck, 1818 in 1815-22. Euchelus atratus: Pilsbry, 1889a, p. 439, pl. 38, fig. 22; Higo et al., 1999, p. 52; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 57, pl. 28, fig. 16; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 97, fig. 102.

Shell small, thick and solid, low rounded-ovate, turbinate; length equal to or slightly longer than width. Whorls about 5, weakly inflated, slightly convex with moderately deep sutures. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 85% of shell height, and periphery regularly rounded. Shell with moderately wide apical angle, about 80 degrees. Spire very low and rounded-conical, about 15% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, dark brown, with pointed apex. Base of shell moderately inflated, with granulated spiral ribs. Base color grayish, black-brown, or grayish-brown with low, widely-spaced light grayish spiral ribs bearing small dark- brown spots. Sculpture with numerous equal, dense, finely-beaded spiral ribs, with deep interstices. Aperture rounded, relatively short, glossy white, finely sulcate, reflecting exterior sculpture; outer lip thickened, grooved, and crenulated. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Sculpture very coarse with nodulous spiral ribs and deep grooves. Columella relatively round, with thickened margin and U-shaped groove at base. Umbilicus narrow and deep, partially filled with spiral ridge of callus. Operculum tinted with light brown, corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 12 mm, width 11.5 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: North Atlantic Ocean. HABITAT: intertidal under boulders and small rocks. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Indo-Pacific. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 4 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 6.i.2012). Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Euchelus 33

Fig. 10. Euchelus atratus. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm.

11. Euchelus rubra (A. Adams, 1853b) (Fig. 11, Pl. 11) Hong-saek-bam-go-dung (홍색밤고둥)

Monodonta rubra A. Adams, 1853b, p. 176. Euchelus rubra: Pilsbry, 1889, p. 440, pl. 67, fig. 79; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 5; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 50(J), 33(E), pl. 106, fig. 12; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 45, 187; Inaba, 1982, p. 76; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Choe, 1992, p. 249, pl. 33, fig. 43a, b; Higo et al., 1999, p. 52; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 57, pl. 28, fig. 15; Min et al., 2004, p. 97, fig. 103. Euchelus ruber brunneus Pilsbry, 1901a, p. 201. Euchelus hachijoensis Pilsbry, 1904, p. 35, pl. 6, fig. 56. Euchelus (Euchelus) rubra: Higo, 1973, p. 26; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 31. 34 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Fig. 11. Euchelus rubra. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm.

Shell small, moderately solid, rounded-ovate, turbinate, and moderately similar in length and width. Whorls about 5, inflated, slightly convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing greatly in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 80% of shell height, and periphery regularly rounded. Shell with moderately wide apical angle, about 95 degrees. Spire moderately low and rounded-conical, about 20% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, bright yellowish-white, with eroded apex. Sculpture nodulose, usually reddish-brown, dark gray, or dark brown. Sculpture nodulouse with spiral ribs. Base of shell moderately inflated, with 4-5 granulose spiral ribs. Whorls encircled by numerous equal, dense, granular spiral ribs, with moderately deep interstices. Aperture rounded, relatively long, yellowish-white, finely sulcate, reflecting exterior sculpture. Outer lip short, moderately thickened and grooved inside, with crenulated outer edge. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella relatively round, with thickened margin, U-shaped groove at base; basal lip crenulated. Umbilicus narrow and deep; partially filled with spiral ridge of callus. Operculum tinted with light brown, corneous, nearly Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Euchelus 35 circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 5 mm, width 5 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: China. HABITAT: Subtidal zone on rubble bottom. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Western Pacific. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 1.ii.2007); 3 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 7.x.2001); 3 specimens (Bukchon, Jeju-do: 7.x.2001). REMARKS: Also known as Herpetopoma rubrum (A. Adams, 1853) (WoRMS, 2014).

12. Euchelus lischkei Pilsbry, 1904(Fig. 12, Pl. 12) Kko-ma-ul-ta-ri-go-dung (꼬마울타리고둥)

Euchelus lischkei: Pilsbry, 1904, p. 34, fig. 55; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 56; Kira, 1962, p. 10, pl. 8, fig. 1; Okada et al., 1967, p. 30, no. 78; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 45, 214; Okutani and Habe, 1983, p. 45; Okutani, 1986, p. 45; Ito, 1990, p. 85; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 238; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Higo et al., 1999, p. 52; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 57, pl. 28, fig. 14; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 97, fig. 103. Euchelus (Euchelus) lischkei: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 31.

Shell small, solid and heavy, low rounded-conical, turbinate, length usually longer than width. Whorls about 5, inflated, convex with deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 88% of shell height, and periphery regularly rounded. Shell with moderately wide apical angle, about 80 degrees. Spire low and conical, about 12% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, grayish-white, with eroded apex. Base of shell inflated, with 7-8 granulated spiral ribs. Surface rough with nodulose spiral ribs, and tinted with greenish or grayish brown. Base of shell inflated, with 7-8 granulated spiral ribs. Sculpture roughly corrugated with granular spiral ribs and deep grooves; ribs appearing cancellate with closely-spaced granules, weaker on spire. Aperture rounded, weakly sulcate, tinted with pearl gray, reflecting exterior sculpture. Outer lip relatively short, moderately thickened, and grooved inside with crenulated outer edge. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella round and smooth, with thickened margin, U shape groove at base, and basal lip crenulated. Umbilicus narrow and deep, partly filled with spiral callus ridge. Operculum tinted with light brown, corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 9.5 mm, width 7 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Rocks and rubble from intertidal to shallow subtidal zone. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Southern Japan, Indo-West Pacific. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 6.i.2012); 2 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do 7.x. 2001). 36 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Fig. 12. Euchelus lischkei. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm.

Genus Herpetopoma Pilsbry, 1890 Ba-gu-ni-bam-go-dung-sok (바구니밤고둥속)

Shell small (up to 4 mm in height and width), high-conical in shape. Outer surface with strong axial and spiral cords. Periphery of body whorl angulate. Umbilicus absent. This genus consists of only one species (H. clathrata) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Euchelus scabriusculus A. Adams and Angas, 1867.

SPECIES 3 (1 in Korea). Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Herpetopoma 37

13. Herpetopoma clathrata (A. Adams, 1853a) (Fig. 13, Pl. 13) Kko-ma-ba-gu-ni-bam-go-dung (꼬마바구니밤고둥)

Monodonta clathrata: A. Adams, 1851, p. 175; Pilsbry, 1889a, p. 447. Herpetopoma clathrata: Higo et al., 1999, p. 52; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 99, fig. 105. Herpetopoma foveolata: Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 45, 254.

Shell minute, solid, generally high-conical, turbinate, and moderately similar in length and width. Whorls about 5-6, inflated and stepped, convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing greatly in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 77% of shell height. Periphery markedly angulate, with 3 strong spiral and axial ribs exhibiting reticulate sculpture, weakening on spire

Fig. 13. Herpetopoma clathrata. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm. 38 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II and disappearing on apex. Shell with moderately narrow apical angle, about 64 degrees. Spire moderately high and conical, about 23% total height of shell. Shell tinted with yellowish-white Proto- conch small, less than 0.5 mm in diameter, bright yellowish-white, with eroded apex. Base of shell inflated, also with reticulate sculpture. Aperture elliptical, finely sulcate, glossy white, reflecting exterior sculpture. Outer lip relatively short, thickened and grooved inside with crenulated outer edge. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella relatively round with thickened margin, U-shaped groove at base and basal lip crenulated. Umbilicus closed and partly filled with spiral ridge of callus, narrowly opened in young shells. Operculum tinted with light brown, corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 3.5 mm, width 3.5 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines. HABITAT: Rocks and rubble in subtidal zone. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Western Pacific. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 1.ii.2007); 21 specimen (Gwaksi, Jeju-do: 30. vi.2010). REMARKS: Also known as Vaceuchelus clathratus (A. Adams, 1853) (WoRMS, 2014).

Genus Turcica H. and A. Adams, 1854 Ba-wi-go-dung-sok (바위고둥속)

Shell medium (up to 40 mm in height, 30 mm in width), high-conical in shape. Outer surface with rough spiral cords. Periphery of body whorl angulate. Umbilicus absent. This genus consists of only one species (T. coreensis) in Korea (Choe and Park, 1997; Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Turcica monilifera H. and A. Adams, 1854.

SPECIES 1 (1 in Korea).

14. Turcica coreensis Pease, 1860 (Fig. 14, Pl. 14) Ba-wi-go-dung (바위고둥)

Turcica coreensis Pease, 1860, p. 189, pl. 51, fig. 2; Dunker, 1882, p. 141; Kira, 1977, p. 11, pl. 6, fig. 1; Pilsbry, 1889a, p. 415, pl. 63, fig. 26; Yamamoto and Habe, 1962, p. 7, pl. 2, fig. 31; Kira, 1962, p. 9, pl. 7, fig. 1; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 14, pl. 5, fig. 8; Okada et al., 1967, p. 26, no. 64; Kim and Rho, 1971, p. 13; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 41(J), 28(E), pl. 9, figs. 1, 2; Higo, 1973, p. 24; Oyama, 1973, p. 12, pl. 2, figs. 12, 16; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 46, 269; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 155, pl. 5, fig. 4; Qi et al., 1989, p. 23, pl. 4, fig. 6; Je, 1989, p. 11; Ito, 1989, p. 43, pl. 2, fig. 5; Ito, 1990, p. 85; Choe, 1992, p. 243, pl. 29, fig. 37a, b; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 241; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 36; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; : Higo et al., 1999, p. 53; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 59, pl. 29, fig. 21; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Turcica 39

Fig. 14. Turcica coreensis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

Min et al., 2004, p. 99, fig. 106. Trochus adamsianus Schrenck, 1867, p. 358, pl. 16, fig. 5. Trochus imperialis: Lischke, 1874, p. 67, pl. 4, figs. 4-6.

Shell medium-sized, solid and heavy, high-conical, turbinate, length usually longer than width. Whorls about 8, slightly convex or flat, with deeply-channeled sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl weakly inflated and rather large, occupying about 58% of shell height, and periphery markedly angulate with 2 prominent spiral ribs. Shell with narrow apical angle, about 75 degrees. Spire moderately high and conical, about 42% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, grayish- white or brown, with pointed apex. Shell variable in colour and pattern; base color reddish-brown, usually with shadings of yellowish-brown or yellowish white. Base of shell moderately inflated, with many fine spiral ribs. Sculpture quite coarse with numerous, beaded spiral ribs and oblique line of growth; beaded nodules strong below suture. Spiral ribs and nodules weaker on spire, disappearing near apex. Aperture rhomboidal, broader than high; glossy yellow- 40 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II ish white, nacreous, reflecting exterior sculpture. Outer lip moderately thin with weakly crenulated outer edge, relatively short. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella relatively straight, with -thickened margin containing 2 small nodules in center. Umbilicus absent; umbilical area surrounded by white callus. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown, corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 40 mm, width 30 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Korea. HABITAT: Sandy mud substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 50-200 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China. KOREA: GW, GB, GN, JN, JJ, CN, GG. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 21 specimens (Nampori, Incheon: 21.v.1999); 8 specimens (Jukcheonri, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 22.iv.1996.); 6 specimens(Jumunjun, Gangwon-do: 12.x.2009); 5 specimens (Jang- ho, Gangwon-do: 13.x.2009); 2 specimens (Taean, Chungcheongnam-do: 14.vii.2006); 4 specimens (Yeonpo, Chungcheongnam-do: 18.iv.2005); 3 specimens(Sambong, Chungcheongnam-do: 2.v.2002); 6 specimens (Jukbyeon, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 16.ii.2005); 7 specimens (Chilpo, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 9.xii.2006); 2 specimens (Namhae, Gyeongsangnam-do: 18.iv.2005); 7 specimens (Geomundo, Jeol- lannam-do: 6.xi.2006); 6 specimens (Uido, Jeollannam-do: 4.xi.2006). REMARKS: Also known as Turcica monilifera A. Adams, 1854 (WoRMS, 2014).

Genus Perrinia H. and A. Adams, 1854 Kko-ma-ba-wi-go-dung-sok (꼬마바위고둥속)

Shell small (up to 8 mm in height, 6 mm in width), high-conical in shape. Outer surface with axial and spiral cords. Periphery of body whorl angulate. Umbilicus narrow and deep or absent, generally covered with green callus. This genus consists of only one species (P. concinna) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Monodonta angulifera A. Adams, 1853.

SPECIES 2 (1 in Korea).

15. Perrinia concinna (A. Adams, 1864) (Fig. 15, Pl. 15) Kko-ma-ba-wi-go-dung (꼬마바위고둥)

Turcica concinna A. Adams, 1863, p. 508; Pilsbry, 1889a, p. 415. Perrinia concinna: Habe, 1977, p. 7, pl. 4, fig. 2; Ito, 1990, p. 85; Higo et al., 1999, p. 53; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 59, pl. 29, fig. 22; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97.

Shell small, medium-sized, thin but not solid, high-conical, turbinate, length longer than width. Whorls about 7-8, slightly convex or flat with deeply channeled sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl weakly inflated and rather large, occupying about 68% of shell height, and periphery Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Perrinia 41

Fig. 15. Perrinia concinna. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm. markedly angulate, with especially prominent peripheral rib. Shell with moderately narrow apical angle, about 65 degrees. Spire moderately high and conical, about 32% total height of shell. Proto- conch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, light brown, with pointed apex. Base of shell moderately inflated, with 6 reticulated spiral ribs. Pattern of dark brown dots, especially strong at base of whorl. Sculpture of crossed shallow spiral and axial cords forming pattern of squared nodules, weaker on spire and disappearing at apex. Aperture round, tinted with yellowish-white, finely sulcate, reflecting exterior sculpture. Outer lip short, moderately thin, grooved inside and basally crenulated. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella straight, with thickened margin and U- shaped groove at base. Umbilicus absent. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown, cor- 42 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II neous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 8 mm, width 6 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Sandy substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 30-300 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Philippines. KOREA: GN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Daepo, Gyeongsangnam-do: 18.iv.2005).

Subfamily Calliotropinae Hickman and Mclean, 1990 Jul-ba-wi-go-dung-a-gwa (줄바위고둥아과)

Shell small to medium-sized, conical, thin but solid, sometimes fragile, with spinose spiral ribs. Aperture round; umbilicus closed. On sand bottom from low intertidal zone to 50-400 m. This subfamily consists of only one genus (Ginebis) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2008). Williams et al. (2008) regard this subfamily as a synonym of family Chilodontidae.

Genus Ginebis Is. Taki and Otsuka, 1943 Ga-si-jul-ba-wi-go-dung-sok (가시줄바위고둥속)

Shell medium (up to 40 mm in height, 30 mm in width), high-conical in shape. Outer surface with spinulose spiral cords. Periphery of body whorl moderately round. Umbilicus absent. This genus consists of only one species (G. crumpii) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002ab). Type species: Trochus argenteonitens Lischke, 1872.

SPECIES 8 (1 in Korea).

16. Ginebis crumpii (Pilsbry, 1893)(Fig. 16, Pl. 16) Ga-si-jul-ba-wi-go-dung (가시줄바위고둥)

Calliostoma crumpii Pilsbry, 1893, p. 105, pl. 2, fig. 3. Bathybembix crumpii: Kira, 1977, p. 12, pl. 6, fig. 3; Abbott and Dance, 1999, p. 35. Bathybembix (Ginebis) crumpii: Okada (ed.), 1967, p. 27; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 46, 165; Ito, 1989, p. 43, pl. 1, fig. 1. Ginebis crumpii: Higo et al., 1999, p. 54; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 61, pl. 30, fig. 30; Lee and Min, 2002b, p. 105, fig. 1. Lischkeia crumpii: Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 31. Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Ginebis 43

Fig. 16. Ginebis crumpii. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

Shell small and medium sized, thin and fragile, high-conical, turbinate, length longer than width. Whorls about 8, slightly convex with deeply channeled sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl weakly inflated and rather large, occupying about 70% of shell height; periphery acutely rounded. Shell with moderately narrow apical angle, about 65 degrees. Spire moderately high and conical, about 31% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, yellowish-white, with pointed apex. Sculpture moderately coarse with nodulated spiral ribs, 3 on body and penultimate whorl. Base of shell moderately inflated, with 5 finely-beaded ribs. Aperture rounded, yellowish-white, reflecting exterior sculpture; outer lip thin, short, weakly crenulated; base of lip round and smooth. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella relative- 44 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II ly straight, thickened with smooth margin. Umbilicus closed and without callus. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 40 mm, width 30 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Fine sandy bottom at depth of 50-400 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, East China Sea. KOREA: GB, GN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (Jangsaengpo, Ulsan: 22.xii.2012); 2 specimens (Gampo, Gyeong- sangbuk-do: 24.vi.2011); 1 specimen (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 24.vi.2004).

Subfamily Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 Jin-ju-bam-go-dung-a-gwa (진주밤고둥아과)

Shell small to-medium-sized, conical, thin and somewhat fragile, smooth and polished. Aperture round; umblicus narrow. In seaweed on rocky shores, from low intertidal to depth of about 10 m. This subfamily consists of only one genus (Margarites) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a). Williams et al., (2008) regards Margaritinae as a subfamily of Turbinidae.

Genus Margarites Gray, 1847 Jin-ju-bam-go-dung-sok (진주밤고둥속)

Shell small (up to 8 mm in height, 10 mm in width), low or high-conical. Surface smooth and polished. Periphery of body whorl round. Umbilicus narrow and shallow. This genus consists of only one species (M. (M.) helicinus pilsbryi) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Trochus helicinus Fabricius, 1780.

SPECIES 13 (1 in Korea).

17. Margarites (Margarites) helicinus pilsbryi (Kuroda and Habe, 1952) (Fig. 17, Pl. 17) Buk-bang-ban-jil-i-go-dung (북방반질이고둥)

Margarites pilsbryi Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 65; Kantor and Sysoev, 2006, p. 34, pl. 13 G. Margarites helicinus pilsbryi: Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 42, 175; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 61, pl. 30, fig. 32. Margarites (Margarites) helicinus pilsbryi: Higo et al., 1999, p. 54; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97. Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Margarites 45

Fig. 17. Margarites helicinus pilsbryi. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm.

Shell small to medium-sized, thin and somewhat fragile, low rounded-conical, turbinate, width usually greater than length. Whorls about 5-6, inflated, convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 82% of shell height; periphery regularly rounded. Shell with wide apical angle, about 85 degrees. Spire relatively low and conical, about 17% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, grayish-white, with eroded apex. Base of shell inflated and smooth. Variable in colour and pattern, usually light brown, yellowish brown, orange, or grayish white. Shell surface smooth and polished with fine growth lines. Aperture round, glossy reddish-brown; outer lip, short, thin, and smooth; base of lip round and smooth. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella relatively round, thick and smooth, and weakly reflexed in umbilical area. Umbilicus narrow and deep. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown, corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus. 46 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

SIZE: Height 6.3 mm, width 9.2 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Intertidal to upper subtidal zone, on sand bottom among seaweed. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Kurile Islands. KOREA: GW, GB. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 12 specimens (Geojin, Gangwon-do: 20.iii.2000, 2.v.2002); 5 specimens(Dae- jin, Gangwon-do: 27.xi.1996); 2 specimens (Jumunjin, Gangwon-do: 4.iv.1996); 3 specimens (Juk- byeon, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 5.ii.1998). REMARKS: Also known as Margarites pilsbryi Kuroda and Habe, 1952 (WoRMS, 2014).

Subfamily Trochinae Rafinesque, 1815 Bam-go-dung-a-gwa (밤고둥아과)

Shell small to medium, thick and solid with tubular spiral ribs, rough sculpture. Outer lip thick with columellar tooth, Umbilicus open and narrow. Rocky shores, from low intertidal to subtidal. This subfamily consists of genera Trochus and Clanculus in Korea.

Key to the genera of subfamily Trochinae

1. Periphery of whorls angulated, with prominent tubular nodules ····································Trochus - Periphery of whorls rounded, with granular nodules ··················································Clanculus

Genus Trochus Linnaeus, 1758 Bam-go-dung-sok (밤고둥속)

Shell medium (up to 25 mm in height, 30 mm in width), high-conical. Surface with tubular or nodulose spiral cords. Umbilicus narrow and shallow. This genus consists of one subgenus (Trochus) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Trochus maculates Linnaeus, 1758.

SPECIES 8 (1 in Korea).

Subgenus Trochus Linnaeus, 1758 Bam-go-dung-a-sok (밤고둥아속)

Periphery of body whorl and upper sutures with tubular nodule. Umbilicus narrow and shallow. This subgenus consists of only one species (T.(T.) sacellum rota) in Korea (Choe and Park, 1997; Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Trochus 47

18. Trochus (Trochus) sacellum rota Dunker, 1860 (Fig. 18, Pl. 18) Ba-kwi-bam-go-dung (바퀴밤고둥)

Trochus rota Dunker, 1860, p. 238; Dunker, 1861, p. 21, pl. 3, fig. 4; Lischke, 1869b, p. 94, pl. 6, figs. 20, 21; Pilsbry, 1889a, p. 35, figs. 76, 77; Hirase, 1941, p. 35, pl. 65, fig. 5; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 63, pl. 31, fig. 41. Trochus sacellum Philippi, 1854, p. 309, pl. 44, fig. 13 (cited from Kuroda et al.,1971); Yoo, 1959, p. 29. Polydonta (Infundibulum) gloriosum Gould, 1861, 8, p. 19; Habe, 1960, p. 28. Trochus spengleri: Lischke, 1869b, p. 93, pl. 6, fig. 19. Polydonta rota: Dunker, 1882, p. 138. Trochus sacellum rota: Kuroda, 1941, p. 75; Kira, 1977, p. 16, pl. 8, fig. 9; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 8, pl. 4, fig. 32; Kira, 1962, p. 13, pl. 9, fig. 9; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54; Kim and Rho, 1971, p. 13; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 60(J), 40(E), pl. 11, fig. 21. Trochus (Trochus) sacellum rota: Higo, 1973, p. 31; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 40; Higo et al.,1999, p. 56;

Fig. 18. Trochus sacellum rota. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm. 48 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 99, fig. 109. Trochus sacellus rota: Okada et al.,1967, p. 33, no. 91; Habe and Okutani, 1975, p. 50, p. 171; Je, 1989, p. 12; Choe, 1992, p. 267, pl. 43, fig. 62; Kwon et al.,1993, p. 243; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92.

Shell medium-sized, solid and heavy, generally high-conical, turbinate, width usually longer than length. Whorls about 10, flat-sided, with shallow suture, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl rather large, occupying about 55% of shell height, and periphery markedly angulate. Shell with moderately wide apical angle, about 70 degrees. Spire generally high-conical, about 40% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, with coiled red lines, and pointed apex. Base of shell completely flat, with many low spiral grooves. Shell variable in color and pattern, usually with white blotches alternating with red base color, blotches usually larger on body whorl. Sculp- ture very coarse with about 20 axial knobs and irregular spiral rows of nodules, gradually disappearing toward apex. Aperture rhomboidal, broader than high. Outer lip thin at periphery, short, moderately smooth inside, Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella obliquely straight, with thickened margin and nodule at base. Umbilicus narrow and deep, surrounded by white callus, about 15% width of shell. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown, corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 26 mm, width 31 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Coarse gravel substrate from intertidal to subtidal zones. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Indo-Pacific. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 5 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 20.i.2011); 8 specimens (Sagaeri, Jeju-do: 29.vi.2010); 1 specimen (Bukchon, Jeju-do: 20.i.2011).

Genus Clanculus Montfort, 1810 Bo-seok-go-dung-sok (보석고둥속)

Shell small (up to 10 mm in height), low-conical in shape. Surface with axial and spiral cords. Pe- riphery of body whorl round. Umbilicus narrow and shallow. This genus consists of two subgenera (Clanculus and Mesoclanculus) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Trochus pharaonius Linnaeus, 1758.

SPECIES 9 (3 in Korea).

Key to the subgenera of genus Clanculus

1. Whorls weakly inflated, with shallow spiral grooves ···················································Clanculus - Whorls inflated, with deep spiral grooves ·····························································Mesoclanculus Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Clanculus 49

Subgenus Clanculus Montfort, 1810 Bo-seok-go-dung-a-sok (보석고둥아속)

Shell conical in shape, spire whorls flattened. Granular spiral cords with few spiral grooves. This subgenus consists of only one species (C. (Clanculus) margaritarius) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004).

19. Clanculus (Clanculus) margaritarius Philippi, 1846 (Fig. 19, Pl. 19) Bo-seok-go-dung (보석고둥)

Monodonta margaritaria Philippi, 1846, p. 100. Trochus margaritaria: Philippi, 1852, p. 74, pl. 14, fig. 4 (cited from Kuroda et al., 1971). Trochus (Clanculus) margaritarius: Pilsbry, 1889a, p. 68, pl. 13, fig. 90. Clanculus margaritarius: A. Adams, 1853b, p. 159; Dunker, 1882, p. 139; Kuroda, 1928, p. 25; Hirase, 1941, p. 36, pl. 66, fig. 3; Kuroda, 1941, p. 75; Habe and Okutani, 1975, p. 45, p. 242; Kira, 1977, p. 16, pl. 8, fig. 3; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 8; Oyama, 1959b, Clanculus(1), figs. 14-16; Kira, 1962, p. 13, pl. 9, fig. 3; Okada et al., 1967, p. 31, no. 81; Inaba, 1982, p. 78; Je, 1989, p. 12; Choe, 1992, p. 250, pl. 34, fig. 44; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 246; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 4; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 63, pl. 32, fig. 47; Wu, 2003, p. 39; Qi et al., 2004, p. 18, pl. 008 E. Clanculus (Clanculus) margaritarius: Oyama, 1973, p. 14, pl. 2, fig. 7; Higo et al., 1999, p. 57; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 99, fig. 109.

Shell small to medium-sized, solid and heavy, high-conical, turbinate, width usually longer than length. Whorls about 7, flat to slightly convex with deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl occupying about 88% of shell height; periphery acutely rounded. Shell with moderately wide apical angle, about 75 degrees. Spire relatively high-conical, about 30% total height of shell. Proto- conch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, light red, with pointed apex. Base of shell moderately inflated, with 7-8 beaded spiral ribs. Shell variable in colour and pattern, with blackish and white spots on yellowish-brown base color, spots more widely spaced on base. Sculpture of whorls with numerous, closely-spaced, beaded spiral ribs and closely-spaced oblique growth lines. Aperture roughly quadrate, nacreous, finely sulcate. Outer lip thickened and grooved inside; short, with crenulated outer edge. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella thick with 3 strong teeth and without nodule at base. Umbilicus narrow and shallow, surrounded by white callus, about 10% width of shell. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown, corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 14 mm, width 16 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines. HABITAT: Coarse gravel and gravel substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Tropical Western Pacific. KOREA: JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (Dumunpo, Jeju: 19.i.2011); 2 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 2.x. 2006); 3 specimens (Sagaeri, Jeju-do: 5.x.2006); 2 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 6.iv.2006). 50 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Fig. 19. Clanculus margaritarius. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

Subgenus Mesoclanculus Iredale, 1924 Kkok-gi-go-dung-a-sok (꼭지고둥아속)

Shell low-conical in shape. Spire inflated with deep sutures. Surface with nodulated spiral cords and well-defined spiral grooves. This genus consists of two species: (C. (Mesoclanculus) denticulatus and C. (M.) microdon) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004).

Key to the species of subgenus Mesoclanculus

1. Surface of shell covered with regular nodules, with deep spiral grooves····································· ·····································································································C. (Mesoclanculus) denticulatus - Surface of shell dark, covered with irregular nodules ·······················C. (Mesoclanculus) microdon Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Clanculus 51

20. Clanculus (Mesoclanculus) denticulatus (Gray, 1827)(Fig. 20, Pl. 20) I-ppal-ul-ta-ri-go-dung (이빨울타리고둥)

Monodonta denticulata Gray, 1827, p. 479; Pilsbry, 1889a, p. 119. Clanculus denticulatus: Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 46; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 65, pl. 32, fig. 52. Clanculus (Mesoclanculus) denticulatus: Habe, 1964, p. 16, pl. 6, fig. 3; Habe and Okutani, 1975, p. 45, p. 235; Habe, 1977, p. 11, pl. 6, fig. 3; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 246; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 42; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 91; Higo et al., 1999, p. 57; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Wu, 2003, p. 38; Min et al., 2004, p. 99, fig. 111; Qi et al., 2004, p. 18, pl. 008 D.

Shell small to medium-sized, solid and heavy, low conical, turbinate, width usually longer than length. Whorls about 6-7, convex, slightly stepped, with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 70% of shell height; periphery well- rounded. Shell with wide apical angle, about 95 degrees. Spire low-conical, about 18% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, light red, with pointed apex. Base of

Fig. 20. Clanculus denticulatus. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm. 52 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II shell moderately inflated, with 6-7 low, granular, spiral ribs. Shell uniformly yellowish-brown. Each whorl with 5 granular spiral ribs; body whorl with radially arranged granular spiral ribs with deep spiral grooves. Aperture roughly quadrate, sulcate, glossy white; outer lip relatively short, thickened, and grooved inside with crenulated outer edge. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella relatively straight with slightly- thickened margin, and without nodule at base; nodules at upper and lower side. Umbilicus narrow and deep, surrounded by 7-8 small white nodules, about 18% width of shell. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown, corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 11.5 mm, width 14 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Western Australia. HABITAT: Rock and rubble substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 50 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China, tropical Western Pacific, Australia. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 20.i.2011); 2 specimens (Sagaeri, Jeju-do: 27.i.2012); 1 specimen (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 20.ix.2012); 2 specimens (Seopzicozi, Jeju-do: 20.i.2011). REMARKS: C. denticulatus very similar to C. microdon. However, spire low, with regular turbercle, and wide spiral grooves than C. microdon.

21. Clanculus (Mesoclanculus) microdon A. Adams, 1853b (Fig. 21, Pl. 21) Ppala-gang-kkok-gi-go-dung (빨강꼭지고둥)

Clanculus microdon A. Adams, 1851, p. 162. Trochus microdon: Pilsbry, 1889a, pl. 13, figs. 91, 92. Clanculus microdon ater Pilsbry, 1901a, p. 200; Hirase, 1941, p. 36, pl. 66, fig. 5; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 8; Oyama, 1959b, Clanculus(2), figs. 10, 11. Clanculus (Mesoclanculus) microdon ater: Habe, 1964, p. 15, pl. 6, fig. 2. Mesoclanculus ater: Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 52(J), 35(E), pl. 11, fig. 2; Higo, 1973, p. 28; Choe, 1992, p. 251, pl. 34, fig. 45a, b; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 158, pl. 6, fig. 4. Clanculus (Euclanculus) microdon ater: Oyama, 1973, p. 15, pl. 3, fig. 15. Clanculus (Mesoclanculus) ater: Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 45, 202; Habe, 1977, p. 11, pl. 6, fig. 2; Je, 1989, p. 12; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 246. Clanculus (Mesoclanculus) microdon: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 42; Higo et al., 1999, p. 57; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 101, fig. 112. Clanculus microdon: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 65, pl. 32, fig. 51.

Shell small to medium-sized, solid and heavy, high-conical, turbinate, width usually longer than length. Whorls about 7, convex, slightly stepped, with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl occupying about 75% of shell height, and periphery regularly rounded. Shell with wide apical angle, about 90 degrees. Spire relatively high conical, about 24% total height. Protoconch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, light red, with pointed apex. Base of shell moderately inflated, with 6-7 low spiral ribs and axial threads forming low nodules. Shell uniformly dark brown in color; body whorl and base usually with irregular white spots. Surface of shell modera- Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Clanculus 53

Fig. 21. Clanculus microdon. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

tely coarse with numerous spiral rows of irregularly-sized nodules; each whorl with 5-7 granular spiral ribs. Spiral grooves shallow, with irregular growth lines. Aperture roughly quadrate, finely sulcate, glossy white, reflecting exterior sculpture. Outer lip relatively short, moderately thickened, grooved inside, with crenulated outer edge. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Colu- mella relatively straight with slightly-thickened margin and with nodules at upper and lower sides. Umbilicus narrow and deep, surrounded by small white nodules about 20% width of shell. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown, corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus.

SIZE: Height 13 mm, width 15 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: None designated. HABITAT: Rock and rubble substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 30 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. 54 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

KOREA: JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (Geomundo, Jeollanam-do: 6.xi.2006); 2 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 20.i.2011); 1 specimen (Sagaeri, Jeju-do: 27.i.2012).

Subfamily Gibbulinae Stoliczka, 1868 Ba-wi-go-dung-a-gwa (바위고둥아과)

Shell small to medium, conical or roundly-conical in shape, not thick and solid. Surface smooth or with spiral ribs. Outer lip moderately thin and may possess a columellar tooth. Umbilicus generally absent. On rocky shores, from low intertidal zone to subtidal. This subfamily consists of genera Fossarina, Monodonta, and Diloma in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a). Williams et al., 2010 have divided this subfamily into two separate subfamilies: Fossarininae and Monodontinae.

Key to the genera of subfamily Gibbulinae

1. Surface of shell smooth, umbilicus present ···································································Fossarina - Surface of shell with spiral ribs, umbilicus absent ······················································Monodonta

Genus Fossarina A. Adams and Angas, 1864 Gu-reum-mu-ni-kko-ma-go-gung-sok (구름무늬꼬마고둥속)

Shell small (up to 3mm in height, 4 mm in width), low-conical in shape. Surface smooth and polished. Periphery of body whorl rounded. Umbilicus narrow and shallow. In Korea this genus consists of only one species (F. picta) (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Williams et al., 2010 have erected a separate subfamily, Fossarininae, for this genus. Type species: Fossarina patula A. Adams and Angas, 1864.

SPECIES 1 (1 in Korea).

22. Fossarina picta A. Adams, 1867 (Fig. 22, Pl. 22) Huin-gu-reum-mu-nui-kko-ma-go-gung (흰구름무늬꼬마고둥)

Fossarina picta A. Adams, 1867, p. 312, pl. xix., fig. 26; Leighton, 1902, p. 317; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 42, 230; Habe, 1977, p. 8, pl. 4, fig. 22; Higo et al., 1999, p. 58; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., p. 101, fig. 114.

Shell small, thin but solid, globose, width usually longer than length. Whorls about 3, convex, slightly stepped with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Body whorl inflated Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Fossarina 55

Fig. 22. Fossarina picta. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm.

and rather large, occupying about 83% of shell height; periphery rounded. Shell with wide apical angle, about 110 degrees. Spire low-conical, about 17% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 0.5 mm in diameter, grayish white or brown, with pointed apex. Base of shell weakly inflated and smooth. Outside of shell variable in color and pattern, usually with white spots or transverse stripes on each whorl. Surface of shell smooth with fine growth lines. Umbilical area tinted with white; surrounding area brown; umbilicus narrow and deep. Aperture rounded, glossy white. Outer lip thin, short, and circular. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella curved and smooth. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown, corneous, nearly circular, with many coils and a central nucleus. 56 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

SIZE: Height 2 mm, width 3.5 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Intertidal on rocks, among oysters, barnacles, and seaweed. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 14 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 22.iv.1988; 15.ix.1998; 17.x.1998; 18.ix.2001); 6 specimens (Daepo, Gyeongsangnam-do: 4.ix.1998).

Genus Monodonta Lamarck, 1799 Ul-ta-ri-go-dung-sok (울타리고둥속)

Shell medium (up to 25 mm in height, 23 mm in width), moderately high-conical. Surface with axial cords. Periphery of body whorl round, with collumella tooth and umbilicus absent. This genus consists of three subgenera (Monodonta, Neomonodonta, and Diloma) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Williams et al. 2010 have placed this genus in Monodontinae, and also regard Diloma as a separate genus. Type species: Trochus labio Linnaeus, 1758.

SPECIES 8 (5 in Korea).

Key to the subgenera of genus Monodonta

1. Surface of shell with distinct sculpture, not polished··················································Monodonta - Surface of shell smooth and polished ····································································Neomonodonta

Subgenus Monodonta Lamarck, 1799 Ul-ta-ri-go-dung-a-sok (울타리고둥아속)

Shell ovate with spiral cords smooth or resembling a brick wall. Collumella with strong tooth. This subgenus consists of two species (M. (Monodonta) labio confusa and M. (Monodonta) australis) in Korea (Choe, 1992; Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004).

Key to the species of subgenus Monodonta

1. Spiral cords with distinct quadrilateral nodules·······························M. (Monodonta) labio confusa - Spiral cords smooth or with non-distinct quadrilateral nodules·············M. (Monodonta) australis Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Monodonta 57

23. Monodonta (Monodonta) labio confusa Tapparone-Canefri, 1874 (Fig. 23, Pl. 23) Gae-ul-ta-ri-go-dung (개울타리고둥)

Monodonta confusa Tapparone-Canefri, 1874, p. 165, pl. 1, fig. 8. Monodonta (Monodonta) labio confusa: Higo, 1973, p. 25; Choe, 1992, p. 245, pl. 31, fig. 39a, b; Higo et al., 1999, p. 58; Choe et al., 1999, p. 27; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 101, fig. 112; Kil et al., 2005, p. 34. Monodonta labio forma confusa: Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 155; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 38; Okutani et

Fig. 23. Monodonta labio confuse. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm. 58 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

al., 2000, p. 65, pl. 33, fig. 58; Wu, 2003, p. 42; Wu and Lee, 2005, p. 191, fig. 106. Monodonta labio confusa: Habe and Okutani, 1975, p. 48, p. 165; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 244; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92.

Shell small, medium-sized, solid and heavy, low-conical, turbinate, length longer than width. Whorls about 7, slightly rounded, with shallow sutures increasing more gradually in size. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 85% of shell height, and periphery regularly rounded. Shell with moderately wide apical angle, about 85 degrees. Spire whorls flat-sided or slightly convex, spire relatively low and conical, about 15% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1.5 mm in diameter, grayish-white, with pointed apex. Base of shell moderately inflated, with 6-7 low spiral ribs. Shell variable in color and pattern, usually spotted with yellowish-brown, yellowish- green, occasionally with white stripes. Surface with spiral cords of irregular, rectangular nodules; narrow spiral grooves on whorls; cords tightly abutted. Penultimate whorl with 4-5 irregular spiral ribs; most of apex eroded. Aperture rounded, relatively short, finely sulcate, glossy white, reflecting exterior sculpture. Outer lip moderately thickened and grooved inside, with crenulated outer edge. Columella and margin of outer lip almost in same plane. Columella obliquely straight, with thickened margin and columellar tooth at base. Umbilicus absent, with narrow indentation in umbilical area. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 26 mm, width 23 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Australia. HABITAT: Rock and gravel substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China. KOREA: GG, GW, GN, JN, JJ, CN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 34 specimens (Dongsan harbor, Kangweon-do; 4.xii.2005); 28 specimens (Seoktaedo, Chungcheonnam-do: 23.v.2011); 40 specimens (Sinyari, Chungcheonnam-do: 26.i.2012); 196 specimens (Donamdong, Gyeongsangnam-do: 26.vi.2010; 21.x.2010; 24.viii.2012); 21 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 19.i.2011); 34 specimens (Sagaeri, Jeju-do: 5.x.2006: 29.vi.2010); 24 specimens (Buk- chon, Jeju-do: 20.i.2011).

24. Monodonta (Monodonta) australis Lamarck, 1822a (Fig. 24, Pl. 24) Nam-bang-ul-ta-ri-go-dung (남방울타리고둥)

Monodonta australis: Lamarck, 1822a, p. 35, no.11; Pilsbry, 1889, p. 88, pl. 62, figs. 84, 85; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 68; Habe and Okutani, 1975, p. 48, p. 196; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 245; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 65, pl. 33, fig. 59. Monodonta (Monodonta) australis: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 38; Higo et al., p. 58; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 101, fig. 116.

Shell small, medium sized, solid and heavy, low-conical, turbinate, and length longer than width. Whorls about 7, slightly convex with shallow sutures, increasing more gradually in size. Shell with moderately wide apical angle, about 80 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 83% of shell height, and periphery regularly rounded. Spire relatively low conical, about 17% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1.5 mm in diameter, grayish white, with eroded Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Monodonta 59

Fig. 24. Monodonta (Monodonta) australis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

apex. Base of shell moderately inflated, with 6-7 low spiral ribs or grooves. Shell variable in colour and pattern, usually with black and white spots. Surface of shell coarse with smooth spiral cords or irregular, indistinct, rectangular nodules. Spiral grooves between cords narrow; cords tightly abutted. Penultimate whorl with 4-5 irregular cords; apex mainly eroded. Aperture rounded, relatively short, finely sulcate, glossy white, reflecting exterior sculpture. Outer lip moderately thickened, grooved inside with crenulated outer edge. Columella and margin of outer lip almost parallel. Columella obliquely straight, with thickened margin and columellar tooth at base. Umbilicus absent, with slight indentation in umbilical area. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown. 60 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

SIZE: Height 20 mm, width 15 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Australia. HABITAT: Intertidal on rocks or gravel. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Southern Japan, Indo-West Pacific. KOREA: GN, JN, JJ, CN, GG. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 6 specimens (Seopori, Incheon: 27.v.2011); 12 specimens (Seoktaedo, Chung- cheonnam-do: 23.v.2011); 15 specimens (Taean, Chungcheonnam-do: 14.vii.2006); 8 specimens (Sam- bong, Chungcheonnam-do: 15.vii.2006); 28 specimens (Namhae, Gyeongsangnam-do: 21.vii.2012 ); 21 specimens (Goheung, Jeollannam-do: 25.v.2004); 54 specimens (Sagyeri, Jeju-do: 29.vi.2010; 19.i. 2011); 32 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 29.vi.2010); 24 specimens (Jeju harbor, Jeju-do: 18.i.2011).

Genus Neomonodonta Kuroda, Habe and Oyama, 1971 Gak-si-go-dung-a-sok (각시고둥아속)

Shell ovate, outer surface smooth, with closely-spaced spiral threads. Collumella wide, with basal tooth. This subgenus consists of two species: (M. (Neomonodonta) neritoides and M. (Neomonodonta) perplexa perplexa) in Korea (Choe, 1992; Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004).

Key to the species of genus Neomonodonta

1. Body whorl length less than 85% in shell length; spire high ············M. (Neomonodonta) neritoides - Body whorl length more than 90% shell length; spire low ····M. (Neomonodonta) perplexa perplexa

25. Monodonta (Neomonodonta) neritoides (Philippi, 1850) (Fig. 25, Pl. 25) Gak-si-go-dung (각시고둥)

Trochus neritoides Philippi, 1850, p. 170; Lischke, 1871, p. 87. Monodonta neritoides: Pilsbry, 1889a, p. 106, pl. 34, figs. 20-22; Shiba, 1934, p. 17; Kira, 1977, p. 13, pl. 7, fig. 7; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 7; Lee, 1956a, p. 4; Lee, 1956b, p. 65; Yamamoto and Habe, 1962, p. 9, pl. 3, fig. 20; Kira, 1962, p. 10, pl. 8, fig. 7; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54; Chen et al., 1980, p. 60; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 67, pl. 33, fig. 61; Qi et al., 2004, p. 23, pl. 009 C. Monodonta (Melagraphia) neritoides: Hirase, 1941, p. 36, pl. 66, fig. 10. Diloma (Melagraphia) neritoides: Kuroda, 1941, p. 74. Monodonta (Neomonodonta) neritoides: Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 12, pl. 5, fig. 2; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 48, 201; Okada et al., 1967, p. 31, no. 83; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 47(J), 32(E), pl. 11, figs. 17, 18; Higo, 1973, p. 25; Yoo, 1976, p. 47, pl. 5, fig. 7; Inaba, 1982, p. 77; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 157, pl. 6, fig. 1, pl. 17, figs. 1, 2; Je, 1989, p. 11; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 67; Choe, 1992, p. 247, pl. 32, fig. 41; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 244; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 38; Higo et al., 1999, p. 58; Choe et al., 1999, p. 27; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 101, fig. 118.

Shell small or medium-sized, solid and heavy, low globular, turbinate, with width usually longer Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Monodonta 61

Fig. 25. Monodonta (Neomonodonta) neritoides. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

than length. Whorls about 5, inflated, gradually rounded with shallow suture, increasing gradually in size. Shell with wide apical angle, about 105 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 86% of shell height, and periphery regularly rounded. Spire very low and conical, about 14% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 0.5 mm in diameter, blackish-red, with eroded apex. Shell variable in color, usually dark gray or dark green, usually with white radial band. Sur- face of shell smooth and polished. Base of shell moderately inflated, 7-8 spiral threads. Surface moderately smooth, with oblique, fine growth lines and many white dots, and numerous tightly-abutted spiral threads. Penultimate whorl with weak axial ribs; apex mostly eroded. Aperture ovate, glossy white with inner side reflecting exterior sculpture. Outer lip moderately thin and grooved inside, relatively long, outer edge smooth with weakly sulcate basal lip. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella relatively round, with thickened margin and U-shaped groove at 62 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II base. Umbilicus absent; umbilical area surrounded with white callus.

SIZE: Height 19 mm, width 21 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: None designated. HABITAT: Intertidal on rocks or gravel. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China. KOREA: GW, GB, GN, JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 54 specimens (Ayajin, Gangwon-do: 12.xi.2011); 58 specimens (Okgye, Gang- won-do: 7.iv.2012); 43 specimens (Jangho, Gangwon-do: 21.vi.2012); 54 specimens (Chilpori, Gyeong- sangbuk-do: 9.xii.2006); 57 specimens (Yeonamdong, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 21.v.2012); 50 specimens (Mondol beach, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 20.v.2005); 23 specimens (Songjeongri, Gyeongsangnam-do: 18.iv.2005); 54 specimens(Dolsan, Jeollanam-do:4.vii.2011); 11 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 3.ii.2007).

26. Monodonta (Neomonodonta) perplexa perplexa Pilsbry, 1889 (Fig. 26, Pl. 26) Kkam-jang-gak-si-go-dung (깜장각시고둥)

Monodonta perplexa Pilsbry, 1889, p. 107, pl. 35, figs. 6-8; Kira, 1977, p. 13, pl. 7, fig. 6; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 7; Kira, 1962, p. 10, pl. 8, fig. 6; Lee, 1956b, p. 66; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54; Kim and Rho, 1971, p. 13; Yoo, 1976, p. 47; Lai, 1986, p. 15, pl. 7, fig. 4; Choe and KIm, 1988, p. 156; Je, 1989, p. 11; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Wu and Lee, 2005, p. 191, fig. 105. Monodonta (Neomonodonta) perplexa: Higo, 1973, p. 26; Habe and Okutani, 1975, p. 48, p. 198; Inaba, 1982, p. 77; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 68; Choe, 1992, p. 246, pl. 32, fig. 40; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 244; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 38; Choe et al, 1999, p. 29; Kil et al., 2005, p. 34. Monodonta perplexa perplexa: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 67, pl. 33, fig. 62. Monodonta (Neomonodonta) perplexa perplexa: Higo et al., 1999, p. 58; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 103, fig. 119.

Shell small to medium-sized, thick and solid, low globular; turbinate, width usually longer than length. Whorls about 4-5, gradually rounded with moderately deep sutures, increasing more gradually in size. Shell with wide apical angle, about 110 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 94% of shell height, and periphery acutely rounded. Spire very low-conical to bluntly-conical, about 6% total height of shell. Protoconch very small, less than 0.5 mm in diameter, blackish-red, with eroded apex. Base of shell moderately inflated, with 5-6 spiral threads Shell usually reddish-brown or greenish-brown with spiral threads bearing grayish white dots. Surface of shell moderately smooth and glossy, with spiral threads and oblique, thin growth lines. Penul- timate whorl with weak axial ribs, and may be partly eroded exposing nacreous layer and weak growth lines. Aperture ovate, glossy white, reflecting exterior sculpture. Outer lip thin and grooved inside, relatively long, outer edge moderately smooth. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella relatively round, with a thickened margin and U- shaped groove at base. Umbil- icus absent and surrounded by white callus. Operculum characteristic of family.

SIZE: Height 14 mm, width 19 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Cantharidus 63

Fig. 26. Monodonta (Neomonodonta) perplexa perplexa. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

HABITAT: Intertidal on rocks or gravel. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China. KOREA: GW, GB, GN, JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (Yeonamdong, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 21.viii.2012); 14 specimens (Jangho, Gangwon-do: 21.vi.2012); 15 specimens (Daejindong, Gangwon-do: 5.viii.2012); 25 specimens (Cilpori, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 9.xii.2006); 22 specimens (Songjeongri, Gyeongsangnam-do: 18. iv.2005); 11 specimens (Dolsan, Jeollanam-do: 4.vii.2011).

Subfamily Cantharidinae Cotton, 1959 Eol-ruk-go-dung-a-gwa (얼룩고둥아과)

Shell small to-medium, spire high and conical in shape, thin but solid. Surface smooth. Outer lip 64 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II moderately thin; columella straight. Umbilicus moderately narrow, or with indentation in umbilical area. In seaweed on rocky shores, from low in intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. This subfamily consists of three genera: Cantharidus, Komaitrochus, and Alcyna in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a).

Key to the genera of subfamily Cantharidinae

1. Periphery of body whorl rounded, with strong columellar tooth······································Alcyna - Periphery of body whorl angulated, without columellar tooth ·················································2 2. Spire whorls weakly inflated, suture shallow····························································Cantharidus - Spire whorls not inflated, suture deep ····································································Komaitrochus

Genus Cantharidus Montfort, 1810 Eol-ruk-go-dung-sok (얼룩고둥속)

Shell small (up to 15mm in height, 10 mm in width), high-conical in shape. Surface smooth, periphery of body whorl weakly angulated, collumella straight. This genus consists of five species: (C. hirasei, C. japonicus, C. jessoensis, C. callichroa, and C. callichroa bisbalteatus) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Trochus iris Gmelin, 1791.

SPECIES 37 (5 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Cantharidus

1. Body whorl and spire weakly inflated ······················································································2 - Body whorl and spire not inflated ····························································································4 2. Apical angles above 70 degree ··················································································C. jessoensis - Apical angles below 70 degree··································································································3 3. Body whorl round; aperture rounded-quadrate··········································C. callichroa callichroa - Periphery of body whorl weakly angulated, aperture ovate ····················C. callichroa bisbalteatus 4. Suture shallow, with 1 or 2 spiral grooves on surface ················································C. japonicas - Suture deep and without spiral grooves on surface·······················································C. hirasei

27. Cantharidus hirasei (Pilsbry, 1901a)(Fig. 27, Pl. 27) Kko-ma-eol-ruk-go-dung (꼬마얼룩고둥)

Cantharidus (Phasianotrochus) hirasei Pilsbry, 1901a, p. 199; Hirase, 1941, p. 37, pl. 68, fig. 1. Cantharidus hirasei: Pilsbry, 1901b, p. 398, pl. 21, fig. 32; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 7; Habe, 1964, p. 11, pl. 4, fig. 19; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 54(J), 36(E), pl. 12, figs. 11, 12; Higo, 1973, p. 29; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 47, 183; Habe, 1977, p. 8, pl. 4, fig. 19; Inaba, 1982, p. 77; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 158, pl. 6, fig. 5, pl. 17, fig. 3, 4; Je, 1989, p. 11; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 68; Choe, 1992, p. 252, pl. 35, fig. 46; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 39; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 91; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Cantharidus 65

et al., 2004, p. 103, fig. 121; Kil et al., 2005, p. 35.

Shell small, thin but solid, high-conical, length longer than width. Whorls about 7, slightly convex, with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with moderately narrow apical angle, about 55 degrees. Body whorl weakly inflated and rather large, occupying about 60% of shell height, and periphery markedly angulate. Spire high-conical, about 40% total height of shell. Protoconch very small, less than 1 mm in diameter, grayish-white, with pointed apex. Base of shell moderately inflated, with 7-8 low spiral ribs. Shell color usually olive or with continuous

Fig. 27. Cantharidus hirasei. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm. 66 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II pattern of horizontal reddish spots. Surface of shell smooth and somewhat shiny, finely sculptured by 5-6 spiral threads. Penultimate whorl with 3-4 white lines or reddish spots; nacreous layer may be exposed near apex. Aperture rounded-quadrate, glossy white. Outer lip thin and smooth, relatively short. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella straight, with slightly-thickened margin and without nodule at base. Umbilicus absent, with narrow indentation in umbilical area. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 15 mm, width 11 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Intertidal among rocks, on seaweed to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Indo-West Pacific. KOREA: GB, GN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 3 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 24.v.2001); 6 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 17.iii.1998); 28 specimens (Sagaeri, Jeju-do: 19.viii.1999); 15 specimens (Bukchon, Jeju-do: 12.vii.1996); 9 specimens (Udo, Jeollanam-do: 15.xii.1995).

28. Cantharidus japonicus (A. Adams, 1853b) (Fig. 28, Pl. 28) Nam-bang-eol-ruk-go-dung (남방얼룩고둥)

Ziziphinus japonicus A. Adams, 1851, p. 167. Trochus japonicus: Lischke, 1871, p. 170; Lischke, 1874, p. 66. Trochus hilaris Lischke, 1871, p. 41 . Cantharidus (Thalotia) japonicus: Hirase, 1941, p. 37, pl. 68, fig. 2. Cantharidus japonicum: Pilsbry, 1889a. pl. 17, fig. 25. Cantharidus japonicus: Kira, 1977, p. 13, pl. 7, fig. 4; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 7; Lee, 1956a, p. 3; Lee 1956b, p. 65; Kira, 1962, p. 10, pl. 8, fig. 4; Okada et al., 1967, p. 29, no. 73; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 55(J), 36(E), pl. 12, figs. 3-5; Higo, 1973, p. 29; Inaba, 1982, p. 77; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 158, pl. 6, fig. 6, pl. 17, fig. 5; Je, 1989, p. 11; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 68; Choe, 1992, p. 253, pl. 35, fig. 47; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 238; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 39; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 91; Higo et al., 1999, p. 59; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 67, pl. 34, fig. 67; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 103, fig. 121; Kil et al., 2005, p. 35. Cantharidus japonicas japonicas: Habe and Okutani, 1975, p. 47, p. 229. Cantharidus hilaris: Yamamoto and Habe, 1962, p. 9, pl. 2, fig. 6. Cantharidus japonicus forma hilaris: Habe, 1964, p. 11, pl. 4, fig. 21.

Shell small, thin but solid, high conical, width usually longer than length. Whorls about 7-8, flattened or slightly convex with shallow sutures, 1-2 spiral grooves on sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with narrow apical angle, about 45 degrees. Body whorl slightly inflated, occupying about 48% of shell height, and periphery angulate, with 1-2 spiral grooves in lower area. Proto- conch very small, less than 1 mm in diameter, red or black, with pointed apex. Base of shell moderately inflated, with 7-8 spiral grooves. Shell variable in color, usually whitish with irregular axial stripes, or blotches of red or brown. Surface of shell smooth, devoid of spiral and axial sculpture, shiny. Aperture rounded-quadrate, nacreous. Outer lip thin and smooth, relatively short. Colu- Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Cantharidus 67

Fig. 28. Cantharidus japonicas. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm. mella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella straight and smooth, with slightly-thickened margin and without nodule at base. Umbilicus absent, or closed with only narrow indentation in umbilical area. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 16 mm, width 9 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Intertidal to depth of 20 m, on seaweed among rocks. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: GW, GB, GN, JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 13 specimens (Yangyang, Gangwon-do: 7.iv.2012); 7 specimens (Daejindong, 68 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Gangwon-do: 5.viii.2012); 5 specimens (Yeongok, Gangwon-do: 7.iv.2012); 21 specimens(Heunghae, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 9.xii.2006); 50 specimens (Yangpo harbor, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 22.viii.2012); 25 specimens (Songjeong, Gyeongsangnam-do: 18.iv.2005); 11 specimens (Geoje, Gyeongsangnam-do: 4.ix.1998); 48 specimens (Songjeong harbor, Gyeongsangnam-do: 25.vi.2011); 5 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 23.v.2001); 16 specimens(Sagye, Jeju-do: 26.vi.2004); 32 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 24.vi. 2004); 40 specimens (Bukchon, Jeju-do: 21.vii.2011); 38 specimens (Jongdal, Jeju-do: 21.vii.2011).

29. Cantharidus jessoensis (Schrenck, 1863) (Fig. 29, Pl. 29) Dung-geun-ip-eol-ruk-go-dung (둥근입얼룩고둥)

Trocus jessoensis Schrenck, 1863, p. 512.

Fig. 29. Cantharidus jessoensis. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm. Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Cantharidus 69

Gibbula jessoensis: Pilsbry, 1889, p. 222, pl. 37, figs. 23, 24; pl. 40, fig. 43. Cantharidus jessoensis: Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 43; Okada, 1967, p. 29, no. 74; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 47, 175; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 237; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 39; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 91; Higo et al., 1999, p. 59; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 69, pl. 343, fig. 65; Min et al., 2004, p. 103, fig. 123. Cantharidus jessonsis: Je, 1989, p. 11.

Shell small, thin but solid, low to moderately high-conical, length longer than width. Whorls about 7 slightly convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with wide apical angle, about 70 degrees. Body whorl weakly inflated and rather large, occupying about 70% of shell height, and periphery acutely rounded, with 1-2 spiral grooves on lower area. Spire relatively high conical, about 30% total height of shell. Protoconch very small, less than 1 mm in diameter, yellowish-white, with eroded apex. Base of shell moderately inflated, with about 10 spiral threads. Shell variable in color and pattern; irregular, white vertical stripes extending from apex to body whorl with several grayish-white or black horizontal lines. Outer surface of shell smooth and shiny, with about 10 spiral threads on body whorl and 4-8 on penultimate whorl, and with closely-spaced, oblique growth lines. Spiral threads become weaker toward earlier whorls and disappear on apical whorl. Aperture rounded-quadrate, nacreous. Outer lip thin and smooth, relatively short. Colu- mella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella straight and smooth, with slightly-thickened margin and without nodule at base. Umbilicus absent, with only narrow indentation in umbilical area. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 12 mm, width 10 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Intertidal to upper subtidal zone, on seaweed. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Kuril Islands. KOREA: GW, GN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 34 specimens (Yangyang, Gangwon-do: 7.iv.2012); 28 specimens (Daejun- dong, Gangwon-do: 5.viii.2012); 41 specimens (Yeongok, Gangwon-do: 7.iv.2012); 37 specimens (Songjeong, Gyeongsangnam-do: 18.iv.2005); 5 specimens (Geoje, Gyeongsangnam-do: 4.ix.1998); 38 specimens (Daebyeon, Gyeongsangnam-do: 19.x.2011); 21 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 24.vi. 2004); 38 specimens (Jongdal, Jeju-do: 21.vii.2011).

30. Cantharidus callichroa (Philippi, 1850) (Fig. 30, Pl. 30) Eol-ruk-go-dung (얼룩고둥)

Trochus callichroa Philippi, 1849, p. 149. Gibbula callichroa: Hirase, 1941, p. 37, pl. 68, fig. 4. Cantharidus callichroa: Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 7, pl. 4, fig. 29; Lee, 1956a, p. 3; Lee, 1956b, p. 65; Okada et al., 1967, p. 29, no. 75; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 55(J), 37(E), pl. 12, figs. 8-10; Higo, 1973, p. 29; Yoo, 1976, p. 45, pl. 4, figs. 9, 10; Inaba, 1982, p. 77; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 159, pl. 7, fig. 1, pl. 17, fig. 6, pl. 18, fig. 1; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 69; Je, 1989, p. 11; Choe, 1992, p. 254, pl. 36, fig. 48; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 237; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 39; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 91; Higo et al., 1999, p. 59; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 67, pl. 34, fig. 68; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 70 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

97; Min et al., 2004, p. 103, fig. 124; Kil et al., 2005, p. 34. Cantharidus callichroa callichroa: Habe and Okutani, 1975, p. 47, p. 250. Cantharidus callichrous: Wu, 2003, p. 37.

Shell small, thin but solid, generally high-conical, length longer than width. Whorls about 7, slightly convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with moderately narrow apical angle, about 60 degrees. Body whorl weakly inflated and rather large, occupying about 70% of shell height, periphery angulate. Spire relatively high-conical, about 31% total shell height. Protoconch very small, less than 1 mm in diameter, grayish-white, with pointed apex. Base of shell moderately inflated, with over 10 spiral grooves. Shell variable in color and pattern, with grayish

Fig. 30. Cantharidus callichroa. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm. Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Cantharidus 71 white, reddish-brown, or yellowish-brown base color, and radial white spots, or indistinct brown blotches. Outer surface of shell smooth and shiny, with about 10 spiral lines on body whorl and 4- 6 on penultimate whorl; lines weaker on spire whorls and disappearing near apex. Aperture rounded-quadrate, nacreous. Outer lip thin and smooth. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella straight and smooth, with slightly-thickened margin and without nodule at the base. Um- bilicus absent with narrow indentation in umbilical area. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 14 mm, width 10 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: None designated. HABITAT: In seaweed on coarse gravel and gravel substrate, from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: GW, GB, GN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 23 specimens (Namhae, Gyeongsangnam-do: 18.iv.2005); 43 specimens(Dae- po harbor, Gyeongsangnam-do: 4.ix.1998); 28 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 24.vi.2004).

31. Cantharidus callichroa bisbalteatus (Pilsbry, 1901a)(Fig. 31, Pl. 31) Du-jul-eol-ruk-go-dung (두줄얼룩고둥)

Trochus bisbalteatus Pilsbry, 1901a, p. 199; Pilsbry, 1901b, p. 398, pl. 21, fig. 33. Cantharidus bisbalteatus: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 67, pl. 34, fig. 69. Cantharidella callichroa bisbalteata: Yamamoto and Habe, 1962, p. 8, pl. 2, fig. 5; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 17, pl. 6, fig. 11; Higo, 1973, p. 29; Habe, 1977, p. 8, pl. 4, fig. 18; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 159, pl. 7, fig. 2, pl. 18, figs. 2, 3; Je, 1989, p. 11; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 69; Choe, 1992, p. 255, pl. 36, fig. 49; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 91; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 97; Min et al., 2004, p. 103, fig. 125. Cantharidella callichroa bisbalteata: Okada, 1967, p. 29. Cantharidus callichroa forma bisbalteata: Habe, 1964, p. 11, pl. 4, fig. 18; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 39; Wu and Lee, 2005, p. 191, fig. 102.

Shell small, thin but solid, generally high-conical, length longer than width. Whorls about 7, slightly inflated, slightly convex with moderately deep sutures, fine spiral groove above suture, increasing gradually in size. Shell with narrow apical angle, about 55 degrees. Body whorl slightly inflated and rather large, occupying about 88% of shell height, and periphery dull-angulate. Spire relatively high-conical, about 27% total height of shell. Protoconch very small, less than 1 mm in diameter, grayish-brown, with pointed apex. Base of shell moderately inflated, with many wide spiral grooves. Shell variable in color and pattern: mainly reddish-brown, or yellowish-brown base color with irregular, radially-arranged white blotches and usually three narrow spiral rows of black or dark brown and white spots. Surface of shell smooth and shiny. Penultimate whorl with fine spiral grooves, disappearing near apex. Aperture ovate trigonal, nacreous. Outer lip thin and smooth, relatively short, nacreous. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella straight and smooth, with slightly-thickened margin and without nodule at base. Umbilicus narrow and deep. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 9 mm, width 7 mm. 72 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Fig. 31. Cantharidus callichroa bisbalteatus. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm.

TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: In seaweed on coarse gravel and gravel substrate from intertidal zone to upper subtidal zone. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: GW, GB, GN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 24 specimens (Jumunjin, Gangwon-do: 7.iv.2012); 28 specimens (Songnam, Gyeongsangnam-do: 19.iv.2005); 39 specimens (Daebyeon, Gyeongsangnam-do: 25.vi.2011); 25 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 24.vi.2004). REMARKS: Also regarded as a full species, Cantharidus bisbalteatus (Pilsbry, 1901)(WoRMS, 2014). Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Komaitrochus 73

Genus Komaitrochus Kuroda and Iw. Taki, 1958 Ppyo-jog-eol-ruk-go-dung-sok (뾰족얼룩고둥속)

Shell small (up to 13 mm in height, 8 mm in width), high-conical. Surface moderately smooth. Periphery of body whorl angulated. This genus consists of only one species (K. pulcher) in Korea. (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Komaitrochus pulcher Kuroda and Iw. Taki, 1958.

SPECIES 1 (1 in Korea).

32. Komaitrochus pulcher Kuroda and Iw. Taki, 1958 (Fig. 32, Pl. 32) Ppyo-jog-eol-ruk-go-dung (뾰족얼룩고둥)

Komaitrochus pulcher: Kuroda and Iw. Taki, 1958, pp. 22-24; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 47, 208; 1977, p. 8, pl. 4, fig. 15; Higo et al., 1999, p. 59; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 69, pl. 34, fig. 72; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et al., p. 105, fig. 127.

Shell small, thin but solid, generally high-conical, with length longer than width. Whorls about 8-9, flat-sided, with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with narrow apical angle, about 45 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 60% of shell height, and periphery acutely rounded. Spire high-conical, about 40% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 0.5 mm in diameter, grayish-brown, with pointed apex. Base of shell flat, with many wide spiral grooves. Shell variable in color and pattern, usually reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, or blackish-brown base color with white spots. Surface relatively smooth and shiny, but with fine spiral threads and growth lines. Aperture narrowly-ovate, glossy white. Outer lip thin and smooth, relatively short. Columella and margin of outer lip parallel. Columella straight and smooth, with slightly-thickened margin and without nodule at base. Umbilicus absent, with narrow indentation in umbilical area. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 13 mm, width 8 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Intertidal or upper subtidal zone, on rocks among seaweed. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Philippines. KOREA: GN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 5 specimens (Daepo, Gyeongsangnam-do: 18.iii.1997); 8 specimens (Myeong- sa, Gyeongsangnam-do: 2.iii.2000); 3 specimens (Munseom Jeju-do: 25.v.2001); 13 specimens (Hwa- sun, Jeju-do: 23.v.2001). 74 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Fig. 32. Komaitrochus pulcher. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm.

Genus Alcyna A. Adams, 1860 Yu-ri-bam-go-dung-sok (유리밤고둥속)

Shell small (up to 4 mm in height, 3 mm in width), high-ovate in shape. Surface smooth, periphery of body whorl round with collumellar tooth. This genus contains only one species (A. ocellata)in Korea (Choe and Park, 1997; Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). According to Williams (2010), Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Alcyna 75 this species belongs in a separate subfamily, Alcyininae. Type species: Alcyna ocellata A. Adams, 1860.

SPECIES 6 (1 in Korea).

33. Alcyna ocellata A. Adams, 1860a (Fig. 33, Pl. 33) Yu-ri-bam-go-dung (유리밤고둥)

Alcyna ocellata A. Adams, 1860a, p. 408; A. Adams, 1868, p. 43, pl. 4, fig. 8; Dunker, 1882, p. 142; Kuro- da and Habe, 1954, p. 86, figs. 7, 19; Habe, 1955, Ser. B, no. 21; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 7, pl. 4, fig. 30; Habe, 1964, p. 11, pl. 4, fig. 23; Okada et al., 1967, p. 30, no. 77; Higo, 1973, p. 30; Habe and Okutani, 1975, p. 42, 194; Habe, 1977, p. 8, pl. 4, fig. 22; Inaba, 1982, p. 77; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 71, Textfig. 3, Plate-Fig. 4; Choe, 1992, p. 256, pl. 37, fig. 50; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 40; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 91; Higo et al., 1999, p. 60; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 69, pl. 34, fig. 75; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et al., 2004, p. 105, fig. 128.

Shell small, semitransparent and fragile, generally high-ovoid, length longer than width. Whorls about 7, inflated, convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with moderately narrow apical angle, about 55 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 76% of shell height, and periphery acutely rounded. Spire relatively high-conical, about 24% total height of shell. Protoconch very small, less than 0.5 mm in diameter, reddish-brown, with blunt apex. Base of shell moderately inflated, many spiral threads. Shell variable in color and pattern: reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, or dark brown base color, usually with spots and blotches of a lighter color, sometimes with narrow spiral lines of reddish or brownish spots. Surface smooth and highly polished. Aperture narrowed-ovate, reflecting exterior patterns and color. Outer lip thin and smooth, relatively short. Columella and margin of outer lip parallel. Columella round, with thickened margin and strong columellar tooth at base. Umbilicus absent. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 4 mm, width 3 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Intertidal to upper subtidal zone, on rocks among seaweed. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, West Pacific. KOREA: GW, GB, GN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 4 specimens (Jangho, Gangwon-do: 24.iv.1997); 11 specimens (Daepo, Gyeon- sangnam-do: 19.iii.1997, 4.ix.1998); 35 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju: 22.iii.1998, 15.ix.1998, 17.x.1998); 22 specimens (Bukchon, Jeju: 12.vii.1996). REMARKS: This species was very resemble to Tricolia variabilis in Turbinidae. But, T. variabilis was without tooth at columellar base. 76 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Fig. 33. Alcyna ocellata. A; B; C; D ventral view. Scale: 2.5 mm.

Subfamily Stomatellinae Gray, 1840 Neolb-eun-ip-go-dung-a-gwa (넓은입고둥아과)

Shell small to medium-sized, ear-shaped or low-conicaL, thin and fragile, rough or smooth surface. Aperture large and outer lip thin. On rocky, gravel, sand, and mud bottom, from intertidal to shallow, upper subtidal zone. This subfamily consists of two genera: Stomatella and Stoma- tolina in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a). Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Stomatella 77

Key to the genera of subfamily Stomatellinae

1. Aperture very wide, ear-shaped ··················································································Stomatella - Aperture wide, with strong nodules on body whorl··················································Stomatolina

Genus Stomatella Lamarck, 1816 Kko-ma-go-mu-sin-go-dung-sok (꼬마고무신고둥속)

Shell small to medium-sized (up to 5 mm in height, 30 mm in width), with reduced spire, ear- shaped. Surface smooth, with a variety of patterns. This genus consists of only one species (S. planulata) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Stomatella auricula Lamarck, 1816.

SPECIES 5 (1 in Korea).

34. Stomatella lintricula (A. Adams, 1850) (Fig. 34, Pl. 34) Kko-ma-go-mu-sin-go-dung (꼬마고무신고둥)

Gena lintricula A. Adams, 1850, p. 38. Stomatella lintricula: Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 52, 172; Higo et al., 1999, p. 60; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 69, pl. 34, fig. 77 (non S. planulata); Min et al., p. 105, fig. 126 (non S. planulata).

Shell small to medium-sized, thin and fragile, ear-shaped. Whorls about 4, flattened, with shallow sutures; spire very short. Apex very small and located at posterior end. Body whorl occupying most of shell length. Protoconch very small, white or grayish-white, with flattened apex. Shell variable in colour and pattern for each individual, with reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, or blackish-green base color and markings of various colors and shapes. Surface of shell shiny with closely- spaced spiral grooves. Aperture very large, elliptical, nacreous, sometimes partially reflecting exterior sculpture or color pattern. Outer lip thin and smooth, very long. Columella and margin of outer lip parallel. Columella round and smooth, with slightly thickened margin. Umbilicus and Operculum absent.

SIZE: Height 1.5 mm, length 5 mm, width 3 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines. HABITAT: Coarse sand and stones substrate, from intertidal zone to depth of 30 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Indo-West, Pacific. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 5 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 15.ix.1998, 17.x.1998); 3 specimens (Seogwi- po, Jeju-do: 15.ix.1998, 17.x.1998, 18.ix.2001). REMARKS: Specimens in Okutani et al. (2000) and Min et al. (2004) identified as S. planulata (La- marck, 1816) are S. lintricula. 78 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Fig. 34. Stomatella lintricula. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view. Scale: 2.5 mm.

Genus Stomatolina Iredale, 1937 Neulb-eun-ip-go-dung-sok (넓은입고둥속)

Shell small (up to 11 mm in height, 20 mm in width), low-conical. Surface with strong spiral cord. Body whorl angulated and rather large. Umbilicus narrowly open. This genus consists of only one species (S. rubra) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Stomatella rufescens Gray, 1847.

SPECIES 3 (1 in Korea).

35. Stomatolina rubra (Lamarck, 1822a) (Fig. 35, Pl. 35) Neolb-eun-ip-go-dung (넓은입고둥)

Stomatella rubra Lamarck, 1822a, p. 210; Lischke, 1871, p. 171; Lischke, 1874, p. 69; Dunker, 1882, p. 146, pl. 6, figs. 11-13; Hirase, 1941, p. 34, pl. 63, fig. 7; Kira, 1962, p. 14, pl. 9, fig. 16. Stomatia (Stomatolina) rubra: Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 9, pl. 3, fig. 27. Stomatolina rubra: Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 67(J), 44(E), pl. 12, figs. 1, 2; Higo, 1973, p. 34; Inaba, 1982, p. 79; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 72; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 247; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 46; Higo et al., 1999, p. 60; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 71, pl. 35, fig. 81; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et al., 2004, p. 105, fig. 130. Stomatolina angulata: Habe, 1964, p. 17, pl. 6, fig. 17. Pseudostomatella (Stomatolina) rubra: Je, 1989, p. 12.

Shell small to medium-sized, thin but solid, low-conical, width much longer than length. Whorls about 4-5, slightly inflated, and slightly stepped with moderately deep sutures, increasing greatly in size. Shell with wide apical angle, about 105 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 88% of shell height, and periphery markedly angulate, with 3 strong spiral cords. Spire very low, conical, about 12% total height of shell. Protoconch very small, white or grayish-white, Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Stomatolina 79

Fig. 35. Stomatolina rubra. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

with blunt, eroded apex. Base of shell inflated, with 7-8 narrow spiral ribs. Shell variable in color and pattern for each individual, usually reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, or dark green base color, with spots, lines, or irregular blotches of various colors. Whorls coverd with radially arranged rows of about 20 rough nodules and 2-3 strong to indistinct spiral ribs; spire with nodules and indistinct axial ribs. Aperture wide, elliptical, slightly nacreous. Outer lip thin, long, and moderately crenulated. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella round and smooth, with slightly- thickened margin. Umbilicus absent, with narrow indentation in umbilical area. Operculum absent.

SIZE: Height 11 mm, width 20 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: India. HABITAT: Rocky substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Southwest Pacific. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 13 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 9.i.1999, 17.viii.1999, 24.v.2001, 24.x.2008); 2 specimens (Sagaeri, Jeju-do: 19.viiii.1999, 24.v.2001, 19.ix.2001, 25.x.2008); 11 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 9.i.1999, 24.v.2001). 80 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Subfamily Calliostomatinae Thiele, 1924 Bang-seok-go-dung-a-gwa (방석고둥아과)

Shell medium, low-conical in shape, thin but solid, surface moderately smooth. Outer lip thin, Columella thick with callus. Umbilicus closed. On sand-gravel bottom, from low in intertidal to depth of 250 m. This subfamily consists of one genus Calliostoma in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a). Williams (2008) and subsequent authors regard this as a separate family, Calliostomatidae.

Genus Calliostoma Swainson, 1840 Bang-seok-go-dung-sok (방석고둥속)

Shell medium (up to 20-40 mm in height and width), high-conical in shape. Surface with fine spiral cords. Body whorl angulated or rounded. Umbilicus closed. This genus only one subgenues (Calliostoma) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Trochus conulus Linnaeus, 1758.

SPECIES 30 (6 in Korea).

Subgenus Calliostoma Swainson, 1840 Bang-seok-go-dung-a-sok (방석고둥아속)

This subgenus consists of six species in Korea: (Calliostoma haliarchus, C. koma, C. aculeatum, C. consors, C. multiliratum, and C. unicum) (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004).

Key to the species of subgenus Calliostoma

1. Suture shallow, spire whorls not swollen ·············································C. (Calliostoma) haliarchus - Spire whorls swollen and distinct ·····························································································2 2. Periphery of body whorl doubly-angulated··············································································3 - Periphery of body whorl rounded ····························································································5 3. Spiral cords smooth ·········································································C. (Calliostoma) multiliratum - Spiral cords with granular or somewhat spiny nodules ····························································4 4. Spiral cords with somewhat spiny nodules··········································C. (Calliostoma) aculeatum - Spiral cords with granular nodules··························································C. (Calliostoma) consors 5. Body whorl large, with dense spiral cords ··················································C. (Calliostoma) koma - Body whorl with reddish brown spots ····················································C. (Calliostoma) unicum Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Calliostoma 81

36. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) haliarchus (Melvill, 1889) (Fig. 36, Pl. 36) Mae-kkeun-i-bang-seok-go-dung (매끈이방석고둥)

Ziziphinus haliarchus Melvill, 1889, p. 32, pl. 2, fig. 3. Calliostoma sowerbyi Pilsbry, 1889, p. 340, pl. 18, fig. 17. Calliostoma (Calotropis) haliarchus: Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 6; Lee, 1958, p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 5. Calliostoma haliarchus: Hirase, 1941, p. 38, pl. 69, fig. 9; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54; Lai, 1986, p. 13, pl. 6, fig. 6; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 31; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 73, pl. 36, fig. 97. Tristichotrochus haliarchus: Kira, 1977, p. 15, pl. 7, fig. 20; Kira, 1962, p. 12, pl. 8, fig. 20; Okada et al., 1967, p. 26, no. 63; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 32(J), 22(E), pl. 10, fig. 15; Higo, 1973, p. 21; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 46, 258; Yoo, 1976, p. 45, pl. 4, fig. 15; Inaba, 1982, p. 76; Choe and Kim, 1988, p.

Fig. 36. Calliostoma haliarchus. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm. 82 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

153, pl. 4, fig. 6; Choe, 1992, p. 238, pl. 24, fig. 31a, b; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 240; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92. Calliostoma (Tristichotrochus) haliarchus: Je, 1989, p. 12. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) haliarchus: Higo et al., 1999, p. 61; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et al., 2004, p. 105, fig. 131.

Shell medium-sized, thin but solid, generally high-conical, turbinate, moderately similar in length and width. Whorls about 10, slightly convex or flat-sided with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with moderately narrow apical angle, about 60 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 60% of shell height; periphery markedly angulate. Spire relatively high-conical, about 40% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, bright yellowish white, with pointed apex. Base of shell moderately flat, with narrowly-spaced spiral striae. Shell variable in colour and pattern, usually with yellowish-brown or yellowish-white markings on reddish-brown base color. Surface smooth and shiny with closely-spaced spiral threads. Aperture roughly quadrate, reddish-brown. Outer lip short, thin, and smooth. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella obliquely straight and smooth. Umbilicus closed, with shallow indentation Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 45 mm, width 45 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Australia. HABITAT: Fine sandy substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 50 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Southwestern Pacific. KOREA: JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 23.v.2001).

37. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) koma (Shikama and Habe, 1965) (Fig. 37, Pl. 37) Paeng-i-bang-seok-go-dung (팽이방석고둥)

Tristichotrochus koma Shikawa and Habe, 1965, pp. 101, 102, pl. 12, figs. 1, 2; Higo, 1973, p. 21; Yoo, 1976, p. 45, pl. 4, figs. 13, 14; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 67, Textfig. 2, Plate-Fig. 3; Choe, 1992, p. 241, pl. 27, fig. 35a, b; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 239; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92. Calliostoma koma: Qi et al., 1989, p. 23, pl. 4, fig. 7; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 32; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 73, pl. 37, fig. 99. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) koma: Higo et al., 1999, p. 61; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et al., 2004, p. 105, fig. 132.

Shell medium-sized, thin but solid, generally high-conical, turbinate, moderately similar in length and width. Whorls about 8, slightly convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with moderately wide apical angle, about 95 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 76% of shell height; periphery whorl regularly rounded. Spire relatively low-conical, about 40% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, bright yellowish brown, with pointed apex. Base of shell moderately flat, with 10-12 closely-spaced spi- Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Calliostoma 83 ral striae. Shell variable in colour and pattern for each individual, usually with reddish markings on white base color. Surface moderately smooth and slightly shiny, with about 15 spiral threads on body whorl. Aperture rounded-quadrate, nacreous, reflecting exterior sculpture. Outer lip relatively short, thin, and smooth. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella obliquely straight and smooth. Umbilicus narrow and shallow. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 30 mm, width 34 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Muddy substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 50 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Taiwan. KOREA: GB, GN, JJ, CN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 5 specimens (Yangpori, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 24.vi.2001); 3 specimens (Dang- sadong, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 11.v.2009).

Fig. 37. Calliostoma koma. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm. 84 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

38. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) aculeatum (Sowerby III, 1912) (Fig. 38, Pl. 38) Ga-si-bang-seok-go-dung (가시방석고둥)

Calliostoma aculeatum Sowerby, 1912, p. 473, textfig. 3 (cited from Kuroda et al., 1971); Hirase, 1941, p. 39, pl. 70, fig. 4; Qi et al., 2004, p. 20, pl. 009 A. Calliostoma unicum shinagawaensis Yokoyama, 1922, p. 112 (not of pl. 5, fig. 25). Trochus spinigera Yokoyama, 1922, p. 109. Calliostoma (Tristichotrochus) aculeatum: Ikebe, 1942, p. 258, pl. 27, figs. 1-3; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 6; Oyama, 1973, p. 13, pl. 2, fig. 3. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) aculeatum: Higo et al., 1999, p. 61; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et al., 2004, p. 105, fig. 133. Calliostoma aculeatum: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 71, pl. 36, fig. 89.

Fig. 38. Calliostoma aculeatum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm. Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Calliostoma 85

Calliostoma (Tristichotrochus) aculeatus: Je, 1989, p. 12. Calliostoma aculeatus: Wu, 2003, p. 35. Tristichotrochus aculeatus: Kira, 1962, p. 11, pl. 8, fig. 12; Okada et al., 1967, p. 26, no. 62; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 34(J), 23(E), pl. 10, figs. 11, 12; Higo, 1973, p. 21; Habe and Okutani, 1975, p. 47, 238; Inaba, 1982, p. 76; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 153, pl. 5, fig. 1; Choe, 1992, p. 238, pl. 25, fig. 22; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 240; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92. Tristichotrochus aculeatum: Kira, 1977, p. 14, pl. 7, fig. 12; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 32.

Shell small to medium-sized, thin but solid, generally high-conical, turbinate, with length usually longer than width. Whorls about 8, slightly convex or flat-sided with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with moderately narrow apical angle, about 60 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 49% of shell height; periphery markedly angulate. Spire relatively high conical, about 41% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 0.5 mm in diameter, yellowish-brown, with pointed apex. Base of shell flat, with 5-6 spiral ridges. Shell with little variety in color and pattern, usually with reddish blotches on whorls. Surface with many spiral cords of variable thickness, carrying pointed granules, about 3 cords on body whorl and 2 on penultimate whorl, with thin, spinose ribs between. Aperture rounded-quadrate, yellowish-white. outer lip thin, short, and angulated. Columella and margin of outer lip almost parallel. Colu- mella obliquely straight and smooth. Umbilicus closed or partly-filled with 2-3 spiral ridges in columellar area. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 27 mm, width 23 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Coarse sandy and stony substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 50-100 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju: 22.iii.1998).

39. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) consors (Lischke, 1872) (Fig. 39, Pl. 39) Ju-hong-bang-seok-go-dung (주홍방석고둥)

Trochus consors Lischke, 1872, p. 104; Lischke, 1874, p. 65, pl. 4, figs. 2, 3. Zizyphinus consors: Dunker, 1882, p. 140. Calliostoma hungerfordi Sowerby, 1888, p. 568, pl. 28, fig. 14 Calliostoma consors: Pilsbry, 1889a, p. 347, pl. 63, figs. 22, 23; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 32; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 73, pl. 36, fig. 92; Wu, 2003, p. 35; Qi et al., 2004, p. 20, pl. 009 C. Calliostoma sagamianum Yokoyama, 1920, p. 93, pl. 6, fig. 1. Calliostoma (Tristichotrochus) kiiense Ikebe, 1942, p. 269, pl. 28, figs. 7, 8. Calliostoma (Tristichotrochus) consors: Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 6, pl. 3, fig. 25; Lee, 1956a, p. 3; Lee, 1956b, p. 65; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54; Oyama, 1973, p. 13, pl. 2, figs. 1, 8; Je, 1989, p. 12. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) consors: Higo et al., 1999, p. 62; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et al., 2004, p. 105, fig. 134. Tristichotrochus consors: Yamamoto and Habe, 1962, p. 8, pl. 2, fig. 1; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 35(J), 24(E), pl. 10, figs. 13, 14; Higo, 1973, p. 21; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 46, 206; Inaba, 1982, p. 76; Choe 86 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

and Kim, 1988, p. 154, pl. 5, fig. 2; Choe, 1992, p. 239, pl. 25, fig. 33a, b; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 240; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92. Tristichotrochus hungerfordi: Kim and Rho, 1971, p. 13.

Shell medium-sized, moderately thick and solid, high-conical, turbinate, with length usually longer than width. Whorls about 8, flat-sided to slightly convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with moderately narrow apical angle, about 70 degrees. Body whorl slightly inflated and rather large, occupying about 64% of shell height: and periphery doublly angulate. Spire relatively high-conical, about 36% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, yellowish-brown, with pointed apex. Base of shell moderately flat, with closely-spaced spiral threads. Shell with little variation in colour and pattern, usually with radially-arranged reddish markings. Surface moderately coarse, with closely-spaced spiral cords; about 15 granular spi-

Fig. 39. Calliostoma consors. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm. Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Calliostoma 87 ral cords on body whorl and about 10 on penultimate whorl, continuing to apex. Aperture rounded-quadrate, nacreous. reflecting exterior sculpture. Outer lip relatively short, thin, and and gently angulate. Columella and margin of outer lip almost parallel. Columella obliquely straight and smooth. Umbilicus closed, with shallow indentation. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish- brown.

SIZE: Height 30 mm, width 28 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Coarse sandy and stony substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 10-100 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: GW, GN, JN, JJ, CN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 3 specimens (Yeongok, Gangwon-do: 30.xii.1994); 3 specimens (Samcheon- po, Gyeongsangnam-do: 28.vii.2012); 2 specimens (Wando, Jeollannam-do: 25.iii.2008).

40. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) multiliratum (Sowerby II, 1875) (Fig. 40, Pl. 40) Eol-ruk-bang-seok-go-dung (얼룩방석고둥)

Ziziphinus multiliratum Sowerby, 1875, p. 127, pl. 24, fig. 10. Calliostoma multiliratum: Pilsbry, 1889a, p. 342, pl. 15, figs. 45, 46; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 32. Calliostoma consors multiliratum: Ikebe, 1941, p. 58. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) multiliratums: Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et al., 2004, p. 105, fig. 134. Calliostoma multiliratum: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 73, pl. 36, fig. 93. Tristichotrochus mutiliratus: Habe, 1964, p. 13, pl. 5, fig. 2; Habe and Okutani, 1975, p. 46, p. 243; Habe, 1977, p. 9, pl. 5, fig. 2; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 13, pl. 5, fig. 5; Okada et al., 1967, p. 26, no. 61; Inaba, 1982, p. 76; Kwon et al., 1993, pl. 61, figs. 5-11, p. 240. Tristichotrochus multilirata: Higo, 1973, p. 21. Tristichotrochus consors multilirata: Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Choe, 1992, p. 240, pl. 26, fig. 34a, b.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, high-conical, turbinate, length usually longer than width. Whorls about 8, slightly convex to convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with moderately wide apical angle, 85 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 70% of shell height: and periphery acutely rounded. Spire relatively high conical, about 31% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, grayish- white or brown, with pointed apex. Base of shell rounded, with narrowly-spaced spiral grooves. Shell variable in colour and pattern, usually with brownish, radially-arranged markings on reddish-brown base color. Surface of body whorl with numerous spiral cords of varying size; cords on spire whorls relatively equal in thickness and intervals. Aperture rounded- quadrate, nacreous, reflecting exterior sculpture. Outer lip relatively short, thin, and gently angulated. Columella and margin of outer lip almost parallel. Columella obliquely straight and smooth. Umbilicus closed, with shallow indentation in umbilical area. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 23 mm, width 20 mm. Type locality: None designated. HABITAT: Rocks and coarse gravel from intertidal zone to shallow subtidal. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China. 88 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Fig. 40. Calliostoma multiliratum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

KOREA: GW, GN, JN, JJ, GG. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (Ayajin, Gangwon-do: 25.v.2011); 2 specimen (Daejindong, Gangwon-do: 25.v.2011); 5 specimen (Yeongok, Gangwon-do: 26.v.2011); 5 specimen (Samcheonpo, Gyeongsangnam-do: 28.vii.2012); 7 specimen (Geoje, Gyeongsangnam-do: 15.viii.2009); 2 specimen (Seongsan, Jeju: 20.i.2011).

41. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) unicum (Dunker, 1860) (Fig. 41, Pl. 41) Bang-seok-go-dung (방석고둥)

Trochus unicus Dunker, 1860, p. 238; Dunker, 1861, p. 23, pl. 3, fig. 3; Lischke, 1869, p. 94; Lischke, Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Calliostoma 89

Fig. 41. Calliostoma unicum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

1874, p. 64. Calliostoma affinis Dall, 1872, p. 125, pl. 15, fig. 14 (cited from Kuroda et al., 1971). Calliostoma unicum: Fujita, 1929, p. 88; Hirase, 1941, p. 39, pl. 70, fig. 2; Kuroda, 1941, p. 74; Chen et al., 1980, p. 60; Chau et al., 1982, p. 24, pl. 2, fig. 6, pl. 3, figs. 8, 9; Lai, 1986, p. 13, pl. 6, fig. 3; Qi et al., 1989, p. 24, pl. 4, fig. 5; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 32; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 71, pl. 36, fig. 88. Calliostoma (Tristichotrochus) unicum: Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 6, pl. 3, fig. 26; Lee, 1956a, p. 3; Lee, 1956b, p. 65; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54. Calliostoma (Calliostoma) unicum: Higo et al., 1999, p. 62; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Qi et al., 2004, p. 21, pl. 009 F; Min et al., 2004, p. 107, fig. 136. Tristichotrochus unicus: Kira, 1962, p. 11, pl. 8, fig. 11; Okada et al., 1967, p. 25, no. 59; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 36(J), 25(E), pl. 10, fig. 9; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 46, 176; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 13; Higo, 1973, p. 21; Inaba, 1982, p. 76; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 154, pl. 5, fig. 3, pl. 16, figs. 1, 2; Choe and Yoon, 1990, p. 66; Choe, 1992, p. 242, pl. 28, fig. 36a, b; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 239; Choe and Park, 90 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

1997, p. 92. Tristichotrochus unicus koma: Yoo, 1976, p. 45, figs. 13, 14. Tristichotrochus unicum: Kira, 1977, p. 14, pl. 7, fig. 11. Calliostoma (Tristichotrochus) unicus: Je, 1989, p. 12.

Shell medium-sized, thick and solid, low-conical, turbinate, length usually longer than width. Whorls 8-9, slightly convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with moderately narrow apical angle, about 80 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 77% of shell height; periphery regularly rounded. Spire relatively low conical, about 23% total height of shell. Protoconch very small, less than 1 mm in diameter, yellowish-brown, with pointed apex. Base of shell rounded, with 10-12 closely-spaced spiral grooves. Shell variable in colour and pattern for each individual, usually with reddish or reddish-brown radially-arranged markings on yellowish-brown base color, often with lines of reddish-brown spots at sutures and periphery of body whorl. Surface moderately smooth and shiny with numerous low spiral ribs and shallow spiral grooves. Aperture rounded-quadrate, nacreous, reflecting exterior sculpture. Outer lip relatively short, thin, with weakly crenulated outer edge and basal area in adult specimens. Co- lumella and margin of outer lip almost parallel. Columella obliquely straight and smooth. Umbili- cus narrow and shallow. Operculum thin, tinted with reddish brown.

SIZE: Height 30 mm, width 26 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Rubble substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 150 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China. KOREA: GB, GN, JN, JJ, CN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Gonghyeonjin, Gangwon-do: 12.xi.2011); 2 specimens (Yang- po, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 18.x.2011); 5 specimens (Chaeseokpo, Chungcheongnam-do: 14.vii.2006); 4 specimens (Songjeong, Gyeongsangnam-do: 18.iv.2005); 2 specimens (Geoje, Gyeongsangnam-do: 4.ix.1998); 2 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 20.i.2011).

Subfamily Solariellinae Powell, 1951 Dung-geun-bae-kkob-go-dung-a-gwa (둥근배꼽고둥아과)

Shell small-medium, conical, thin or thick-shelled, with spiral and axial ribs. Aperture round, Outer lip thin, Umbilicus open and wide. On sand-gravel bottom, from low in intertidal zone to depth of 50 m. In Korea this subfamily consists of two genera: Minolia and Solariella (Lee and Min, 2002a). Williams et al. (2008) regard this as a separate family, Solariellidae.

Genus Minolia A. Adams, 1860b Nop-eun-tap-bae-kkob-go-dung-sok (높은탑배꼽고둥속)

Shell small (up to 6 mm in height and width), high-conical in shape. Surface with spiral cords Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Minolia 91 and deep sutures. Umbilicus large and deep. This genus consists of only one species (M. punctata) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Minolia punctata A. Adams, 1860.

SPECIES 5 (1 in Korea).

42. Minolia punctata A. Adams, 1860b (Fig. 42, Pl. 42) Nop-eun-tap-bae-kkob-go-dung (높은탑배꼽고둥)

Minolia punctata A. Adams, 1860b, p. 337; Pilsbry, 1889a, pl.44, fig. 33; Habe, 1977, p. 7, pl. 4, fig. 9; Higo et al., 1999, p. 64; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 77, pl. 38, fig. 112; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et

Fig. 42. Minolia punctate. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm. 92 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

al., 2004, p. 107, fig. 138.

Shell small to medium-sized, thin but solid, high-conical, turbinate, moderately similar in length and width. Whorls 6-7, convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with narrow apical angle, about 65 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 73% of shell height; periphery angulate, with 3 spiral cords. Spire relatively high-conical, about 27% total height of shell. Protoconch small, less than 1 mm in diameter, yellowish white, with pointed apex. Base of shell inflated, with 5-6 narrowly-spaced spiral cords. Shell variable in colour and pattern, usually with somewhat indistinct purplish-brown or reddish-brown markings; base of whorl tinted with reddish brown. Whorls covered with radially-arranged rows of about 20 well-developed lirae and 2-3 strong or weak spiral cords. Most nodules and axial lirae connected on spire whorls. Body whorl with 2 well-developed granular spiral cords, stronger below suture. Aperture rounded-quadrate, nacreous. reflecting exterior surface. Outer lip short, thin, weakly crenulated. Columella and margin of outer lip parallel. Columella obliquely straight and smooth, curved and thin. Umbilicus wide and deep, with granular spiral rim. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 12 mm, width 12 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Sandy and muddy substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 50-150 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Western Pacific. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju: 16.x.1998).

Subfamily Lirulariinae Hickman and Mclean, 1990 Sae-kki-bam-go-dung-a-gwa (새끼밤고둥아과)

Shell small, rounded-conical in shape, thick and solid, with spiral ribs. Aperture round, outer lip thin, columella thick. Umbilicus narrow and deep. On rocky shores and seaweed, from low in intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. In Korea this subfamily consists of one genus: Lirularia (Lee and Min, 2002a). Williams et al. (2010) regards this subfamily as a synonym of Umboniinae.

Genus Lirularia Dall, 1909 Sae-kki-bam-go-dung (새끼밤고둥속)

Shell small (up to 5 mm in height and width), low-conical in shape. Outer surface with spiral cords and deep sutures. Body whorl rounded and umbilicus narrow. This genus of one subgenues (Lirularia) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Margarites lirularia Carpenter, 1864.

SPECIES 4 (3 in Korea). Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Lirularia 93

Subgenus Lirularia Dall, 1909 Sae-kki-bam-go-dung-a-sok (새끼밤고둥아속)

In Korea this genus of two species (Lirularia iridescens, L. pygmaea) (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004).

Key to the species of subgenus Lirularia

1. Spiral cords reddish brown in color···························································L. (Lirularia) iridescens - Spiral cords with continuous pattern of dots ··············································L. (Lirularia) pygmaea

43. Lirularia (Lirularia) iridescens (Schrenck, 1863) (Fig. 43, Pl. 43) Sae-kki-bam-go-dung (새끼밤고둥)

Trochus iridescens Schrenck, 1863, p. 512; Pilsbry, 1889a, p. 225. Margarites (Lirularia) iridescens: Hirase, 1941, p. 38, pl. 69, fig. 4. Lirularia iridescens: Habe, 1964, p. 16, pl. 6, fig. 8; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 19, pl. 6, fig. 20; Yamamoto and Habe, 1962, p. 11, pl. 3, fig. 1; Habe, 1977, p. 11, pl. 6, fig. 8; Higo, 1973, p. 20; Choe, 1992, p. 236, pl. 24, fig. 30; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 30; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 77, pl. 38, fig. 117. Lirularia (Lirularia) iridescens: Higo et al., 1999, p. 65; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et al., 2004, p. 107, fig. 139; Kil et al., 2005, p. 34.

Shell small, thick and solid, low-conical, turbinate, moderately similar in length and width. Whorls about 5, slightly convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with angle of about 85 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 83% of shell height; periphery regularly rounded. Spire low-conical, about 17% total height of shell. Protoconch very small, less than 1 mm in diameter, yellowish white, with blunt apex. Base of shell inflated, with closely- spaced spiral ribs. Shell brownish with spiral stripes of dark red. Whorls with 4-5 widely-spaced spiral cords continuing to apex; slanting growth lines; periphery of body whorl rounded. Aperture rounded-quadrate, nacreous. Outer lip short relatively thin with slightly-crenulated outer edge. Columella and margin of outer lip almost parallel. Columella obliquely straight and thin. Umbili- cus narrowly open. Operculum thin and tinted with brown.

SIZE: Height 5 mm, width 5 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: On seaweed from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Russia. KOREA: GW, GN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 3 specimens (Daebyeon, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 25.vi.2011); 96 specimens (Yangpo, Gyeongsangbuk-do: 22.viii.2012); 46 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 23.v.2001). 94 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Fig. 43. Lirularia iridescens. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm.

44. Lirularia (Lirularia) pygmaea (Yokoyama, 1922) (Fig. 44, Pl. 44) Haet-sal-bam-go-dung (햇살밤고둥)

Leptothyra pygmaea Yokoyama, 1922, p. 200, pls. 17. Lirularia pygmaea: Okutani et al., 2000, p. 77, pl. 38, fig. 118; Min et al., 2004, p. 107, fig. 141. Lirularia (Lirularia) pygmaea: Higo et al., 1999, p. 65.

Shell small, thick and solid, low-conical, turbinate, moderately similar in length and width. Whorls about 5, convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with apical angle, about 85 degrees. Body inflated and rather large, occupying about 86% of shell height; periphery Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Lirularia 95

Fig. 44. Lirularia pygmaea. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm.

markedly angulate. Spire low-conical, about 14% total height of shell. Protoconch very small, less than 1 mm in diameter, yellowish white, with blunt apex. Base of shell slightly inflated, with 6-7 moderately thick spiral ribs Shell yellowish-white with strong, light yellowish brown spiral cords. Sculpture of 10 spiral cords on body whorl and 3 on penultimate whorl; widely-spaced cords more developed on periphery of body whorl. Aperture rounded, nacreous, with reflection of exterior sculpture. Outer lip relatively short, thin, with weakly-crenulated outer edge. Columella and margin of outer lip almost parallel. Columella round and thick, basal lip weakly reflected. Umbilicus narrowly open. Operculum thin and tinted with brown.

SIZE: Height 3 mm, width 3 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. 96 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

HABITAT: Rocky substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 66 specimens (Jongdal, Jeju-do: 2.ii.2007).

Subfamily Umboniinae H. A. Adams, 1854 Bi-dan-go-dung-a-gwa (비단고둥아과)

Shell small to medium, low-conical, thin and solid, surface smooth. Outer lip thin; columella thick. Umbilicus present or absent. Common on sand bottom, from low in intertidal zone to depth of 10 m. This subfamily consists of three genera (Umbonium, Ethminolia, and Conotalopia) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a).

Key to the genera of subfamily Umboniinae

1. Umbilicus absent········································································································Umbonium - Umbilicus present·····················································································································2 2. Spire high, body whorl angulated ·············································································Conotalopia - Spire low, body whorl rounded ··················································································Ethminolia

Genus Umbonium Link, 1807 Bi-dan-go-dung (비단고둥속)

Shell small to medium (up to 8-20 mm in height, 15-30 mm in width), low-conical. Surface smooth, body whorl flattened and roundly angulated. Umbilical area with callus plug. This genus consists of two subgenera (Umbonium, Suchium) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Trochus vestiarius Linnaeus, 1758.

SPECIES 6 (3 in Korea).

Key to the subgenera of genus Umbonium

1. Area below suture smooth ·························································································Umbonium - Area below suture with spiral cord or nodule································································Suchium

Subgenus Umbonium Link, 1807 Bi-dan-go-dung-a-sok (비단고둥아속)

Shell trigonal in shape. Suture shallow with surrounding white band. In Korea this subgenus consists only of U. (U.) thomasi (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Umbonium 97

45. Umbonium (Umbonium) thomasi (Crosse, 1862) (Fig. 45, Pl. 45) Hwang-hae-bi-dan-go-dung (황해비단고둥)

Clanculus thomasi Crosse, 1862, p. 405, pl. 13, fig. 4. Trochus thomasi: Pilsbry, 1889a, p. 71, pl. 10, figs. 14, 15. Umbonium thomasi: Dunker, 1882, p. 135; Nomura and Hatai, 1928, p. 97; Shiba, 1934, p. 18; Lee, 1956b, p. 66; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 15; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 43, 231; Yoo, 1976, p. 54, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2; Chau et al., 1982, p. 25, pl. 2, fig. 5, pl. 3, figs. 6, 7; Qi et al., 1989, p. 24, pl. 1, fig. 3; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Wu, 2003, p. 46. Umbonium (Umbonium) thomasi: Higo, 1973, p. 31; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 42: Higo et al., 1999, p. 66; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et al., 2004, p. 107, fig. 142; Kil et al., 2005, p. 35. Umbonium (Suchium) thomasi: Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 163, pl. 8, fig. 3, pl. 20, figs. 2, 3; Je, 1989, p. 12; Choe, 1992, p. 265, pl. 42, fig. 59; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 246.

Shell small-medium-sized, thin but solid, low-conical, turbinate, width usually longer than length. Whorls about 7, flat sides with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with wide apical angle, about 105 degrees. Body whorl flat and rather large, occupying about 78% of shell height;

Fig. 45. Umbonium (Umbonium) thomasi. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm. 98 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II periphery acutely rounded. Spire relatively low-conical, about 22% total height of shell. Protoconch very small, less than 1 mm in diameter, dark gray, with low, pointed apex. Base of shell flattened, banded with white and gray. Shell with zigzag stripes of dark gray on grayish-white base color. Surface smooth and highly polished, with fine spiral threads. Aperture rounded-rhomboidal, broader than high, nacreous. Outer lip moderately thin, short, and smooth. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella obliquely straight and thick. Umbilicus absent and covered with white callus plug. Operculum thin and tinted with reddish brown.

SIZE: Height 8 mm, width 15 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: New Caledonia. HABITAT: Sand and mud substrate in intertidal zone. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, China. KOREA: CN, JN, GG. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 128 specimens (Seopori, Incheon: 28.v.2005, 28.v.2011); 69 specimens (seok- modo, Incheon: 24.ii.2013); 42 specimens (Sambong, Chungcheongnam-do: 15.vii.2006); 33 specimens (Chunjangdae, Chungcheongnam-do: 14.vii.2006); 42 specimens (Sambong, Chungcheongnam-do: 15.vii.2006); 33 specimens (Chunjangdae, Chungcheongnam-do: 14.vii.2006).

Subgenus Suchium Makiyama, 1925 Heuk-bi-dan-go-dung-a-sok (흑비단고둥아속)

Shell equilateral-trigonal in shape. Sutures deep with well-developed spiral cords below. Umbil- ical area filled with callus plug. This subgenus consists of U. (Suchium) moniliferum and U. (S.) costatum in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004).

Key to the species of subgenus Suchium

1. Umbilical callus moderately large, with granulated spiral cords on suture·································· ··············································································································U. (Suchium) moniliferum - Umbilical callus small, spire whorls with spiral grooves ···························U. (Suchium) costatum

46. Umbonium (Suchium) moniliferum (Lamarck, 1822b) (Fig. 46, Pl. 46) Heuk-bi-dan-go-dung (흑비단고둥)

Rotella monilifera Lamarck, 1822b, vol. 7, p. 8. Globulus monilifer: Lischke, 1869, p. 90; Lischke, 1874, p. 64. Umbonium moniliferum: Dunker, 1882, p. 135; Hirase, 1941, p. 39, pl. 71, fig. 2; Kang et al., 1971, p. 55; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 163; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92; Wu, 2003, p. 46; Alexeyev, 2003, p. 38, pl. VII, figs. 6, 7. Umbonium (Suchium) moniliferum: Kuroda, 1941, p. 76; Kira, 1977, p. 17, pl. 8, fig. 13; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 9; Kira, 1962, p. 14, pl. 9, fig. 13; Okada et al., 1967, p. 34, no. 95; Higo, 1973, p. 32; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 44, 169; Inaba, 1982, p. 79; Je, 1989, p. 12; Choe, 1992, p. 265, pl. 42, Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Umbonium 99

Fig. 46. Umbonium (Suchium) moniliferum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

fig. 60; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 42: Higo et al., 1999, p. 66; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et al., 2004, p. 109, fig. 143. Suchium moniliferum: Oyama, 1959b, Suchium, figs. 4-6.

Shell medium-sized, thin but solid, low-conical, turbinate, width usually longer than length. Whorls about 7, flat-sided with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with wide apical angle, about 100 degrees. Body whorl flat and rather large, occupying about 80% of shell height; periphery acutely rounded. Spire relatively low-conical, about 20% total height of shell. Proto- conch very small, less than 1 mm in diameter, light brown, with low, pointed apex. Base of shell slightly inflated. Shell variable in color and pattern, basically markings of grayish-blue, faint red, and dark green on grayish background. Surface moderately smooth and polished; upper side of whorls roughly sculptured by 4-5 spiral cords, often knobbed along suture. Aperture rounded- rhomboidal, broader than high, nacreous. Outer lip moderately thin, short, and smooth. Columel- la and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella obliquely straight, smooth, and thick. Umbilicus absent and covered with reddish callus plug; plug over half shell width. Operculum thin and tinted with reddish brown. 100 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

SIZE: Height 13 mm, width 19 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: India. HABITAT: Sand and mud substrate in intertidal to shallow subtidal zone. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: CN, JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Sambong, Chungcheongnam-do: 2.v.2002); 1 specimen(Uido, Jeollannam-do: 4.xi.2006). REMARKS: Strongly resembles U. costatum but is distinguished from it by a relatively wide umbilical area.

47. Umbonium (Suchium) costatum (Kiener, 1838) (Fig. 47, Pl. 47) Bi-dan-go-dung (비단고둥)

Rotella costata Kiener, 1838, p. 10, pl. 2, fig. 5 (cited from Yamamoto and Habe 1962). Rotella superba Gould, 1861, p. 17; Lischke, 1871, p. 83, pl. 3, figs. 18-21. Umbonium superbum: Pilsbry, 1889a, p.455, pl. 57, figs. 33-36. Umbonium costatum: Dunker, 1882, p. 134; Pilsbry, 1889a, p. 454, pl. 59, figs. 34, 35; Tsi and Ma, 1980, p. 433; Choe and Park, 1997, p. 92. Umbonium (Suchium) costatum: Kira, 1977, p. 17, pl. 8, fig. 14; Kawamoto and Tanabe, 1956, p. 9; Lee, 1956a, p. 4; Lee, 1956b, p. 66; Yamamoto and Habe, 1962, p. 12. pl. 2, figs. 28, 29; Kira, 1962, p. 14, pl. 9, fig. 14; Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 15, pl. 5, figs. 15, 16; Okada et al., 1967, p. 34, no. 96; Kang et al., 1971, p. 54; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 62(J), 41(E), pl. 12, figs. 19-21; Higo, 1973, p. 32; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 44, 192; Yoo, 1976, p. 54, pl. 7, figs. 3-8; Inaba, 1982, p. 79; Choe and Kim, 1988, p. 162, pl. 8, fig. 2; Je, 1989, p. 12; Choe, 1992, p. 264, pl. 41, fig. 58; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 245; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 42; Higo et al., 1999, p. 66; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et al., 2004, p. 109, fig. 144; Kil et al., 2005, p. 35. Umbonium moniliferum costatum: Nomura and Hatai, 1928, p. 97; Shiba, 1934, p. 18. Suchium costatum: Oyama, 1959, Suchium, figs. 7-12; Oyama, 1973, p. 16, pl. 3, fig. 18.

Shell small to medium-sized, thin but solid, low-conical, turbinate, width usually longer than length. Whorls about 7, flat sided or slightly convex with shallow sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with wide apical angle, about 110 degrees. Body whorl slightly inflated and rather large, occupying about 79% of shell height; periphery acutely rounded. Spire relatively low-conical, about 21% total height of shell. Protoconch very small, less than 1 mm in diameter, brown, with low, pointed apex. Base of shell slightly inflated, with 1-2 strong spiral grooves. Shell variable in color and pattern, usually brown, dark gray, or dark brown, usually with grayish or reddish-grey markings. Surface moderately smooth and shiny with tightly-abutted low spiral cords and grooves. Aperture rounded-rhomboidal, broader than high, pale nacreous, with outer surface reflected. Outer lip moderately thin, short, and smooth. Columella and margin of outer lip not parallel. Columella obliquely straight, smooth, and thick. Umbilicus absent and covered with reddish callus plug. Oper- culum thin and tinted with reddish brown.

SIZE: Height 20 mm, width 30 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Sandy substrate in intertidal zone to depth of 10 m. Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Ethminolia 101

Fig. 47. Umbonium (Suchium) costatum. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 10 mm.

DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: GW, GN, JN, JJ, CN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Oho, Gangwon-do: 25.v.2011); 14 specimens (Gusipo, Jeolla- buk-do: 22.x.2009); 21 specimems (Dadaepo, Gyeongsangnam-do: 26.vi.2006); 12 specimens (Hwa- sun, Jeju-do: 18.viii.2009, 29.vi.2010, 20.ix.2012); 7 specimens (Sagaeri, Jeju: 26.vi.2010).

Genus Ethminolia Iredale, 1924 Bi-dan-bae-kkob-go-dung-sok (비단배꼽고둥속)

Shell small (up to 9 mm in height, 11 mm in width), low-conical in shape. Surface moderately smooth. Periphery of body whorl roundly-angulated. Umbilicus large and deep. This genus consists of only one species (E. stearnsii) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Ethminolia probabilis Iredale, 1924.

SPECIES 2 (1 in Korea). 102 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

48. Ethminolia stearnsii (Pilsbry, 1895)(Fig. 48, Pl. 48) Bi-dan-bae-kkob-go-dung (비단배꼽고둥)

Minolia stearnsii Pilsbry, 1895, p. 98. Ethminolia stearnsii: Higo et al., 1999, p. 67; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 81, pl. 40, fig. 128; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et al., 2004, p. 109, fig. 145. Solariella (Ethminolia) stearnsi: Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 42, 193.

Shell small to medium-sized, thin but solid, low-conical, turbinate, width usually longer than length. Whorls about 6, slightly convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with wide apical angle, about 90 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 79% of shell height; periphery acutely rounded. Spire relatively low-conical, about 21% total height of shell. Protoconch very small, less than 1 mm in diameter, yellowish-white, with eroded apex. Base of shell slightly inflated; cancellate pattern of narrow spiral grooves and growth lines. Shell variable in color and pattern, usually brown, dark gray, or reddish brown with darker markings. Surface moderately smooth and shiny, with tightly-abutted low spiral grooves and growth

Fig. 48. Ethminolia stearnsii. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm. Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Conotalopia 103 lines. Aperture rounded, nacreous, outer sculpture reflected. Outer lip thin, relatively short, and smooth. Columella and margin of outer lip almost parallel. Columella obliquely straight, smooth, and thick. Umbilicus relatively narrow and deep. Operculum thin and tinted with brown.

SIZE: Height 9 mm, width 11 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Sandy substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Philippines. KOREA: GN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 12 specimens (Myeongsa, Gyeongsangnam-do: 21.iv.2005); 15 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 22.iv.1998, 20.xii.1996, 22.iii.1998); 7 specimens(Seongsan, Jeju-do: 24.v.2001).

Genus Conotalopia Iredale, 1929 Kkae-al-bam-go-dung-soak (깨알밤고둥속)

Shell small (up to 5-6 mm in height, 4-7 in width), high-conical. Surface smooth or with spiral cords. Periphery of body whorl round or angulated. Umbilicus narrow and deep. This genus consists of two species (C. ornata and C. mustelina) in Korea (Lee and Min, 2002a; Min et al., 2004). Type species: Minolia henniana Melvill, 1891.

SPECIES 6 (2 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Conotalopia

1. Spire whorls stepped, double angulated········································································C. ornata - Spire whorls rounded, periphery angled below body whorl·····································C. mustelina

49. Conotalopia ornata (Sowerby III, 1903) (Fig. 49, Pl. 49) Huin-mu-nui-bae-kkob-go-dung (흰무늬배꼽고둥)

Minolia ornata Sowerby, 1903, p. 499; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 66. Trochus (Ninolia) angulata Tokunaga, 1906, p. 30, pl. 2, fig. 5. Conotalopia ornata: Habe, 1964, p. 16, pl. 6, fig. 10; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 43(E), (J), pl. 106, fig. 17; Habe and Okutani, 1975, pp. 42, 254; Habe, 1977, p. 11, pl. 6, fig. 10; Ito, 1990, p. 85; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 44; Higo et al., 1999, p. 67; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et al., 2004, p. 109, fig. 144. Conotalopia amata: Kwon et al., 1993, p. 239.

Shell small, thin but solid, high-conical, turbinate, width equal to or slightly longer than length. Whorls about 6, rounded with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with narrow apical angle, about 70 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 74% of shell height; periphery acutely rounded. Spire relatively high-conical, about 26% total height of shell. Protoconch very small, less than 0.5 mm in diameter, yellowish white, with eroded apex. Base 104 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II of shell rounded. Shell often ornamented by irregular marking in white, brown, yellow, green, with radially-arranged reddish-brown blotches. Surface of shell smooth and slightly shiny. Aperture round, nacreous., exterior surface reflected. Outer lip moderately thin, short, and smooth. Colu- mella and margin of outer lip parallel. Columella round, smooth, and thick. Umbilicus wide and deep. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 6 mm, width 7 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: Sandy substrate from intertidal zone to depth of 10 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: GW, GN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 14 specimens (Jangho, Gangwon-do: 22.vii.2001); 23 specimens (Daepo, Gyeongsangnam-do: 8.iv.2005); 15 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 24.vi.2004); 8 specimens (Hwasun, Jeju-do: 23.v.2001); 17 specimens(Saggye, Jeju-do: Sagye, Jeju-do: 26.vi.2004).

Fig. 49. Conotalopia ornate. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm. Vetigastropoda: Trochidae: Conotalopia 105

50. Conotalopia mustelina (Gould, 1861) (Fig. 50, Pl. 50) Kkae-al-bam-go-dung (깨알밤고둥)

Margarita mustelina Gould, 1861, p. 15; Dunker, 1882, p. 145; Pilsbry, 1889a, p. 473; Habe, 1960, p. 13. Gibbula awajiensis Sowerby, 1914, p. 34, pl. 2, fig. 4; Hirase, 1941, p. 37, pl. 68, fig. 8. Calliotrochus awajiensis: Hirase, 1941, p. 37, pl. 68, fig. 8. Awajitrochus mustelina: Habe, 1964, p. 16, pl. 6, fig. 9; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 65(J), 43(E), pl. 106, fig. 16; Higo, 1973, p. 33; Inaba, 1982, p. 79. Conotalopia (Awajitrochus) mustelina: Habe and Ito, 1975, p. 16, pl. 6, fig. 1; Habe, 1977, p.11, pl. 6, fig. 9; Choe, 1992, p. 256, pl. 43, fig. 61; Kwon et al., 1993, p. 238. Conotalopia mustelina: Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 44; Higo et al., 1999, p. 65; Okutani et al., 2000, p. 81, pl. 40, fig. 131; Lee and Min, 2002a, p. 99; Min et al., 2004, p. 109, fig. 147.

Fig. 50. Conotalopia mustelina. A. ventral view; B. dorsal view; C. apical view; D. basal view. Scale: 2.5 mm. 106 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Shell small, thick and solid, low rounded-conical, turbinate, length equal to or slightly longer than width. Whorls about 4-5, convex with moderately deep sutures, increasing gradually in size. Shell with apical angle of about 85 degrees. Body whorl inflated and rather large, occupying about 84% of shell height; periphery regularly rounded. Spire low-conical, about 16% total height of shell. Pro- toconch very small, less than 0.5 mm in diameter, grayish-white, with low, eroded apex. Base of shell moderately inflated, with 3-4 spiral grooves. Shell often ornamented by white markings scat- tered on dark greenish-brown background. Base of whorls tinted with dark brown. Sculpture of about 10 irregular spiral cords on body whorl, weaker on spire, and disappearing near apex. Aper- ture rounded-trigonal, slightly nacreous. Outer lip moderately thin, and smooth. Columella and margin of outer lip almost parallel. Columella round, smooth and thin. Umbilicus deep and narrowly open. Operculum thin and tinted with yellowish-brown.

SIZE: Height 5 mm, width 4.5 mm. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan. HABITAT: On rocks and in pools among seaweed, from intertidal zone to depth of 10 m. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan. KOREA: GN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 3 specimens (Daepo, Gyeongsangnam-do: 8.iv.2005); 5 specimens(Hwasun, Jeju-do: 23.v.2001); 3 specimens(Gwakji, Jeju-do: 22.v.2001). 107

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Bivalvia: Solemyoida, Nuculida

115

List of Taxa

Class Bivalvia Linnaeus, 1758 Subclass Protobranchia Pelseneer, 1889 Order Solemyoida Dall, 1889 Superfamily Solemyoidea Gray, 1840 Family Solemyade Gray, 1840 Genus Solemya Lamarck, 1818 Solemya pusilla Gould, 1861 Order Nuculida Dall, 1889 Superfamily Nuculoidea Gray, 1824 Family Nuculidae Gray, 1824 Genus Nucula Lamarck, 1799 Nucula paulula A. Adams, 1856 Genus Lamellinucula Schenk, 1944 Lamellinucula tokyoensis Yokoyama, 1920 Genus Acila H. and A. Adams, 1858 Acila (Acila) divaricata divaricata (Hinds, 1843) Acila (Acila) divaricata vigila Shenk, 1936 Acila (Truncacila) insignis (Gould, 1861) Genus Ennucula Iredale, 1931 Ennucula niponica (E. A. Smith, 1885) Ennucula tenuis (Montagu, 1808) Family Sareptidae Stoliczka, 1871 Genus Sarepta A. Adams, 1860 Sarepta speciosa A. Adams, 1860 Superfamily Nuculanoidea H. and A. Adams, 1858 Family Nuculanidae H. and A. Adams, 1858 Genus Nuculana Link, 1807 Nuculana (Nuculana) pernula pernuloides (Dunker, 1882) Nuculana (Nuculana) pernula sadoensis (Yokoyama, 1926) Nuculana (Thestyleda) yokoyamai yokoyamai (Kuroda, 1934) Nuculana (Thestyleda) acinacea Habe, 1958 Genus Saccella Woodring, 1925 Sacella (Saccella) gordonis (Yokoyama, 1920) Saccella (Saccella) sematensis (Suzuki and Ishizuka, 1943) Family Yoldiidae Habe, 1977 Genus Yoldia Möller, 1842 Yoldia (Yoldia) amygdalia (Velenciennes, 1846) Yoldia (Yoldia) limatula Say, 1831 Yoldia (Cnesterium) johanni Dall, 1925 Genus Megayoldia Verril and Bush, 1897 116 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Megayoldia thraciaeformis Storer, 1838 Genus Portlandia Mörch, 1857 Portlandia japonica (A. Adams and Reeve, 1848) 117

Introduction

Subclass Protobranchia belong to Class Bivalvia of Phylum Mollusca, is composed of 740 species in 53 genera in 12 families (Family Bathyspinulidae, Malletiidae, Neilonellidae, Nuculanidae, Pha- seolidae, Siliculidae, Tindariidae, Yoldiidae, Nuculidae, Sareptidae, Manzanellidae, Solemyidae) in 3 orders (Order Solemyoida, Nuculida, Nuculanoida) (Catalogue of Life, 2014: http://www.catalog ueoflife.org). Protobranch bivalves has the protobranch gill, the palp proboscides except solemyoids, and the series of identical or similar vertical teeth, set in a row on the anterior and posterior hinge plate (Coan et al., 2000). On the Korean protobranch bivalves, since Adams (1860) firstly reported from Korea, Kuroda (1929), Shiba (1934), Habe (1951, 1964), Lee (1956), Kim (1957), Okada (1967), Kang (1971), Yoo (1976), Lee (1976), Yi et al. (1982), Park (1985), Kim and Choe (1987), Je et al. (1988), Je (1989), Je et al. (1991), Kwon et al. (1993), Lim et al. (1991), Higo and Goto (1993), Bernard et al. (1993), Lee et al. (1994), Je et al. (1994), The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology (1997), Higo et al., 1999, Okutan (2000), Lee and Min (2002), Lutaenko and Noseworthy (2012) have been reported in the research papers, pic- torial books. This study is carried out to redescribe Korean protobranch bivalves with the specimens collected by auther. 118

Materials and Methods

The materials in this study are composed of literature related to the Subclass Protobranchia assem- bled by the author and mussel specimens collected from 64 stations in South Korea from August, 1983 to March, 2000, and stored in the National Institute of Biological Resources and the Min Mol- luscan Research Institute. Specimens were collected by hand, using SCUBA, or from fishing nets in deeper water. The protobranch mollusc samples were fixed and preserved in 80% ethanol. Specimens were identified with a stereo miscoscope, using relevant literature. After identification, a list of species was prepared, and the diagnostic characters of each species were described. The taxonomic system and the number of taxa currently recorded is based on the “World Register of Marine Species” and “Catalogue of Life”. Materials and Methods 119

AB U HP C AT PT AM PM AA PE

A P

RB CR VM

CD U AM RR PM HP C PT AT PA AA

P A RS GL PL PS VM

E RV LU E

Fig. 1. External morphology of Protobranchia. Nucula paulula. A. left valve, B. right valve; Nucu- lana pernula sadoensis. C. left valve, D. right valve, E. dorsal view. (A. anterior; AA. anterior adductor muscle scar; AM. anterior margin; AT. anterior teeth; C. chondrophore; CR. Crenate; E. escutcheon; GL. growth line; H. height; HP. hinge plate; L. length; LU. lunule; LV. left valve; P. posterior; PA. posterior adductor muscle scar; PE. periostracum; PL. pallial line; PM. posterior margin; PS. pallial sinus; PT. posterior teeth; RB. radial rib; RR. radial ridge; RS. rostral sinus; RV. right valve; U. umbo; VM. ventral margin ; W. width.)

121

Taxonomic Notes

Class Bivalvia Linnaeus, 1758 I-mae-pae-gang (이매패강)

Subclass Protobranchia Pelseneer, 1889 Won-sae-a-gang (원새아강)

Shell medium to large, equilateral to inequilateral, rounded to rectangular, usually equivalve. Pe- riostracum polished or dull. Commarginal striae fine to deep, radial line absent or deep to divaricate. Taxodont teeth arranged on strong hinge plate. Chondrophore usually beneath umbones, small to large, wide to narrow, projected. Gills protobranch. Heteromyarian. Solemyoida edentate or have few teeth, Nuculoida taxodont.

ORDERS 3 (3 in Korea).

Order Solemyoida Dall, 1889 Bi-dan-jo-gae-mok (비단조개목)

Shell inequilateral, elongate ovate, weakly compressed to inflated, equivalve. Periostracum polished. Commarginal striae fine. No radial sculpture or weak furrows. Hinge plate edentate, or several teeth. Dimyarian or monomyarian. Gills protobranch. Labial palps and palp proboscides reduced or absent. Foot sole flattened.

SUPERFAMILIES 2 (1 in Korea).

Superfamily Solemyoidea Gray, 1840 Bi-dan-jo-gae-sang-gwa (비단조개상과)

Shell strongly inequilateral, anteriorly elongate, equvalve. Periostracum thick and glossy. Dim- yarian.

FAMILY 1 (1 in Korea). 122 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Family Solemydae Gray, 1840 Bi-dan-jo-gae-gwa (비단조개과)

Shell elongate ovate. Periostracum polished, extends byond shell margins. Sculpture absent or weak radial furrows. Umbones small. Lunule and escutcheon weak or absent. Ligament parivin- cular, opisthodetic. Pallial line obscure. Gills protobranch, labial palps minute.

GENERA 2 (1 in Korea), species 27 (1 in Korea).

Genus Solemya Lamarck, 1818 Bi-dan-jo-gae-sok (비단조개속)

Shell elongate ovate, inflated to compressed, equvalve. Shell fragile. Periostracum thick, varnished, extending beyond shell margin, weak radial furrows. Umbones not prominent, opisthogyrate. Edentate. Ligament opisthodetic. Anterior muscule scar large, posterior adductor scar small. Type species: Solemya borealis Totten, 1834.

SPECIES 20 (1 in Korea).

1. Solemya pusilla (Gould, 1861) (Fig. 2, Pl. 51) Jak-eun-bi-dan-jo-gae (작은비단조개)

Solemya pusilla Gould, 1861, 8, p. 27; Dunker, 1882, p. 293; Pilsbry, 1895, p. 152. Solemya (Petrasma) pusilla; Habe, 1950, p. 63; 1951, p. 18. Petrasma pusilla: Higo et al., 1999, p. 413, B91; Okutani, 2000, p. 833; Min et al., 2004, p. 373; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 151.

Shell inequilateral, elongate ovate, inflated, equivalves. Periostracum varnished, pale brown at

Fig. 2. Solemya pusilla. A. exterior of left valve; B. exterior of right valve. Scale: 2.5 mm. Nuculida: Nuculidae: Nucula 123 umbones, getting darker to margins, extends beyond shell margins. Radial furrow wider to margin. Umbones not prominent, locate near posterior end. Hinge plate weak without teeth.

SIZE: Length 9 mm, height 3 mm, width 1.5 mm (Mokpo: 23.v.1998). HABITATS: Sandy or muddy bottom between Intertidal zone and 200 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Southern Hokkaido and southwards, Seto inland Sea). KOREA: JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Mokpo: 23.v.1998).

Order Nuculida Dall, 1889 Ae-ho-du-jo-gae-mok (애호두조개목)

Shell inequilateral or ovate, equivalve. Periostracum varnished, brown to black. Umbones prominent. Commarginal steriae fine to deep. Radial sculpture weak or deep, divaricate in genus Acila, absent. Taxodont teeth arranged on thick hinge plate. Adductor muscle scars mostly equal. Gills protobranch. Interior nacreous, ventral inner margin crenulated or smooth.

SUPERFAMILY 1 (1 in Korea).

Key to the families of order Nuculida

1. Shell inequilateral, opisthogyrate ···············································································Nuculidae - Shell ovate, orthogyrate ·····························································································Sareptidae

Superfamily Nuculoidea Gray, 1824 Ae-ho-du-jo-gae-sang-gwa (애호두조개상과)

Shell small to medium sized, rounded trigonal. Posterior part inflated, Inequilateral and equivalve. Interior nacreous. Periostracum dark brown to black. Hinge plate thick with small to large number of teeth. Ligament internal. Pallial line obscure, sinus absent.

FAMILIES 2 (2 in Korea).

Family Nuculidae Gray, 1824 Ae-ho-du-jo-gae-gwa (애호두조개과)

Shell trigonal, medium to small, opisthogyrate. Anterior margin longer than posterior margin. 124 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Commarginal striae developed, radial sculpture fine or very deep. Interior strongly nacreous. Inner ventral margin crenulated. Chondrophore beneath umbones.

GENERA 9 (3 in Korea), species 167 (7 in Korea).

Key to the genera of family Nuculidae

1. Shell trigonal ····························································································································2 - Shell ovate or elliptical··············································································································3 2. Umbone curved, ventral inner margin crenulated··················································Lamellinucula - Umbones low, ventral inner margin smooth ····································································Nucula 3. Radial ridge divaricate········································································································Acila - Radial lirae fine ············································································································Ennucula

Genus Nucula Lamarck, 1799 Ho-du-jo-gae-sok (호두조개속)

Shell inequilateral, inflatd, equivalve, ovate, elliptical, trigonal. Opisthogyrate. Periostracum brown to black, polished. Radial and commarginal striae fine. Lunule and escutcheon present. Ta- xodont teeth arranged on wide hinge plate. Chondrophore projecting, beneath umbones. Ventral inner margin crenulated. Type species: Arca nucleus Linnaeus, 1758.

SPECIES 95 (2 in Korea).

2. Nucula paulula A. Adams, 1856 (Fig. 3, Pl. 52) Jak-eun-ho-du-jo-gae (작은호두조개)

Nucula paulula A. Adams, 1856, p. 52; Hanley, 1860, Thes., 3. p. 153, pl. 229, figs. 131, 132(cited from Habe, 1981); Sowerby, 1871, pl. 1, fig. 22a, b; Pilsbry, 1895, p. 151; Kuroda, 1934, p. 204; Habe, 1951, p. 18; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 26; Habe, 1961, p. 107, pl. 48, fig. 2; Habe, 1964, p. 159, pl. 48, fig. 2; Okada, 1967, p. 219; Habe, 1977, p. 14, pl. 4, figs. 7, 8; Yi et al., 1982, p. 20; Habe, 1981, p. 26; Ina- ba, 1982, p. 33; Habe et al., 1986, p. 25; Je et al., 1988, p. 26; Je, 1989, p. 36; Okutani and Habe, 1990, pp. 68, 267; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 541; Bernard et al., 1993, p. 17; The Korean Society of Syste- matic Zoology, 1997, p. 114; Higo et al., 1999, p. 407; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150. Nucula (Nucula) paulula: Kuroda, 1929, app. 7; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 501 (in Japanese), p. 316 (in Eng- lish), pl. 117, figs. 1, 2; Xu, 1984b, p. 179; Qi et al., 1989, p. 149; Habe and Masuda, 1990, p. 88; Lutaen-ko and Noseworthy, 2012, p. 21. Nucula paula (sic): Okutani, 1986, p. 275. Nuculana (sic) paulula: Korea electric power corporation, 1990 (cited from Lee et al., 1993).

Shell triangular shape, thick, solid. Periostracum pale gray, polished, translucent. Umbones pro- Nuculida: Nuculidae: Nucula 125

Fig. 3. Nucula paulula. A. exterior of left valve; B. exterior of right valve; C. interior of right valve; D. interior of left valve. Scale: 1 mm.

minent, locate posterior. Extended anterior margin curved, posterior margin inflated. Commargi- nal striae obscure, form irregular furrows. Radial ribs fine. Lunule and escutcheon weak. Interior grayish white color with strongly nacreous. Chondrophore locate beneath umbones extended to anterio-ventral margin. Pallial line elliptical without sinus. Adductor scar weak, anterior scar round, posterior scar ovate. Solid taxodont teeth divided into 10 anterior and 5 posterior.

SIZE: Length 3.2 mm, height 2.9 mm, width 1 mm (Right valve, Offshore Chungmu: 23.vi.1995). HABITATS: Fine sandy or muddy bottom between Intertidal zone and 200 m in depth DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku), China (East China Sea). KOREA: GB, GN, JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (34°50′N, 125°30′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 16 specimens (offshore Ch’ungmu: 23.vi.1995, 23.viii.1995); 31 specimens (32°00′N, 124°00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1997); 1 specimen (Seopjicoji, Jeju: 21.iv.1998); 1 specimen(Hwasun, Jeju: 16.ix.1998); 10 specimens (Bangeojin: 18.iv. 1999). 126 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Genus Lamellinucula Lamarck, 1799 Ye-ppeun-i-ho-du-jo-gae-sok (예쁜이호두조개속)

Shell small, solid. Umbones prominent, opithogyrate, curved in adult. Commarginal striae deep, radial line weak, narrow, densely arranged. Lunule narrow, along anterior margin, escutcheon obscure. Interior gray, nacreous. Ventral inner margin crenulated. Type species: Nucula tamatavica Odhner, 1943.

SPECIES 95 (1 in Korea).

3. Lamellinucula tokyoensis Yokoyama, 1920 (Fig. 4, Pl. 53) Ye-ppeun-i-ho-du-jo-gae (예쁜이호두조개)

Nucula tokyoensis: Yokoyama, 1920, p. 181, pl. 19, figs. 10, 11; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 26; Je et al., 1991, p. 35; Bernard et al., 1993, p. 17; Lee et al., 1993, p. 61. Nucula (Nucula) tokyoensis: Kuroda, 1929, app. 7. Nucula (Lamellinucula) tokyoensis: Habe, 1951, p. 19, fig. 8; Habe, 1961, p. 107, pl. 48, fig. 3; Okutani, 1964, pl. 6, fig. 3; Habe, 1964, p. 159, pl. 48, fig. 3; Okada, 1967, p. 219; Oyama, 1973, p. 74, pl. 20, figs. 28, 29; Xu, 1984b, p. 179; Qi et al., 1989, p. 150. Lamellinucula tokyoensis: Okutani, 1966, p. 4; Habe, 1977, p. 14, pl. 2, fig. 3; Habe, 1981, p. 26; Habe et al., 1986, p. 25; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 541; The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology, 1997, p. 114; Higo et al., 1999, p. 407; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150.

Shell small, solid. Periostracum yellowish brown, weakly polished. Umbones prominent, opithogyrate, curved in adult. Commarginal striae deep, radial line weak, narrow, densely arranged. Anterior margin moderately curved, middle part of posterior margin prominent. Lunule narrow, along anterior margin, escutcheon obscure. Interior gray, nacreous. Ventral inner margin crenulated. Chondrophore beneath umbones short, attatch to anterior hinge plate. Pallial line obscure, without sinus. Adductor scar kidney shape, weak. Taxodont teeth big, sharp, divided into 18 anterior, 8 posterior.

SIZE: Length 7.7 mm, height 7 mm, width 2 mm (Right valve, West Sea: v.1997). HABITATS: Fine sandy or muddy bottom of 50-1350 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), China (South and East China Sea). KOREA: GN, JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 4 specimens (34°20′N, 123°30′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 10 specimens (34° 20′N, 124°00′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 3 specimens (34°20′N, 123°40′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 1 specimen (offshore Ch’ungmu: v.1996); 16 specimens (34°15′N, 128°30′E, offshore Geojedo, 1993); 1 specimen (34°45′N, 128°45′E, offshore Geojedo: 1993); 1 specimen (34°45′N, 129°00′E, offshore Geojedo: 1993); 2 specimens (34°00′N, 125°00′E, Yellow Sea: iv.1997); 1 specimen(34°00′N, 125°00′E, Yellow Sea: v. 1997); 15 specimens (34°00′N, 124°00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1997); 2 specimens (34°00′N, 123°00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1997). Nuculida: Nuculidae: Acila 127

Fig. 4. Nucula tokyoensis. A. exterior of left valve; B. exterior of right valve; C. interior of right valve; D. interior of left valve. Scale: 2.5 mm.

Genus Acila H. and A. Adams, 1858 Du-jul-ho-du-jo-gae-sok (두줄호두조개속)

Shell inequilateral, ovate, eqivalve. Radial sculpture divaricate. Periostracum yellow to black. Umbones opisthogyrate. Ventral inner margin crenulated. Type species: Nucula divaricata Hinds, 1843.

SPECIES 9 (2 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Acila

1. Posterior strongly inflated ········································································································2 - Posterior not inflated ············································································Acila (Truncacila) insignis 128 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

2. Median of posterior margin projected ············································A. (Acila) divaricata divaricata - Posterior margin straight······································································A. (Acila) divaricata vigila

4. Acila (Acila) divaricata divaricata (Hinds, 1843) (Fig. 5, Pl. 54) Ho-du-jo-gae (호두조개)

Nucula divaricata Hinds, 1843 (Proc. Zool. London, 11(126), p. 97 (cited from Sowerby, 1871); Sower- by, 1871, pl. 4, fig. 29. Nucula mirabilis A. Adams and Reeve, 1848, p. 75, pl. 21, fig. 8; Dunker, 1882, p. 238; Tokunaga, 1906, p. 56; Yokoyama, 1920., p. 180, pl. XIX, fig. 9; Yokoyama, 1925, p. 30; Yokoyama, 1926, p. 362. Nucula (Acila) mirabilis: Smith, 1885, p. 230; Pilsbry, 1895, p. 151; Kuroda, 1929, app. 8; Shiba, 1934, p. 87; Hirase, 1934, p. 2. Nucula (Acila) divaricata: Hirase, 1934, p. 2; Thiele, 1935, p. 1203. Acila mirabilis: Shiba, 1934, p. 8; Habe and Kosuge, 1967, p. 121, pl. 45, fig. 2; Okada, 1967, p. 219; Xu, 1984b, p. 185; Yoo, 1976, p. 108; Habe and Ito, 1979, p. 101, pl. 33, fig. 5; Qi et al., 1989, p. 151; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 95, 337; Bernard et al., 1993, p. 18. Acila (Nucula) mirabilis: Kanehara, 1931, p. 1; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 12. Acila divaricata: Nomura and Nino, 1940, p. 39; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 12; Lee, 1956, p. 35; Kira, 1959, p. 107, pl. 41, fig. 5; Kira, 1962, p. 119, pl. 42, fig. 5; Knudsen, 1967, p. 249, fig. 4; Kang, 1971, p. 70; Xu, 1984b, p. 184; Okutani, 1986, p. 275; Je et al., 1988, p. 26; Okutani and Habe, 1990, pp. 68, 187; Bernard et al., 1993, p. 17; Lee et al., 1993, p. 61; The Korean Society of System-atic Zoology, 1997, p. 113; Okutani et al., 1988, p. 24. Acila (Acila) divaricata: Habe, 1951, p. 19, fig. 11; Keen, 1969, N231; Habe, 1977, p. 15, pl. 2, fig. 5; Oyama, 1973, p. 75, pl. 20, fig. 25; Scarlato, 1981, p. 170; Inaba, 1982, p. 33; Yi et al., 1982, p. 20; Je, 1989, p. 36; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 541; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2012. p. 21. Acila (Acila) divaricata divaricata: Habe and Masuda, 1990, p. 88; Higo et al., 1999, p. 407. Acila divaricata divaricata: Okutani, 2000, p. 835. Acilamira (sic) bilis: Lee, 1976, pp. 54, 57; Lee et al., 1993, p. 61.

Shell trigonal, solid, inflated. Periostracum brown in juvenile, black in adult without polish. Um- bones prominent, opisthogyrate. Anterior margin round, middle part of posterior margin inflated and protruded, radial rigde runs from unbones to posterior dorsal margin. Lunule wide, heart shape. Escucheon narrow along anterior dorsal kargin. Radial ribs divaricate, deep. Commar- ginal steriae irregular, weak. Interior strong nacreous. Chondropore waterdrop shape, projecting to anterior ventral side. Pallial line deep withous sinus. Muscle scars deep, evident connected to pallial line. Taxodont teeth variable in number, 20-24 on anterior, 10-12 on posterior.

SIZE: Length 30.2 mm, height 22.9 mm, width 8 mm (offshore Chungmu: v.1997). HABITATS: Sandy or muddy bottoms between intertidal zone and 500 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), China (China Sea). KOREA: GW, GN, JN, JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (35°50′N, 124°20′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 1 specimen (35°20′N, 124°30′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 1 specimen (Mijori, Namhaedo: 19.v.1985); 1 specimen (Gunsan: 7. Nuculida: Nuculidae: Acila 129

Fig. 5. Acila (Acila) divaricata divaricata. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Exterior of right valve; C. Interior of right valve; D. Interior of left valve. Scale: 10 mm.

xii.1986); 1 specimen (Guryongpo: 26.ii.1993); 1 specimen (Uljin: 9.v.1995); 25 specimens (offshore Chungmu: 23.vi.1995); 11 specimens (offshore Chungmu: 22.viii.1995); 1 specimen (Gampo: 8.xii. 1995); 1 specimen (Yangpo: 13.iii.1996); 20 specimens (offshore Ch’ungmu: 29.v.1996); 1 specimen (35°00′N, 124°00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1997); 1 specimen (33°00′N, 126°00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1997); 1 specimen (34°00′N, 125°00′E, Yellow Sea: 22.v.1997); 1 specimen(36°00′N, 123°00′E, Yellow Sea: 30.v.1997); 2 specimens (34°30′N, 128°30′E, offshore Geojedo: 1993); 1 specimen (35°00′N, 130°30′E, offshore Bu- san: 1993); 1 specimen (Jumunjin: 19.ii.1998); 243 specimens (Daebo: 21.xii.1998).

5. Acila (Acila) divaricata vigila Shenck, 1936 (Fig. 6, Pl. 55) Min-ho-du-jo-gae (민호두조개)

Nucula (Acila) divaricata var. vigila Shenck, 1936, p. 101. Acila (Acila) divaricata vigilia: Habe, 1977, p. 15. Acila (Acila) divaricata vigila: Higo et al., 1999, p. 407; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150. Acila divaricata vigilia: Okutani, 2000, p. 837. 130 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Fig. 6. Acila (Acila) divaricata vigila. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Exterior of right valve; C. Interior of right valve; D. Interior of left valve. Scale: 10 mm.

Shell trigonal, solid, inflated. Periostracum brown in juvenile, black in adult without polish. Um- bones prominent, opisthogyrate. Anterior margin round, middle part of posterior margin inflated and straignt without protrusin, radial rigde runs from unbones to posterior dorsal margin. Lunule wide, heart shape. Escucheon narrow along anterior dorsal kargin. Radial ribs divaricate, deep. Commarginal steriae irregular, weak. Interior strong nacreous. Chondropore waterdrop shape, projecting to anterior ventral side. Pallial line deep withous sinus. Muscle scars deep, evident connected to pallial line. Taxodont teeth variable in number, about 20 on anterior, 10 on posterior.

SIZE: Length 28 mm, height 21 mm, width 13.2 mm (Chilpori, Heunghae: 19.x.2009). HABITATS: Sandy or muddy bottom of 50-350 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Russia (Kuril Island, Sakhalin). KOREA: GW, GB. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 6 specimens (Chilpori, Heunghae: 19.x.2009); 15 specimens (Guryongpo harbor: 13.vii.2008). Nuculida: Nuculidae: Acila 131

6. Acila (Truncacila) insignis (Gould, 1861) (Fig. 7, Pl. 56) Whae-ho-du-jo-gae (왜호두조개)

Nucula (Acila) insignis: Gould, 1861, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., p. 36 (cited from Habe, 1960); Pilsbry, 1895, p. 151; Yokoyama, 1926, p. 362; Kuroda, 1929, app. 8; Shiba, 1934, p. 8. Acila insignis: Yokoyama, 1925, pp. 5, 7, 30; Kuroda, 1929, app. 8; Hatai, K.M., 1940, p. 120; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 12; Lee, 1956, p. 35; Golikov and Scarlato, 1967, p. 83; Habe and Kosuge, 1967, p. 121, pl. 45, fig. 4; Kang, 1971, p. 70; Je et al., 1994, p. 180; The Korean Society of Systematic Zoo- logy, 1997, p. 113. Nucula insignis: Gould, 1862, p. 175; Tokunaga, 1906, p. 56; Yokoyama, 1920, p. 179, pl. XIX, figs. 7, 8; Yokoyama, 1925, p. 30. Acila (Truncacila) insignis: Nomura, 1940, p. 89; Habe, 1951, p. 20; Habe, 1960, p. 14; Habe, 1961, p. 107, pl. 48, fig. 7; Habe, 1964, p. 159, pl. 48, fig. 7; Okada, 1967, p. 219; Habe, 1977, p. 15; Kosuge, 1979, p. 11; Habe and Ito, 1979, p. 104, pl. 34, fig. 5; Scarlato, 1981, p. 172; Okutani, 1986, p. 275; Okutani and Habe, 1990, pp. 68, 203; Habe and Masuda, 1990, p. 88; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 541; Higo et al., 1999, p. 407; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2012, p. 21.

Shell ovate, solid, weakly inflated. Periostracum thick, dark yellow to black. Umbones low, opi-

Fig. 7. Acila (Truncacila) insignis. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Exterior of right valve; C. Interior of right valve; D. Interior of left valve. Scale: 5 mm. 132 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II thogyrate. Anterior margin round, middle part of posterior margin prominent. Lunule narrow and long, escutcheon heart shape. Radial ribs deep, divaricate, Commarginal striae deeply sculptured. Interior nacreous. Chondrophore spoon shape, entended to anterio-ventral margin. Pallial line deep attatch to anterior and posterior adductor muscle scar. Pallial sinus absent. Taxodont teeth big divided into 26 anterior, 10 posterior.

SIZE: Length 23.9 mm, height 17.6 mm, width 6.4 mm (Left valve, 33°15′N, 128°45′E, offshore Geo- jedo: 1993). HABITATS: Fine sandy or muddy bottom between low intertidal zone and 650 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Kyushu). KOREA: JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 8 specimens (33°15′N, 128°45′E, offshore Geojedo: 1993); 2 specimens (34° 15′N, 128°30′E, offshore Geojedo: 1993); 2 specimens (34°45′N, 128°45′E, offshore Geojedo: 1993); 4 specimens (35°45′N, 130°30′E, offshore Busan, 1993).

Genus Ennucula Iredale, 1931 Ae-ho-du-jo-gae-sok (애호두조개속)

Shell ineqilateral, trigonal to rectangular, equivalve. Periostracum yellow, polished. Commargi- nal striae fine. Radial lirae usually absent. Ventral inner margin smooth. Hinge plate narrow. Type species: Nucula obliqua Lamarck, 1819.

SPECIES 48 (2 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Nucula

1. Chondrophore attach to anterior hinge plate ·································································E. tenuis - Chondrophore projected to dorsal side·······································································E. niponica

7. Ennucula niponica (E. A. Smith, 1885) (Fig. 8, Pl. 57) Ae-ho-du-jo-gae (애호두조개)

Nucula niponica E. A. Smith, 1885, p. 226, pl. 18, figs. 8, 8a; Pilsbry, 1895, p. 151; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 26; Kang. 1971, p. 70; Je, 1989, p. 36. Nucula (Nucula) niponica: Kuroda, 1929, app. 7. Nucula mirifica: Dall, 1925, p. 23, pls. 4, 10; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 26. Ennucula niponica: Habe, 1951, p. 20; Lee, 1956, p. 35; Kira, 1959, p. 107, pl. 41, fig. 3; Kira, 1962, p. 118, pl. 42, fig. 3; Okutani, 1962, p. 4, pl. I, fig. 7 , Okutani, 1966, p. 4; Habe and Kosuge, 1967, p. 121, pl. 45, fig. 3; Okada, 1967, p. 220; Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 502 (in Japanese), p. 316 (in English), pl. 66, fig. 6; Habe, 1977, p. 15, pl. 4, figs. 15, 16; Habe, 1981, p. 27; Habe et al., 1986, p. 25; Okutani, 1986, p. 275; Je et al., 1988, p. 26; Okutani and Habe, 1990, pp. 68, 207; Je et al., 1991, p. 35; Lee et Nuculida: Nuculidae: Ennucula 133

Fig. 8. Ennucula niponica. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Exterior of right valve; C. Interior of right valve; D. Interior of left valve. Scale: 5 mm.

al., 1993, p. 61; Bernard et al., 1993, p. 18; The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology, 1997, p. 114; Higo et al., 1999, p. 408; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150. Nucula (Leionucula) nipponica (sic): Qi et al., 1989, p. 151. Ennucula nipponica (sic): Xu, 1984b, p. 179; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 542.

Shell thin, not inflated. Periostracum pale yellow. Umbones low, opisthogyrate, locate at 2/3 of posterior. Anterior margin round, posterior dorsal margin moderately curved. Lunule long and narrow along anterior dorsal margin. Escutcheon heart shape. Commarginal striae shallow, radial rib absent. Interior weakly nacreous. Chondrophore beneath unmbone, entend to ventral. Adduc- tor scar elliptical, attach to vestigial pallial line. Pallial sinus absent. 17 anterior teeth and 8 posterior teeth small, regular sized.

SIZE: Length 13.4 mm, height 9.2 mm, width 2.4 mm (Right valve, Yellow Sea: 21.v.1997). HABITATS: Fine sandy or muddy bottom of 40-1460 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), China. KOREA: GN, JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (offshore Chungmu: 23.vi.1995); 1 specimen (offshore Chungmu: viii.1995); 1 specimen (offshore Chungmu: 23.viii.1995); 1 specimen (33°00′N, 126°00′E, Yellow Sea: 22.iii.1997); 1 specimen (34°00′N, 125°00′E, Yellow Sea: 22.iii.1997); 3 specimens (33°00′N, 124°00′E, 134 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Yellow Sea: v.1997); 7 specimens(34°00′N, 123°00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1997); 12 specimens(35°00′N, 123° 00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1997); 2 specimens (35°00′N, 125°00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1997); 1 specimen (36°00′N, 123°00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1997); 1 specimen(33°00′N, 125°00′E, Yellow Sea: 21.v.1997); 1 specimen(34° 00′N, 124°00′E, Yellow Sea: 23.v.1997); 1 specimen(Yellow Sea: 30.v.1995).

8. Ennucula tenuis (Montagu, 1808) (Fig. 9, Pl. 58) Buk-gang-ho-du-jo-gae (북방호두조개)

Nucula tenuis: Montagu, 1808, p. 56, pl. 29, fig. 1; Sowerby, 1871, pl. 3, fig. 20; Rogers, 1908, p. 381; Schrader, E., 1911, p. 27; Dall, 1921, p. 9; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 26; Abbott, 1974, p. 411, fig. 4794. Nucula (Nucula) tenuis: Kuroda, 1929, app. 5. Nucula (Enucula) tenuis: Ishikawa, 1969, p. 49. Ennucula tenuis: Habe, 1951, p. 20; Kira, 1959, p. 107, pl. 41, fig. 4; Kira, 1962, p. 118, pl. 42, fig. 4; Oka- da, 1967, p. 220; Habe and Ito, 1979, p. 104, pl. 34, figs. 6, 7; Okutani, 1986, p. 275; Je et al., 1988, p. 26; Okutani and Habe, 1990, pp. 68, 211; Je et al., 1991, p. 35; Lee et al., 1993, p. 61; Higo and Goto,

Fig. 9. Ennucula tenuis. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Exterior of right valve; C. Interior of right valve; D. Interior of left valve. Scale: 5 mm. Nuculida: Sareptidae: Sarepta 135

1993, p. 542; The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology, 1997, p. 114; Habe and Masuda, 1990 (p. 88); Higo et al., 1999, p. 408; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150. Leionucula tenuis tenuis: Scarlato, 1981, p. 174. Nucula (Leionucula) tenuis: Xu, 1984b, p. 179; Qi et al., 1989, p. 150; Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2012, p. 20.

Shell solid, inflated. Periostracum pale yellow, varnlished. Umbones prominent, opithogyrate. Anterio-dorsal margin moderately curved but posterior-dorsal maring straight. Lunule long and narrow, locate along anterio-dorsal margin. Escutcheon heart shape.Interior strongly nacreous. Chondrophore short, scoope shape, attatch to anterior hinge plate. Muscle scars elliptical, attatch to weak pallial line. No sinus. Taxodont regularily arranged, long, hard, divided into 19 anterior, 9 posterior.

SIZE: Length 14.7 mm, height 10.8 mm, width 3.3 mm (Right valve, Yellow Sea: 25.v.1997). HABITATS: Fine sandy or muddy bottom between low intertidal zone and 335 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea (East Sea, Yellow Sea), Japan (North Honshu), China (Bohai Sea), Russia, Alaska, Arctic Sea, Kamchatka Peninsula, Bering Sea, North East Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean. KOREA: GN, JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (36°20′N, 124°40′E, Yellow Sea, viii.1983); 1 specimen (35°20′N, 125°00′E, Yellow Sea, viii.1983); 2 specimens (34°50′N, 125°00′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 4 specimens (34°50′N, 123°50′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 2 specimens (34°50′N, 123°40′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 4 specimens (34°20′N, 124°50′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 4 specimens(34°20′N, 123°30′E, Yellow Sea: viii. 1983); 2 specimens (offshore Chungmu: 23.vi.1995); 2 specimens (offshore Chungmu: 22.viii.1995); 12 specimens (offshore Chungmu: v.1996); 2 specimens (32°00′N, 124°00′E , Yellow Sea: v.1997); 2 specimens (36°00′N, 125°00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1997); 3 specimens (36°00′N, 123°00′E, Yellow Sea: v. 1997); 1 specimen (34°00′N, 123°00′E, Yellow Sea: 25.v.1997); 1 specimen (36°00′N, 123°00′E, Yellow Sea: 30.v.1997); 2 specimens (37°00′N, 124°00′E, Yellow Sea: 30.v.1997); 1 specimen (dead, 35°00′N, 130°30′E, offshore Pusan, 1993).

Family Sareptidae Stoliczka, 1871 Jo-rong-bak-jo-gae-gwa (조롱박조개과)

Shell ovate, not inflated, thin. Periostracum gray without polish. Umbones low, orthogyrate. Lu- cule and eschutcheon obscure.

GENERA 3 (1 in Korea), species 7 (1 in Korea).

Genus Sarepta A. Adams, 1860 Jo-rong-bak-jo-gae-sok (조롱박조개속)

Shell ovate, not inflated. Orthogyrate. Taxodont teeth arranged on hinge plate. 136 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Type species: Sarepta speciosa A. Adams, 1860.

SPECIES 2 (1 in Korea).

9. Sarepta speciosa A. Adams, 1860 (Fig. 10, Pl. 59) Bi-dan-jo-rong-bak (비단조롱박)

Sarepta speciosa: A. Adams, 1860, p. 303; A. Adams, 1868, p. 41, pl. 4, fig. 1; Pilsbry, 1895, p. 151; Dunker, 1882, p. 239; Kuroda, 1929, app. 14; Kuroda and Kikuchi, 1933, p. 35; Shiba, 1934, p. 9; Kuroda, 1934, p. 204; Nomura and Nino, 1940, p. 40; Habe, 1951, p. 24, figs. 18, 19; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 26; Lee, 1956, p. 35; Habe, 1961, p. 109, pl. 48, fig. 22; Habe, 1964, p. 161, pl. 48, fig. 22; Habe, 1965, p. 107, pl. 48, fig. 22 (cited from Habe, 1981); Kuroda et al., 1971, p. 506 (in Japan- ese), p. 319 (in English), pl. 66, figs. 15, 16; Kang, 1971, p. 71; Habe, 1981, p. 27; Xu, 1984a, p. 175, fig. 15; Habe et al., 1986, p. 25; Okutani, 1986, p. 275; Je, 1989, p. 36; Okutani and Habe, 1990, pp. 69, 256; Je et al., 1991, p. 35; Bernard et al., 1993, p. 19; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 542; Thiele, 1935,

Fig. 10. Sarepta speciosa. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Exterior of right valve; C. Interior of right valve; D. Interior of left valve. Scale: 5 mm. Nuculida: Nuculanidae: Nuculana 137

pp. 1203, 1204, fig. 790; Higo et al., 1999, p. 408; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150. Sarepta japonica: Habe, 1977, p. 16, pl. 2, figs. 9, 10.

Shell ovate, thin, not inflated. Periostracum pale gray without varnish. Umbones low, orthogyrate. Dorsal margin straight, anterior and posterior margin round. Commarginal striae obscure. Radial ribs absent. Lunule and escutcheon obscure. Interior white without polish. Chondrophore beneath umbones protruding. Hinge plate short. 6 taxodont teeth on anterior, 8 on posterior

SIZE: Length 3.5 mm, height 2.9 mm, width 0.7 mm (Right valve, Yellow Sea: v.1997). HABITATS: Fine Sandy or Muddy bottom of 50-350 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), China (East China Sea). KOREA: GN, JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (34°00′N, 126°00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1997).

Superfamily Nuculanoidea H. and A. Adams, 1858 Map-si-jo-gae-sang-gwa (맵시조개상과)

Shell inequilateral to elongate elliptical. Umbones locate anterior. Taxodont teeth arranged on narrow and long hinge plate. Anterior round and posterior elongated.

FAMILIES 8 (3 in Korea).

Family Nuculanidae H. and A. Adams, 1858 Map-si-jo-gae-gwa (맵시조개과)

Shell elongate elliptical, equivalve. Prosogyrate. Periostracum smooth, varnished, olive to dark brown. Commarginal striae fine to deep. Taxodont teeth arranged on narrow and long hinge plate. Anterior round, posterior elongated to form rostrum.

GENERA 13 (2 in Korea), species 519 (12 in Korea).

Key to the genera of family Nuculanidae

1. Shell elongate, prosogyrate···························································································Nuculana - Shell trigonal, orthogyrate·······························································································Saccella 138 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Subfamily Nuculaninae H. and A. Adams, 1858 Map-si-jo-gae-agwa (맵시조개아과)

Genus Nuculana Link, 1807 Beo-seon-map-si-jo-gae-sok (버선맵시조개속)

Shell inequlilateral, prosogyrate. Poasterior end form rostrum. Commarginal riblets deep. Type species: Arca rostrate Chemnitz, 1774.

SPECIES 109 (4 in Korea).

Key to the species of Genus Nuculana

1. Rosterum not projected·············································································································2 - Rosterum progected ·················································································································3 2. Radial ridge straight ·································································N. (Nuculana) pernual pernuloides - Radial ridge round·······································································N. (Nuculana) pernula sadoensis 3. Commarginal striae obscure·····································································N. (Thestyleda) acinacea - Commarginal striae deep······································································N. (Thestyleda) yokoyamai

10. Nuculana (Nuculana) pernula pernuloides (Dunker, 1882) (Fig. 11, Pl. 60) Jan-ju-reum-map-si-jo-gae (잔주름맵시조개)

Arca pernula: Müller, 1779, Besch. Ges. Naturf. Freunde z. Berlin, IV, p. 55(cited from Kuroda, 1929). Nuculana pernula: Nomura and Nino, 1940, p. 40; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 26; Abbott, 1974, p. 413, fig. 4848. Leda pernula: Sowerby, 1871, pl. 2, fig. 5a, b, c; Schrader, E., 1911, p. 28; Dall, 1921, p. 11; Kuroda, 1929, app. 9; Thiele, 1935, p. 1207, fig. 792. Nuculana (Leda) pernula: Kanehara, 1931, p. 1. Nuculana (Nuculana) pernula: Habe, 1951, p. 24, figs. 20, 21; Puri, 1969, N235; Je, 1989, p. 36; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 544; Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2012, p. 22. Nuculana (Nuculana) pernula pernuloides: Higo et al., 1999, p. 410; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 151.

Shell trigonal ovate, solid, weakly inflated. Periostracum dark brown, weakly polished. Umbones low, prosogyrate. Anterior round, posterior dorsal margin straight. Commarginal striae evident, rough, irregular. Interior white with weakly varnished. Two rows of ridge run from umbones to posterior margin, upper ridge strong. Chondrophore small, divide taxodont teeth 12 on anterior 18 on posterior.

SIZE: Length 13mm, height 6.5 mm, width 5.2 mm (Daejin: 18.iv.2000). HABITATS: Fine sandy or muddy bottom of 100-200 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Japan (Northern Hokkaido), Alaska, Puget Sound. Nuculida: Nuculanidae: Nuculana 139

Fig. 11. Nuculana (Nuculana) pernula pernuloides. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Exterior of right valve; C. Interior of right valve; D. Interior of left valve. Scale: 5 mm.

KOREA: GW, GN, JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Daejin: 18.iv.2000).

11. Nuculana (Nuculana) pernla sadoensis (Yokoyama, 1926) (Fig. 12, Pl. 61) Dal-bit-map-si-jo-gae (달빛맵시조개)

Leda sadoensis Yokoyama, 1926 (Jour. Fac. Sci. Tokyo), (2)1, p. 308, pl. 36, fig. 6 (cited from Kuroda, 1929); Kuroda, 1929, app. 9. Nuculana (Nuculana) sadoensis: Habe, 1951, p. 25; Xu, 1984a, p. 168, fig. 1; Qi et al., 1989, p. 152. Nuculana pernula sadoensis: Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 26; Habe, 1961, p. 109, pl. 48, fig. 27; Habe, 1964, p. 162, pl. 48, fig. 27; The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology, 1997, p. 114. Nuculana (Nuculana) pernula sadoensis: Habe, 1977, p. 21; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 320, 508, pl. 66. fig. 19; Scarlato, 1981, p. 181; Habe and Masuda, 1990, p. 89; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 544; Higo et al., 1999, p. 411; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 151. Nuculana sadoensis: Bernard et al., 1993, p. 19. Nuculana (Nuculana) sadoensis: Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2012, p. 22.

Shell elongate, solid, inflated. Periostracum brown without polish. Umbones low locate anterior. Anterior round. Rostrum truncate, curved moderately. Two ridges run from umbones to posterior end. Commarginal ribs fine, no radial ribs. Lunule narrow, along anterior dorsal margin. Escut- cheon narrow with a prominent medial keel. Interior white with polish. Chondrophore projecting, 140 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Fig. 12. Nuculana (Nuculana) pernla sadoensis. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Exterior of right valve; C. Interior of right valve; D. Interior of left valve. Scale: 5 mm.

short, wide. Muscle scars kidney shape, pallial line deep and shallow, parallel with ventral margin from anterior adductor scar to pallial sinus. 15 tatxodont teeth on anterior, 18 on posterior.

SIZE: Length 12.6 mm, height 6.7 mm, width 2 mm (Left valve, 34°45′N, 129°15′E, offshore Geoje- do: 1993). HABITATS: Sandy or muddy bottom of 100-200 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), China. KOREA: GN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (34°45′N, 129°15′E, offshore Geojedo: 1993).

12. Nuculana (Thestyleda) yokoyamai yokoyamai (Kuroda, 1934) (Fig. 13, Pl. 62) Beo-seon-map-si-jo-gae (버선맵시조개)

Leda ramsayi: Smith, 1885, p. 241. Nuculana (Thestyleda) ramsayi: Puri, H. S., 1969, N237. Leda cf. ramsayi: Kuroda, 1929, app. 9, non E. A. Smith, 1885 (cited from Kuroda 1929). Nuculana (Thestyleda) yokoyamai: Kuroda, 1934, p. 204 (new name for Leda ramsayi Smith sensu Yo- koyama); Nomura, 1940, p. 89; Habe, 1951, p. 25; Habe, 1961, p. 108, pl. 48, fig. 17; Habe, 1964, p. 161, pl. 48, fig. 17; Okutani, 1962, p. 11, Okada, 1967, p. 220; Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 321, 508, pl. Nuculida: Nuculanidae: Nuculana 141

Fig. 13. Nuculana (Thestyleda) yokoyamai yokoyamai. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Exterior of right valve; C. Interior of right valve; D. Interior of left valve. Scale: 2.5 mm.

66, fig. 14; Habe, 1977, p. 21, pl. 3, fig. 4; Habe and Ito, 1979, p. 105, pl. 34, figs. 12, 13; Habe, 1981, p. 29; Xu, 1984a, p. 168, fig. 2; Qi et al., 1989, p. 152; Habe and Masuda, 1990, p. 89; Okutani and Habe, 1990, p. 69, 175; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 544; Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2012, p. 22. Nuculana (Thestyleda) yokoyamai yokoyamai: Higo et al., 1999, p. 411; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 151. Nuculana yokoyamai: Nomura and Nino, 1940, p. 40; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 26; Je et al., 1988, p. 26; Bernard et al., 1993, p. 19; The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology, 1997, p. 113. Nuculana (Nuculana) yokoyamai: Oyama, 1973, p. 73, pl. 21, fig. 6. Thestyleda yokoyamai: Habe et al., 1986, p. 26; Okutani, 1986, p. 276. Nuculana jokoyamai (sic): Lee et al., 1993, p. 31.

Shell elongate, thin, inflated. Periostracum light to dark brown without polish. Umbones low locate anterior. Anterior round. Rostrum truncate, curved moderately. Two ridges run from umbones to posterior end. Commarginal ribs deep, densely spaced. No radial ribs. Lunule narrow, along anterior dorsal margin. Escutcheon heart shape, long. Interior white with polish. Chondro- phore small. Siphonal groove on inside of posterior. Muscle scars elliptical, anterior musle scar bigger than posterior muscle scar. Pallial line obscure, sinus narrow and deep. 18 taxodont teeth on anterior, 20 on posterior.

SIZE: Length 9.6 mm, height 5.3 mm, width 1.8 mm (Right valve, 35°20′N, 124°30′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983). HABITATS: Fine sandy or muddy bottom of 50-450 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), China. KOREA: JN, GN. 142 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 6 specimens (36°20′N, 124°40′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 1 specimen (35°50′N, 124°50′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 4 specimens (35°20′N, 125°00′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 9 specimens (35°20′N, 124°40′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 3 specimens (35°20′N, 124°30′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 4 specimens (35°20′N, 124°10′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 5 specimens(34°50′N, 125°10′E, Yellow Sea: viii. 1983); 3 specimens (34°50′N, 125°00′E, Yellow Sea: vi.1983); 14 specimens (34°50′N, 124°40′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 8 specimens (34°50′N, 124°30′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 2 specimens(34°20′N, 123°40′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 1 specimen (34°20′N, 123°30′E, Yellow Sea, viii.1983); 2 specimens (34°15′N, 128°30′E, offshore Geojedo: 1993); 1 specimen (34°45′N, 128°45′E, offshore Geojedo: 1993); 1 specimen (34°45′N, 129°00′E, offshore Geojedo: 1993); 2 specimens (34°45′N, 129°15′E, offshore Geojedo: 1993); 1 specimen (35°00′N, 130°30′E, offshore Busan: 1993); 10 specimens (35°00′N, 125°00′E, Yel- low Sea: v.1997); 2 specimens(34°00′N, 123°00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1997); 6 specimens(37°00′N, 124°00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1997).

13. Nuculana (Thestyleda) acinacea Habe, 1958 (Fig. 14, Pl. 63) Gug-ja-map-si-jo-gae (국자맵시조개)

Nuculana (Thestyleda) acinacea: Habe, 1958, p. 248 (cited from Okutani, 1962); Habe, 1938, p. 247 (cited from Habe, 1981); Kira, 1959, p. 107, pl. 41, fig. 9; Okutani, 1962, p. 11; Kira, 1962, p. 119, pl. 42, fig. 9; Habe, 1977, p. 21; Habe, 1981, p. 29; Habe and Masuda, 1990, p. 89; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 544; Higo et al., 1999, p. 411. Thestyleda acinacea: Habe et al., 1986, p. 26; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 151; Min et al., 2004, p. 373; Lu- taenko and Noseworthy, 2012, p. 23. Nuculana (Thestyleda) acianacea (sic): 山下秀夫, 1978, pp. 41-95 (cited from Je et al., 1988); Je et al., 1991, p. 35.

Shell elongate oval, scoop shape, solid. Unbones low, prosogyrate, weakly inflated. Periostracum pale yellow. Commarginal striae fine, regular. No radial line. Two strong ridges run from umbones to posterior margin. Posterior margin straight but usually worn out. Rostrum short.

Fig. 14. Nuculana (Thestyleda) acinacea. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Exterior of right valve. Scale: 2.5 mm. Nuculida: Nuculanidae: Saccella 143

SIZE: Length 10 mm, height 5 mm, width 2 mm (Southwestern Sea: 4.ii.1993). HABITATS: Fine sandy bottom of 200-300 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Honshu, Shikoku). KOREA: GN, JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Southwestern Sea: 4.ii.1993).

Genus Saccella Woodring, 1925 Map-si-jo-gae-sok (맵시조개속)

Shell trigonal, inflated. Periostracum yellow to greenish wellow, thin. Umbones orthogyrate. Growth line fine, regular. Two rows of ridge run from umbone to projected posterior end. Type species: Arca fragilis Chemnitz, 1784.

SPECIES 12 (2 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Saccella

1. Anterior margin inflated, posterior margin sharp·········································S. (Saccella) gordonis - Anterior margin and posterior margin round············································S. (Saccella) sematensis

14. Saccella (Saccella) gordonis (Yokoyama, 1920) (Fig. 15, Pl. 64) Bu-chae-map-si-jo-gea (부채맵시조개)

Leda gordonis Yokoyama, 1920, p. 177, pl. 19, figs. 4, 5; Yokoyama, 1925, p. 30; Kuroda, 1929, app. 10. Saccella gordonis: Habe, 1951, p. 25; Habe, 1961, p. 108, pl. 48, fig. 20; Habe, 1964, p. 161, pl. 48, fig. 20; Tsuchi, 1965, p. 213; Okada, 1967, p. 221; Oyama, 1973, p. 74, pl. 21, figs. 1, 2; Habe, 1981, p. 29; Xu, 1984a, p. 171, fig. 8; Habe et al., 1986, p. 26; Qi et al., 1989, p. 153; Okutani and Habe, 1990, pp. 69, 214; Je et al., 1991, p. 35; Lee et al., 1993, p. 61; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 545; The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology, 1997, p. 114. Nuculana gordonis: Otuka, 1933, pp. 142, 143; Nomura and Nino, 1940, p. 40; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 26; Bernard et al., 1993, p. 18. Saccella (Saccella) gordonis: Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 321, 509, pl. 66, fig. 20; Habe, 1977, p. 24; Habe and Masuda, 1990, p. 89; Higo et al., 1999, p. 412; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 151.

Shell inflated, trigonal, thin. Periostracum pale yellow, weakly polished. Commarginal striae deep, regular. Two ridges run from umbone to pointed posterior end. Anterior margin round, dorsal margin inflated. Umbones low, round. Interior white with varnish. Pallial sinus deep. 17 taxodont teeth on anterior, 12 on posterior. Chondrophore very small.

SIZE: Length 11 mm, height 6.5 mm, width 4.8 mm (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 2.v.2001). HABITATS: Fine sandy or muddy bottom of 20-300 m in deep. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), China (East China Sea). 144 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Fig. 15. Saccella (Saccella) gordonis. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Exterior of right valve. Scale: 5 mm.

KOREA: JJ. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Seongsan, Jeju-do: 2.v.2001).

15. Saccella (Saccella) sematensis (Suzuki and Ishizuka, 1943) (Fig. 16, Pl. 65) Yalb-eun-bu-chae-map-si-jo-gae (얇은부채맵시조개)

Nuculana confusa sematensis: Suzuki and Ishizuka, 1943, p. 54. Saccella sematensis: Habe, 1951, p. 25; Habe, 1961, p. 108, pl. 48, fig. 21; Habe and Kosuge, 1967, p. 122, pl. 45, fig. 6; Okada, 1967, p. 221; Habe et al., 1986, p. 26; Okutani, 1986, p. 276; Okutani and Habe, 1990, pp. 69, 175; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 545. Nuculana sematensis: Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 26; Bernard et al., 1993, p.19. Nuculana (Jupiteria) sematensis: Je, 1989, p. 36. Saccella (Saccella) sematensis: Kuroda et al., 1971, pp. 321, 510, pl. 117, figs. 5, 6; Habe, 1977, p. 24; Habe, 1981, p. 29; Habe and Masuda, 1990, p. 89; Higo et al., 1999, p. 412; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 151.

Shell medium size, elliptical. Umbones low, orthogyrate. Periostracum pale yellow, weakly polished. Commarginal striae fine but obvious, regular. Two ridges run from umbones to posterior end, upper ridge stronger than lower. Anterior round, posterior margin pointed. Posterior dorsal margin gently slope. Interior white color with varnish. Chondrophore small. Pallial sinus parallel with venteral margin, sinus wide and deep. Taxodont teeth 18 on anterior 11 on posterior.

SIZE: Length 11 mm, height 6.5 mm, width 4.5 mm (Uido: 15.viii.1998). HABITATS: Fine sandy or muddy bottom of 20-450 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), China (East China Sea), Taiwan. KOREA: JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 3 specimens (Uido: 15.viii.1998). Nuculida: Yoldiidae: Yoldia 145

Fig. 16. Saccella (Saccella) sematensis. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Exterior of right valve; C. Interior of right valve; D. Interior of left valve. Scale: 5 mm.

Family Yoldiidae Habe, 1977 Yeon-du-map-si-jo-gae-gwa (연두맵시조개과)

Shell ovate, elongate, subquadrate, medium to large. Umbones locate anterior. Teeth taxodont. Periostracum thin, varnished. Chondrophore well developed.

GENERA 8 (3 in Korea), species 155 (5 in Korea).

Key to the genera of family Yoldidae

1. Shell elongate elliptical ······································································································Yoldia - Shell rectangular·······················································································································2 2. Posterior end inflated, ventral line higher than umbones ···········································Megayoldia - Posterior end inflated, ventral line lower than umbones··············································Portlandia

Genus Yoldia Möller, 1842 Yeon-du-map-si-jo-gae-sok (연두맵시조개속)

Shell inequilateral, elongate subovate to rectangular. Posterior end rounded to pointed, truncate. 146 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Chondrophore small to large. Type species: Yoldia arctica Möller, 1842.

SPECIES 20 (2 in Korea).

Key to the species of genus Yoldia

1. Strong furrow on anterior vental margin ··················································································2 - Anterior ventral margin smooth ··································································Y. (Yoldia) amygdalea 2. Oblique striae on posterior side································································Y. (Cnesterium) johanni - Posterior side smooth······················································································Y. (Yoldia) limatula

16. Yoldia (Yoldia) amygdalea (Velenciennes, 1846)(Fig. 17, Pl. 66) Ban-jil-i-ban-dal-jo-gae (반질이반달조개)

Yoldia amygdalea: Velenciennes, 1846 cited from Higo et al., 1999, p. 408. Yoldia (Yoldia) amygdalea: Habe, 1977, p. 25; Higo et al., 1999, p. 408; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150.

Shell medium size, elliptical. Periostracum polished yellowish green. Umbones orthogyrate, low. Dorsal margin straight, anterior margin round, ventral margin straight but median part sunken. Posterior ventral margin straight, posterior margin pointed. Interior white with varnish. Taxodont teeth 29 on anterior, 24 on posterior between small chondrophore.

Fig. 17. Yoldia (Yoldia) amygdalea. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Exterior of right valve; C. Interior of right valve; D. Interior of left valve. Scale: 5 mm. Nuculida: Yoldiidae: Yoldia 147

SIZE: Length 41 mm, height 19 mm, width 38 mm (Ayajin, Goseong: 5.ix.2002). HABITATS: Sand bottom of 9-300 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan, Nothern Pacific. KOREA: GW. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 3 specimens (Ayajin, Goseong: 5.ix.2002).

17. Yoldia (Yoldia) limatula (Say, 1831)(Fig. 18, Pl. 67) Nal-gae-map-si-jo-gea (날개맵시조개)

Nucla limatula: Say, 1831, Amer. Conch., pl. 12 (cited from Sherborn, 1927). Yoldia limatula: Rogers, 1908, p. 382; Dall, 1921, p. 13; H. and A. Adams, 1858, p. 548; Habe, 1961, p. 109, pl. 48, fig. 29; Habe, 1964, p. 162, pl. 48, fig. 29; Okada, 1967, p. 221; Cowan, 1968, p. 58; Ab- bott, 1974, p. 417, fig. 4907; Kosuge, 1979, p. 11; Habe and Ito, 1979, p. 102, pl. 33, fig. 9; Abbott and Dance, 1982, p. 294; Habe and Masuda, 1990, p. 89; Okutani et al., 1988, p. 31. Yoldia (Yoldia) limatula: Habe, 1977, p. 25; Higo et al., 1999, p. 409; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150.

Shell ovate, not inflated. Periostracum brown with strong varnish. Umbones low, orthogyrate. Dorsal margin straight, ventral margin moderately curved. Anterior and posterior margin round. Large ridge run from umbo to anterior ventral margin. Commarginal striae fine, no radial ribs. Lu- nule obsure, escutcheon prominent and long. Interior white with polish. Chondrophore triangular locate beneath umbones. Pallial line parallel with ventral margin, sinus deep and long. Taxodont teeth 36 on anterior, 25 on posterior.

SIZE: Length 46.1 mm, height 21 mm, width 5.1 mm (left valve, Imwon: 5.ii.1998). HABITATS: Sandy or Muddy bottom of 50-100 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Nothern Hokkaido), Northern Pacific, Arctic Ocean to San Diego, Atlantic. KOREA: GW. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 2 specimens (Imwon: 5.ii.1998).

Fig. 18. Yoldia (Yoldia) limatula. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Interior of left valve. Scale: 10 mm. 148 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

18. Yoldia (Cnesterium) johanni Dall, 1925 (Fig. 19, Pl. 68) Yeon-du-map-si-jo-gae (연두맵시조개)

Yoldia (Cnesterium) johanni: Dall, 1925, p. 32, pl. 29, fig. 7; Kanehara, 1931, p. 1; Habe, 1951, pp. 26, 28, fig. 27; Kira, 1959, p. 108, pl. 41, fig. 13; Kira, 1962, p. 119, pl. 42, fig. 13; Habe and Kosuge, 1967, p. 122, pl. 45, fig. 2; Okada, 1967, p. 221; Habe, 1977, p. 26, pl. 3, fig. 11; Habe and Ito, 1979, p. 101, pl. 33, fig. 6; Scarlato, 1981, p. 200; Okutani, 1986, p. 277; Kim and Choe, 1987, p. 374; Habe and Masuda, 1990, p. 88; Okutani and Habe, 1990, pp. 70, 185; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 547; Kwon et al., 1993, pp. 95, 336; Higo et al., 1999, p. 409; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150; Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2012, p. 25. Yoldia johani (sic): Lee et al., 1993, p. 61. Yoldia johanni: Kuroda, 1929, app. 12; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 35; Je et al., 1988, p. 26; Lim et al., 1991; Lee et al., 1993, p. 64; The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology, 1997, p. 114; Lee et al., 1994, p. 31.

Shell elongate oval, thin, compressed. Periostracum light green to brown, varnished. Umbones depressed, opithogyrate. Anterior margin round, low anterior part collapsed. Posterior dorsal margin moderately curved. Posterior part pointed. Commarginal striae fine, regularily arranged. Ob- lique striae present on several slopes, widely spaced. Lunule narrow. Escutcheon extended from umbones to posterior end. Interior white without polish. Chondrophore small, projecting. Muscle scars kidney shape. Pallial line parallel with ventral margin, sinus deep to central part, wide. Teeth small and long, 29 on anterior, 18 on posterior.

SIZE: Length 36.5 mm, height 18.7 mm, width 3.6 mm (Left valve, Tumujin, Bagryoungdo: 25.xi.

Fig. 19. Yoldia (Cnesterium) johanni. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Exterior of right valve; C. Interior of right valve; D. Interior of left valve. Scale: 10 mm. Nuculida: Yoldiidae: Megayoldia 149

1987). HABITATS: Fine sandy or muddy bottom of 10-100 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Kyushu). KOREA: GG, GN, JN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (35°20′N, 124°10′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 2 specimens (34°50′N, 123°50′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 2 specimens (34°50′N, 123°40′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 2 specimens (36°20′N, 125°50′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 1 specimen (35°00′N, 124°00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1997); 3 specimens (Dumujin, Paengnyongdo, 25.xi.1987); 1 specimen (35°00′N, 123°00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1998).

Genus Megayoldia Verril and Bush, 1897 Keun-map-si-jo-gae-sok (큰맵시조개속)

Shell large, inflated, subquadrate. Posterior end expanded, truncate. Periostracum polished, dark brown. Commarginal striae fine. Umbones obscure, usually worn out. Teeth taxodont equally arranged on both wide hinge plate. Type species: Nucula thraciaeformis Storer, 1838.

SPECIES 6 (1 in Korea).

19. Megayoldia thraciaeformis Storer, 1838 (Fig. 20, Pl. 69) Keun-map-si-jo-gae (큰맵시조개)

Yoldia cf. thraciaeformis; Storer, 1838, Boston Journ. N. H. II, p. 122 (cited from Kuroda, 1929); Kuro- da, 1929, app. 12. Portlandia (Megayoldia) thraciaeformis: Habe, 1951, pp. 25, 26, figs. 24, 25; Okada, 1967, p. 221; Oku- tani and Habe, 1990, pp. 70, 260. Yoldia thraciaeformis: Rogers, 1908, p. 383; Dall, 1921, p. 13; Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 35. Yoldia (Megayoldia) thraciaeformis: Kira, 1959, p. 108, pl. 41, fig. 14; Kira, 1962, p. 120, pl. 42, fig. 14; Puri, 1969, N241; Abbott, 1974, p. 418, fig. 4918; Habe and Ito, 1979, p. 102, pl. 33, fig. 7; Thiele, 1935, p. 1209; Abbott and Dance, 1982, p. 294. Megayoldia thraciaeformis: Habe, 1977, p. 26, pl. 3, figs. 14, 15; Okutani, 1962, p. 11; Scarlato, 1981, p. 190; Okutani, 1986, p. 277; Habe and Masuda, 1990, p. 89; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 547; Okutani et al., 1988, p. 27; Higo et al., 1999, p. 409; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 151; Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2012, p. 26. Leda thraciaeformis: Sowerby, 1871, pl. 1, fig. 4a, b, c.

Shell thick and solid. Periostracum dark brown, strongly polished. Umbones low, prosogyrate. Anterior round. Posterior margin round, ear shape. Furrow from umbones to posterior ventral margin. Commarginal striae thick but radial line weak. Lucule small along anterior dorsal margin. Escucheon long. Interior white with polish. Hinge plate wide and short. Chondrephore beneath umbones wide, projecting. Pallial line evident, sinus narrow wider to inside. Muscle scars rectan- 150 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Fig. 20. Megayoldia thraciaeformis. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Interior of right valve. Scale: 10 mm.

gular, upside of posterior muscle scar pointed to chondrophore. Taxodont teed 25 on anterior, 15 on posterior.

SIZE: Length 40.3 mm, height 22.8 mm, width 7.6 mm (Daejin: 4.iii.1999). HABITATS: Muddy bottom of 25-550 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Hokkaido), Kamchatka Peninsula, Alaska to Puget Sound, Artic Ocean, Northern Atlantic Ocean, Northern Pacific. KOREA: GW. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (Daejin: 4.iii.1999); 1 specimen (Geojin: 4.iii.1999).

Genus Portlandia Mörch, 1857 Ban-dal-jo-gae-sok (반달조개속)

Shell solid, subquadrate. Posterior end produced. Commarginal striae fine. Periostracum brown to black, irregular incremental striae. Hinge plate narrow with taxodont teeth. Pallial sinus small. Chondrophore rectangular, well developed. Type species: Nucula arctica Gray, 1824.

SPECIES 7 (1 in Korea).

20. Portlandia japonica (A. Adams and Reeve, 1848) (Fig. 21, Pl. 70) Yalb-eun-ban-dal-jo-gae (얇은반달조개)

Nucula japonica: A. Adams and Reeve 1848, p. 75, pl. 21, fig. 9; Dunker, 1882, p. 239. Yoldia japonica: Sowerby, 1871, pl. 2, fig. 8; Dunker, 1882, p. 239; Pilsbry, 1895, p. 151; Kuroda, 1929, Nuculida: Yoldiidae: Portlandia 151

app. 11; Kanehara, 1931, p. 1; Hirase, 1934, p. 2; Bernard et al., 1993, p. 19. Portlandia (Portlandella) japonica: Habe, 1951, pp. 26, 27, fig. 26; Kira, 1959, p. 108, pl. 41, fig. 11; Kira, 1962, p. 119, pl. 42, fig. 11; Habe and Kosuge, 1967, p. 121, pl. 45, fig. 2; Okada, 1967, p. 221; Kuro- da et al., 1971, pp. 322, 512, pl. 66, fig. 12; Okutani and Habe, 1990, pp. 70, 261. Portlandia (Portlandia) japonica: Habe, 1977, p. 26, pl. 3, fig. 16. Portlandia japonica: Kuroda and Habe, 1952, p. 29; 山下秀夫, 1978, pp. 41-95 (cited from Je et al., 1988); Habe, 1981, p. 30; Inaba, 1982, p. 33; Abbott and Dance, 1982, p. 294; Xu, 1984a, p. 174, fig. 14; Habe et al., 1986, p. 26; Okutani, 1986, p. 277; Je et al., 1988, p. 26; Qi et al., 1989, p. 154; Habe and Masuda, 1990, p. 89; Higo and Goto, 1993, p. 547; The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology, 1997, p. 114; Higo et al., 1999, p. 409; Lee and Min, 2002, p. 150.

Shell thin, inflated. Periostracum pale yellow, polished. Umbones prominent, prosogyrate. An- terior dorsal margin moderately curved, connected with round anterior. Posterior dorsal margin gently curved to inside. Posterior margin wide and flattend. Weak oblique striae run from umbones to posterior ventral margin. Commarginal striae shallow but evident. No radial line. Lunule and escutcheon narrow along dorsal margin. Interior white with varnish. Chondrophore big, round, radial striae inside. Anterior muscle scar longitudinal, posterior muscle scar horizontally wide. Pal- lial line parallel with ventral margin, sinus wide and deep. Taxodont teeth 20 on anterior 23 on posterior.

SIZE: Length 15.8 mm, height 9.5 mm, width 2.8 mm (Right valve, Yellow Sea: v.1997).

Fig. 21. Portlandia japonica. A. Exterior of left valve; B. Exterior of right valve; C. Interior of right valve; D. Interior of left valve. Scale: 5 mm. 152 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

HABITATS: Fine sandy or muddy bottom of 10-300 m in depth. DISTRIBUTION: Korea, Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), China. KOREA: JN, GN. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: 1 specimen (34°50′N, 123°40′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 1 specimen (34°50′N, 123°30′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 1 specimen (34°20′N, 123°30′E, Yellow Sea: viii.1983); 1 specimen (35°00′N, 123°00′E, Yellow Sea: v.1997); 1 specimen(34°45′N, 129°00′E, offshore Geojedo: 1993). 153

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Kuroda, T., T. Habe and K. Oyama, 1971. The seashells of Sagami bay. Maruzen Pub. Co., Tokyo, pp. 1-741, 1-489, pl. 121 (in Japanese). Kwon O.K., K.M. Park and J.S. Lee, 1993. Coloured Shells of Korea. Academy Pub. Comp. pp. 1-445, pl. 116 (in Korean). Lee, B.D., 1956. The catalogue of molluscan shells of Korea. Bull. Fish. Coll., 1(1): 53-100 (in Korean). Lee, J.H., 1976. A Study on the Benthic Fauna along the Busan Coast, Korea. Pub. Inst. Mar. Sci., Nat. Fish. Univ. Busan, 9: 49-70. Lee, J.H., J.W. Choe, J.G. Je and H.S. Lim, 1993. Marine environment assessment based on the benthic faunal communities. Report, 1: 1-95 (in Korean). Lee, J.H., J.G. Je, H.S. Lim, J.W. Choi and B.S. Ko, 1994. Marine environmental assessment based on the benthic faunal community in Chinhae Bay, Korea. Korea Ocean Res. & Dev. Inst., pp. 1-73 (in Korean). Lee, J.S. and D.K. Min, 2002. A catalogue of molluscan fauna in Korea. Korean J. Malaco., 18(2): 93-217 (in Korean). Lim, H.S., J.G. Je, J.W. Choi and J.H. Lee, 1991, Distrubution Pattern of the Macrozoobenthos at Yoja Bay in Summer. Ocean Res., 13(2): 31-46 (in Korean). Lutaenko, K.A. and R.G. Noseworthy, 2012. Catalogue of the Living Bivalvia of the Continental Coast of the Sea of Japan (East Sea). Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 1-246. Min D.K, J.S. Lee, D.B. Koh and J.G. Je, 2004. Mollusks in Korea. Min Molluscan Research Institute. Hanguel Pub. Co., Pusan, Korea, pp. 1-566, figs. 1-320 (in Korean). Montagu, G., 1808. Testacea Britannica, or natural history of British shells, Marine, land, and freshwater. 2 vol. & Suppl. Nomura, S., 1940. Mollusca Dredged by the Husa-maru from the Pacific Coast of Tibe Prefecture, Japan. Rec. Oceangr. WKS. Japan, 12(1): 81-116 (in Japanese). Nomura, S. and H. Nino, 1940. Mollusca Dredged from off the Coast of Hukui Prefecture in the Japan Sea. Rec. Oceangr. WKS. Japan, 12(1): 23-79 (in Japanese). Okada, K. (Ed.), 1967. New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan, Hokuryu-Kan. Co. Tokyo, pp. 1- 803 (in Japanese). Okutani, T., 1962. Report on the Archibenthal and Abyssal Lamellibranchiate Mollusca mainly collected from Sagami Bay and Adjacent Waters by the R. V. Soyo-Maru during the Years 1955-1960. Bull. Tokai Reg. Fisher. Res. Lab., 32: 1-40, pl. 5. Okutani, T., 1964. Report on the Archibenthal and Abyssal Scaphopod Mollusca mainly collected from Sagami Bay and Adjacent Waters by the R. V. Soyo-Maru during the Years 1955-1963, with Supplementary Notes for the Previous Report on Lamellibranchiata. Venus, 23(2): 72-90. Okutani, T., 1966. Archibenthal and Abyssal mollusca collected by the R/V Soyo-maru from Japanese water during 1964. Bull. Tokai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab., 46: 1-32, pl. 4. Okutani, T. (Ed.), 1986. Illustrations of Animals and Plants-Mollusca. Sekaibunka-sha Pub. Co., Tokyo, pp. 1- 399 (in Japanese). Okutani T. (Ed.), 2000. Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai Univ. Press, Tokyo, pp. 1-1173 (in Japanese). Okutani, T. and T. Habe, 1990. The mollusks of Japan. Gakken illustrated nature encyclopedia. Gakken Pub. CO. Tokyo, pp. 1-301 (in Japanese). Okutani, T., M. Tagawa and H., Hiroshi, 1988. Bivalves from contineltal shelf and slope around Japan. Tosho Print. CO., Tokyo, pp. 1-190 (in Japanese). Otuka, Y., 1933. On Nucula gordonis. Venus, 4(2): 142-143 (in Japanese). Oyama, K., 1973. Revision of Matajiro Yokoyama’s Type Mollusca from the Tertiary and Quaternary of the Kanto Area. Paleontol. Soc. Japan, Special Papers, 17: 1-148, 57 pls. 156 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

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Plates

1. Chlorostoma argyrostoma sublaevis. 2. Chlorostoma lischkei. 3. Chlorostoma turbinata. 4. Chlorostoma xanthostigma. 5. Omphalius rusticus rusticus. 6. Omphalius pfeifferi pfeifferi. 7. Omphalius pfeifferi carpenter. 8. Granata lyrata. 9. Hybochelus cancellatus orientalis. 10. Euchelus atratus. 11. Euchelus rubra. 12. Euchelus lischkei. 13. Herpetopoma clathrata. 14. Turcica coreensis. 15. Perrinia concinna. 16. Ginebis crumpii. 17. Margarites (Margarites) helicinus pilsbryi. 18. Trochus (Trochus) sacellum rota. 19. Clanculus (Clanculus) margaritarius. 20. Clanculus (Mesoclanculus) denticulatus. 21. Clanculus (Mesoclanculus) microdon. 22. Fossarina picta. 23. Monodonta (Monodonta) labio confusa. 24. Monodonta (Monodonta) australis. 25. Monodonta (Neomonodonta) neritoides. 26. Monodonta perplexa perplexa. 27. Cantharidus hirasei. 28. Cantharidus japonicas. 29. Cantharidus jessoensis. 30. Cantharidus callichroa. 31. Cantharidus callichroa bisbalteatus. 32. Komaitrochus pulcher. 33. Alcyna ocellata. 34. Stomatella lintricula. 35. Stomatolina rubra. 36. Calliostoma haliarchus. 37. Calliostoma koma. 38. Calliostoma aculeatum. 39. Calliostoma consors. 40. Calliostoma multiliratum. 41. Calliostoma unicum. 42. Minolia punctata. 158 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

43. Lirularia iridescens. 44. Lirularia pygmaea. 45. Umbonium (Umbonium) thomasi. 46. Umbonium (Suchium) moniliferum. 47. Umbonium (Suchium) costatum. 48. Ethminolia stearnsii. 49. Conotalopia ornata. 50. Conotalopia mustelina. 51. Solemya pusilla. 52. Nucula paulula. 53. Nucula tokyoensis. 54. Acila (Acila) divaricata divaricata. 55. Acila (Acila) divaricata vigila. 56. Acila (Truncacila) insignis. 57. Ennucula niponica. 58. Ennucula tenuis. 59. Sarepta speciosa. 60. Nuculana (Nuculana) pernula pernuloides. 61. Nuculana (Nuculana) pernla sadoensis. 62. Nuculana (Thestyleda) acinacea. 63. Nuculana (Thestyleda) yokoyamai yokoyamai. 64. Saccella (Saccella) gordonis. 65. Saccella (Saccella) sematensis. 66. Yoldia (Yoldia) amygdalea. 67. Yoldia (Yoldia) limatula. 68. Yoldia (Cnesterium) johanni. 69. Megayoldia thraciaeformis. 70. Portlandia japonica. Plates 159

78 160 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

910

11 12

13 14

15 16 Plates 161

17 18

19 20

21 22

23 24 162 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

25 26

27 28

29 30

31 32 Plates 163

33 34

35 36

37 38

39 40 164 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

41 42

43 44

45 46

47 48 Plates 165

49 50

51 52

53 54

55 56 166 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

57 58

59 60

61 62

63 64 Plates 167

65 66

67 68

69 70 168

Index to Korean Names

ㄱ ㄷ

가시방석고둥 84 달빛맵시조개 139 가시줄바위고둥 42 두줄얼룩고둥 71 가시줄바위고둥속 42 두줄호두조개속 127 각시고둥 60 둥근배꼽고둥아과 90 각시고둥아속 60 둥근입얼룩고둥 68 갈비고둥속 28 갈비고둥아과 27 개울타리고둥 57 ㅁ 갯골뱅이 15 검은꼬마울타리고둥 32 매끈이방석고둥 81 검은점갈비고둥 28 맵시조개과 137 고복족목 13 맵시조개상과 137 구름무늬꼬마고둥속 54 맵시조개속 143 구멍밤고둥 18 맵시조개아과 138 국자맵시조개 142 명주고둥 20 깜장각시고둥 62 민호두조개 129 깨알밤고둥 105 깨알밤고둥속 103 꼬마고무신고둥 77 ㅂ 꼬마고무신고둥속 77 꼬마바구니밤고둥 37 바구니밤고둥속 36 꼬마바위고둥 40 바다방석고둥 24 꼬마바위고둥속 40 바위고둥 38 꼬마얼룩고둥 64 바위고둥속 38 꼬마울타리고둥 35 바위고둥아과 54 꼭지고둥아속 50 바퀴밤고둥 47 반달조개속 150 반질이반달조개 146 ㄴ 밤고둥 16 밤고둥과 13 날개맵시조개 147 밤고둥붙이속 14 남방얼룩고둥 66 밤고둥속 46 남방울타리고둥 58 밤고둥아과 46 넓은입고둥 78 밤고둥아속 46 넓은입고둥속 78 방석고둥 88 넓은입고둥아과 76 방석고둥속 80 높은탑배꼽고둥 91 방석고둥아과 80 높은탑배꼽고둥속 90 방석고둥아속 80 배꼽꼬마울타리고둥 30 배꼽꼬마울타리고둥속 30 Index to Korean Names 169

버선맵시조개 140 얼룩고둥아과 63 버선맵시조개속 138 얼룩방석고둥 87 보말고둥 22 연두맵시조개 148 보말아과 14 연두맵시조개과 145 보석고둥 49 연두맵시조개속 145 보석고둥속 48 연체동물문 13 보석고둥아속 49 예쁜이호두조개 126 복족강 13 예쁜이호두조개속 126 부채맵시조개 143 왜호두조개 131 북방반질이고둥 44 울타리고둥속 56 북방호두조개 134 울타리고둥아속 56 비단고둥 100 원새아강 121 비단고둥속 96 유리밤고둥 75 비단고둥아과 96 유리밤고둥속 74 비단고둥아속 96 이매패강 121 비단배꼽고둥 102 이빨울타리고둥 51 비단배꼽고둥속 101 비단조개과 122 비단조개목 121 ㅈ 비단조개상과 121 비단조개속 122 작은비단조개 122 비단조롱박 136 작은호두조개 124 빨강꼭지고둥 52 잔주름맵시조개 138 뾰족얼룩고둥 73 조롱박조개과 135 뾰족얼룩고둥속 73 조롱박조개속 135 주홍방석고둥 85 줄바위고둥아과 42 ㅅ 진주밤고둥속 44 진주밤고둥아과 44 새끼밤고둥 93 새끼밤고둥속 92 ㅋ 새끼밤고둥아과 92 새끼밤고둥아속 93 큰맵시조개 149 큰맵시조개속 149 ㅇ ㅍ 애호두조개 132 애호두조개과 123 팽이고둥 25 애호두조개목 123 팽이고둥속 22 애호두조개상과 123 팽이방석고둥 82 애호두조개속 132 얇은반달조개 150 얇은부채맵시조개 144 ㅎ 얼룩고둥 69 얼룩고둥속 64 햇살밤고둥 94 170 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

호두조개 128 흑비단고둥 98 호두조개속 124 흑비단고둥아속 98 홍밤고둥속 31 흰구름무늬꼬마고둥 54 홍색밤고둥 33 흰무늬배꼽고둥 103 황해비단고둥 97 171

Index to Korean Names as Pronounced

A Bi-dan-jo-gae-sok 122 Bi-dan-jo-rong-bak 136 Ae-ho-du-jo-gae 132 Bog-jog-gang 13 Ae-ho-du-jo-gae-gwa 123 Bo-mal-a-gwa 14 Ae-ho-du-jo-gae-mok 123 Bo-mal-go-dung 22 Ae-ho-du-jo-gae-sang-gwa 123 Bo-seok-go-dung 49 Ae-ho-du-jo-gae-sok 132 Bo-seok-go-dung-a-sok 49 Bo-seok-go-dung-sok 48 Bu-chae-map-si-jo-gea 143 B Buk-bang-ban-jil-i-go-dung 44 Buk-gang-ho-du-jo-gae 134 Ba-da-bang-seok-go-dung 24 Bae-kkop-kko-ma-ul-ta-ri-go-dung 30 Bae-kkop-kko-ma-ul-ta-ri-go-dung-sok 30 D Ba-gu-ni-bam-go-dung-sok 36 Ba-kwi-bam-go-dung 47 Dal-bit-map-si-jo-gae 139 Bam-go-dung 16 Du-jul-eol-ruk-go-dung 71 Bam-go-dung-a-gwa 46 Du-jul-ho-du-jo-gae-sok 127 Bam-go-dung-a-sok 46 Dung-geun-bae-kkob-go-dung-a-gwa 90 Bam-go-dung-but-i-sok 14 Dung-geun-ip-eol-ruk-go-dung 68 Bam-go-dung-gwa 13 Bam-go-dung-sok 46 Ban-dal-jo-gae-sok 150 E Bang-seok-go-dung 88 Bang-seok-go-dung-a-gwa 80 Eol-ruk-bang-seok-go-dung 87 Bang-seok-go-dung-a-sok 80 Eol-ruk-go-dung 69 Bang-seok-go-dung-sok 80 Eol-ruk-go-dung-a-gwa 63 Ban-jil-i-ban-dal-jo-gae 146 Eol-ruk-go-dung-sok 64 Ba-wi-go-dung 38 Ba-wi-go-dung-a-gwa 54 Ba-wi-go-dung-sok 38 G Beo-seon-map-si-jo-gae 140 Beo-seon-map-si-jo-gae-sok 138 Gaet-gol-baeng-i 15 Bi-dan-bae-kkob-go-dung 102 Gae-ul-ta-ri-go-dung 57 Bi-dan-bae-kkob-go-dung-sok 101 Gak-si-go-dung 60 Bi-dan-go-dung 96 Gak-si-go-dung-a-sok 60 Bi-dan-go-dung 100 Gal-bi-go-dung-a-gwa 27 Bi-dan-go-dung-a-gwa 96 Gal-bi-go-dung-sok 28 Bi-dan-go-dung-a-sok 96 Ga-si-bang-seok-go-dung 84 Bi-dan-jo-gae-gwa 122 Ga-si-jul-ba-wi-go-dung 42 Bi-dan-jo-gae-mok 121 Ga-si-jul-ba-wi-go-dung-sok 42 Bi-dan-jo-gae-sang-gwa 121 Geom-eun-jeom-gal-bi-go-dung 28 172 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Geom-eun-kko-ma-ul-ta-ri-go-dung 32 Kkae-al-bam-go-dung-soak 103 Go-bog-jog-mok 13 Kkam-jang-gak-si-go-dung 62 Gug-ja-map-si-jo-gae 142 Kkok-gi-go-dung-a-sok 50 Gu-meong-bam-go-dung 18 Kko-ma-ba-gu-ni-bam-go-dung 37 Gu-reum-mu-ni-kko-ma-go-gung-sok 54 Kko-ma-ba-wi-go-dung 40 Kko-ma-ba-wi-go-dung-sok 40 Kko-ma-eol-ruk-go-dung 64 H Kko-ma-go-mu-sin-go-dung 77 Kko-ma-go-mu-sin-go-dung-sok 77 Haet-sal-bam-go-dung 94 Kko-ma-ul-ta-ri-go-dung 35 Heuk-bi-dan-go-dung 98 Heuk-bi-dan-go-dung-a-sok 98 Ho-du-jo-gae 128 M Ho-du-jo-gae-sok 124 Hong-bam-go-dung-sok 31 Mae-kkeun-i-bang-seok-go-dung 81 Hong-saek-bam-go-dung 33 Map-si-jo-gae-agwa 138 Huin-gu-reum-mu-nui-kko-ma-go-gung 54 Map-si-jo-gae-gwa 137 Huin-mu-nui-bae-kkob-go-dung 103 Map-si-jo-gae-sang-gwa 137 Hwang-hae-bi-dan-go-dung 97 Map-si-jo-gae-sok 143 Min-ho-du-jo-gae 129 Myeong-ju-go-dung 20 I

I-mae-pae-gang 121 N I-ppal-ul-ta-ri-go-dung 51 Nal-gae-map-si-jo-gea 147 Nam-bang-eol-ruk-go-dung 66 J Nam-bang-ul-ta-ri-go-dung 58 Neolb-eun-ip-go-dung 78 Jak-eun-bi-dan-jo-gae 122 Neolb-eun-ip-go-dung-a-gwa 76 Jak-eun-ho-du-jo-gae 124 Neolb-eun-ip-go-dung-sok 78 Jan-ju-reum-map-si-jo-gae 138 Nop-eun-tap-bae-kkob-go-dung 91 Jin-ju-bam-go-dung-a-gwa 44 Nop-eun-tap-bae-kkob-go-dung-sok 90 Jin-ju-bam-go-dung-sok 44 Jo-rong-bak-jo-gae-gwa 135 Jo-rong-bak-jo-gae-sok 135 P Ju-hong-bang-seok-go-dung 85 Jul-ba-wi-go-dung-a-gwa 42 Paeng-i-bang-seok-go-dung 82 Paeng-i-go-dung 25 Paeng-i-go-dung-sok 22 K Ppala-gang-kkok-gi-go-dung 52 Ppyo-jog-eol-ruk-go-dung 73 Keun-map-si-jo-gae 149 Ppyo-jog-eol-ruk-go-dung-sok 73 Keun-map-si-jo-gae-sok 149 Kkae-al-bam-go-dung 105 Index to Korean Names as Pronounced 173

S Won-sae-a-gang 121

Sae-kki-bam-go-dung 92 Sae-kki-bam-go-dung 93 Y Sae-kki-bam-go-dung-a-gwa 92 Sae-kki-bam-go-dung-a-sok 93 Yalb-eun-ban-dal-jo-gae 150 Yalb-eun-bu-chae-map-si-jo-gae 144 Yeon-che-dong-mul-mun 13 U Yeon-du-map-si-jo-gae 148 Yeon-du-map-si-jo-gae-gwa 145 Ul-ta-ri-go-dung-a-sok 56 Yeon-du-map-si-jo-gae-sok 145 Ul-ta-ri-go-dung-sok 56 Ye-ppeun-i-ho-du-jo-gae 126 Ye-ppeun-i-ho-du-jo-gae-sok 126 Yu-ri-bam-go-dung 75 W Yu-ri-bam-go-dung-sok 74

Whae-ho-du-jo-gae 131 174

Index to Scientific Names

A (Clanculus) margaritarius 49 (Mesoclanculus) denticulatus 51 Acila 127 (Mesoclanculus) microdon 52 (Acila) divaricata divaricata 128 Conotalopia 103 (Acila) divaricata vigila 129 ornata 103 (Truncacila) insignis 131 mustelina 105 Alcyna 74 ocellata 75 E

B Ennucula 132 niponica 132 Bivalvia 121 tenuis 134 Ethminolia 101 stearnsii 102 C Euchelus 31 atratus 32 Calliostoma 80 rubra 33 Calliostoma 80 lischkei 35 (Calliostoma) haliarchus 81 (Calliostoma) koma 82 (Calliostoma) aculeatum 84 F (Calliostoma) consors 85 (Calliostoma) multiliratum 87 Fossarina 54 (Calliostoma) unicum 88 picta 54 Calliostomatinae 80 Calliotropinae 42 Cantharidinae 63 G Cantharidus 64 hirasei 64 Gastropoda 13 japonicus 66 Gibbulinae 54 jessoensis 68 Ginebis 42 callichroa 69 crumpii 42 callichroa 71 Granata 28 Chilodontinae 27 lyrata 28 Chlorostoma 14 argyrostoma sublaevis 15 lischkei 16 H turbinata 18 xanthostigma 20 Herpetopoma 36 Clanculus 48 clathrata 37 Clanculus 49 Hybochelus 30 Index to Scientific Names 175

cancellatus 30 (Nuculana) pernula pernuloides 138 (Nuculana) pernula sadoensis 139 (Thestyleda) yokoyamai yokoyamai 140 K (Thestyleda) acinacea 142 Nuculaniodea 137 Komaitrochus 73 Nuculanidae 137 pulcher 73 Nuculaninae 138 Nuculida 123 Nuculidae 123 L Nuculoidea 123

Lamellinucula 126 tokyoensis 126 O Lirularia 92 Lirularia 93 Omphalius 22 (Lirularia) iridescens 93 rusticus 22 (Lirularia) pygmaea 94 pfeifferi 24 Lirulariinae 92 pfeifferi 25

M P

Margarites 44 Perrinia 40 (Margarites) helicinus 44 concinna 40 Margaritinae 44 Portlandia 150 Megayoldia 149 japonica 150 thraciaeformis 149 Protobranchia 121 Mesoclanculus 50 Minolia 90 punctata 91 S Mollusca 13 Monodonta 56 Saccella 143 Monodonta 56 (Saccella) sematensis 144 (Monodonta) labio 57 (Saccella) gordonis 143 (Monodonta) australis 58 Sarepta 135 speciosa 136 Sareptidae 135 N Solariellinae 90 Solemya 122 Neomonodonta 60 pusilla 122 (Neomonodonta) neritoides 60 Solemyiodea 121 (Neomonodonta) perplexa 62 Solemyidae 122 Nucula 124 Solemyoida 121 paulula 124 Stomatella 77 Nuculana 138 planulata 77 176 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea· Gastropods II, Bivalves II

Stomatellinae 76 U Stomatolina 78 rubra 78 Umboniinae 96 Suchium 98 Umbonium 96 (Suchium) moniliferum 98 Umbonium 96 (Suchium) costatum 100 (Umbonium) thomasi 97

T V

Tegulinae 14 Vetigastropoda 13 Trochidae 13 Trochinae 46 Trochus 46 Y Trochus 46 (Trochus) sacellum 47 Yoldia 145 Turcica 38 (Yoldia) amygdalia 146 coreensis 38 (Yoldia) limatula 147 (Cnesterium) 148 Yoldiidae 14 Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Invertebrate Fauna of Korea

Volume 19, Number 3 Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Trochidae Bivalvia: Solemyoida, Nuculida Gastropods II, Bivalves II o.1, No. 3 Vol. 19, Gastropods II , Bivalves

Flora and Fauna of Korea II

National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment National Institute of Biological Resources NIBR Ministry of Environment