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Semiten - Muslime Hellenistische Religionen Und Die West-Östliche Enthellenisierung

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Semiten - Muslime Hellenistische Religionen Und Die West-Östliche Enthellenisierung Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament Herausgeber / Editor Jörg Frey (München) Mitherausgeber / Associate Editors Friedrich Avemarie (Marburg) Judith Gundry-Volf (New Haven, CT) Hans-Josef Klauck (Chicago, IL) 221 ARTI BUS Carsten Colpe Griechen - Byzantiner - Semiten - Muslime Hellenistische Religionen und die west-östliche Enthellenisierung Phänomenologie und philologische Hauptkapitel Mohr Siebeck CARSTEN COLPE, geboren 1929 in Dresden; Studium der Evangelischen Theologie, der Orienta- lischen Philologie und der Philosophie; Promotion 1955 (Dr. phil.) und 1960 (Dr. theol.); 1960 Habilitation; 1962-1968 Professor in Göttingen; Visiting Professor in Yale, Chicago und an der British Academy in London; 1969-1974 Professor für Iranische Philologie, 1975-1997 Profes- sor für Allgemeine Religionsgeschichte und Historische Theologie an der FU Berlin; 1997 emeritiert. ISBN 978-3-16-148890-0 ISSN 0512-1604 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen National- bibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de ab- rufbar. © 2008 Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen. Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung au- ßerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlags unzu- lässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfil- mungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Das Buch wurde von Guide-Druck in Tübingen auf alterungsbeständiges Werkdruckpapier ge- druckt und von der Buchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier gebunden. Inhalt Vorwort IX A. Initialen intertemporal-interkontinentaler Theorie: Grenzen Eurasiens. Bevölkerungen und Sprachen. Gegenwart und Spätantike. Unbegrenztheit des Wißbaren. Religiöse und säkulare Ethik. Millionenfache Migrationen Kapitel 1: Forderungen an das veraltete historische Bewußtsein: Fähigkeit zur Festsetzung eines Kulturstatus in verschobenen oder verschwundenen Nationen 3 §1. Geometrische Gliederung des zugrunde liegenden Realitätsgefüges: Der Hellenismus 17 Kapitel II: Erweiterung der Invarianz-Kategorie durch Zuwachs an Kenntnissen und größeren Bedarf an Allgemeinbegriffen 17 Kapitel III: Wandlungen des Charakters sozialer Transformationen durch Aufdecken neuartiger historischer Bedingungen 32 B. Griechische und heidnisch-hellenistische Grundorientierungen: Kultischer, kultloser, kultivierter, spekulativer, kritischer Umgang mit Göttern §2. Interpretatio Graeca als Gleichsetzung des Auswärtigen mit Eigenem 43 Kapitel IV: Eine Hypothese zu sozialen Folgen konvergenter Theos-Hypsistos-Ehrnngen 43 Kapitel V: Zur mythologischen Struktur der Adonis-, Attis- und Osiris-Überlieferungen 59 VI Inhalt §3. Mythologisches Kollektiv und geschichtliches Unikat 93 Kapitel VI: Die Barbarisierung der Weisheit. Eindeutige Belebung von Begriffen - Konstruktion mehrdeutiger Sexualität - Vieldeutige theopoietische Fiktionen 93 Kapitel VII:,Sterbender und auferstehender Gott' = ,Sohn der Göttin' = ,Göttlicher Sohn' = ,Der Sohn Gottes'? Zum sprachlichen Ausdruck neu-mythologischer und pseudomythischer Systemelemente 118 §4. Schweifende Anhänger von Allen und Keinem 130 Kapitel VIII: Utopisten und Atheisten in der Euhemeros-Tradition .... 130 Kapitel IX: ,Ein Syrer' Numenios, ,ein Ägypter' Plotinos, ,ein Numider' Arnobius - spätantike Freidenker auf Wegen gegenseitiger Akzeptanz von gnosisnah bleibenden Argumenten 143 C. Aus der christlich-hellenistischen und byzantinischen Soziokultur: Herrscherverklärung. Orientöffnung. Liturgiedominanz. Bischofsmacht. Bildungspaganismus §5. Rivalisierende Konstruktionen aus vorchristlicher und christlicher Zeit 157 Kapitel X: Heidnische Orakel - prochristlich gewendet zur Legitimation des byzantinischen Herrschaftstypus im 6. Jahrhundert? 157 Kapitel XI: Zweierlei Kulturphasen: Kontinuität und Diachronie zwischen dem Hellenistischen und dem Christlichen Orient 168 § 6. Zeremonielle Lösung von Identitätsproblemen in fremd gewordener Umgebung 173 Kapitel XII: Selbstdefinition durch Rituale im hellenistisch-christlichen Kleinasien. Zu Abgrenzungen zwischen Kybelemysterien, Taurobolien, Montanismus und Bischofskirche 173 Kapitel XIII: Mysterienkult und Liturgie. Zum Vergleich heidnischer Rituale und christlicher Sakramente 200 Inhalt VII § 7. Zum dialektischen Verhältnis zwischen Enthellenisierung und „ Reinkultur" 226 Kapitel XIV: Griechisches Wissenjüdische Detailkenntnis und historische Theologie bei Eusebius von Caesarea (260-339). Charakterwandel der Gelehrsamkeit am Beispiel der christlichen Polyhistorie 226 Kapitel XV: Civilitas Graeca und Eupistia Hellenike. Kennworte zur Religionspolitik des Kaisers Julian (331-) 335-363 242 § 8. Interkontinentale Wirkungen über eineinhalb Jahrtausende (3. Jh. v. bis 12. Jh. n. Chr.) 263 Kapitel XVI: Heidnischer und christlicher Hellenismus in ihren Beziehungen zum Buddhismus 263 D. Sachbereiche und Intensitätsgrade eurasischer Enthellenisierung in Bildenden Künsten, Kulten, Literaturen, philosophischem und politischem Denken Kapitel XVII: Die orientalischen Religionen im Römerreich: Eine Einführung in die Geschichte und neue Perspektiven 291 §9. Interkontinentale Varianten der Enthellenisierung 331 Kapitel XVIII: Das „schöne Hellenentum": Ein der Stadt Rom unterstelltes Werturteil, nebst einer für Augustinus (345^130) fingierten rhetorischen infirmatio 331 Kapitel XIX: Diverse Literaturen von der Verbreitung der Hauptgattungen griechischer bis zum Überwiegen sachlich entsprechender anderssprachiger, zuletzt arabischer Texte (bis Ende des 9. Jahrhunderts) 350 §10. Intertemporale Wandlungen von Graden der Enthellenisierung .... 389 Kapitel XX: Vom ,besonnenen' Piatonismus zur übertreibenden' Isma'iliya. Überlegungen zu einem ,dritten Grad' der Enthellenisierung des Orients (9. bis 12. Jh.) 389 Kapitel XXI: Von Alexander dem Großen zum Großmogul Djehängir (bis 1627). Der Fall einer islamischen Enthellenisierung des Weltherrschaftsgedankens auf indischem Territorium 407 VIII Inhalt Verzeichnis der Erstdrucke 435 Stellenregister 437 (Andreas Gräff, Carola Schiefke, Thomas Reichert) Register der Götter, Personen und legendarischen Gestalten 468 (Andreas Gräff) Topographisches Register 485 (Carola Schiefke) Autorenregister 496 (Christoph Elsas, Renate Zimmermann) Vorwort Das Buch, das hiermit das Licht des Tages erblickt, sollte ursprünglich so ausse- hen, als sei es mit einer besonderen Absicht oder nach einer Art vorgegebenem Programm geschrieben (z.B. Füllen einer Lücke im akademischen Unterricht, Abzahlung einer Dankesschuld an einen großen Lehrer und Gelehrten, Her- ausstellung und Durchsetzung einer neuen These zur Sache usw.). Daß das ferti- ge Buch ganz anders aussieht, liegt daran, daß ich zu intensiv auf den Arbeits- und Lerneifer, und das heißt zugleich: auf die vielen, ständig neue Gegenstände ins Auge fassenden Interessen der jungen Wissenschaftler einging, die bis zu meiner Emeritierung 1997 meine Studenten waren. Alles damit über sie Gesag- te hatte sich zu einer Freundschaftstat an mir verdichtet, um die mich mit Recht schon Viele beneidet haben. Volle drei Jahre lang haben sich wechselnde Grup- pen an jedem Wochenende getroffen, um aus wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften, Tageszeitungen, Buchhandelskatalogen, Verlagsprospekten, Lexika, Rezen- sions- und Miszellenblättern herauszuschneiden, was von mir stammt. Als am Schluß alles zusammengeklebt wurde, waren es sechs Bände (mit durchschnitt- lich 225 Seiten, aber viel Spreu im Weizen), die sich inhaltlich in neun Abtei- lungen gliedern ließen. Sie bekamen den Titel .Kleine Schriften' (KISchr), da sich ein originellerer nicht finden ließ. In diesem Stadium trat der Direktor der Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin, Professor Dr. Ulrich Naumann, in Funktion. Ihm schulde ich einen besonderen Dank. Er hat die Bände durch Zuteilung von ISB-Nummern in den Rang lieferbarer Bücher erhoben und für jeden Text eine Verlagsgeneh- migung für den Abdruck besorgt - eine Riesenarbeit. Außerdem trat er mit der Universitätsdruckerei in eine kalkulierende Planung ein, eventuell Monogra- phien von mir regelrecht zu drucken und zu publizieren; damit machte er sich den sanften Tadel der Studenten zu eigen, der besagte, ich sei immer zu bequem gewesen, mich um die Edition und Drucklegung meiner gesammelten Werke, von denen man mittlerweile durchaus reden könne, zu kümmern. Naumann tat etwas, wodurch er in meinen Augen die Position eines fürsorglichen Verlegers einnahm. Möge eine solche Förderung und Hilfeleistung, wie sie mir damit ge- schenkt wurde - es war ein Geschenk, wie ich es bis heute nur einmal (von ei- nem Verleger) bekommen habe - irgendwann weiteren Modellen wie dem, das damit entstanden ist, zugutekommen. X Vorwort Im Vorwort zu KISchr 5 mit den Abt.en G und H, für welche die Titel „Helle- nistica" und „Iranica" eindeutig und unaustauschbar waren, wird darauf auf- merksam gemacht, die Abt. G sei „die Einzige, bei der von dem Grundsatz ab- gewichen wird, daß Arbeiten, die später in Sammelbänden erscheinen sollen, nicht in KISchr aufgenommen werden". Auf diese Weise wuchs dieser Abt. im begrenzten Rahmen eine größere Bedeutung zu, als den anderen Abt.en ge- gönnt wurde. Persönlich manövrierte ich mich damit aber in eine Stellung hin- ein, zu der ich mich nur mit wachsenden inneren und äußeren Schwierigkeiten bekennen konnte. Denn ich war nicht besonders gesund, und ich stand seit 1960 in der Pflicht, für die Reihe
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