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Ann Arbor, MI 48106 FIREWATER MYTHS ALCOHOL AND PORTRAYALS OF NATIVE AMERICANS IN AMERICAN LITERATURE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Randall Craig Davis. B. A., M A The Ohio State University 1991 Dissertation Committee Approved by S Fink T Woodson D Barnes Adviser English Department Copyright by Randall Craig Davis 1991 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am sincerely thankful for the guidance of Professor Steven Fink, whose insight throughout this project has been invaluable in helping me to focus my argument Thanks also to the other members of my dissertation committee. Professors Thomas Woodson and Daniel Barnes, for their suggestions and comments To my wife, Denise who has remained a constant source of understanding and support throughout my graduate career, I express the deepest appreciation 11 VITA January 29,1% 3 ...................................................... Born - Bangor, Maine 1985 ............................................................................. B. A , Marietta College, Ma*'ietta. Ohio 1987 ............................................................................. M. A , The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1987-Present ............................................................ Ph. D. Candidate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: English 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................ ü VITA.................................................................................................................................................. iii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 1 II EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE . 22 The Fur Trade aad ColoniaJ Liquor Legislation ................................ 29 Epic Î 'tcraiure: Indian War H istories ................................................ 39 Epic Literature: Indian Captivity N arratives ................................... 54 Ethnographic Literature: Promotional and Travel Accounts . 67 Ethnographic Literature: Policy R eports .......................................... 81 The Vanishing American ...................................................................... 92 C o n c lu s io n ................................................................................................... 95 III FRONTIER ROMANCES AND ANTEBELLUM ETHNOGRAPHERS ................... 99 Indian Liquor Trade Legislation in the New Republic ................ 104 Frontier Rom ances ................................................................................... 112 James Fenimore Cooper ............................................................................. 121 William Gilmore Sim m s ............................................................................ 146 Robert Montgomery Bird ................................................................... 152 Antebellum Ethnographers ................................................................... 159 John Heckewelder ...................................................................................... 160 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft .......................................................................... 166 Thomas M cKenney ............................. 172 C o n c lu s io n ................................................................................................... 176 IV LITERARY TRAVEL NARRATIVES. FRONTIER DIME NOVELS. AND LEWIS HENRY MORGAN...................................................................................... 179 Literary Travel Narratives ................................................................... 186 Washington Irv in g ................................................................................... 188 M argaret F u l l e r .......................................................................................... 197 Francis Parkman. Jr .................................................................................... 203 Henry David T horeau ................................................................................ 209 Frontier and Western Dime N ovels ...................................................... 216 Edward Sylvester Ellis ............................................................................. 221 Lewis Henry M organ ................................................................................ 236 C o n c lu s io n ................................................................................................... 245 iv V FRIENDS OF THE INDIAN. EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY WESTERNS. AND BOASI AN ANTHROPOLOGY................................................................................... 248 Friends of the Indian and a New Narrative Paradigm ................... 254 Helen Hunt Jackson ................................................................................... 258 Hamlin G arland ......................................................................................... 274 Oliver La Farge ......................................................................................... 288 Westerns of the Early Twentieth Century: Continuing the Epic Tradition ............................................................................................. 304 Owen W ister ................................................................................................ 306 Zane G r e y ...................................................................................................... 313 Boasian A nthropology ...................................................................... 325 C o n c lu s io n ................................................................................................... 333 VI. CONTEMPORARY NATIVE AMERICAN WRITERS............................................. 338 N. Scott Momaday.......................................................................................... 342 Leslie Marmon Silko ................................................................................ 350 James W elch ................................................................................................ 354 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 371 WORKS C ITED ............................................................................................................................ 375 Chapter I Introduction Whites have had a special fascination with Native Americans virtually from the arrival of the the first Europeans in the New World Despite the fact that there were hundreds of different Native American tribes throughout North America when Europeans began to colonize the Atlantic seacoast-tribes with different languages, customs, and belief systems-many of the initial European immigrants (and their Euramerican descendants) naively perceived these different groups all simply as as essentially homogeneous race of "primitives.“ As Robert Berkhofer has observed, "the essence of the White image of the Indian has been the definition of Native Americans in fact and fancy as a separate and single other (xv). Euramericans have consistently used the label "Indians" to refer to most of the indigenous peoples of North America, a label which commemorates the geographical ignorance of the first Europeans who recorded their "discovery" of the New World; the more modern "Native American" is unquestionably more accurate, though it is equally sweeping in conflating various cultures into a single term From the beginning of white-Native American contact, whites ' ave generated a substantial bod)' of lore concerning "Indian