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Aspectos Botânicos E Agronômicos Da Espécie Hippeastrum Elegans (Spreng.) H

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Aspectos Botânicos E Agronômicos Da Espécie Hippeastrum Elegans (Spreng.) H ISSN 2179-8184 Agosto/2019 DOCUMENTOS 188 Aspectos Botânicos e Agronômicos da Espécie Hippeastrum elegans (Spreng.) H. E. Moore Objetivando a Extração de Fitoquímicos ISSN 2179-8184 Agosto/2019 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento DOCUMENTOS 188 Aspectos Botânicos e Agronômicos da Espécie Hippeastrum elegans (Spreng.) H. E. Moore Objetivando a Extração de Fitoquímicos Rita de Cassia Alves Pereira Ana Sheila de Queiroz Souza Francisco das Chagas Silva Almeida Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical Fortaleza, CE 2019 Unidade responsável pelo conteúdo e edição: Comitê Local de Publicações da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical Rua Dra. Sara Mesquita 2270, Pici Presidente CEP 60511-110 Fortaleza, CE Gustavo Adolfo Saavedra Pinto Fone: (85) 3391-7100 Secretária-executiva Fax: (85) 3391-7109 Celli Rodrigues Muniz www.embrapa.br/agroindustria-tropical www.embrapa.br/fale-conosco Secretária-administrativa Eveline de Castro Menezes Membros Marlos Alves Bezerra, Ana Cristina Portugal Pinto de Carvalho, Deborah dos Santos Garruti, Dheyne Silva Melo, Ana Iraidy Santa Brígida, Eliana Sousa Ximendes Supervisão editorial Ana Elisa Galvão Sidrim Revisão de texto José Cesamildo Cruz Magalhães Normalização bibliográfica Rita de Cassia Costa Cid Projeto gráfico da coleção Carlos Eduardo Felice Barbeiro Editoração eletrônica José Cesamildo Cruz Magalhães Fotos da capa Rita de Cassia Alves Pereira 1ª edição On-line (2019) Todos os direitos reservados. A reprodução não autorizada desta publicação, no todo ou em parte, constitui violação dos direitos autorais (Lei nº 9.610). Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical Pereira, Rita de Cassia Alves Aspectos botânicos e agronômicos da espécie Hippeastrum elegans (Spreng.) H. E. Moore objetivando a extração de fitoquímicos / Rita de Cassia Alves Pereira, Ana Sheila de Queiroz Souza, Francisco das Chagas Silva Almeida. - Fortaleza: Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, 2019. 17 p. : il. ; 21 cm x 29,7 cm. – (Documentos / Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, ISSN 2179-8184; 188). Publicação disponibilizada on-line no formato PDF. 1. Açucena. 2. Hippeastrum elegans. 3. Galantamina. 4. Alcaloides. 5. Planta medicinal. 6. Mal de Alzheimer. I. Souza, Ana Sheila de Queiroz. II. Almeida, Francisco das Chagas Silva. III. Título. IV. Série. CDD 633.88 Rita de Cassia Costa Cid (CRB-3/624) © Embrapa, 2019 Autores Rita de Cassia Alves Pereira Engenheira-agrônoma, doutora em Fitotecnia, pesquisadora da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, CE Ana Sheila de Queiroz Souza Farmacêutica, estudante de mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Francisco das Chagas Silva Almeida Graduando em Agronomia pela Universidade Federal do Ceará, bolsista da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, CE Apresentação A história do uso de plantas medicinais tem mostrado que elas fazem parte da evolução humana e foram os primeiros recursos terapêuticos utilizados pelos povos. As antigas civilizações têm suas próprias referências históricas acerca das plantas medicinais e, muito antes de aparecer qualquer forma de escrita, o homem já utilizava as plantas, algumas como alimento e outras como remédio. Com o desenvolvimento da ciência e da tecnologia, as plantas medicinais estão tendo seu valor terapêutico pesquisado e ratificado pela ciência e vem crescendo sua utilização recomendada por profissionais de saúde. Em decorrência do avanço tecnológico, aliado ao interesse em se confirmar conhecimento em medicina popular, as plantas medicinais têm tido seu valor terapêutico pesquisado mais intensamente pela ciência. As espécies da família Amaryllidaceae, dentre elas a espécie Hippeastrum elegans, são conhecidas por possuírem alcaloides com notáveis atividades farmacológicas, tais como antiviral, antiparasitário, anticancerígeno e anticolinesterásica. Dentre eles, a galantamina se tornou o mais importante alcaloide de Amaryllidaceae pelo uso no tratamento da doença de Alzheimer leve a moderada. Atua como um inibidor seletivo, reversível e competitivo de ação prolongada da acetilcolinesterase, produzindo efeitos sistêmicos benéficos mesmo após o término da terapia. Para o sucesso da atividade de produção de medicamentos, a matéria-prima deve ter qualidade, estar disponível em quantidade, apresentar regularidade de fornecimento, ser obtida com baixo custo e de forma sustentável. Tendo como principal objetivo o preenchimento da lacuna existente em informações técnicas para o cultivo, a Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical vem desenvolvendo pesquisas cujos principais resultados, somados às demais recomendações da literatura, proporcionaram a elaboração desta publicação, que reúne aspectos relevantes sobre informações botânicas, agronômicas e fitoquímicas de açucena de suma importância para o aproveitamento racional e sustentável dessa espécie. Lucas Antonio de Sousa Leite Chefe-Geral da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical Sumário Introdução..........................................................................................................................................................6 Aspectos fitoquímicos........................................................................................................................................7 Descrição da espécie Hippeastrum elegans (Flora brasiliensis)........................................................................8 Propagação........................................................................................................................................................9 Por sementes................................................................................................................................................9 Vegetativa...................................................................................................................................................10 Micropropagação........................................................................................................................................10 Condições de cultivo........................................................................................................................................11 Solos e adubação.......................................................................................................................................11 Época e local de plantio...............................................................................................................................11 Escolha dos bulbos e plantio.......................................................................................................................11 Manejo e tratos culturais..............................................................................................................................12 Pragas e controle químico................................................................................................................................12 Doenças e medidas de prevenção...................................................................................................................13 Colheita dos bulbos.........................................................................................................................................14 Considerações.................................................................................................................................................14 Referências......................................................................................................................................................15 6 DOCUMENTOS 188 Aspectos Botânicos e Agronômicos da Espécie Hippeastrum elegans (Spreng.) H. E. Moore Objetivando a Extração de Fitoquímicos Introdução O interesse pelos medicamentos fitoterápicos e por produtos naturais continua crescendo no mundo, tornando atraente a produção de plantas medicinais. Se antes a maior parte da população não pensava em incluir alimentos naturais na rotina ou era resistente à ideia, agora o consumo de produtos menos industrializados e mais saudáveis é um hábito contemporâneo (Mosele et al., 2010). Para o sucesso da atividade de produção de medicamentos, além da qualidade da matéria- -prima, esta deve estar disponível em quantidade, apresentar regularidade de fornecimento e ser obtida com baixo custo, de forma sustentável. Nos últimos anos, os remédios à base de extratos vegetais passaram por uma revolução tecnológica, da engenharia genética à biologia molecular e à bioquímica, em que são utilizados os mais avançados recursos, sem deixar de lado os conhecimentos medicinais tradicionais. Esse avanço, que ocorre em ritmo acelerado, é acompanhado de perto pelas grandes indústrias farmacêuticas, haja vista o mercado mundial de fitoterápicos movimentar, anualmente, cerca de US$ 22 bilhões, com crescimento anual médio de comercialização de 20% (Mosele, et al., 2010). Diversos fatores ambientais exercem influência direta no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, sendo de extrema importância conhecer a origem de cada espécie que se deseja cultivar para se obter uma concentração ótima de princípio ativo. Para esse tipo de cultivo, a agricultura orgânica é a mais indicada, por permitir maior equilíbrio entre a produção e o meio ambiente, evitando a contaminação do solo com agroquímicos que podem alterar a composição dos princípios ativos das plantas medicinais, bem como a ingestão de resíduos tóxicos pelo homem. Dentro
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