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Home , Anthony Gilby, Christopher Goodman, William Farel, William Whittingham

The Spread of in Europe The was a continent-wide, deep-seated religious awakening, based upon the Word of God Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466 - 1536) The Greek Erasmus - 1516 The Reformation created the modern world Roman Catholic (Authority and unity of the Church)

GOD

Church

State Lutheran (Justification by Faith Alone)

GOD

State

Church Anabaptist (Separation from the World)

GOD

Church State Calvinist (Sovereignty of God)

GOD

Church State Protestantism (especially ) produced a fully Biblical world and life view Calvinist Church (Sovereignty of God)

State

Family

GOD Business

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The Protestant Reformation in

“The ”

Jacques Lefèvre (1455 - 1536) French Protestant Churches - 1570 Gaspard de Coligny (1519 - 1572) St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre August 24, 1572

The Protestant Reformation in William Farel (1489 - 1565) (1509 – 1565) Farel confronts Calvin in

"I declare, in the name of God, that if you do not assist us in this work of the Lord, the Lord will punish you for following your own interest rather than this call." St Peter’s, Geneva Calvin’s pulpit (1519 - 1605) The Protestant Reformation in

English Rulers During the Reformation Henry VIII (reigned 1509 - 1547) Edward VI (reigned 1547 - 1553) Mary I (reigned 1553 - 1558) Elisabeth I (reigned 1558 - 1603) (1494 - 1536) Tyndale’s translation - 1526, 1534, 1535, 1536 “In the ninth, tenth, and eleventh chapters he treateth of God's predestination; whence it springeth altogether; whether we shall believe or not believe; be loosed from sin, or not be loosed. By which predestination our justifying and salvation are clean taken out of our hands, and put in the hands of God only; which thing is most necessary of all. For we are so weak and so uncertain, that if it stood in us, there would of a truth be no man saved; the devil, no doubt, would deceive us. “

“God worketh with His Word, and in His Word: and when His Word is preached faith rooteth herself in the hearts of the elect; and as faith entereth, and the Word of God is believed, the power of God looseth the heart from the captivity and bondage under sin, and knitteth and coupleth him to God and to the will of God .“ Tyndale’s letter from prison

“...be kind enough to send me... A warmer coat also, for that which I have is very thin; also a piece of cloth to patch my leggings: my overcoat has been worn out; my shirts are also worn out. He has a woolen shirt of mine, if he will be kind enough to send it. I have also with him leggings of thicker cloth for the putting on above; he also has warmer caps for wearing at night. I wish also his permission to have a candle in the evening, for it is wearisome to sit alone in the dark. But above all, I entreat and beseech your clemency to be urgent with the Procurer that he may kindly permit me to have my Hebrew Bible, Hebrew Grammar, and Hebrew Dictionary, that I may spend my time with that study.”

Cambridge University Thomas Bilney (1495 - 1531) Hugh Latimer (c.1487 - 1555) Miles Coverdale (1488 - 1569)

• “Finally, whosoever thou be, take these words of scripture into thy heart, and be not only an outward hearer, but a doer thereafter, and practice thyself therein, that thou mayest feel in thine heart, the sweet promises thereof for thy consolation in all trouble, and for the sure stablishing of thy hope in Christ, and have ever an eye to the words of scripture” The under Edward VI (1547 - 1553) Thomas Cranmer (1489 - 1556) “And now I come to the great thing that troubleth my conscience more than any other thing that ever I said or did in my life: and that is, the setting abroad of writings contrary to the truth. Which here now I renounce and refuse, as things written with my hand, contrary to the truth which I thought in my heart, and written for fear of death, and to save my life, if it might be: and that is, all such bills, which I have written or signed with mine own hand since my degradation: wherein I have written many things untrue. And forasmuch as my hand offended in writing contrary to my heart, therefore my hand shall first be punished: for if I may come to the fire, it shall be first burned. And as for the Pope, I refuse him, as Christ's enemy and antichrist, with all his false doctrine.” Letter of Calvin to King Edward VI

Calvin to Edward VI “There is another point, sire, which ought to be especially regarded by you, namely, that the poor flocks be not destitute of pastors. Ignorance and barbarism have pressed so heavily in this accursed papacy, that it is not easy to obtain, at the first attempt, persons fit and qualified to discharge that office. However, the thing is well worth taking pains about; and let your ministers, sire, keep their eye upon it, that the food of life may be afforded to the people, as it ought to be. Without that, all the holy and good ordinances you can make will avail but little to reform their hearts in good earnest.” The Reign of “Bloody Mary” (1553 - 1558) At least 284 martyrs burnt during Mary’s 5-year reign The Marian Exiles

William Whittingham (1488 - 1569) (c.1510 - 1585) (1520 - 1603) William Kethe (? - 1594) Genevan Psalter - 1560 • In the approximately 40 years from 1575 to 1618, at least one new edition of the Geneva Bible was published each year. Even after the of 1611 appeared, over 60 editions of the Geneva Bible were published (including New Testament only editions).

• In Scotland, the Geneva Bible was immediately embraced by the people and remained popular for a long time. The Geneva Bible from its introduction was the Bible appointed to be read in churches in Scotland. The Church of Scotland was reformed in 1560, the year the Geneva Bible was published, and was the natural choice of Scottish reformer . John Knox had been an exile in Geneva and may have participated in the translation. Long after the King James Version of 1611, the Geneva Bible continued to be used in some areas of Scotland. “Gloriana” - the reign of (1558 - 1603) The 39 Articles of the

• PREDESTINATION to life is the everlasting purpose of God, whereby, before the foundations of the world were laid, He hath constantly decreed by His counsel secret to us, to deliver from curse and damnation those whom He hath chosen in Christ out of mankind, and to bring them by Christ to everlasting salvation as vessels made to honour. Wherefore they which be endued with so excellent a benefit of God be called according to God's purpose by His Spirit working in due season; they through grace obey the calling; they be justified freely; they be made sons of God by adoption; they be made like the image of His only-begotten Son Jesus Christ; they walk religiously in good works; and at length by God's mercy they attain to everlasting felicity. • As the godly consideration of Predestination and our Election in Christ is full of sweet, pleasant, and unspeakable comfort to godly persons and such as feeling in themselves the working of the Spirit of Christ, mortifying the works of the flesh and their earthly members and drawing up their mind to high and heavenly things, as well because it doth greatly establish and confirm their faith of eternal salvation to be enjoyed through Christ, as because it doth fervently kindle their love towards God….” (1517 - 1587) The Protestant Reformation in Scotland

Patrick Hamilton (1504 - 1528)

• Studied in Paris in 1520, and learned of Luther’s doctrines • Also studied with Erasmus • Wrote a work later called “Patrick’s Places”, defending Justification by Faith • Martyred by burning in 1528 • The "reek of Master Patrick Hamilton infected as many as it blew upon“

George Wishart (c.1513 - 1546)

Wishart's preaching in 1544–45 helped popularize the teachings of Calvin and Zwingli in Scotland. He translated into English the first Helvetic Confession of Faith in 1536. At his trial he refused to accept that confession was a sacrament, denied free will, recognized the priesthood of all believing Christians, and rejected the notion that the infinite God could be "comprehended in one place" between "the priest's hands". He proclaimed that the true Church was where the Word of God was faithfully preached and the two sacraments rightly administered. George Wishart execution site John Knox (c.1513 - 1572) Ormiston Yew

One of Scotlands few ancient layering yews. John Knox is reputed to have preached his early sermons under the cathedral like chamber formed by its limbs. Even today it is difficult to find the tree unless you know where to look.

St Andrew’s Castle These tunnels were mined during 1546 when Protestants took refuge in the castle and formed the first Protestant Congregation in Scotland. Siege was set by order of the Regent, the Earl of Arran. The defenders successfully counter mined the besiegers tunnels, however, they were ultimately defeated by heavy artillery bombardment from a fleet of French ships in 1547. This lead to the garrison chaplain, John Knox, being condemned to prison for almost two years aboard a French Galley. Replica of a 16th century galley

Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots) 1542 - 1567 • Queen Mary: "Think ye that subjects, having the power, may resist their princes?"

• John Knox: "If their princes exceed their bounds, Madam, no doubt they may be resisted, even by power. For there is neither greater honor, nor greater obedience, to be given to kings or princes, than God hath commanded to be given unto father and mother. But the father may be stricken with a frenzy, in which he would slay his children. If the children arise, join themselves together, apprehend the father, take the sword from him, bind his hands, and keep him in prison till his frenzy be overpast: think ye, Madam, that the children do any wrong? It is even so, Madam, with princes that would murder the children of God that are subjects unto them. Their blind zeal is nothing but a very mad frenzy, and therefore, to take the sword from them, to bind their hands, and to cast them into prison, till they be brought to a more sober mind, is no disobedience against princes, but just obedience, because it agreeth with the will of God." • At these words, the Queen stood as it were amazed, more than the quarter of an hour. Her countenance altered, so that Lord James began to entreat her and to demand, "What hath offended you, Madam?"

• At length she said: "Well then, I perceive that my subjects shall obey you, and not me. They shall do what they list, and not what I command; and so must I be subject to them, and not they to me."

• John Knox: "God forbid that ever I take upon me to command any to obey me, or yet to set subjects at liberty to do what pleaseth them! My travail is that both princes and subjects obey God….” • Queen Mary: "Yea, but ye are not the Kirk that I will nourish. I will defend the Kirk of Rome, for it is, I think, the true Kirk of God."

• John Knox: "Your will, Madam, is no reason; neither doth your thought make that Roman harlot to be the true and immaculate spouse of Jesus Christ. Wonder not, Madam, that I call Rome an harlot; for that Church is altogether polluted with all kind of spiritual fornication, as well in doctrine as in manners...."

• Queen Mary "My conscience is not so."

• John Knox: "Conscience, Madam, requireth knowledge; and I fear that right knowledge ye have none." • Queen Mary: "Ye interpret the Scriptures in one manner, and they in another. Whom shall I believe? Who shall be judge?"

• John Knox: "Ye shall believe God, that plainly speaketh in His Word; and further than the Word teacheth you, ye shall believe neither the one nor the other. The Word of God is plain in itself. If there appear any obscurity in one place, the Holy Ghost, which is never contrarious to Himself, explaineth the same more clearly in other places; so that there can remain no doubt, but unto such as obstinately will remain ignorant….” • Queen Mary. "Ye are ower sair (too hard) for me, but if they were here whom I have heard, they would answer you."

• John Knox: "Madam, would to God that the learnedest Papist in Europe, and he that ye would best believe, were present with Your Grace to sustain the argument; and that ye would patiently abide to hear the matter reasoned to the end! Then, I doubt not, Madam, but ye should hear the vanity of the Papistical Religion, and how small ground it hath within the Word of God."

• Queen Mary: "Well, ye may perchance get that sooner than ye believe."

• John Knox: "Assuredly, if ever I get that in my life, I get it sooner than I believe. …” • Little Miss Muffet, sat on a tuffet, • Eating her curds and whey; • Along came a spider, who sat down beside her • And frightened Miss Muffet away.

Reformation Monument – Geneva Farel, Calvin, Beza, Knox

Reformation Monument – Geneva

At the center of the monument, four large statues of Calvinism's main proponents are depicted: • William Farel (1489–1565) • John Calvin (1509–1564) • Theodore Beza (1519–1605) • John Knox (c.1513–1572)

To the left (facing the Wall, ordered from left to right) of the central statues are smaller statues of: • Frederick William of Brandenburg (1620 – 1688) - Germany • William the Silent (1533 – 1584) - Holland • Gaspard de Coligny (1519–1572) - France

To the right (ordered from left to right) are 3 m-tall statues of: • Roger Williams (1603–1684) - United States • Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658) - England • Stephen Bocskai (1557–1606) - Hungary