The Spread of Protestantism in Europe The Reformation was a continent-wide, deep-seated religious awakening, based upon the Word of God Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466 - 1536) The Greek New Testament Erasmus - 1516 The Reformation created the modern world Roman Catholic (Authority and unity of the Church) GOD Church State Lutheran (Justification by Faith Alone) GOD State Church Anabaptist (Separation from the World) GOD Church State Calvinist (Sovereignty of God) GOD Church State Protestantism (especially Calvinism) produced a fully Biblical world and life view Calvinist Church (Sovereignty of God) State Family GOD Business Labor Science Law Education Arts The Protestant Reformation in France “The Huguenots” Jacques Lefèvre (1455 - 1536) French Protestant Churches - 1570 Gaspard de Coligny (1519 - 1572) St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre August 24, 1572 The Protestant Reformation in Switzerland William Farel (1489 - 1565) John Calvin (1509 – 1565) Farel confronts Calvin in Geneva "I declare, in the name of God, that if you do not assist us in this work of the Lord, the Lord will punish you for following your own interest rather than this call." St Peter’s, Geneva Calvin’s pulpit Theodore Beza (1519 - 1605) The Protestant Reformation in England English Rulers During the Reformation Henry VIII (reigned 1509 - 1547) Edward VI (reigned 1547 - 1553) Mary I (reigned 1553 - 1558) Elisabeth I (reigned 1558 - 1603) William Tyndale (1494 - 1536) Tyndale’s translation - 1526, 1534, 1535, 1536 “In the ninth, tenth, and eleventh chapters he treateth of God's predestination; whence it springeth altogether; whether we shall believe or not believe; be loosed from sin, or not be loosed. By which predestination our justifying and salvation are clean taken out of our hands, and put in the hands of God only; which thing is most necessary of all. For we are so weak and so uncertain, that if it stood in us, there would of a truth be no man saved; the devil, no doubt, would deceive us. “ “God worketh with His Word, and in His Word: and when His Word is preached faith rooteth herself in the hearts of the elect; and as faith entereth, and the Word of God is believed, the power of God looseth the heart from the captivity and bondage under sin, and knitteth and coupleth him to God and to the will of God .“ Tyndale’s letter from prison “...be kind enough to send me... A warmer coat also, for that which I have is very thin; also a piece of cloth to patch my leggings: my overcoat has been worn out; my shirts are also worn out. He has a woolen shirt of mine, if he will be kind enough to send it. I have also with him leggings of thicker cloth for the putting on above; he also has warmer caps for wearing at night. I wish also his permission to have a candle in the evening, for it is wearisome to sit alone in the dark. But above all, I entreat and beseech your clemency to be urgent with the Procurer that he may kindly permit me to have my Hebrew Bible, Hebrew Grammar, and Hebrew Dictionary, that I may spend my time with that study.” Cambridge University Thomas Bilney (1495 - 1531) Hugh Latimer (c.1487 - 1555) Miles Coverdale (1488 - 1569) • “Finally, whosoever thou be, take these words of scripture into thy heart, and be not only an outward hearer, but a doer thereafter, and practice thyself therein, that thou mayest feel in thine heart, the sweet promises thereof for thy consolation in all trouble, and for the sure stablishing of thy hope in Christ, and have ever an eye to the words of scripture” The English Reformation under Edward VI (1547 - 1553) Thomas Cranmer (1489 - 1556) “And now I come to the great thing that troubleth my conscience more than any other thing that ever I said or did in my life: and that is, the setting abroad of writings contrary to the truth. Which here now I renounce and refuse, as things written with my hand, contrary to the truth which I thought in my heart, and written for fear of death, and to save my life, if it might be: and that is, all such bills, which I have written or signed with mine own hand since my degradation: wherein I have written many things untrue. And forasmuch as my hand offended in writing contrary to my heart, therefore my hand shall first be punished: for if I may come to the fire, it shall be first burned. And as for the Pope, I refuse him, as Christ's enemy and antichrist, with all his false doctrine.” Letter of Calvin to King Edward VI Calvin to Edward VI “There is another point, sire, which ought to be especially regarded by you, namely, that the poor flocks be not destitute of pastors. Ignorance and barbarism have pressed so heavily in this accursed papacy, that it is not easy to obtain, at the first attempt, persons fit and qualified to discharge that office. However, the thing is well worth taking pains about; and let your ministers, sire, keep their eye upon it, that the food of life may be afforded to the people, as it ought to be. Without that, all the holy and good ordinances you can make will avail but little to reform their hearts in good earnest.” The Reign of “Bloody Mary” (1553 - 1558) At least 284 martyrs burnt during Mary’s 5-year reign The Marian Exiles William Whittingham (1488 - 1569) Anthony Gilby (c.1510 - 1585) Christopher Goodman (1520 - 1603) William Kethe (? - 1594) Genevan Psalter Geneva Bible - 1560 • In the approximately 40 years from 1575 to 1618, at least one new edition of the Geneva Bible was published each year. Even after the King James Version of 1611 appeared, over 60 editions of the Geneva Bible were published (including New Testament only editions). • In Scotland, the Geneva Bible was immediately embraced by the people and remained popular for a long time. The Geneva Bible from its introduction was the Bible appointed to be read in churches in Scotland. The Church of Scotland was reformed in 1560, the year the Geneva Bible was published, and was the natural choice of Scottish reformer John Knox. John Knox had been an exile in Geneva and may have participated in the translation. Long after the King James Version of 1611, the Geneva Bible continued to be used in some areas of Scotland. “Gloriana” - the reign of Elizabeth I (1558 - 1603) The 39 Articles of the Church of England • PREDESTINATION to life is the everlasting purpose of God, whereby, before the foundations of the world were laid, He hath constantly decreed by His counsel secret to us, to deliver from curse and damnation those whom He hath chosen in Christ out of mankind, and to bring them by Christ to everlasting salvation as vessels made to honour. Wherefore they which be endued with so excellent a benefit of God be called according to God's purpose by His Spirit working in due season; they through grace obey the calling; they be justified freely; they be made sons of God by adoption; they be made like the image of His only-begotten Son Jesus Christ; they walk religiously in good works; and at length by God's mercy they attain to everlasting felicity. • As the godly consideration of Predestination and our Election in Christ is full of sweet, pleasant, and unspeakable comfort to godly persons and such as feeling in themselves the working of the Spirit of Christ, mortifying the works of the flesh and their earthly members and drawing up their mind to high and heavenly things, as well because it doth greatly establish and confirm their faith of eternal salvation to be enjoyed through Christ, as because it doth fervently kindle their love towards God….” John Foxe (1517 - 1587) The Protestant Reformation in Scotland Patrick Hamilton (1504 - 1528) • Studied in Paris in 1520, and learned of Luther’s doctrines • Also studied with Erasmus • Wrote a work later called “Patrick’s Places”, defending Justification by Faith • Martyred by burning in 1528 • The "reek of Master Patrick Hamilton infected as many as it blew upon“ George Wishart (c.1513 - 1546) Wishart's preaching in 1544–45 helped popularize the teachings of Calvin and Zwingli in Scotland. He translated into English the first Helvetic Confession of Faith in 1536. At his trial he refused to accept that confession was a sacrament, denied free will, recognized the priesthood of all believing Christians, and rejected the notion that the infinite God could be "comprehended in one place" between "the priest's hands". He proclaimed that the true Church was where the Word of God was faithfully preached and the two sacraments rightly administered. George Wishart execution site John Knox (c.1513 - 1572) Ormiston Yew One of Scotlands few ancient layering yews. John Knox is reputed to have preached his early sermons under the cathedral like chamber formed by its limbs. Even today it is difficult to find the tree unless you know where to look. St Andrew’s Castle These tunnels were mined during 1546 when Protestants took refuge in the castle and formed the first Protestant Congregation in Scotland. Siege was set by order of the Regent, the Earl of Arran. The defenders successfully counter mined the besiegers tunnels, however, they were ultimately defeated by heavy artillery bombardment from a fleet of French ships in 1547. This lead to the garrison chaplain, John Knox, being condemned to prison for almost two years aboard a French Galley. Replica of a 16th century galley Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots) 1542 - 1567 • Queen Mary: "Think ye that subjects, having the power, may resist their princes?" • John Knox: "If their princes exceed their bounds, Madam, no doubt they may be resisted, even by power.