Manufacturer/Contractor Product/Service/Development Contract Source of Info Remarks no./Value AAI Corp., Cockeysville, Design and development of XM61 7U DA36 -034 -ORD -375OA WFC, p. 55 This work was done in MD AP mine fuze in 1966 collaboration with United Aerotest Labs. According to EID 84% of the stock of AAI Corp. is owned by United Industrial Corp. of NYC, a manufacturer of hospital supplies and military weaponry. Development of a 40mm grenade DA36 -034 -ORD -3234 TSAM, p.2 1 cartridge in 1960 Work on a 40mm smokeless flashless Ibid., p.2 1 Smokeless and flashless cartridge in 1962 and commenced cartridges were meant to production engineering of XM170 be harder to see. 40mm smokeless flashless cartridge Work in 1961 -1962 on the DA36 -034 -501 -ORD - Ibid, p.21 Company report indexed development of a 40mm scatter 3387 under AP ammunition ammunition and canister projectiles- they may have dealt with a canister-type munition. Advanced development of 40mm NA Ibid, p.21 Author cites a report in disposable barrel cartridge area target DMS Market Intelligence ammunition/signal cartridge Report in May of 1971. Design study of a wide area AP sensor NA Ibid, p.25 for use with standard AP fragmentation mines in 1963. Participation in the Army’ s SPIW DA36 -034 -504 -ORD -16 Ibid. p.69 Work was carried out program. Work started ca. 1962. with Harrington & Richardson, Inc. and Olin.

1

Based on a report in DMS. XM19 serially fired flechette rifle development. Ibid., p.69 Second version of the SPIW.

In 1957 company submitted report DA36 -034 -ORD -68RD Ibid. p.69 Most likely that research ‘Analytical treatment of the dynamics was about flechettes. of fin-stabilized fragments possessing large yaw’ In 1959 final report ‘Research and DA36 -034 -504 -ARD -16 Ibid., p.69 ARD may be meant to Development activities on flechette read ORD. ammunition test rifles.’ Tracer ammunit ion for the SPIW, DA36 -038 -AMC -210A Ibid loc cit. company report on this in 1965 VRFWS -Vehicle Rapid Fire Weapon DA30 -144 -AMC -105W. Ibid. p.70 In May 1972, GE Co., System or ‘Bushmaster’ system in the Philco-Ford Corp. and 20-30mm range. Company commenced AAI Corp. were awarded developmental work on VRFWS in developmental contracts 1962. of more than $1 million each for the VFRWS. All three companies were in competition for the contract. Research on ‘Dissemination System for Edgewood Arsenal WFC, p. 28 TAB 15 th Sept., 1966 Chemical Agents, Lethal and DA-18-108-AMC-62A Report cited Incapacitating’

Design, Development, Test and Delivery NA, DA18 064AMC169A TAB TAB, 1965-7, p. A-28. of the E44R2 disseminator Descriptors include: biological warfare agents, diffusers, design,

2

Design and development of the Mk 12 etc. Later sources Mod 0 Aircraft Chemical Tank (E33 NA DTIC (AD 0268899), indicate that this was smoke tank) personal author Edward meant eventually used W. Davis, Sep. 1961 as a herbicide dispenser. 1 Development of Toxic Agent Formation DA-18-108-405-cml- TAB U64-9 (AD 347548), in a Large Scale Reactor 1098 and Army contract in: Chemical This was work on factory 1961 to 1965 Disarmament , p. 69 production methods of a CW agent.

Phase III Test and Evaluation for US NA TAB U64-22, 15 Nov., This was a VX warhead Army, XM50, VX warhead System 1964, p. A420 (AD (E19R2) for the 762 mm 353933) in: Chem. rocket Honest John. This Disarm., p. 93 work may have been abandoned and it is unclear if AAI mfrd. the warhead.

AAI stood for Aircraft Armaments, Inc.

ABG Instrument and Lockwires for 2.75 inch rocket motor DAA21 -68 -C-0715 WFC, p.55 Engineering, Inc. , Santa $ 251,220 Barbara, CA.

A.C. Electronics, Inc. M158E1 2.75 inch rocket launcher DAAH01 -69 -C-0501 Ibid. p.55 Huntsville, AL. $ 173,491

ACF Industries, Inc., Metal Parts for cluster bombs $4,087,241 Ibid., p.55 Source cited is WSJ 25 th Oct., St. Louis, MO. EID, p. 192-193 1966. Major civilian products

1 http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a534602.pdf 3

included railroad cars and car equipment.

M52 fuze assembly for M302A1 Carter Carburetor 60mm white phosphorus DAAA09-69-C-0145 WFC, p. 68 Division. projectile and M49A2E160mm $ 1,386,930 high explosive projectile Action Mfg. Co M905 tail fuze metal parts. DAAA09 -68 -C-0085 WFC, p.60 Philadelphia, PA. $ 545,000 Adventure Line Metal parts for BLU -26/B cluster $ 3.3 million in Dec. EID, p. 193 Comm ercial products were Co., bomblets 1968 WFC, p. 55 die cast aluminum products Parsons, KS. F33657-68-C-0078 was worth $ 5.4 million Aeronca, Inc. XM3 mine dispensers December 1966: EID, p.193 Commercial products: Middletown, OH. $371,651 components. August 1967: $ 490,215

DAAA09-68-C-0048: WFC, p.55 $334,373 EID, p.193 Several more contract awards for XM3 mine dispensers in 1967 and 1968 Assembly of XM17 mines $73,080 in 1968 EID, p.193 XM3 production engineering $ 1 million Ibid., loc. Cit. Used to dispense XM27 mines, according to TSAM.p.58 XM3 shell assembly $11 4,949 Ibid, loc. Cit.

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Airport Machining M151 warhead metal parts DAAA09-68-C-0131 WFC, p. 55 Company held several $ Corp., Martin, TX for 2.75 inch rocket launchers $ 530,100 million contract renewals for M151 warheads for 2.75 inch rockets A.J . Industries, Inc., BLU -1C/B 750 -lb. firebomb F42600 -68 -C-3087 WFC, p. 68 AJ also made BLU -27/B fire Sargent-Fletcher Div. $625,003 bombs. 2 El Monte, CA

Liquid Agent Spray Tank DAAA15-67-C-0649 WFC, p. 34 TMU-28/B $ 1,716, 965 (GCD) Ajax Hardware BLU -26/B bomblets $135,000 in March 1969 EID, p.194 Company produced industrial Manufacturing Co., hardware. City of Industry, CA Aladdin Heating Co., Refurbishment of CNU - $197,600 in April 1969 EID, p.195 Company produced blowers San Leandro, CA 80/E25 containers and and furnaces. related data applicable to SUU-14/A and SUU-14A/A Alsco Industries XM157/A and XM157/B Ca. $600,000 in con tracts in EID, p.120 Company produced office (later acquired by launchers for 2.75 inch 1967 and 1968 furniture, aluminum Harvard Ind., rockets products, kitchen and Farmingdale, NJ) bathroom products, ceramic XM159C 2.75 in rocket tiles, etc. launchers DAAH01-69-C-0729 WFC, p.55 $1,510,686

Aluminum Co. of 2.75 inch rocket motor tubes DAAA21 -69 -C-0236 Ibid, loc. Cit. Largest US producer of America, Pittsburgh, $5,824,350 aluminum. Bauxite mining, PA () housing development, etc. Ca. $11 million in contracts EID, p.64 for the above product

2 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record-detail.jsp?dt=215&mtch=12&cat=all&tf=F&q=a.j.+industries+ammunition&bc=sl&rpp=10&pg=2&rid=411&rlst=411,175792 5

Aluminum powder for demolition bombs CEP report Feb.-March 1971 Available via Vietnam Virtual Archive Texas University. FSCs: chemicals (ammo. program), ammo. over Various NARA 3 125mm, mine warfare development, torpedo components, etc.

Alco Standard Corp. , Fin and nozzle assemblies for Ca. $10 million for the Ibid, p. 60 Company produced electrical Valley Forge, PA., 2.75 inch rockets production of these equipment, latex and rubber Jackson Products compounds, fertilizer, Div. insecticides, stoves, etc. Alcan Aluminum Mk 67 WP warhead for 2.75 DAAA09 -C-0236 WFC, p. 68 Corp., Riverside, CA inch rocket $ 178,425 -General SUU -14/A cluster bomb DAAA -69 -C-0025/ WFC, p. 55 (all 5 contracts )+ All (Aerojet, Batesville or any Corp., Downey, CA. dispensers $ 1,250,000 TSAM p.44 subsidiaries) are part of the General Tire and Rubber SUU-30B/B cluster bomb F33657-68-C-0625/ $ 558,000 Company, Akron, Ohio. Major dispensers. Also known as products were: tires and the ‘Sadeye’. tubes, chemicals and plastics, metal products, etc. M151 warhead metal parts DAAA09-69-C-0134/ for 2.75 inch rocket $ 1,214,987 Aerojet also tried to patent the one-shot flamethrower, Magazines for XM174 40mm Also in TSAM, p.22 which may have been fielded low velocity automatic DA11-199-66-AMC-719W/ as the , which was grenade launcher $ 57,197 probably not fielded. See US patents 3,034,568 and Engineering study of release 3,038,530.

3 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=42&q=aluminum+company+ammunition&cat=all&dt=243&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=1 6

of self -dispe rsing munitions DA18 -064 -AMC -170A from high speed airborne vehicles Aerojet bought Rheem’s Development of supersonic AF08-635-5996/ $ 352,830 WFC, p. 68 Defence Division in 1959. firebomb

Tactical Incapacitating Munitions Study & Research Edgewood Arsenal, DAAA15- on Army Air-Delivered 67-R-0232 and DAAA15-68- WFC, p. 28 Aerojet also mfr. the CBU- Tactical CS Munition-this R0011 30/A CS system. See TAB. appears to be research on the battlefield use of incapacitating agents

Biological Line Source Dissemination System- Army Biological Lab, DA-18- ibid, loc. Cit. Research on the aircraft 064-AMC-300A dissemination of BW agents ‹ US patent 3,499,384

TAB mentioned as source 1966. Designed and developed the DA04-495-501-ORD-840 TSAM, p.24 T48E1 Claymore mine in 1956-1958 This was later known as the (in)famous M18 Claymore Worked on the development mine, still in use today. Also of the XM43 NA TSAM, p.25 see US Patent: 2,972,949. chemical/mechanical AP However, Aerojet was by far mine. not the only company

7

involved in the production of the Claymore. 4 BLU-24 ‘orange’ bomblet NA, Ca. $ 10 million TSAM, p.47 and EID DMS report cited. Work done together with Breed Corp ‘Puller-Type’ multiple Ibid., p.70 Aerojet may have developed flechette rifle $558,000 this bomblet too.

CNU-105E containers and EID, p.109 more SUU-30/B dispensers $224,750 for research and DMS report cited. dev.

Research and Development Ibid., loc. Cit. of Phase I of XM56 mine $ 1.3 million dispenser

Compatibility studies of polymeric materials with DAAA 15-69-C-0738, $ 0.52 m Chem. Disarm., p. 39 methylphosphonic difluoride

Exploratory studies for design, development, test DAAA 15-72-C0035, $ 0.25 m Ibid. loc. cit. and eval. of a prototype binary submunition system

Advanced development of a binary submunition system

4 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=500&mtch=27&q=M18&cat=GS29&dt=216&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50 Companies involved included Hercules, Fourdee, Casco, Consolidated Molded Products, Mechtron, etc. Also see http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=1&q=M18+AP+mine&cat=GS29&dt=212&tf=F&bc=sl 8

for 8 inch artillery projectile DAAA 15 -73 -C-0111, $ 0.25 m Ibid loc. cit . Batesville Manufacturing Co. (also a part of Aerojet General) SUU-30A/B Sadeye cluster Camden, AR bomb dispensers EID, p. 109

M26 AP mine metal parts $113,654 Ibid. loc. Cit. Also see NARA contracts. BLU -66/B metal parts Ca. $7 million , after that Ibid. loc. Cit. several million USD increments

CBU-30/A aircraft dispenser Ca. $ 7 million Ibid. loc. Cit. and bomb

CBU-28 dispenser and mine F33657716753 and several NARA Military Prime Search CBU-28 (BLU-43) increments Contracts 1965-1975 Also see US Patent: 4,058,061

CW Agent Prototype Edgewood Arsenal, WFC, p. 27 TAB cited, Jan. 1966 Munitions Dissemination DA-18-035-AMC-117A

9

Systems -experimental evaluation of CW agent Aerojet was and is one of the dissemination techniques key US munitions producers, and concepts thus they surely were involved in many DoD Development of a massive NOTS-TP-3820 (1965) Chemical Disarmament. New weapons projects. The air-dropped bomb that Weapons for Old. Sipri, 1975, company developed and generated VX by the binary p. 27 produced explosives and route (Bigeye bomb) propellants in various plants.

Bigeye report by L.D. Schultz: Development of a drone NA, work done in 1960 Hersh, Seymour: Chemical “Preliminary Analysis of the aircraft that could carry and and Biological Warfare., Thermal Response of the disperse 200lbs of germs for 1968, p.71 Bigeye Chemical Bomb”, also ca. 115 miles in TAB 1965-17-A204 (AD 363405 )

The CW work was not done in FSCs: bombs, C/B weapons, Various AR but in CA plants. fort/mines/obstacles, NARA Interestingly enough, pyrotechnics, torpedo inert according to a report by the components (Mk 46 ASW) , Department of Toxic rockets and rocket Substances Control from ammunition, misc. ammo., 2000, the Chino Hills facility, military chemical agents, etc. which has been used by Aerojet since the mid 1960s, developed and tested CW agents such as VX, Ditran and “Mustard”. This work was done since the 1970s. 5

5 http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RdCWITYd0eMJ:www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/hwmp_community_involvement/1269406974/Aero%252520CEQA%25252E 10

The company was and is very diversified with the ability to make chemicals in a large US Patent 3,298,308, Jan. NA scale ( CW, explosives, rocket 17., 1967 for a ‘Composite Google patents. This may fuel, incendiaries, etc.) but Casing for Fragmentation- have later become the BLU- pharmaceuticals, too. Type Explosive Weapon and 49/B, which Aerojet also (NARA) 6 (NARA mil. chem. Method of Forming Same’ produced in Downey, CA. agents) 7 (BLU-49/B) 8 Aerojet Ordnance Division was active in the development of more than US patent 3,156,188, Nov. NA one hundred munitions 10,1964 for a ‘Fragmentation Google patents. throughout the years, Weapon’ including the M-46 HEDP, offered to the US Army in 1962. 9 It has been rightly criticized for (later) involvement in CBUs/BLUs (BLU-92, BLU-97, etc.), AP landmines, depleted uranium

pdf.pdf+department+of+toxic+substances+control+chino+hills+moskat&hl=de&gl=de&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESheqEaI4CCpISItM6tay_ZLeHytFUKRpNqG-tMq8- E4JJuLlz2jaPPewfxrO679kgUEIztd9XHPh0xlL92MYRw2rONX_UoVPvGfRF6waCPhl1T89bsDvdONQZ--NHMsaN4ljQsm&sig=AHIEtbR4Dpyl0yP6nkqkktL2mLap6X_x9A The DTSC has apparently deactivated its link for some reason. For a history of Aerojet-General see: http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/AerojetGeneral-Corp- company-History.html Aerojet’s Solid Rocket Operations in Sacramento made most of the propellants and was to make PBAN-RDX (Aerojet Report 0866-01(01)FP, Nov. 1965) and may have produced HE (not just propellant) in a large scale. The Azusa, CA plant of Aerojet also did work on liquid rocket propellant and HE. Several patents held by the Azusa division were for propellant and HE, such as US pats.: 3041382, 3187054, 3423,463 and 2888493. The Aerojet Chemical division was also in Azusa. 6 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=114&q=aerojet+ammunition&cat=all&dt=244&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50&pg=1 7 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=2&q=aerojet+chemical+agents&cat=all&dt=243&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 8 http://www.enviroreporter.com/2009/08/bombs-away-at-aerojet-chino-hills/ 9 For details see: History of the Shaped Charge Effect, The First 100 Years, by Donald R. Kennedy, available via DTIC. Page 35. Kennedy was an industry insider working as an ordnance engineer for Aerojet and FMC’s Defence Technology Laboratories and later himself. The document is a must-read for MIC researchers! 11

and environmental pollution. 10

Batesville Mfg. Co. in AR held contracts for bombs (750 lbs. GP), fuzes and primers, grenades, ammo. 75mm- 125mm, misc. ammo., rockets and rocket ammo. (66mm HEAT), land mines (M26 AP), etc.

Aerojet also made rocket engines for the Polaris 11 , Minuteman 12 and 13 .

In brief, what can be said about Aerojet is that the company was/is: firstly very diversified, secondly, very involved in DoD weapons research and production and thirdly, unscrupulous about human life and nature.

10 http://www.enviroreporter.com/aerojetinvestigation and especially http://www.laweekly.com/2000-05-11/news/living-next-to-a-war-factory/ Interestingly enough, Aerojet’s Fullerton, CA plant nuclear reactor components, and its El Monte, CA, Medical and Biomedical Systems made biomedical diagnostic equipment designed to detect microorganisms in air and water…which could have been dispensed by their aerosol dissemination systems for BW and CW. See Selling to Navy Prime Contractors, p.4. 1976 (Hathi Digital). 11 http://cgi.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?VISuperSize&item=150704435584 12 http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-30.html 13 http://www.aerojet.com/news2.php?action=fullnews&id=42 12

M18 AP mine and M18A1 $789,118 EID, p.109 Part of General Tire. General Tire and Rubber metal parts Chemicals/Plastics Division. Agrisect Chemical Butyl Ester Herbicides DSA -400 -C1634/$ 653,500 WFC, p.33 Agent Orange is a 50 -50 Corp., NYC 2,4-D mixture of 2,4-D & 2,4,5-T (2,4,dichlorophenoxyacetic used as a defoliant against acid) and 2,4,5-T DSA-400-C1634/ $.653,500 Ibid. loc. Cit. heavy jungle. (trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) GCD report cited.

American Electric, Inc., La Mirada, CA SUU-30B/B cluster bomb F33657-68-C-0809 WFC, p.55 AE was a subsidiary of City dispensers $ 2,649,360 Investing Co., Tuxedo, NY. Commercial products included F42600-69-C-2205 water heaters (Rheem), tape BLU-27/B 750lb firebomb $ 25,854,760 Ibid, loc. Cit. recorders .

CBU-54/B incendiary cluster F33657-68-C-1198 Ibid. loc. Cit. Also search the NARA for munition $1,761,263 American Electric + ammunition in the contracts section. BLU-32 A/B firebomb filled F42600-70-C-0728 Rockets, bombs, land mines, with Napalm B, which AE also $9,234,164 Ibid. loc. Cit. grenades will also appear. produced.

13

M9-7 flamethrower tank Online pictures 14 Common flamethrower in group Vietnam War. 15 (Napalm contract)

Both CBU contracts are from 1967. This work done in Paramount, CA. The company also made Napalm B at its La Mirada, CA plant. 16 CBU-7 and bomblets NARA search CBU-7.

CBU-24 and bomblets NARA search CBU-24.

American Manufacturing M151 warheads for 2.75 inch $1 million EID, p. 195 Co. of Texas, Fort Worth, TX rockets Mk55 Mod 0 AP pr ojectile N00104 -68 -C-5482 WFC, p. 55 $ 3,439,437

Mk 82 Mod 1 500 lb bomb N00104-69-C-0098 Ibid., p.60 bodies $ 36,627,838

Mk 83 Mod 3 1000 lb bomb N00104-68-C-3481 Ibid., loc. Cit. bodies $ 9,887,140 AMF, Inc., White M-82M1 5 00 lb. bomb bodies $ 180,000,0 00 in 1969 alone CEP report 1971 Largest munition production Plains and NYC, NY. M117 750 lb. bomb bodies for bomb items (!) (all 5 below) contract in this study!

14 http://www.gunbroker.com/Auction/ViewItem.aspx?Item=230136384 15 http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19691117&id=2_BVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=O-EDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5574,4172797 16 WFC, p. 66 and NARA: http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record- detail.jsp?dt=214&mtch=38&cat=GS29&tf=F&q=fire+ammunition&bc=sl&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=6922&rlst=6904,6905,6914,6915,6916,6920,6922,12465,14439,14444 14

M-83M4 1000 lb. bomb Consumer commercial products bodies included bowling equipment, Harley-Davidson motorcycles, Metal parts for 4.2 inch lawnmowers, golf equipment, mortar projectiles etc.

Metal parts for 81mm Company formerly known as mortars American Machine& Foundry.

.50 caliber machine gun cradle adjuster kits

Metals parts for 105mm HE projectiles

Unit plan design Massive US CW Policy Hearings, 93 rd bomb E110/MC1. Contract NA Congress, Second Session, MC-1 was a modified 750 lb GP report to US Army. 1974, p. 339 bomb designed to carry 100 lbs. of . Work done in 1957. TAB U-125, 20 May, 1957, p. 4 (AD 119715 ). American Standard, Development of Rockeye II NA EID, p. 195 Military contracts were carried Inc., NYC. dispenser fuzes out by Melpar Division of Columbus, OH.

American Standard produced Standard toilets and plumbing products. Ametek, Inc., NYC Stabilizer rods for 2.75 inch NA, $1.5 million and $1.1 Ibid. loc. Cit. Weapons production took place rockets million in Wisconsin. App lied Devices Fin and nozzle assemblies of NA, $ ca. 16 million EID, p.67 Weapons produced by Muncie Corp., College Point, 2.75 inch rockets Gear Works, a subsidiary.

15

NY Armco Steel Corp., Fin and nozzle assemblies for $ ca. 16 million Ibid., p.69 Contract s held by HITCO and Middletown, OH. 2.75 inch rockets F.T.S. Corp, a subsidiary.

Atlas Fabricators, 17 Inc. Paramount, CA BLU-27/B firebomb Ca. $100,000-200,000 NARA In the NARA you can see that In 1969 the company also made other ordnance such as rockets. American Oil Co., Study of combustion Whiting, IN optimization of hydrocarbon DA18-035-AMC-264A WFC, p.68 flame thrower fuels. American Technical M5 casing burster assembly DAAA09 -69 -C-0228 Machinery Corp., parts for M60 105mm WP $ 449,484 Ibid., loc. Cit. Vernon, NY projectile Anchor Precision M5 riot control agent DAAA15 -67 -C-0406 WFC, p.33 GCD report cited. Products, dispenser $211,575 Hackensack, NJ. (helicopter or vehicle mounted) A-T-O, Inc., SUU -7C/A dispensers $ 2 million in 1968 EID, p. 57 Formerly known as ‘Automatic’ Cleveland, OH $ 744,374 in 1969 for Sprinkler Corp. dispensers and trainers Products included sprinklers, hydraulic equipment, industrial equipment, etc.

Mk15 Mod 1 fin assemblies N00104-68-C-0780 WFC, p.60 $ 14,202,230 Amron C orp., M118 cartridge case metal DAAA09 -69 -C-0144 WFC, p.55 (both contracts) Waukesha, parts for the M406 40mm $ 3,918,750 Wisconsin grenade

17 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record- detail.jsp?dt=214&mtch=23&cat=GS29&tf=F&q=%22atlas+fabricators%22&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=12465&rlst=12446,12447,12448,12450,12451,12458,12459,12461,12 462,12465 16

Metal parts for M384 40mm DAAA09-68-C-0070 grenade $ 341,996

A.O. Smith Corp., M117A1 750 lb. bomb metal DAAA09-68-C0078 WFC, p. 60 18 Chicago, IL parts $ 11,984,315 The Smith A.O. in the NARA may be relevant. Atlantic Research Engineering study to adapt NA WFC, p.55 TAB report cited. Corp., Alexandria, the XM27 gravel mine to the VA SUU-13/A bomb dispenser

Opener assemblies for the NA Ibid. loc. Cit. Army R&D report cited, Tactical Fighter Munitions Feb.1968 Dispenser

Flare Northern Development of a carrying DA28-017-AMC-2558A WFC, p.56 Atlantic Research was a part of Division, West case for the XM27 Mod 2 the Susquehanna Corp. Hanover, MA gravel mine Major civilian services included production of propulsion systems, uranium mining, ore processing, etc.

Develop and produce XM27 HE and chemical gravel mine $ 3 million in 1967 EID, p. 171 One cannot be certain about and the XM47 dispenser for the chemical gravel mine. the mines.

18 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=28&q=A.O.+Smith+Corp&cat=GS29&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&pg=1 Work on the gravel mine project was also carried out by Esso Research and Engineering. The study dealt with “sensitivity studies for Project Gravel.” Source: TSAM, p. 58 17

Design, data, production $ 8 million in 1967 Ibid.loc.cit. Also search NARA prime equipment for the XM41E1 contracts 1965-1975: mines ‘Susquehanna+ land mines’

XM3 AP mine dispensers and $ 9 million EID, p. 171 Research and Development on SUU-13/A dispensers (Atlantic Research)

2.75 inch rocket motor $1.1 million Ibid. loc. Cit. igniters (Atlantic)

Flare Northern Division., Development of incendiary N609-21-7209 WFC, p.68 R&D report cited, 1967. Saugus, CA fuels $ 91,000

Establishment of feasibility DA04-495-AMC-828 Ibid., loc. Cit. Same source cited. and development of vertical $75,022 flame projector

TSAM also states that Atlantic Research Corp. developed an early version of the Gravel mine, XM27, and the original dispenser XM47 around 1966.

Investigation of supersonic AF-08(635)-4396 WFC, p.28, both contracts TAB cited, 1966. delivery of biological agents USAF Arm. Lab.

18

Rapid Gelling systems for chemical munitions- AF-08(635)-5156 development of CW agent USAF Arm. Lab. TAB cited, 1967. bomblets ARC also had a $3m contract for XM22E2 gravel mines in 1967 (Army R&D, vol. 8, 1967, p.17) Avco Corp., NYC M423 impact detonating $ 2.0 million in 1968 EID, p.73 Avco’s consumer brands were fuzes for 2.75 inch rockets $1.3 million in 1969 Paul Revere insurance funds, savings and loan funds, mobile homes, movie productions, assembly-line houses, etc. Three contracts for NA TSAM, p.22 Company mainl y k nown for its development of the Avroc 40mm ammunition and fuzes. line of ammunition, a rocket- propelled 40mm round It is not certain if Avroc was designed to get past jungle fielded. foliage. Feasibility study of a NA TSAM, p.25 TAB 1967 report cited. repeating AP mine. Development of a BLU -26/B AF08(635) -5708 Ibid., p.47 bomblet proximity fuze $237,511 Deve lopment of the CBU - AF08(635)5858 Ibid, p.50 Would be l oaded with BLU - 18/B $ 804,490 25/B AP bomblets. Phase I engineering N00123 -71 -C0200 Ibid., p.58 Awarded June 1971. Deneye development of the Deneye $3,778,547 was not fielded. area denial mine system (aerial) Services and materials for an DAA21 -68 -C-0655 Ibid., p.60 investigation of improved AP $87,420 kill mechanisms Engineering and fabrication DA49 -186 -AMC -162 -A Ibid., p.61 Work carried out in 1964 o r of the XM532E1 81mm $2,795,047 1965.

19

proximity fuze Development of sub - DA28 -017 -AMC -3191A Ibid., p.75 This was a guided surface -to - components for Lance surface missile designed to warhead system replace the Honest John rocket. It was nuclear capable, conventional capable and had a range of ca. 120 km. M406 40mm grenade metal DAAA09 -69 -C-0131 WFC, p.56 Avco was heavily involved with parts $ 1,324,965 munitions production(land mines, C/B weapons, 155mm HE projectile, rockets, bombs (750 lbs GP, etc.) Please also see 19 Determination and AF -08(635) -4678 Ibid. p.28 TAB repor t cited, 1966. disposition of submarginal USAF Armament Lab. biological weapons containing either AP or anti- crop agents

USAF study on possibility of AF08(635)-4824, Part I, May Chem. Disarm., p. 70 binary biological weapons 1966, NA Battelle Memorial Inst., ‘Biological Munitions for Army Bio. Lab Ibid., p.28 TAB report cited, 1966 Columbus, OH Small Targets’ DA-18-064-AMC-332A No known use of BW in VN war. Batt. Inst. also developed rockets and misc. ammo. Babcock & Wilcox Co., Charlotte, NC 20 M40A1 made by Tubular M40A1 106 mm recoilless NA Arsenal of Democracy. Products Div. rifle

19 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/free-text-search-results.jsp?cat=GS29&s=492&bc=,sl,sd&q=avco+ammunition 20 Gervasi, Tom: Arsenal of Democracy. 1978, p. 218 Babcock & Wilcox also played a major role in supplying metal components and engineering for the US nuclear arsenal. See: http://www.babcock.com/about/history.html 20

Bache Tool and Die Co., Parts for BLU -26/B bomblet F333657 -68 -C-0545 , Ibid., p. 56 Westbury, NY $ 260,252 Parts for CBU-24/29 bomb NA, $217,259 EID, p. 196 bodies D.H. Baldwin Co., Cincinnati, LAP of 2.75 inch rocket NA, $4.8 m between 68 and EID, p.76 Contracts held by Baldwin OH motors 69 Electronics Div. 22 Co. made mainly pianos, organs, Gretsch guitars and electronics.

Benson Manufacturing, Div. TMU-28/B CW spray tank DA-18-AMC-462(A) Private file. 21 of Electronic TMU-28/B was a spray tank Communications, Inc., used to disperse the nerve Kansas City, MO agent VX.

Beech Aircraft Corp., SUU -7C/A cluster bomb DAAA09 -68 -C-0008; WFC, p.56 Beech is a well -known aircraft Wichita, KS dispensers, several million $940500 mfr. Now known as Beechcraft. USD contract modifications M468 shipping containers NA EID, p.78 Birma Products Corp., Parts for 2.75 in. rockets DAAA21 -69 -C0267 WFC, p.56 Sayresville, NJ $ 159, 807

Bayfield Industries, ‘Snakeye’ fins for demo. NA, $ 1.6 m WFC, p. 60

21 Quality control data and certification, 19 th July, 1967. 22 http://www.swt.usace.army.mil/library/Former%20Shumaker%20Naval%20Ammunition%20Depot/Draft_7003_Order.pdf Baldwin also assembled M267, M274 practice and M261 HE warheads for the Hydra 2.75 inch rocket. From 1966-1996 Baldwin did LAP on millions of 2.75 inch, 5 inch and 11.75 inch rocket warheads and motors. Camden facility part of Highland Industrial Park. TNT not produced here but steam-melted. Baldwin Electronics now known as BEI. 21

Carrollton, TX Bombs

Bendix was a major supplier of Bendix Corp., Environmental DAAA09-69-C-0138, parts to the US automobile Science Div., Balt., MD M905 tail fuze metal parts $828,000 WFC, p.61 industry.

Borg-Warner Corp., Ingersoll Mk82 Mod 1 500 lb. bomb N00104-69-C0003, Ibid., loc cit. Products Div., Chicago, IL bodies $15,914,464

Buxmont Ordnance, DIB, May 1965 Berwick, PA 250-lb. bomb bodies NA, $ 6,509,065 Ibid. loc. cit.

Bemis Co., Minneapolis, MN Development of loading NA EID, p. 197 The weapons manufacturing machinery for XM-45E1 AP $ 233,987 was carried out at Hicksville, NY mines in a facility of Perry Industries, a sub. of Perry. Bemis was well known for paper, plastics and textiles. Bell Aerospace Corp., Buffalo, NY Work done in mid 50s. Chemical cluster bomb DA19-108-CML-4441, NA TAB, 82-2, p. A-2 Breed Corp., Fairfield, NJ Design an dev. Of XM43 AP NA EID , loc. cit. The Breed Corp. also did work mine and sub-pack system $750,000 on , their CEO was the engineer David S. Breed.

22

Brunswick Corp., Chicago, IL SUU -7C/A dispensers NA, $ 2 m Ibid. loc. cit. Other products included medical supplies, bowling XM200 launchers for 2.75 NA, $ 1.2 m products, yachts, aerospace inch rockets components.

Manufacture of the 66mm DA-AA15-70-C-0139, $ 1.5 m Defense Industry Bulletin, The M202 FLASH started as the XM74 rocket for the M202 Vol. 6 No. 1 January 1970, XM191 MPFW was an FLASH launcher p.35 incendiary rocket system. It was meant to replace the Planned delivery of the M202 NA Private file. 23 flamethrower and add more FLASH launcher range. Rocket filled with thickened pyrophoric agent triethylaluminum which burns Manufacture of the E8 NA at ca. 2,000 F. 25 portable tactical CS launcher Private file. 24 Roughly 1,000 M202 launchers were ordered from Brunswick in 1969 but none were delivered (probably) until 1970.

26 Various munitions and CB programs NA

Booz -Allen Applied ‘Mathematical, Statistical & NA, DAAD09 -67 -R-0272 WFC, p. 28 DMS report cited, 1968.

23 Edgewood Arsenal readiness report on flame weapons, October 1969. 24 Manufacturer’s markings on E8 agent launcher, 35mm : Brunswick Corp. 25 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m202.htm 26 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=41&q=brunswick+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50 23

Research, Inc., Chicago, IL Operations Research Relative to Effects of BW & CW Agents When Tested & Evaluated Under Operational Conditions-this was research in support of CBW field tests at Dugway Proving Ground

Technical Development Plan DA-18-035-AMC-734A Ibid., loc. cit. TAB report cited, 8-15-1966 for the Army’s Air Delivered Tactical CS Munition- reliability studies and field tests of air-delivered incapacitating agents. Bulova Watch Co., Jackson M423 fuze metal parts for DAAA09 -69 -C0175 WFC, p.56 27 Heights, NY 2.75 inch rocket $ 1,410,231 See NARA. Company mainly involved with fuze mfr. Several million USD contract modifications

Head assembly for M525 and DAAA09-68-C-0077 M527 fuzes for M302A1 WFC, p.68 $ 1,609,789 60mm WP projectile

27 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=34&q=bulova+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=243&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=1

24

Buffalo Turbine Agricultural M106 Riot Control Agent DAAA15-67-C-0254 WFC, p.33 Equipment, Gowanda, NY Dispenser (Mity-Mite) $ 122,379 GCD report

CCI Corp., Tulsa, OK Fin and nozzle assemblies for NA, $ 3 m and s everal EID, p. 86 Formerly known as CCI 2.75 inch rockets million USD increments to Marquardt Corp. this 28 NARA.

Colt Industries, Inc., Several million USD., see Hartford, CT Production of 5.56mm 29 NARA NARA rifles Colt also made the 40mm

FSCs: grenades, bombs, grenade launcher XM203. pyrotechnics, ammo. over See NARA NARA 30 30mm up to 75mm, etc.

C&S Ball Bearing Machinery Carbon steel balls for CBU - NA, $228,000 in 1969 EID, p.197 and Equipment Corp. of 24/29/49 bomblets Several hundred thousand America, Meridian, CT USD increments to this

28 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=69&q=%22c+c+i+corp%22&cat=GS29&dt=212&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&pg=2

29 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=24&q=colt+guns+rifle&cat=all&dt=212&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 30 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=10&q=colt+ammunition&cat=all&dt=212&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 25

Cook Electric Co., Chicago, IL Study, design, fabrication and DA18 108 CML6422, NA TAB 79-11, p.A-11 Work done by Inland Testing test of chemical warhead for Labs, Morton Grove, IL. ITL was Sergeant (MGM-29) missile part of Cook Elec. Co. Work done : 1960.

Not certain what the later Design, dev. and fabr. of T53 DA 11-023-ORD-1228, NA Subj. ind. to unclass. ASTIA docs., v.1-3, 1960. P. 861 designation of T53 was. Work parafrag bomb carried out in 1954.

Cessna Aircraft, Wichita, KS SUU -7C/A dispensers with Ca. $ 6 m for contracts and Ibid. p.88 Cessna was and is mainly known container modifications for aircraft parts, airplanes, hydraulic systems, etc.

XM-3 AP mine dispensers Ca. $ 350,000 Ibid. loc. cit.

C-E-I-R , Inc. Washington, DC Mathematical and Statistical DAAA13 -68 -C-0063 WFC, p.28 DMS, 1968 cited. Research & Data Analysis of CBW Testing

Columbus Milpar Mfg. Co, Mk14 bomb fins NA, $3,372,880 Ibid., p.61 CM was a division of Whittaker Columbus, OH Corp. M524A5 point detonating DAAA09-68-C-0300 WFC, p.69 fuze for M375 81mm WP projectile and M374 81mm $ 3,720,000

26

HE projectile F0835 -69 -C-0016

Parts for BLU-24 and BLU-66 $ 19,089,911 bomblets

Chamberlain Mfg. Corp, M156 WP warhead for 2.75 DAAA09 -69 -C-0234 WFC, p.68 Chamberlain’s comm ercial Waterloo, IA inch rocket $3,667,144 products included home improvement products M60 105mm WP projectile DAAA09-68-C-0489 Ibid. loc. cit. (Chambron) and Ampli-Vox and metal parts $ 3,666,915 Perma-Power sound systems. Ibid. loc. cit. M110 155mm WP projectile DAAA09-68-C-0321 31 NARA. metal parts $ 4,910,415

Chamberlain was also the Metal parts for 2.75 inch NA, $ 1m, in total $2.6m EID, p.198 contractor which operated the rocket warheads contract mod. In FY 1969 Scranton Army Ammunition

Plant in Scranton, PA. 32 This

was done since 1963. It also 33 operated the Burlington AAP. Both made mainly metal parts.

Chemetron Corp., Chicago, Takman: Napalm, p.49 IL Production of napalm NA

31 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=95&q=chamberlain+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=212&tf=F&bc=sl 32 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/aap-scranton.htm

33 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=332&q=O+%26+M+of+ammunition+facility&cat=GS29&dt=214&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=2 27

Cincinnati University, Investigation of the DA18 -001 -AMC -991X WFC, p.68 Kettering Laboratory, effectiveness of two Cincinnati, OH incendiary mixes, Napalm B and Westcogel.

Production of the Consolidated Diesel Electric mechanized flamethrower Corp., Schenectady, NY M10-8. NA Jane’s Weapons Systems, The M10-8 flamethrower was 1972 and 1974-1975, p. 312 used on the M113A1 AFV which then became the M132A1 when the flamethrower was installed. This was deployed as of FY 1964. The M10-8 was also used on the “Monitor” boats for riverine warfare. 34 These were probably converted M132A1 flamethrowers and it is likely that CONDEC was also contractor.

Cornell Aeronautical Labs., Development of an anti - NA, $ 39,823 EID, p.198 NY Supreme Court ruled in 1970 Buffalo, NY disturbance module for the that EDP Technology could not buy Cornell Aeronautical Labs

34 http://www.warboats.org/StonerBWN/The%20Brown%20Water%20Navy%20in%20Vietnam_Part%203.htm 28

M18 AP mine from Cornell University.

CAL was a research institution.

Assessment of flame and DA-18-035-AMC-719-A WFC, p.69 incendiary munitions effects (Project Heatwave)

Development of a popcorn DA21-69-C-0040; $ 99,760 TSAM, p.50 bomblet-possibly an AP mine The researchers decided that the designs were not worth the

extra cost and complexity but Feasibility study of adding a DA18-108-CM-16628A Ibid., p.57 that techniques developed for ‘complementary chemical the study were of use for other agent capability called munitions. This was called ‘stomp’ to the XM22 gravel (Army) Project Chord. 35

mine

Part of the project analyzed

35 http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/833943.pdf 29

ve getation on a global scale, examining trees, types of trees, Project Fibre. A 400 page diameters, spacings, frequency, report on the ways in which DA30-069-AMC-459 Ibid., p.64 etc. Clearly an example of the small projectiles lose their ‘university-military-industrial effectiveness when fired into complex.’ vegetation.

Clarke Can Co., Inc., Container assembly for M14 DAAA15 -69 -C-0020 WFC, p.68 36 NARA Philadelphia, PA thermate hand grenade and M34 WP hand grenade $45,530

Cullman Metalcraft, Inc., SUU -30B/B cluster bomb F33657 -68 -C-0810 WFC, p.56 Cullman AL dispenser $ 2,649,360

Crescent Precision M13A1 fin assemblies DAAA09 -69 -C-0059 WFC, p.61 Products, Inc. Garland, TX $3,619,980

Conco, Inc. Mendota, IL Mk77 Mod 2 firebombs N00104 -69 -C-0127 Ibid. loc. cit.

$ 1,768,068

Case Institute, Cleveland, Project Doan Brook. NA, AF08(616) -77 TSAM, p.54 This project was meant to OH establish the technical and tactical feasibility of an air-laid

land mine and system to be employed in an AP role. May

36 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=16&q=clarke+can+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=243&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=1 30

have had a role in the development of the McNamara line-the massive air-sown barrier in Vietnam.

The CI was part of the Case- Western University. See 37 Terminal ballistics tests aimed at determining how NA Ibid. loc. cit. the ricochet and penetration characteristics of a missile are affected by impact velocity, impact angle, soil type, etc

1959 CI gave out a handbook submitted a handbook of

operational and service instructions on the air-laid land mine hardware, as well as the aerial mining doctrine

developed by Project Doan

Brook

Chrysler Corp., Detroit, NA LIFE magazine ; CEP info. Manufacture metal parts at Michigan the Gateway AAP, St. Louis,

37 http://www.jstor.org/pss/689723 31

Missouri NA 38

M7A1-6 mechanized Private file- Aberdeen 39 flamethrower for the M48 Proving Ground Historical The M48 tank became the M67 tank Collection. when flame weapon was main armament.

FSCs: ammo. over 125mm Various NARA 40 (175mm HE M347 proj.), bombs (750 lb GP M117), etc.

Dalton Foundries, Inc., Improvem ent of the NA, DAI -11 -022 -ORD(P) TSAM, p.25 This work was carried out in the Warsaw, IN components of the M16 years 1954-55. mine Dalton also manufactured 581,400 units of the AP mines M16E3 in June 1956 under contract ORD-2237. 41

38 http://books.google.de/books?id=slIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&dq=chrysler+gateway+army+ammunition+plant&source=bl&ots=R3_1_C5Ale&sig=MmPjKlPRVr3YaR4S h3rl7spOoA8&hl=de&ei=ycp0TqmTEcmRswb1z4CWCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=chrysler%20gateway%20army%20am munition%20plant&f=false 39 Manufacturer‘s plate identifies Chrysler Corp. The particular flamethrower on the picture is from the late 1950s. Chrysler also made the T-89 kit for the M67 tank. See: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/36049479/US-Army-Flamethrower-Vehicles 40 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=22&q=chrysler+ammunition&cat=all&dt=214&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50 41 http://redbook.gao.gov/7/fl0032247.php

32

Delco Products Corporation , Development (possibly NA 42 Delco was a major car parts Dayton, OH production) of the Mk 44 supplier. ‘Lazy Dog’ bombs and or The ‘Lazy Dog’ was already cluster adapters. being used in the mid 1950s.

Day and Zimmerman, Operated the Lone Army DA11 -173 -AMC -00114 , N A 43 According to EID and WFC , p. Philadelphia, PA Ammunition Plant in 199 and 56 respectively, Day Texarkana, TX where the and Zimmerman made production, loading, assembly $99,219,021 for loading 2.75 and packing (LAP) of inch rockets and many other munitions took place. munitions.

Operated the Kansas Army NA 44 Ammuniton in Parsons, KS

where LAP of munitions took D&Z has been and is one of the major contractors for the DoD place. in terms of producing munitions and related services.

D&Z also constructed the NA 45 Iowa Army Ammunition Plant and may have been involved One of the nation’s largest engineering and construction

42 http://www.ascho.wpafb.af.mil/korea/chap7.htm The link seems to have been deactivated, probably by the DoD. Other contractors mentioned in the report were F&F Mold and Die Works, Inc., Haines Designed Products, and Master Vibrator Company of Dayton, OH. 43 http://dayzim.com/About_DZ/History

44 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=500&mtch=47&q=day+ammunition&cat=all&dt=216&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=1 National Gypsum Co. also operated parts of the KSAAP from ca. 1950-1966, along with Du Pont. See: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/aap-kansas.htm and CEP report 21 corps. operating US AAPs. It should be noted that National Gypsum held a $30,827,000 modification to an existing contract in 1968 for 105mm projectiles. Source: Army R&D, v.9, 1968, p.20 45 http://nationaldefensemegadirectory.com/company.php?id=50169&company=Day%20&%20Zimmermann 33

in many other projects. companies.

LAP of M48A3 fuze parts for DA-11-173-AMC-0010, $99m WFC, p.69 Largest contract in study. 90mm and 120mm WP proj.

Diodes, Inc. Chatsworth, CA Developmen t of telemetry NA, $ 92,918 EID, p.199 Research for AP we apons was systems for XM429 proximity done at Horsham, PA, in a plant

fuzes for 2.75 inch rockets of Microcom, Inc., a subsidiary of Diodes, Inc.

Major civilian market products included silicon semi- conductors.

Donovan Construction, St. Paul, MN 46 Operation of the Twin Cities This work was done in cooperation with the Federal AAP where various metal NA LOC/HABS/HAER parts for different caliber Cartridge Co., Anoka, MN ammunition was manufactured

Dow Chemical Corp., Evaluation of the Sensitivity Army Biological Lab DA -18 - WFC, p.28 TAB report 1965 cited, July Midland, MI of Some Common Food Crops 064-AMC-119A 1965. Also see NARA for other 48 to the Herbicide 4- amino- contracts. 3,5,6,-Trichloropicolinic acid-

46 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=pphhdatapage&fileName=mn/mn0000/mn0078/data/hhdatapage.db&recNum=40 48 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=22&q=dow+ammunition&cat=all&dt=244&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=1 34

research on the effectiveness of picloram in poisoning non- gramineous crops, including These are some of the agents which later became known as soybean, potato and manioc. ‘Agent Orange’.

Tordon herbicide (picloram) Defense Supply Agency DSA- Ibid. p.33 400-C1399, $ 3,830,568 and

DSA-400-67-C-7030

GCD reports cited in both cases. Butyl Ester Herbicides, these Ibid. loc . cit. Tordon, Dow’s trade name is are 2,4-D (2,4 DSA-400-67-C5534, considered one of the most dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) $ 1,217,625 dangerous herbicides from an and 2,4,5-T (2,4,5- ecological point of view because DSA -400-C1820, trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) $2,734,300 it remains in the soil considerably longer. In DoD tests in which tropical rain forests in Puerto Rico were

sprayed with 9 to 27 lbs of

F42600-69-C-0191, picloram per acre, the sprayed 47 area remained bare of leaves ‘Napalm B’, which was $1,502,248 for two years of the study 49 . (roughly) a 46 % styrene, 33 WFC, p.69 % gasoline and 21 % benzene. This was Dow’s stance on Dow made the styrene for napalm. 50 The company also

47 This contract is for 28,614,240 lbs. of Napalm B for the BLU-32/B firebomb. 49 Weed Science, 1968, p.45 and George R. Harvey and Jay Mann, ‚Picloram in Vietnam‘, Sept. 1968, p.166 50 http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/PVCC/mbase/docs/napalm.html 35

the napalm produced ca. 250 m kg of polystyrene. 51 NA, 1966-67

Major development study of BZ before it was standardized Not only did the US wage anti- Hersh, p. 254 foliage warfare in Vietnam, it also waged anti-crop warfare there. Other agents included Agents Purple, Pink, Blue and White.

The issue of the different ‘agents’ and birth defects, cancer, etc. has been thoroughly discussed. 52 53 54

Also see 55

The Agent Orange law suit was an interesting case. 56 Roughly 30 companies were being sued. The reproductive lives of many

51 John Takman: ‚Napalm‘, 1967, p. 39. 52 Neues Deutschland, Wednesday, Aug. 10,2011: ‚Agent Orange wirkt noch heute‘ 53 Jack Doyle: Trespass Against Us, chapter 3 ‘Dow Goes to War’ 54 Jeanne Stellman, et al: ‘The extent and patterns of usage of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam’, Nature, Vol.422, April 2003 55 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=22&q=dow+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=244&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=1 56 http://www.vn-agentorange.org/edmaterials/2ndcirbrief_coverpp.pdf 36

people in VN have been affected, too. 57

Du Pont Co mpany ., Facilities for production of DAAA09 -67 -0213; WFC, p.56 Du Pont is still a major US Wilmington, DE lead azide for gravel mines at $ 1,072,401 chemical corporation that

Kansas AAP became well-known for Nomex, Lycra, Spandex and Teflon. It Research and development of EID, p.58 NA was at one point one of the a Micro-Gravel concept largest fiber producers.

Development and production EID, p.94 of XM45E1 gravel mines NA/ $ 100,000 (ca.) It is likely that Du Pont also Design and procurement of a supplied the chemical 59 TNT line at the Newport precursors or intermediates for Chemical Depot in Indiana for NA/ $ 101 m (ca.) the manufacture of HE and the war in SEA. propellants such as nitric acid,

sulfuric acid, oleum, ammonia, formaldehyde, methanol,

ethyne, toluene, etc.

FSCs: ammo. through 30mm, 62 (NARA Du Pont) Also see

misc. ammo., chemicals, NARA NARA for ‘Nemours C/B’: Du demolition materials, bulk Various Pont’s CB weapons contracts. explosives, mine warfare, etc. This TNT line was, however,

57 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3776162 Companies included (names may have changed, law suit data is what I am using for names): Diamond Shamrock, Dow, Hercules, T-H Agricultural and Nutrition, Thompson Chemicals, Uniroyal, etc.

59 http://www.in.gov/idem/4233 62 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=94&q=nemours+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50&pg=2 37

never ready to be operate.

Du Pont was the 38 th largest DoD contractor in FY 1968. 63 The company also (either Remington Arms Co., through subsidiaries or itself) Bridgeport, CT. manufactured / procured Operation of Lake City AAP, 60 ammunition In various calibers, Missouri bulk explosives, chemicals, NA demolition materials, etc. 64

Production of 5.56mm 61 cartridges and other Du Pont owned 60% of the

ammunition. NA common stock and 90% of the preferred stock of Rem. Arms.

Co. 65 The .223 cartridge, which later became the 5.56 mm

catridge, is still mainly known

as the .223 Remington. Hercules, Inc., Wilmington,

60 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/aap-lakecity.htm 61 http://www.virtual.vietnam.ttu.edu/cgi- bin/[email protected]@1dSO4gaimzqOU3Y4qdXd3e4WsfAJtCVfoe6Ysxq68ONbVUqHdo4RScs7UNdW6lpDJpbMY/2250114023a.pdf 63 http://www.virtual.vietnam.ttu.edu/cgi- bin/starfetch.exe?qvxfmRtZqDSmkuLmK4RNzlOANWucBfzQq7oFD4oO4mJ9l9rVBs2v6MLLBmKnqL73vpZ0tV2Z8.vEKG89Ehjc7cksIsy1fXGn4CIhSbWIVas/2274110009.pdf

64 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=94&q=nemours+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&pg=2 65 EID, p. 96 38

DE Production of Agent Orange

US Court of Appeals for the 66 Second Circuit in ‘Agent NA Orange’ product liability The Du Pont family held a substantial part of Hercules and litigation. (05-1760-CV) . Hercules’ manager was a relative of the Du Pont’s named George Thouron. 67 Production of various chemicals, munitions ,

58 explosives, etc.

Operation of the Sunflower, NA Propellant manufacture. KS, AAP CEP report: 21 corps. Operating US AAPs Radford made TNT as of 1969, Operation of the Radford, VA, NA at ca. 9m lbs a month.i (see AAP Ibid. p.145 in my study)

Hercules also made Haskon

LAP of XM41E1 mines into plastic bottles, herbicides, rifle CNU-4/3 containers $ 9.4 m powder, adhesive, etc. EID, p. 125 Production of rocket motors took place in Hercules’ Bacchus,

58 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=102&q=hercules+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=244&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 FSCs: gov. owned ammo. facility, misc. ammo., bulk explosives, demolition materials, land mines, rocket propulsion, chemicals (ammo. program), etc. 66 http://www.agentorangelaw.net/PDF/Agent.Orange-SummaryJudgment.pdf 67 http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Hercules-Inc-Company-History.html 39

Development and study of $222, 136 + $ 50,000 contract Ibid. loc. cit. UT, works. Rockets , miss iles XM45E1 gravel mines modification for production and associated items were researched and manufactured 68 at ABL. Operation of the Allegany NA Ballistics Lab, Cumberland,

MD

NA Research on Micro/Macro TSAM, p. 58 gravel mines

.

Atlas Chemical Industries,

Wilmington, DE. 69 CEP report: 21 corps. TNT made at VAAP. Operation of the Volunteer NA Operating US AAPs. Atlas was acquired by ICI in AAP, Chattanooga, TN 1972. It became known as ICI Americas thereafter. Atlas was a product of the US court-

68 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=13&q=hercules+allegany&cat=all&dt=243&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 69 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/enviro/VOAAP_IAP.pdf 40

ordered break up of Du Pont in 1912. 70

Production of various types Various NARA. of large caliber ammunition 71 (larger than 30mm), Both Hercules and Atlas demolition materials, fuzes, rockets, primers, torpedos, manufactured electric primers of the XM44 anti-intrusion etc. mine, which was a member of the family of gravel mines. 72

According to a CEP report which listed the top 62 US corporate contractors from 1965 to 1970 (war related materials ) Du Pont contracts added up to $681.3 m; Hercules $598.3 m and Atlas Chemical Industries $165.5 m. This would total $ 1.445 billion without Remington Arms Co. contracts, making it third largest contractor after Lockheed with $ 1.455 billion

70 http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Hercules-Inc-Company-History.html 71 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=27&q=atlas+chemical+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=244&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=1 72 US Army Munitions Command, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, NJ, April 1968. Private file.

41

from 65 -70 . (Vietnam TTU)

The Du Ponts were an “interesting” family with several very controversial connections and government projects: chemical warfare, ammunition, nuclear warfare and financial ties to Nazi Germany/ IG Farben. 73

Douglas and Lomason Co., M41A2 and M1A4 NA, ca. $ 2 m for adapters EID, p.199 Company mainly made auto Columbus, OH fragmentation bomb and fragmentation bombs parts and ammunition parts. adapters

Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc. NA The Douglas company also FLIGHT, 19 th Aug., 1960, Santa Monica, CA Production of nuclear- developed the 762mm rocket in capable Honest John rocket p.246 the 1950s. 76

Production of ICBM NA Douglas also made various munitions. 77 Later known as Ibid loc cit. McDonnell-Douglas Aircraft.

73 http://wissen.spiegel.de/wissen/image/show.html?did=46265531&aref=image036/2006/03/08/cqsp196606080-P2P-083.pdf&thumb=false Also see: Ndiaye, Pap: Nylon and Bombs. Du Pont and the March of Modern America. JHU Press, 2007.

42

EDO Corp., College Point, NY Development of the EX-38 NA DTIC. 74 Also see NARA. 78 There may be 500 lb CW bomb a connection between the EX- 38 and the “Weteye” bomb

namely that the EX-38 was the predecessor to the Mk 116 Mod 0 “Weteye”.

Development of the Aero-14B 75 BW/CW spray tank NA DTIC. This spray tank was mainly to be used with GB (sarin) and HD

() and VX. It was later tested in simulation trials Dev. of airborne line-source TAB 1965-8, p. A35 with Bacillus globigii (BG), disseminator. N0w61 0233 c Coxiella burnetti (OU), Pasteurella tularensis (UL) , all of which were BW cultures. 79

76 http://www.afspacemuseum.org/displays/HonestJohn/index.htm The 762mm MGR-1 Honest John could carry 368 M139 CW bomblets and the MGR-3 Little John (318mm) could carry 52 M139 CW bomblets (agent GB/sarin). Also see: http://www.dtig.org/docs/BCW_USA.pdf . Pics of Honest John and M139 here: http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/published_volumes/chemBio/Ch2.pdf The Sergeant MGM-29 was also CW and nuclear capable and a Sperry-Rand development. 77 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=16&q=douglas+aircraft+ammunition&cat=all&dt=244&tf=F&bc=sl Also notice C/B weapons in FSC lot. 74 http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/270615.pdf and http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD263451&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf 75 http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/327729.pdf 78 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=7&q=edo+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=212&tf=F&bc=sl 79 http://fhp.osd.mil/CBexposures/pdfs/shady_grove_revised.pdf Also see Endicott and Hagerman: The United States and Biological Warfare, Indiana University Press, 1998. P. 73 mentions that following contractors were involved in the USAF’s BW program: Stanford University, George Washington U., Boeing Aircraft Corp., Arthur D. Little, Inc., Ralph M. Parsons Co.(production of E86 anti-crop BW bomb early 1950s and engineering and construction of ammo./explos. facilities), General Mills Corp., Wenzen Research Co., EDO Corp., Hayes Aircraft Corp., East Coast Aeronautics, Inc., Aero Projects, Inc., AAI Corp, Summer Gyroscope Corp., Rheem Corp., Electro-Film Corp., Standard Container Co., 43

Descriptors: aerosol, BW agents, spray tanks, etc.

Eisen Brothers, Lodi, NJ M8 casing burster for M302 DA -11 -173 -AMC -0010, $ WFC, p.69 60mm WP projectile 87,116

M406 40mm grenade metal DAAG25-68-C-0723, parts $895,438

Eastern Tool & Mfg. Co, M406 40mm grenade metal DAAG25 -68 -C-075 5, $ WFC, p. 56 Belleville, NJ parts 668,064

Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY Operation of the Holston NA The Holston AAP was and is one AAP, TN NARA of the largest US facilities for Production of fuzes and production of high NA 80 primers. NARA explosives.

Brown Trailer, Inc., Steelcraft Mfg. Co., Baker Raulang Co. For further details see: Dorothy L. Miller: History of USAF Participation in the Biological Warfare Program, 1944-1954. Two volumes, 1952 and 1957. USAF Air Materiel Command, Historical Div., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. 80 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=499&mtch=19&q=eastman+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=215&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=2 44

It is also likely that EK manufactured the chemical precursors for the explosives.

Is a well known chemical company that manufactured cameras, film, dyes, polymers, etc.

Emerson Electric Co., St. Design and development of DAAF03 -68 -C-0044, WFC, p.56 Louis, MO 40mm gun drive system $ 162,000

XM28 helicopter armament DAAF03-68-C-0025, Ibid., p.57 subsystems which employs $ 4,465,500 40mm grenade launchers

Design, development and FLIGHT, 19. Aug., 1960, p. Work also done by Douglas NA production of the air- 246. Aircraft. transportable Little John and production of Honest John

Wasp helicopter weapon system feasibility DA23-072-AMC-118Z, TSAM, p. 41 demonstration to implement $250,000; 1964 technical requirements According to TSAM, p. 41, Wasp

was a spin-stabilized AP Wasp advanced development DA01-021-AMC-11835Z ; Ibid. loc. cit. weapon. May have never gone program 1965 into production.

Eureka Williams Co., Div. of M904E2 nose fuze metal DAAA09 -69 -C-0059 and WFC, p.61

45

Union Electric Corp. , parts DAAA09 -68 -C-0386, Bloomington, IL $3,666,300

Elgin National Watc h Co., Development of the M423 DA28 -017 -AMC -63 -N304 TSAM, p.39 A well known US watch Elgin, IL fuze manufacturer. 81

Ensign-Bickford Co., FSCs: grenades, demolition , 82 Simsbury, CT materials, explosives, rockets Various NARA For CBU-55 see 83 (M72 66mm HEAT), bombs (CBU-55), etc EB started out in 19 th century England as a manufacturer of safety fuzes for mines and construction. Co. moved on to make Primacord detonating cord and the explosives for it in 1969. 84 Explosives were probably PETN. Hazardous waste from explosives production in see 85 .

81 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/free-text-search-results.jsp?cat=all&bc=sl&q=elgin+national+ammunition 82 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=12&q=bickford+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 83 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record-detail.jsp?dt=216&mtch=2&cat=all&tf=F&q=bickford+bombs&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=51077&rlst=51075,51077 84 http://www.eba-d.com/about-us/timeline/ See 1969. 85 http://www.hazardouswaste.utah.gov/HWF_Section/ensignbickford.htm 46

Apparently the company has worked in the ‘spirit of saving human lives.’ 86

Engineering Research, Inc., M5 casing burster assembly DAAA09 -69 -C-0162, WFC, p. 69 Indianapolis, IN for M60 105mm WP $465,835

projectile

Ethyl Corp., Ferndale, MI Synthesis and screening of According to Hersh, $130,000 a year from FY 62-66. defoliants-research on the Ibid., p.28 effectiveness of various DA-18-064-CML-2850, NA metalorganic compounds used as defoliants. 87 TEA used in M74 rocket. Private file. Burns in contact with oxygen. Manufacture of NA

triethylaluminum

Erie Resistor Corp., Erie, PA

Design and development of

the T37E4 nonmetallic AP

mine designed to replace the DAI-028-017-501, NA M14 nonmetallic AP mine. TSAM, p.25

86 http://www.e-bind.com/subpages/history.html 87 Brochure by the Ethyl Corp., Industrial Chemicals Div., Baton Rouge, LA. In brochure it says triethylaluminum readily available. Shipment in 42,000 liter tankcars, 23,500 liter tank trailers, etc. Year not specified, however judging by diagrams and writing 1960s to 1970s. Circumstantial evidence, but very likely that EC was contractor to DoD for TEA. 47

Explosives Corp. of America, FSCs: bulk explosives, CB Issaquah, WA weapons, ammo./explosives 88 missiles components, limited Various NARA war laboratory (?), etc

Filters, Inc. , San Jose, CA Metal parts for 2.75 inch NA, $ 169,395 in FY 69 EID, p.200 rockets

Ford Motor Co., Detroit, MI Development of the (X)M75 and XM129 launcher grenade DA19-058-AMC-1522W TSAM, p. 35 Contract for XM129. launchers Work done in 1960s.

Development of XM 596 proximity fuze for helicopter- launched grenades. NA Ibid, loc. cit. Proximity fuze allows airburst explosions.

Development of XM 234 belt-fed machine gun. Ford purchased Philco in the NA Machine Guns: An Illustrated early 1960s, creating a History of Their Impact. dedicated weapons division.

88 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=19&q=explosives+corp&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 See footnote 151 for info on ECA and the CBU-55 FAE bomb. Other FSCs of ECA included CB weapons, fuzes and primers, mine warfare and land mines. See : http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial- records.jsp?f=495&mtch=4&q=%22explosives+corp+of+america%22&cat=all&dt=246&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 48

Santa Barbara, 2004. p. 140 Philco was an electronics company making radios, record players, etc. Later Philco-Ford tried to get a US gov. contract for 30mm Gatling gun for the A- 10 Thunderbolt. However, GE got it.

P-F also made CB items, conventional ammunition, etc., however this was probably not in large quantities. 89

FMC Corp., San Jose, CA Development of testing NA, $ 498,960 in FY 67 EID, p.99 (all four) FMC originally stood for Food, equipment for the XM27 AP Machinery, Chemicals. Products mine. were very diversified and included chemicals, ferrous Development of semi- castings, packaging machinery, automatic system to produce NA, $ 450,000 vehicles (military and civilian), the XM41E1 AP mine canning and food processing

equipment, etc.

Design and development of Prokosch stated on p.57 in the XM4 AP mine dispenser NA, $ 772,191 TSAM that the XM4 was a trailer mounted mine dispenser developed in 1964 by FMC

89 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record- detail.jsp?dt=246&mtch=4&cat=all&tf=F&q=ford+ammunition&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=132107&rlst=132105,132106,132107,132109 and http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=500&mtch=10&q=ford+ammunition&cat=all&dt=216&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 49

Assemblies of XM594E1 NA, $ 650,124 Like Avco, Aerojet and gravel mine , this company was one of the crucial producers of

munitions. Development of supersonic AF08-635-5997, $ 345,076 WFC, p.69 It is not certain whether or not firebomb the XM594E1 existed. This may have been a typo or other error. According to WFC, p.57, the

CBU-53/B incendiary XM594E1 was an assembly part dispenser munition F33657-68-C-1199, $ Ibid. loc. cit. for the XM580E1 90mm beehive 1,371,193 (flechette) round. It is likely that

the mentioned munition was a type of recoilless rifle round and

it is unlikely that is was a gravel NA 90 Design, development and TSAM, p.57 mine. fabrication of sterilization fuze system for Gravel AP It is uncertain how well the mine gravel mines self-sterilized. They were meant to do so by letting humid air in (sometimes two

chem. tablets within the mine

for sterilization) which would in turn lead to deactivation of the primer and main charge in the fabric bag. According to some

EOD personnel I have

communicated with, the feature

90 http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADD702187 50

was poorly designed.

FMC was heavily involved NARA. ‹ 91 with design, development and manufacture of a multitude of munitions such as land mines, artillery, CBUs and associated BLUs, etc.

Besides designing and mass- producing conventional WFC, p.22 FMC was awarded a contract for munitions and armored the design and construction of vehicles, FMC also was an the VX facility in Newport, IN, in active BW/CW contractor for FY 59. Plant contract was worth the US government. ca. $17 m and employed 300 civilians to produce the agent in large scale. VX was probably the

most lethal nerve agent ever created. 92 It has never been

used by the USA.

93

91 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=43&q=F+M+C+ammunition&cat=all&dt=212&tf=F&bc =

92 http://www.fas.org/programs/bio/chemweapons/cwagents.html 93 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=2&q=F+M+C+CW&cat=all&dt=243&tf=F&bc=

51

PWU-5/A Modular Internal NA DTIC 94 Spray System

95 These spray tanks could have PAU-8/A Spray Tank Unit for easily been used with various Aircraft. NA, F08635-68-C-0090 WWW CW and BW agents.

96 (CBUs) This included the CBU- NARA 52/B which held 217 BLU-61 Various CBUs. HE/frag/incendiary bomblets

with zirconium and CBU-12 which held 261 BLU-17

smoke/incendiary WP bomblets. 97 98 FMC probably did Installation of a WP dry fill

94 http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0904481 95 http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/findaids/agentorange/text/00376.pdf 96 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=495&mtch=2&q=F+M+C+bombs&cat=GS29&dt=246&tf=F&bc=sl 97 http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/asetds/u-b.html#_BLU17 98 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record-detail.jsp?dt=246&mtch=2&cat=GS29&tf=F&q=F+M+C+Corp.+bomb&bc=sl&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=51338&rlst=51337,51338 52

line at the Pine Bluff Arsenal NA, DAAA -5-69 -C-0727 DTIC not make th e SUU -7 dispenser in AR. but the bomblets.

Operation of one of the NA largest phosphate rock mines FMC website. 99 (WP fill line). in the USA. It is possible that the phosphate from the Pocatello, ID plant was used by the DoD to produce WP. 100 This needs to be investigated

more thoroughly.

WP is made from phosphate Feasibility Study of a Binary 101 rocks. VX Spray tank. AFATL-TR-68-36, NA Chem. Disarm., p. 70

TAB 69-7 (AD 395467)

The Niagara Chem. Div. in Middleport, NY did studies on “herbicides for military application.”

Federal Labs, Inc., Saltburg, M7A3 CS Riot Hand Grenade DAAA15 -67 -0228, $ 531,472 WFC, p. 34 Fed. Labs was a subsidiary of PA The Breeze Corp. GCD and CBD

99 http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA089981 100 http://fmc-idaho.com/plant-history 101 http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/industrial/special/mining/minedock/id/id4-eph.pdf 53

rep orts cited.

CS-1 Riot Control Agent DAAA15-69-C-0153, Ibid. loc. cit. CBD report. $ 1,140,221 Fisher Chemical Co., location CS -1 R iot Control Agent (and DAAA15 -67 -C-0246, $ ca. 1.3 Ibid. loc. cit. GCD and CBD reports. Fisher unknown contract modifications for it) m was a div. of Ashland Oil and Refining Co., Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Franklin Institute, Research/Support studies for NA, $ 75,708 EID, p.200 Type standardization of the Philadelphia, PA button bomblets ‘button bomblet’ was XM-40. 102 The button bomblets themselves were not AP per se, they were designed to set off acoustic detection devices (ADSID) which were dropped by planes. 103 According to one source, the XM-40 button bomblets were made by National Fireworks Co. of MA. 104 Within the report, there are conflicting opinions on which co. really made the mine: Atlantic Research or National Fireworks. Atlantic is the more likely candidate (in my opinion) as they were experienced with several different gravel mines → see Atlantic Flare Northern Div. The manufacture of the

102 http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a955099.pdf 103 http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a063646.pdf 104 http://groundwaterprogram.army.mil/community/impact/minutes/2000/may17.htm 54

XM -40 anti -intrusion bomblet took place at the Longhorn AAP, TX , run by Thiokol. 105 A plastic version also existed, but details are extremely hard to find 106 . This was probably LAP, with commercial corps. delivering the munition bodies/cloth covering (?). The bomblet was filled with potassium chlorate and red phosphorus.107 Very little is known about these and this needs to be investigated further. Firestone Tire and Rubber Various munitions: 30mm See link. NARA Firestone was sold, i.e. became Co., Akron, OH and up, 75mm, 125mm, FSC a subsidiary of Bridgestone, a fort/mines/obstacles, Japanese tire corporation in bombs, etc. 108 1988. Before that it was a US company with HQ in Akron, OH.

Design, development and This work was carried out in the manufacture of recoilless NA, contract DA - 33 -019- DTIC. 1950s, however 90, 105, 106

105 http://dsearch.dtic.mil/search?q=cache:ulmkL431OvgJ:www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/824044.pdf+thiokol+button+bomblet++&client=dticol_frontend&output=xml_no_dtd &proxystylesheet=dticol_frontend&ie=UTF-8&num=100&site=default_collection&access=p&oe=UTF-8 106 Personal files and Picatinny Arsenal display board showing various types of plastic button bomblets in the shapes cross, random, disc and leaf in several colors. The XM- number of this munition remains unknown and it is not certain whether or not the XM-40 and the “plastic button bomblet” were two different things. This needs to be investigated. 107 Jane’s Mines and Mine Clearance, 2003. 108 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/free-text-search-results.jsp?cat=GS29&bc=sl&q=firestone+ammunition&btnSearch=Search&as_alq=&as_anq=&as_epq=&as_woq =

55

rif les, accessories and ORD - 2037 mm rounds were probably ammunition commonly used. 109

The company also manufactured the Corporal missile for the DoD. 110

Operation of the Ravenna 111 AAP, OH. Various munitions NA DTIC cartridges (40mm, 125mm, etc. ) produced here / LAP of items

Operation of the New 112 On page two of the results Bedford, MA facility where NA NARA notice the gov. owned facility. munitions were produced. It later became a government owned facility which Firestone operated

FTS Corp., Denver, CO 2.75 inch rocket fin and NA, $1,736,870 WFC, p.57 Army R&D, July -Aug. 1968 nozzle assemblies Fairchild Camera & M429 prox. fuzes for 2.75 DAAA09 -69 -C-0032, Ibid. loc. cit. Pa rt of Fairchild Industries, Inc., Instrument Corp., Syosset, inch rocket $ 3,092,800 a large US aerospace co. NY

109 DTIC file. Accession number : AD128814. From 1957. 110 http://www.arnold.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070216-070.pdf Corporal was NBC, GP and incendiary capable. It was also mfr. by Douglas Aircraft. See “Development of the Corporal: The Embryo of the Army Missile Program.” Army Missile Command, April 1961. Available via DTIC. 111 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA175823

112 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=18&q=firestone+new+bedford&cat=GS29&dt=243&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=1 56

A/A45Y -2 herbicide dispenser NA DTIC 113 This contract held by Fairchild-Stratos div. A/N 45Y-1 BW spray tank NA NASM archives 114 Maybe the author meant A/B spray tank…(?) Fairchild’s ArmaLite division also developed and manufactured the AR-15 rifle, later known as the M-16 and the AR-10 7.62mm rifle. Eugene Stoner developed the Stoner 63 5.56mm rifle ,which was made by Cadillac-Gage, a division of the Ex-Cell-O Corp. (acquired 1965)

Fusion Rubbermaid Corp., IL Plastic canisters for Tactical Fighter Dispenser Munition NA, $ 1,389,640 Ibid. loc. cit. Rubbermaid mfrd. various rubber and plastic household items. Falcon Research and Dev. Mathematical study of the AF08 -635 -4081 Ibid.loc. cit. Corp, Denver, CO effectiveness of 20,30,40mm ammunition from aircraft against personnel and light vehicles

Galion Amco, Inc., Galion, M505A3 point detonating DAAA25-69-C-0165, WFC, p. 69

113 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=AD0453073 search for Hagentown. 114 www.nasm.si.edu/research/arch/findaids/pdf/fairchild_finding_aid.pdf Final report, Dec. 1963 for the BW spray tank. On the link mention of work on TMU-28/E and/or A/B 45Y-3 CW spray tank system and Mini-Max Airbourne Liquid Spray System. 57

OH fuze for 20mm HEI projectiles $2,159,700 General Time Corp. , Skokie, M423 fuze parts for 2.75 inch DAAA09 -69 -C-0268 WFC, p.57 Contracts held by Acronetics IL rocket $ 1,697,115 Div.

XM571E1 fuzes for XM580E1 DA36-038-AMC-4036A Ibid. loc. cit. GT also hade contracts for 90mm Beehive proj. $ 3,220,000 Rockeye fuzes , see EID, p.105

XM592E1 fuzes for AP proj. DAAA25-68-C-0458A Ibid loc cit. $ 1,050,709

General Dynamics Corp., Development of the Falls Church, VA “grasshopper” pop-up RF NA, $ 1 m in 1970 for RDT&E Congressional Record S11108. July 13, 1970. triggered AP mine GD did however make Atlas Production of a relatively ICBMs in San Diego. 115 small array of munitions NA NARA 116

General Motors Corp., Detroit, MI Operation of the St. Louis, 117 The St. Louis AAP mainly MO AAP and production of made metal parts for munitions. various munitions such as 30- NA NARA The plant was modernized to 125mm, torpedoes and produce not just .30 caliber bombs rounds but also 105mm howitzer parts, etc. XM200 launchers and M158E1 rocket launchers and NA, ca. $ 2 m for both in 68 EID, p. 103 118 (rocket launchers)

115 FLIGHT, 19 August, 1960, p. 250 116 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=14&q=general+dynamics+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=214&tf=F&bc=sl and http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record-detail.jsp?dt=212&mtch=1&cat=all&tf=F&q=general+dynamics+bombs&bc=sl&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=59721 117 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=38&q=general+motors+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50 118 XM200 was a 2.75 inch rocket launcher and XM158 had the same caliber. Work done in 1968 and 1969. 58

wiring Weapons mfrd. by A.C . Electronics Division

General Electric Corp., Work done in collaboration with Fairfield, CT Philco-Ford. The Close Air Development and production NA Support Gun, later named GAU- of several types of Gatling TSAM, p.71 8/A. The world’s most powerful guns (multi-barreled rotary 30mm aircraft cannon-it was cannons). not used until after the VN war.

Manufacture of the 20mm NA This version was frequently Vulcan gun. Ibid , p.34 mounted on helicopters and airplanes for attacking ground Dev. and mfr. of the 7.62mm targets. Rate of fire was 6,000 Minigun NA rpm. Ibid, p.40 M5 helicopter armament GE also worked on “Project subsystem which was used Eyeball” which was the dev. of a for mounting the M75 40mm NA proximity fuze for 20mm ammo. grenade launcher in the the The airburst was meant to make nose of the UH-1B Huey heli. the AP capability better.

119 This portable system was meant to “smell” people by detecting the ammonia they give off through sweat and

119 http://books.google.com/books?id=jdQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA100&dq=people+sniffer&hl=de&ei=Pr6_TsaGCMWvsAbN7LC4Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ve d=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=general%20electric&f=false 59

Development of the “people NA Popular Mechanics, Feb. urine. The system was largely a sniffer” 1968 failure as the device could be easily tricked by hanging NA buckets of urine in the bushes.

Production of various 120 (var. munitions) munitions

Garrett Corp., Ai Research Services to design and Edgewood Arsenal, DA AA15 - WFC, p.29 CBD cited, 4.9.1968. Mfg. Co., El Segundo, CA develop the XM26 Riot 69-C-0061, NA Control Dispenser

General Mills, Inc., M115/E73R1 BW anti-crop NA The International Politics of Bomb was meant to be filled Minneapolis, MN bomb development Biotechnology: Investigating with wheat rust to destroy Global Futures. John Vogler crops. Fabrication of E77 anti-crop NA and Alan M. Russel, p. 173 BW balloon General Mills: Cheerios, Biological Warfare Against Wheaties and many more. Crops. Simon Whitby, p. 167 Manufacture of liquid agent NA G. Mills did quite a number of line source disseminator Germs: Biological Weapons research projects on BW. 121 and America’s Secret War. Judith Miller et. al., p. 501 Ballon also made by Wenzen Research Co., St. Paul, MN. Data based on historical data by Dorothy L. Miller (1952; ’57)

The DoD work was probably

120 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=19&q=general+electric+ammunition&cat=all&dt=243&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50 Includes torpedos, rockets, demo. materials, etc. 121 www.tbrnews.org/Archives/a414.htm The reports have been declassified and are available. A letter has to be written to the DoD office in charge. 60

done by the Gen. Mills Electronics, Mechanics or Aerospace Division.

Line source disseminator work done in early 1960s.

General Aniline and Film Corp., Easton, PA Research on preparation of Before and during WWII GAF new arsenic acids and esters NA was a part of IG Farben. for the Army Hersh, p. 253 GCA Corp., Bedford, MA New techniques for Edge.Ars, DA -18 -108 -AMC - Ibid loc. cit. TAB cited, 1.11.1966 and dissemination of chemical 249A, NA 15.3.1967 agents- this study was an investigation into how to disseminate solid and liquid chemical agents

Aerosol dissemination and Edge. Ars., DA-18-035-AMC- Ibid. loc. cit. TAB cited, 15.6.1967. research on the 376A, DAAA15-67-C-0509, dissemination of inhalable NA aerosols (CB agents)

Services to provide Ibid. loc. cit. DMS 1968 cited. meteorological data system Dugway Proving Ground, integration, operation and DAAD09-68-C-0094, maintenance at Dugway DAAD09-67-R-ooo9. Proving Ground and services for the devel. of dosage prediction models and concepts. This was research and computer work in

61

support of CB warfare. Geomet, Inc. , Rockville, MD Services to collect, evaluate, Dugway Proving Ground, Ibid. loc. cit. CBD, 23.4.1969 statistically summarize and DAAD09-69-R-0082. tabulate all pertinent data and information as appropriate on offensive- defensive systems, their subsystems and components for CBW agents. Gentzler Tool and Die Corp., CBU -24/29 crimp straps. NA, $221,09 9 in FY 69. EID, p.200 Major civ. parts included Greensburg, OH formed metal parts. Gibbs Die Casting Aluminum BLU -26 “guava” bomblets NA, $ 1.5 m Ibid. loc. cit. Civilian products: cast aluminum Corp., Henderson, KY. hardware. DAAA09-68-C-0246, WFC, p. 61 General Instrument Corp., M904E2 nose fuze metal $3,386,618 Sickles Div., Chicopee, MA parts Company also made bomb DAAA09-69-C-0076, Ibid loc cit. parts, fuzes and primers, etc. 122 M905 tail fuze metal parts $836,000

G.I.E. Corp., Buffalo, NY Casing burster for M156 WP DAAA09-69-C-0221, Ibid, p. 69 123 warhead for 2.75 inch rocket $192,060 Goodyear Aerospace Corp., Study of materials and AF -08(635) -5404, NA WFC, p.29 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Akron, OH methods for subpackaging Co., one of the largest US tire biological munitions and companies also manufactured exploratory development for inorganic chemicals, synthetic a CB bomblet-research on rubber, adhesives and sealants, fabrication of CB bomblet plastic materials, etc.

Various conventional and CB NA 124 The study’s goal was to develop

122 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=25&q=general+instrument+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl 123 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=8&q=G+I+E+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=214&tf=F&bc=sl Company also made bomb parts. 62

munition s, types not a thin -walled package specified approximating a two inch sphere that could be easily Exploratory dev. of CB filled. (Hersh, p. 71) bomblet AF 08(635)-5392, NA TAB, 80-7., p.A-36, 1960s.

W.R. Grace & Co., Development of chemical DAAA15-67-C-0059, NA WFC, p. 29 Research on aerosol dissem. of Clarkesville, MD agent suspensions CW agents, TAB July, 1967. EA contract. Research on new concepts DA-18-035-AMC-747A, NA WFC, loc cit. for dissem. of agents for TAB, Jan. 1967 Also see 125 tunnel denial This work done by Hatco Chem. Prime contracts for napalm NA WFC, p. 66 Div., Fords, NJ and associated chemicals

Globe American Corp., New York, NY Development of TSAM, p. 51 fragmentation bomb cluster DA33-008-ORD-618 GAC mainly made household T28E2 and T23E3 appliances and was a sub- contractor for companies like Final summary report for Ibid, loc. cit. Maytag. 126 production engineering of DA28-017-501-ORD-2359

124 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=13&q=goodyear+aerospace+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=212&tf=F&bc=sl ; http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=495&mtch=11&q=goodyear+aerospace+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=246&tf=F&bc=sl Also see TAB 80-7, p. A-36. Contract AF 08 (635)-5392 from Aug. 1966. Goodyear did “exploratory development for a CB bomblet.”

125 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/free-text-search-results.jsp?cat=all&s=492&bc=,sl,sd&q=grace++w+r+ammunition There is also mention of CB work. Also see http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0274974 for more info. WR Grace also did work on nuclear power/weapons. 126 http://kokomoperspective.com/lifestyles/columnists/remembering-globe-american-co/article_d10a4ea6-d18b-11df-9cf6-001cc4c03286.html 63

T28E2 bomb Both contracts from 1953 -1957.

Ibid, p. 34 General American Development of a 7.62 mm AF08 (635)- 4037 Transportation Corp., Gatling gun for high rate of Company now known as GATX, Chicago, IL fire it is a railroad operating and Ibid, p. 71 leasing company. Defense work Work on Rapid Fired Weapon DA30-144-AMC-108W done by MRD Division. System

Given was part of the Waste Given Mfg. Co., L.A., CA Design and mfr. of a chemical DAI-38-617-561-(ORD(P)- King Corp., a large West Coast warhead 1239, NA Subject index to unclassified home appliance mfr. ASTIA documents, v.1-3, 1960, p.443

Hamilton Watch, Inc., M423 fuze parts for 2.75 inch NA, $1.2 m EID, p.113 Consumer products: watches, Lancaster, PA rockets clocks, timing devices, defense products. XM592E1 fuzes for AP proj. NA, $1.1 m Ibid. loc. cit.

Dev. work on T52 SSS AP DA19-020-AMC-0163A TSAM, p. 25 mine Hammond Corp., Deerfield, M427 2.75 inch roc ket fuze NA, $ 2 m; $ 1.8 m EID, p. 117 Hammond made electric organs IL metal parts modification to this contract such as the Hammond organ, Everett and Cable-Nelson pianos and Gibbs auto-tape

64

players. Also see 127

Contracts held by Gibbs Mfg. and Research, a Hammond subsid. Harvey Engineering Labs, Implosion dissemination of AF -08(635) —4416, NA WFC, p.29 TAB 1.10.1966 cited. Torrance, CA solid chemical agents(BZ)-this was research on the aerosol Harvey Engineering and Harvey dissemination of the Aluminum were most likely the incapacitating agent BZ same company.

Harvey Aluminum, Inc., M118 40mm grenade DAAA09-69-C-0143, WFC, p.57 Torrance, CA cartridge case $ 3,113,415

Manufacture of the “Weteye” NA NARA 128 The Weteye was meant to be CW bomb, tech. designation filled with liquid agent sarin, Mk 116 Mod 0 which was a nerve agent.

Mfr. Rockets, large caliber NA NARA 129 The Milan AAP was operated by ammo, misc. ammo and Harvey since 1957. Harvey was operate the Milan AAP acquired by Martin Marietta ca. 1968. Martin Marietta then M56A3 20mm HEI projectiles DAAA25-69-C-0183, WFC, p. 69 became the operating $2,490,024 contractor the same year. 130 Milan was mainly a LAP facility. Harvey was one of the main

127 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=26&q=gibbs+manufacturing+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=244&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=1 128 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=4&q=%22weteye%22&cat=GS29&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl 129 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=57&q=harvey+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=243&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=3 130 http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/rods/fulltext/r0498020.pdf 65

contractors for 20mm ammo, along with Amron, Zeller and ZD Products, division of Wolls Marine (US GAO, ammo. procurement, doc. 092868) Hayes International Corp., M151 2.75 inch rocket DAAA09 -69 -C-0135, WFC, p. 57 Birmingham, AL warhead $ 1,290,900 Consumer products include(d): aluminum and steel wheels for Mfr of various ordnance NA NARA 131 vehicles. Now known as Hayes- items such as rockets, bombs Lemmerz. and ass. components This spray tank was not used in Improvement of the A/B45Y- A F 08 (635)-4600 DTIC file 132 VN, it is however an important 1 Biological Spray Tank delivery system of a WMD. It is originally mfrd by Fairchild- not certain which BW was Stratos. meant to be sprayed.

The “Hayes dispenser 16” may have been the CBU-27 Hayes dispenser 16 NA Landmine Action 133 mentioned in another website, however the dispenser was not a complete CBU, i.e. missing Hayes Chemical Spray NA DTIC 134 bomblets. 135 It could drop System. 10,656

131 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=23&q=hayes+international+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=243&tf=F&bc=sl 132 AD number: 489884. Report by J. A. Kemp, Hayes Int. Corp. August 1966. 133 http://www.landmineaction.org/resources/Cluster_Bombs.pdf 134 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=AD0453073 135 http://www.google.de/imgres?imgurl=http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/asetds/images/suu-mk5.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.designation- systems.net/usmilav/asetds/u-c.html&usg=__xEP3jeyH-sjEgJj7- DGfiFfQ6q0=&h=250&w=360&sz=22&hl=de&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=TB19tpO3zbxuoM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=173&ei=cUKkToawLcfrsgbhwOTdAg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhayes %2Bbomb%2Bdispenser%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dde%26rlz%3D1R2GGLL_en%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D634%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=431&vpy=149&dur= 730&hovh=187&hovw=270&tx=129&ty=85&sig=118172035142952952518&page=1&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0&biw=1280&bih=634 > see Hayes 66

BLU 3 bomblets, 25,488 BLU 26 bomblets or 77,040 ( ! ) M40 fragmentation grenades in Optimized BLU-29/B AFATL-TR-67-127, NA TAB 1968, index one single run when carried by firebomb corp./author, p. 0-412 a B-52 bomber. This was probably the largest dispenser ever used by the US and clearly shows how technology makes “carpet bombing” possible.

The Chemical Spray System was also evaluated for a CB role. Obviously a herbicide dispenser could also easily be used to dispense chemicals or BW agents.

Hayden Newport Chemical An alternate supplier of NA WFC, p.66 Nuodex later became a part of Corp., Nuodex Products napalm Tennesse Gas Transmission Co Division, Newark, NJ of Houston, TX. Another subdidiary of Nuodex, which in turn was a subsid. of TGT Co. also made napalm. This company was the California Ink Co. in San Francisco, CA. 136 Hayes -Albion Corp. , Jackson, Production of M151 NA, $ 3.1 m in 1968 EID, p.123 HA also made various MI warheads and 2.75 inch munitions including 75-125mm launchers and rockets rounds. 137

Metal parts for 2.75 inch NA, ca. $ 4.1 m in 1969

136 John Takman: Napalm: p.40 f. Article by Victor Perlo. 137 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=9&q=hayes-albion+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=214&tf=F&bc=sl 67

rockets and rocket warheads

Hoffman Electronics Corp., Fin and nozzle assemblies for NA, $ 9.1 m in 1968 EI D, p.128 Commerical products: diodes, El Monte, CA 2.75 inch rockets solar cells, special electronic equipment for the government, electronic equipment, altimetry Production of various NA NARA 138 systems, etc. Now known as munitions: 2.75 rockets and NavCom Defense Electronics. bombs. The bomb production included the CBU-58 dispenser and bombs. This CBU carried 650 BLU-63 bomblets which were HE/frag. 139 Honeywell Inc., BLU -42/B & BLU -52/B mines NA, $ 65.2 m in 1966 EID, p. 130 Probably the most important US Minneapolis, MN and SUU-38 / A Tactical developer (in terms of types & Fighter Dispenser Munitions amount) and manufacturer of munitions, military electronics Production of XM54 WP AP NA, $ 7m increment in 1967 Ibid loc cit. and associated technology. The mines. and $ 16.5 m installment on company was known mainly for total contract of $ 33 m for automatic control devices and XM54 systems, thermostats, mechanical instruments, guidance systems, Production of SUU-13/A NA, $ 1m in 1967 Ibid loc cit. microswitches, computers, dispensers and adapter aerospace technology, etc. 140

138 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=5&q=hoffman+ammunition&cat=all&dt=212&tf=F&bc=sl 139 http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/asetds/u-b.html and http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record-detail.jsp?dt=216&mtch=7&cat=all&tf=F&q=%22CBU- 58%22&bc=sl&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=80000&rlst=4057,4058,4059,80000,100122,100123,4060 for info on CBU-58 production. 140 http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Honeywell-Inc-Company-History.html 68

cables Their contracts totaled ca. $ 250m for AP weapons and other types in the late 60s.

The company held many global Rockeye II ( Mark 20 ) cluster NA, definitely a very large EID, p. 131 operations and was heavily bombs- Honeywell made the contract as it was one of the attacked (rightly so) for mass- dispensers, tail sections, most widely used BLUs of production of a wide array of empty bomblets and the the SEA war. weapons, munitions and XM224 fuze. components thereof. So great was the negative reputation of Initial award on a contract for NA, $ 24.9 m on a $ 49.8 m Ibid loc cit. Honeywell during the Vietnam BLU-42A/B and BLU-54/B contract for the two mine War that the Honeywell Project mines and SUU-38/A TFMD types in 1968 was founded by Marv Davidoff. It aimed to stop Honeywell from Research and dev. for study NA, $ 2.8 m Ibid loc cit. making munitions, specifically of aerial mining system AP types. Honeywell continued to produce weapons and munitions and components until Fixed price contract for metal NA, $ 2.8 m in 1968 Ibid loc cit. it spun off ATK in 1990. 141 This parts for BLU-26/B “guava” was due to bad public relations. bombs During the VN war.

Contract modification on NA, $ 3.4 m in 1968 Ibid loc cit. (ATK; NYSE: Rockeye II cluster bombs ATK) is a Fortune 500 company, which means it belongs to the Increment to a contract for NA, $ 12.2 m increment to a Ibid loc cit. 500 most economically BLU-26 bomblets $ 24.4 m fixed price contract powerful companies in the US. (!) in 1968 It was spun off from Honeywell in 1990. ATK was the 27 th

141 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/free-text-search-results.jsp?cat=GS29&bc=sl&q=honeywell+ammunition&btnSearch=Search&as_alq=&as_anq=&as_epq=&as_woq = 69

Contract mod. for bomblet NA, $ 1.3 m Ibid loc cit. largest US defense firm in fuzes in 1969 2007. 142 It has also been (rightly) criticized for development and production of depleted uranium (DU) BLU-26 bomblets NA, $ 3.1 m in 1969 EID, p. 132 (all five ammunition, land mines and contracts) cluster bombs. 143 144 145 Carbon steels balls ( for AP NA, $ 4.5 for these items effect) and metal parts for The BLU-26, BLU-36 and BLU-59 BLU-26 bomblets, BLU-36/B look very similar but have “guava” bomblets and BLU- distinct differences in fuzing 59 bombs mechanism and working method. 146 All were AP. Contract modification for NA, $ 1.2 m in 1969 CBU-55 was a fuel air explosive bomblet fuzes weapon (FAE) which killed mainly by blast overpressure or Navy contract modification NA, $ 9.3 m in 1969 in the case of caves, sucking out on Rockeye II cluster bombs the available air. 147 148

149 (CBU-52)

142 http://www.govexec.com/features/0807-15/0807-15s3s1.htm 143 For landmines: see http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/general2974.pdf and search Alliant 144 For DU ammunition: see http://www.dtd.ba/portal/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=176&Itemid=42 search Honeywell 145 For CBUs and BLUs: personal file, Forecast International, Nov. 2003 “CBU-87/B Combined Effects Munition. In the report it says that ATK was chosen as second source contractor after Aerojet Ordnance. This is a small error as ATK did not exist in 1984- it was still Honeywell Defense and Marine Systems. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/cbu-87.htm The CBU-87 system with BLU-97 is still being used in Iraq, Afghanistan and was used in the Kosovo. 146 http://maic.jmu.edu/ordata/srdetaildesc.asp?ordid=1031 147 http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/dumb/fae.htm 148 http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/dumb/cbu-72.htm 149 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=500&mtch=7&q=honeywell+CBU-52&cat=all&dt=216&tf=F&bc=sl The CBU-52 B dispenser carried 217 BLU-61 A/B fragmentation, incendiary, explosive bomblets according to Designation Systems. ( http://www.designation- systems.net/usmilav/asetds/u-c.html ) The BLU-61 A/B bomblet itself was partially filled with a zirconium-tin incendiary composition. Adding to this horrific mixture is a 70

CBU -55/B dispenser, NA, $ 3.6 m in 1969 bomblets, bomblet fuzes Also contracts for BLU-40/B bomb, dispensers, fuzes, etc. TAB available via Hathi Trust. CBU-52 () B dispenser and NA NARA bomb.

Fabrication and testing of AFATL-TR-67-98 TAB 1968, index corp. (p. 0- biological bombs (BLU- 414) /author : see “Beehive”, to the best of my 21/B45 and BLU-22/B45) Honeywell Inc. Hopkins, knowledge is the same thing as Minn. Ord. Div. flechettes. Made by FMC, Whirlpool, Northrop. (WFC, Component parts for AP NA, $ 14.2 m p.51). munitions EID, p. 132

Research and Development of the Special Purpose NA However, like with most Individual Weapon (SPIW) for Ibid loc cit. weapon systems, there is rarely firing Beehive and flechette one manufactuer. Components projectiles of the CBU-55 were also made by Ensign-Bickford, Explosives Rockeye II components NA, $ 12.1 m in 1970 Ibid loc cit. Corp. of America, Fairchild Instrument, Raymond Engineering, Murdock Machine Hand-cranked 40 mm NA Vietnam Order of Battle: A and Engineering, Temco, etc. 150 grenade launcher. Complete Illustrated Reference to US Army Combat and Support Forces

urethane (plastic ) shell, which is on the two hemispheres and aids in helping the bomb spin in order to arm it. http://maic.jmu.edu/ordata/srdetaildesc.asp?ordid=1063 One can imagine what this means during surgery- plastic fragments cannot be seen on an X-ray leading to great complications and more suffering. 150 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=16&q=CBU+55&cat=GS29&dt=212&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=1 71

in Vietnam 1961 -1973 . Stackpole Military Classics, 2003. P. 303 reference section with pictures.

151 Personal author King Spurbeck. BLU-30/B BZ bomblet Technical Report AFATL-TR- DTIC. 68-87

152 (torpedoes) Mk 46 and Mk 48 Torpedos NA NARA

153 This may have been work on Components for the 115 mm NA NARA the warhead of the rocket as its CW rocket. actual caliber was 115 mm and the FSC displays “ammunition 30mm up to 75 mm”. The M55 CW rocket was developed in the early 1950s-contractor info unknown at the moment.

151 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=AD0501759 152 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=499&mtch=6&q=honeywell+Mk+48&cat=GS29&dt=215&tf=F&bc=sl 153 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=6&q=&cat=all&dt=243&tf=F&bc=sl Other contractors involved were Lockley Machine Co., New Castle, PA ; Grand Machining Co., Detroit, MI ; and Martin Marietta, Baltimore, MD. Lockley and Grand Machining: work on rocket, Martin Marietta: alteration of warhead. FY 1965. 72

Guidance components for the NA 154 (Polaris guidance Polaris submarine launched Google Books components) nuclear missile

FAEs remain a controversial weapon due to their effects. The FAE I or CBU-55 used propane as an aerosol cloud, which was later replaced by ethylene oxide.

Improvement of XM218 DA28-017-AMC, NA TSAM, p. 35 40mm fuze

Personal report by MJ Slepica. Development of SUU-13 DA28-017-1218A, NA Ibid, p. 44 Likely that Hon. developed the dispenser SUU-13 and the TFMD which it later manufactured. Three piece delay assembly for the BLU-3/B frag. bomb DAAA21-67-C-1105 Ibid, p. 46 Probably work on the fuze mechanism. Hon. may have dev. the BLU-3 “pineapple” bomb.

This was, according to Prokosch, Production of APAM N00123-71-C-0575 Ibid, p. 49 the CBU-59 which had an AP

154 http://books.google.de/books?id=QymEXZIWEe8C&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=honeywell+guidance+nuclear+missiles&source=bl&ots=qbQ4DHJAX4&sig=7OKMVN5sig2PWL_J PJYyj7oSf4k&hl=de&ei=4PS-Tp-mN4bMswa0hN3QAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=honeywell%20&f=false Honeywell was a main supplier to the US gov. for ICBM inertial guidance and electrostatic gyros. Also see: http://www.media.mit.edu/resenv/classes/MAS836/Inertialnotes/DraperOverview.pdf 73

bomblets and anti -vehicle effect and was a new version of the Rockeye. The contract in the NARA is from after the SEA war but is evidence nevertheless, as the contract the Navy let was for pilot production. 155

R&D of guided cluster F08635-72-C-0197, NA Ibid, p. 50 munition active optical fuze

Engineering investigations on AF08(635)-3070, NA Ibid, p. 56 In the NARA the search term air delivered area denial “Honeywell ammunition” gives weapons a staggering 246 results for the years 1969-1970, which is double, triple or fourfold of “Unique” booby trap devices DA11-022-AMC-579A Ibid, p. 59 some other company contracts. This adds up to 1601 results from 1965-1975 (!). Process to mass produce DA36-038-AMC-2419A, Ibid, p.70 components for SPIW $135,754

Design, fabricate and build a prototype automated

155 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=501&mtch=1&q=CBU-59+cluster+bomb&cat=all&dt=217&tf=F&bc=sl 74

machine line for production DAAA25 -71 -C-0594A , Ibid, p. 70 Work on area denial artillery of a sabot that would enclose $365,340 munitions totaled ca $ 5 m in the flechettes in the SPIW. 1971.

Development of the Army’s DAAA21-70-C-0096, Ibid, p.72 DMS report cited, version is artillery-delivered AP mine. $ 1,479,500 non-nuclear. These were probably the M38 or M40 bomblets of which up to ca. 800 could be carried in the R&D of warhead systems for DAAA21-68-C-0353, Ibid, p. 75 MGM-52 Lance. Lance missile. $482,301 Honeywell dumped scrap from R&D of an AP submunition Ibid, p. 79 the Twin Cities Army system for the Lance missile. NA Ammunition Plant into Lake Superior in the 1960s, which lead to a debate due to fear of XM627 50 mm CS gas A Practical Guide To The radioactive waste. In the report, cartridge. NA Honeywell Business World, it becomes evident that Minnesota, 1972. p.10 Honeywell made the M-32 grenades at TCAAP (2,072,980 assemblies) and 670 M-6 Operation of several Twin assemblies for the 762mm Cities Ammunition Plant NA Global Security. Honest John rocket. The M-32 buildings for fabricating grenades/bomblets were fuzes, primers, grenades, .30 identical (just smaller) than the caliber ammunition, 750 lb M-40, making it very likely that bombs, 40mm ammunition, Hon. made those too. 156 etc. (TCAAP) 157 Due to the fact that in WFC, p. 88 there is mention

156 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA247568 157 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/enviro/TCAAP_IAP.pdf 75

SUU -41/A dispenser for DTIC. of a female worker at the New gravel mines. NA Brighton/Twin Cities (synonymous) losing her hands from a munition, it is likely that LAP work with explosives was taking place there.

(SUU-41) 158

Development of the BLU-52 Vietnam TTU. 159 Article written by Art bomb. NA, $ 10,000 Kanegis, who is known for excellent research, just like Eric Prokosch and the CEP M904E2 nose fuze metal WFC, p. 61 researchers. However, this may parts DAAA09-69-C-0100, $48,993 be an error. BLU-52 was a modified firebomb filled with BZ bomblet BLU-20/B23- WFC, p. 29 persistent (30-45 days) CS-2 fabrication of a bomblet USAF Armament Lab, AF- agent. Apparently high doses of containing psychoactive 08(635)—4416, NA CS could be fatal to the elderly agent BZ and young. There was

158 http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/859335.pdf Prototype dispenser supplied by B. Harris of Honeywell, Inc. It is very likely that Hon. continued this work. For pics see: http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/asetds/u-s.html 159 http://www.virtual.vietnam.ttu.edu/cgi- bin/starfetch.exe?Aq1@HBnzW9MQipOu6PHbnGOyF4VaDTm2w.56uiDN1w6lPeY7FfWUeCWpxl.cHyzmoU9sVY4Jq0@D0OVmMhQTwErsxZpJ5p@lrISADvsA46c/14512766016.p df NARMIC report/ Minnesota Daily, Feb. 14, 1972. 76

considerable controversy Two-class logic WSTIAC because of US use of it in SEA module/ADSID integration F30602-72-C-0289, NA and many argued it constituted program CW.

ADSID (air delivered seismic Research on harassment AF08 635 3627, NA TAB, 1965-2, p. A255 intrusion device). 160 Personal scheduling author D.P. Erdmann. Honeywell was definitely Development of the BLU-19/ NA U.S. Chemical Warfare involved in a number of BLU-23 CW bomblet Policy: Hearings, Ninety- “electronic battlefield” systems. Third Congress, Second These will however, not be Session. US GPO, 1974, p. addressed here. 340. Available via Google books. Abstracted in TAB 1965. 161 (harassment) Warhead section for Honest DA-11-022-ORD-3865, John rocket $2.75m 87 th Hearings, US Congress, 162 (BLU-19 / 23 ) 1st Session, Appropriations, vol. 3, 1961, p.27 (available via Hathi) Honeywell also actively tried to patent its technology. US patents:

3,332,162 > combined rifle and grenade launcher (1967) Production of BLU-3 cluster NA, $3.3 m in 1965 Unclear Path: Explosive bombs Remnants of War in 2,946,115 > method of

160 http://wstiac.alionscience.com/wstiac/iacdocs.do?44895-000 Pics of the ADSID here: http://www.ausairpower.net/DT-Igloo-White-June-2008.pdf 161 Descriptors: behavior, analysis, theory, psychology. A physiological and behavioural monitoring system was developed for the simulation for harassment effects… Could this type of research be useful for interrogation / torture ? Personal author Donald I. Tepas and M.A.B. Vianello, June 1964. 162 The BLU-19/BLU-23 was designed to carry the nerve agent GB (sarin). See http://fhp.osd.mil/CBexposures/pdfs/dew_point.pdf 77

Vietnam, p.47 -49. Sara producing round metal pellets Elizabeth Smits, Syracuse (1960) University, 2007. Available via google books. 3,262,367 > dual rotor machine Also reported in Newsweek gun ( 1966) August 1965 and Eric Prokosch’s ‘The Technology 3,285,177 > dual function fuzes of Killing’, Zed Books, 1995. ( 1966)

3,224,368 > dual liner shaped charge ( 1965)

3,539,740 > anti-disturbance switch ( 1968 )…this could probably be used in AP landmine technology in anti- Development and NA, work done as of Sept. Designation Systems, also handling devices and the like. manufacture of the ‘Wagtail’ 1956 mentioned in Bill Gunston: air-to-surface nuclear missile ‘The Illustrated Encyclopedia European patent (Belgium): of Rockets and Missiles’, 772,278 Salamander Books, 1979. Systèmes dètecteurs d’intrusions (1971)

These patents only display a fraction of the total of weapon patents by Honeywell, the years after 1973 have been excluded.

Design, Development and Essentially, Honeywell Inc. has Manufacture of FMU-26/B AF 08 (635)-2850, work DTIC.mil, accession number been involved in the and FMU-26A/B bomb fuzes started in 1962 AD0870185 development and manufacture of all types of munition systems including anti-personnel,

78

incendiary, chemical, biological, nuclear, anti-vehicle, anti-ship and riot control. Development of ASROC (Anti NA, work started in 1956 Navy military history →(ASROC) 163 Submarine Rocket) website. What an accomplishment…this probably only could have been matched by Aerojet-General, who also developed proprietary CW agents and manufactured explosives and rocket propellants.

Gyroscopes for Sergeant NA, contract ca. 1960 Missiles Transportation missile Data/Military Traffic Management, 1960, p.49 Available via Hathi.

Parts for 40mm cartridge NA, $16,624,349 in 1968 Army R&D, v.9, 1968, p.20 Available via Hathi. fuzes and special assembly machines for artillery fuzes

Hoover Ball and Bearing Co., CBU-24 / 29 steel balls NA, $ ca. 1.2 m in 1969 EID, p. 201 AP work done at Erwin, TN Ann Arbor, MI plant.

Civilian products: ball bearings, trailer hitches, Omni furniture, etc. Household Finance Co., M1A4 fin assemblies for NA, ca. $ 140,000 in 1968 EID, p. 135 Consumer brands: Thermos,

163 http://www.history.navy.mil/museums/keyport/html/part3.htm ASROC could carry a 10kt W44 nuclear warhead. 79

Chicago, IL fragmentation bombs Structo toys, grills, drink ing fountains, E-Z Haul rentals, etc.

Weapons work done by King- Seeley Thermos Co. 164 Hughes Tool Co., Culver City, Engineer, develop, design and DAAF01 -67 -C-0811, WFC, p. 58 Howard Hughes industrial CA test the XM8 helicopter $639,608 empire also included Hughes armament subsystem based Aircraft. Company started off as on the XM129 40mm grenade proucer ofdrill bits for the oil launcher industry.

Also see 165 MGM-71 TOW NARA 166 Multiple contracts. Design and fabricate DA04 -495 -AMC -1541W, TSAM, p. 40 installation system of the $ 130,000 between 1966 XM27 armament system and 1968 using 7.62 mm Minigun for OH-6A helicopter Institute for Defense Study of explosively - NA WFC, p. 58 TAB, May 1 , 1967 Analyses, Jason Div., produced flechettes Arlington, VA

International Business NA GAO: B-150183, Jan. 22, 168 Work done in 1963. Main Machines Corp., Endicott, Subcontract work on AP 1963. contractor was Canadian NY mines M16A1 Commerical Corp. Contract: 539,300 mines. Another Canadian firm, Canadian

164 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=3&q=king-seeley+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=214&tf=F&bc=sl 165 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=495&mtch=5&q=hughes+ammunition&cat=all&dt=246&tf=F&bc=sl 166 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=499&mtch=73&q=hughes+TOW&cat=all&dt=215&tf=F&bc=sl 168 http://redbook.gao.gov/5/fl0020344.php 80

Arsenals Ltd. Manufactured the C3 ‘Elsie’ and variants. The USA called the C3 mine M25 and it was part of US inventory by the 60s. Elsie was a plastic mine, 169 making detection very hard. Private file 167 ------Industrial Wire Cloth Fabrication of 52,500 NA, work done early 1952 Products Co., Wayne, MI completely assembled E61R4 BW bomblets

Intermountain Research and Manufacture of the BLU-82/B NA. Each bomb cost $8,500. Vietnam TTU. Article from Not sure if IRECO also mfrd. the Engineering Co. (IRECO), Salt ‘Daisy Cutter’ “American Report: The bomb body of the BLU-82/B. Lake City, UT Super Bomb”. September What is for certain is that 8th , 1972. Arthur H. Westing. Melvin A. Cook, a chemist developed the concept and joined the company later. Bomb filled with 12,600 lbs. of DBA- 22M slurry agent. 170 Company

167 Final Engineering Report oft he E61R4 and E133R3, Fort Detrick, MD, Sept. 1955. E61R4 weighed half a pound and could carry roughly 35ml of pathogens, including anthrax. Roughly 540 E61 bombs would have been carried in a E133 cluster bomb, which weighed ca. 750 lbs. Other contractors mentioned are Victor Electric Co., which also produced a version of the E61 bomblet, which was then modified. Another contract held for 50,000 E61R4 bodies was by Shwayder Brothers, Inc., Denver, CO in 1954. Victor Electric and Victor Comptometer may have been the same company. 169 http://www.the-monitor.org/index.php/publications/display?url=lm/1999/canada.html 170 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/blu-82.htm 81

later known as IRECO Chemicals. 171 International Harvester Co., Development of 90 mm DA33 -008 -ORD -1257, NA TSAM, p. 29 Work done before 1957. Chicago, IL canister ammunition Canister munitions are filled with round shot, whereas Complete round: shell, “beehive” refers to darts/ smoke-t, WP, T16E3, w/fuze, DAI 38-034-501-ORD(P)-23, Subject index to unclassified flechettes. PD, M46A3, .05 sec delay and NA ASTIA docs., v.7-9, 1960., charge, propelling, T21E1, for p.1004 IH also worked on nuclear 120mm guns (development) ordnance. 172

Intercontinental Mfg. Co., Mk 82 Mod 1 500 lb bomb N00104-69-C-0129, NA WFC, p. 61 NARA also shows bombs, Garland, TX bodies ammo. over 125mm, rockets (Spartan), Mk 55 underwater Mk 84 Mod 2 2000 lb bomb N00104-69-C-0119, Ibid. loc. cit. inert mine components, etc. 173 bodies $6,226,155

M7 flame gun for portable DA-30-070-CML-674, NA Private file. 174 flamethrowers

Independent Lock Co., DAAA09-68-C-0272, WFC, p. 69 175 NARA included bombs, fuzes Defense Products Div., M52 point detonating fuze $889,950 and primers, ammo. Fitchburg, MA for M302A1 60mm WP projectile and M49A2 60mm HEI projectile

171 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=499&mtch=3&q=IRECO+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=215&tf=F&bc=sl FSC: demo. materials, bombs, missiles, etc. 172 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record-detail.jsp?dt=213&mtch=1&cat=GS29&tf=F&q=international+harvester+ammunition&bc=sl&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=101756 173 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=499&mtch=15&q=intercontinental+mfg.+co.+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=215&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 174 Manufacturer’s data plate on M7 flame gun. This was used with the M2A1-7 flamethrower and the M9A1-7 flamethrower. Both were portable, but the M9A1-7 had a spherical pressure tank and was more common in VN than the former. The -7 designation has to do with the M7 flame gun, resembling a pistol. 175 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=13&q=independent+lock++ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl 82

Janitrol Aircraft Div., Flamethrower cylinder DA -30 -070 -CML -919, NA Private file. 176 Columbus, OH section for one-shot M8 JAD was a part of the Midland- Ross Corp., Cleveland, OH. They made home appliances such as HVAC units. Johns Hopkins University, Research on multiple NA TSAM, p. 60 TAB, 11 th issue, 1959. Baltimore, MD flechettes for small arms Kelsey -Hayes Co., Romulus, Warheads for 2.75 inch NA, $1.o m EID, p. 201 Products: truck and car wheels, MI rockets aerospace equipment.

Kilian Steel Ball Corp., CBU -24/29 steel balls NA, $564,186 and $200,916 EID, p. 202 177 CBU -24 AKA “Sadeye”. Hartford, CT in Oct. 1969 Kanarr Corp., Kingston, PA M79 grenade launchers DA11 -199 -AMC -715W, WFC, p. 58 A large contract. $3.3m

Kaiser Aluminum & Production of various Various NARA 178 Chemical Sales Inc., munitions: bombs, artillery, Bombs: M117 750 lbs., artillery: Spokane, WA ammo. 30mm-75mm, 75mm- M449/XM483 projectile, ammo: 125mm+, etc. 81 mm HE M374, etc.

Not certain at the moment. Possible production of NA The US Boom: Vietnam War Article contains reference to napalm components Phase. Victor Perlo, napalm and Kaiser. Article not International Affairs, no. 12, available to me yet. vol.11, 1965, pp. 11-26 KA&CS Inc. held previous sub-

176 Manufacturer’s data plate on M8 flamethrower tank group. 177 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record- detail.jsp?dt=246&mtch=4&cat=all&tf=F&q=kilian++steel+ball+ammunition&bc=sl&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=91621&rlst=91619,91620,91621,91622 178 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=14&q=kaiser+aluminum+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=214&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=1 83

contracting work for aluminum components of napalm bombs. 179

Kisco Co., Inc., St. Louis, MO M148 4 cartridge cases for DAAA09 -69 -C-0043, $13.4 m EID, p.140 Smoke may be WP. 105mm flechette and smoke 180 projectiles A very large contract. Kisco was part of Kissel Co., Springfield, OH. Koehler and Sons, Hatboro, Steel balls for CBU -24/29 NA, ca. $2.5m in 1968 and EID, p. 202 These steel balls had a purely PA 1969 AP function and wreaked havoc on the civilians of SEA. They were designed to cover a wide area. Kollsman Instrument Corp., M18A1 AP mine metal parts DAAA21 -69 -C-0257 , WFC, p.58 181 Elmhurst, NY $543,000 in 1969 Kennedy Van Saun Corp., M302 60mm WP projectile DAAA09 -68 -C-0351, WFC, p. 69 182 Company also made 105mm Danville, PA metal parts $670,440 ammo. KDI Corp., Cincinnati, OH M427 PD fuzes for 2.75 inch NA, ca. $7.5m FY 68 -69 EID, p. 138 Products: machinery, tools, rockets, M429 fuzes printers, software, films, textbooks.

179 http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/287/287.F2d.737.16551.html Subcontracting for Diamond Building Products Corp. FY 1953. Nose caps and tail cones for bombs by KA&CS. 180 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=17&q=kisco+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl

181 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=16&q=kollsman+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl 182 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record- detail.jsp?dt=214&mtch=17&cat=all&tf=F&q=kennedy+van+saun+ammunition&bc=sl&rpp=10&pg=2&rid=105645&rlst=105644,105645,105646,105630,105634,105635,10564 0 84

Company AKA Walter Kidde. Kidde & Co., Inc., Belleville, Manufacture of the M23 NA Private file. 183 M23 land mine was designed NJ chemical land mine to hold 10.5 lbs of nerve agent VX. 184

M48A3 PD fuze for 90mm DAAA09-69-C-0163, WFC, p.69 Company also had several and 120mm WP projectile $4,707,415 contracts for fuzes. 185

186 Work carried out in mid Development and NA DTIC 1950s. E32 fuel group later manufacture of E32 fuel became the fuel group for the group for a flamethrower M9A1-7 flamethrower. It differs from the older ones in that it Compressor unit AN-M4 for NA Archive.org has a spherical part. See figure flamethrowers and AN-M4D 3 in the document.

Kidde also designed a regulator for the fuel group.

(compressor) 187

Kidde ironically has been one of the most important US companies involved in fire

183 Munitions Command January 1965. Document (barely legible) describes technical aspects and problems encountered while filling the M23 chemical mine at Newport Chemical Facility. There were problems with the mine bodies made by Kidde & Co. Inc. 184 http://www.cma.army.mil/ordview.aspx?id=7 185 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/free-text-search-results.jsp?cat=all&bc=sl&q=kidde+ammunition&btnSearch=Search&as_alq=&as_anq=&as_epq=&as_woq = 186 http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/084848.pdf Progress Report on Flame Warfare, 1955. Chrysler, Esso, Englander Co., Stewart-Warner also mentioned for other contracts. 187 http://www.archive.org/stream/compressorunitre019064mbp/compressorunitre019064mbp_djvu.txt Department of the Army, 1977. 85

protection for homes and industry, making fire extinguishers, smoke alarms and fire detection systems. 188

Keystone Mfg. Co., Boston, M48A3 PD fuze for 90mm DAAA09 -69 -C-0154, WFC, p.69 Company also made M 117 GP MA and 120mm WP projectile $4,468,600 bomb parts and other fuzes. 189 Does this mean that Litton Litton Industries, Operator and organizational mfrd. the spray tank? Likely Milwaukee, WI maintenance for the E41 BW DA18 064cml2745, TAB, 65-2., p. A-24 because L. was a deeply spray tank Proj.82408, NA involved CBW contractor. E41 was meant to disperse ca. 65 gallons of N and UL2.

Work done by Litton Systems, Dissemination of solid and DA 18 064cml2745, Proj. Ibid. loc. cit. Minneapolis. The E41 may have liquid BW agents. 82408, NA been the A/B 454-4 dry agent spray tank. The Applied Science Project on supersonic Division of LI developed and delivery of BW agents. NA Hersh, p. 70 fabricated externally mounted dry agent BW dispenser for the Design and fabricate A/B 454- NA Ibid loc. cit. F-100, F-4C and F-105 planes. 190 4 dry agent spray tank. Also see 191

Le Tourneau, R.G., Inc., M117A1 750 lb bomb bodies DAAA09 -69 -C-0044, WFC, p.61 AKA Marathon Le Tourneau.

188 http://www.kiddefiresystems.com/utcfs/ws-383/Assets/KF-0075_screen.pdf 189 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record- detail.jsp?dt=246&mtch=7&cat=all&tf=F&q=keystone+ammunition&bc=sl&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=91393&rlst=91392,91393,91365,91394,91395,91387,91366 190 Systems Analysis in Public Policy: A Critique. Ida R. Hoos et. al., p. 55 Also see: Seymour Hersh: Chemical and Biological Warfare, 1969. p. 69-70. 191 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=7&q=litton+CB&cat=GS29&dt=243&tf=F&bc=sl 86

Longview, TX $24,039,720 (!) One of the largest contracts to be found in this study. M131A1 fin assemblies DAAA09-C-0058, $4,836,600 Ibid loc cit. Several other contracts for 57mm HE M306 with fuze See NARA NARA bombs and 30-75mm ammunition. 192 Transphibian Tactical Tree NA Army Historical Document. 193 Crusher TTTC was a monster of a machine, weighing 60 tons. This was not a weapon per se, but definitely helped destroy the nature of Vietnam.

LEMPCO Products, Inc., Cleveland, OH Mfr. of AP mines M16E3 GAO 194 (581,400 units) ORD-2231, $938,030.76, 1956 LEMPCO was an umbrella corp. consisting of several companies. It started out as a tool, machine and automobile industry parts supplier. In WWII it supplied 5 % of the Army’s shells. 195

L. also acquired Evans Reamer Mfg. Co. of Chicago, IL in the 1940s. Evans Reamer produced

192 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=12&q=tourneau+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=212&tf=F&bc=sl 193 http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/Engineers/ch7.htm Also in Vietnam, Order of Battle, p. 323. 194 http://redbook.gao.gov/7/fl0032247.php Contract is from June 30, 1956. It is very likely that a part of this batch of M16 mines was also used in Vietnam, as the number is very large. 195 http://ech.case.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=LII 87

M116A1 fire bombs as sole contractor in FY 58. 196 May have been used in SEA or by French.

Also see 197 Liquidonics, Inc., Westbury, Components of M3 riot DAAA15 -67 -C-0513, WFC, p.34 NY control agent dispenser $136,250 Lear Siegler, Inc., Anaheim, M48A3 PD fuze for 90mm DAAA09 -69 -C-0163, Ibid., p.69 Large cont ract. CA and 120mm WP projectile $8,287,623 Le ffingwell Chemical Co., Production of napalm NA Takman, p. 49 Leff. was part of Witco Whittier, CA thickener Chemical Co., NYC. Witco faced protests along with Dow, United Aircraft, etc.

Thickener probably refers to styrene or or incendiary oils M1 and M2. Napalm was usually a gasoline, benzene and naphthalene palmitate mixture. Before polystyrene was used, powdered aluminum soap of naphthalene and palmitate were used. Napalm B used polystyrene, in the combination of 21% benzene, 33% gasoline and 46% polystyrene. 198 Napalm has been used since

196 Summary of Major Events and Problems, US Army Chem. Corps (U), FY 1958. , page 150 of 189 pages. 197 http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/386/386.F2d.873.434-59.html A legal argument of contractors in conflict over a contract of napalm bombs. 198 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/napalm.htm 88

WW II.

BLU-27 /B firebombs (bodies and components) were mfrd. by AJ Industries, El Monte, CA; American Electric, La Mirada, CA; Atlas Fabricators, Paramount, CA, etc. 199

Mk 77 bodies and components: Conco Inc., Mendota, IL; Ordnance Research Inc., Fort Walton Beach, FL; General Time, Peru, IL, etc. 200

201 The effects of napalm. L. T. Industries, Inc., Dallas, SUU -30/B cluster bomb F33657 -68 -C0840, WFC, p.58 TX dispensers $2,916,000

Several contracts for FSC NA NARA 202 ‘bombs’ Lansdowne Steel & Iron Co., Mk56 Mod 0 AP p rojectiles N00104 -68 -C-5481, WFC, p.58 Morton, PA $8,183,565

Multiple contracts for ammunition over 125mm NA NARA 203

199 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=16&q=%22fire+bomb%22&cat=GS29&dt=214&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=1 200 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=499&mtch=17&q=%22fire+bomb%22&cat=all&dt=215&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=2 201 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7oKabmpHKDI&feature=related 202 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=12&q=L.+T.+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=244&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&pg=1 203 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=19&q=lansdowne+ammunition&cat=all&dt=243&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 89

SUU -14A/A NA, $3.3 m in 1968 EID, p.203 Lasko Metal Products, And ca. $3.2m contract Westchester, PA addition to that for same products in FY 69 and 70 204 Snakeye I Mk 15/82 500 lb. See NARA LMP also made misc. bombs (several contracts for this NARA ammunition, CBU-25 dispenser item) + bombs and kinds.205

M229 warheads for 2.75 inch NA, $3.2m FY 68 EID, p.203 Several contract modifications Lehigh, Inc., Easton, PA rockets for rockets. L. also worked on nuclear warhead sections. 206

Lowenthal Manufacturing Consumer products: industrial Co., Chicago, IL Inner housings for XM22 NA, $ 383,332 in FY 66 Ibid loc cit. and customer sewing, gravel mines vulcanized fiber cases. 207

Levinson Steel Co., Operation of Hays AAP, NA CEP report: 21 contractors… HAAP made mainly 105mm Pittsburgh, PA Pittsburgh metal shell parts here. Laid away in 1970. Also see 208

204 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record- detail.jsp?dt=212&mtch=23&cat=GS29&tf=F&q=lasko+ammunition&bc=sl&rpp=10&pg=2&rid=98191&rlst=98187,98188,98189,98196,98197,98198,98199,98203,98191,98193 205 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/free-text-search-results.jsp?cat=GS29&bc=sl&q=lasko+ammunition 206 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=15&q=lehigh+inc++ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=2 207 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=9&q=lowenthal+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl 90

Marquardt Corp., Van Nuys, Mk 63 warheads for Zuni N00104 -73 -C-B208, Vietnam TTU. “Components As previously mentioned, CCI CA rocket $528,960 and Contractors of the Marquardt was a fusion of two Automated Air War.” companies: CCI ( Crane Carrier NARMIC, Dec. 1972. (both Inc., a mfr. of heavy-duty contracts) equipment) and Marquardt.

Large Rockeye contract. Mk 20 Rockeye II bomblets N00104-72-C-A072, $6,650,000 See previous footnote for CCI Marquardt. Martin -Marietta Corp., NYC Development of an AP NA, $900,000 EID, p.142 (both) M-M owned 87% of the version of Bullpup B air-to- common stock of Harvey surface missile Aluminum.

Canisters for aerial mine NA, $2.4 m Harvey Aluminum probably system became Martin Marietta Aluminum Sales of Torrance, Development and CA. Most of the ordnance manufacture of B-61 Matador NA National Museum USAF contracts were held by that surface-to-surface tactical location. FSC included rockets, missile, HE and nuclear ammo. 30-75mm, fort obstacles capable (?), conv. Munitions, CB weapons, bombs, etc. Fabrication and test of B-61A DA-18-108-CML-3462 DTIC chemical warhead nose (Matador) 209 casings. (CW Matador) 210 Mid 1950s CW work.

208 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=11&q=levinson+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=214&tf=F&bc=sl 209 http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2692 210 DTIC: AD127121, p. 13 . Mid 1950s. 91

FSCs prior to 1968 (when Harvey Aluminum was Various NARA 211 bought): ammo. over 30mm up to 75mm (40mm HE The Glenn L. Martin Co. of XM384), C/B and conv. Baltimore, MD, also developed weapons, BW/CW program, a bomb design to effectively demolition materials, bombs, distribute components and etc. bombs filled with BW agent (Dorothy L. Miller, p.91, 1952 and 1957.) Dev. and Manufacture of the NA Designation Systems 212 Company started out as Titan I and Titan II ICBMs Glenn Martin Co., Baltimore, MD. Production of napalm NA Takman: Napalm, p.49 Now known as Lockheed- Martin.

Napalm made by the subsidiary Production of Pershing NA, $53,921,660 in FY 1963 Army R&D, v.3-4, 1962- Southern Dyestuff Co., weapons system (MGM-31A 1963, p.14 Charlotte, NC. Later known as Pershing I) Sodyeco. Not sure if the napalm issue is correct. WFC, p.66 also Production of LGM-118A NA, work started in 1972 Hill AFB Factsheets mentions M-M’s Charlotte, NC ‘Peacekeeper’ ICBM division as a producer of napalm, however.

Pershing was nuclear capable and had a range of ca. 740km. Huge contract. (Peacekeeper) 213

211 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=27&q=marietta+ammunition&cat=all&dt=243&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 212 http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-25.html 213 http://www.hill.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=5762 92

Malecki Laboratories, Investigation into NA, work done in 1964 Hersh, p. 255 Chicago, IL preservation of biological materials by freeze drying Maremont Corp., Chicago, IL Production of M-60 GPMG NA, work started in 1960s Gervasi, p. 164 Work done by Saco Division in Maine. Maremont acquired Production of M-120 40mm Saco in 1963. 214 Maremont sold grenade launcher NA, “ Ibid loc. cit. Saco in the 80s. MB Associates, San Ramon, Feasibility of medium range NA Ibid loc cit. CA delivery (500 to 2500 meters)of incapacitating agents with non-hazardous miniature rockets

Millmaster Chemical Co., NY Manufacture of BZ agent NA Harvard Sussex CBW info 215 Millmaster made ca. 100,000 program. lbs. of BZ in FY 63-64. It was a psychochemical and meant to cause LSD-like effects. Melpar Inc., F airfax, VA Dispenser fuze for Rockeye NA TSAM, p. 48 dispenser Machelor Maintenance & Operation of Niagara Falls NA Vietnam TTU: “21 NFAAP in NY state mfrd. Supply Corp., Buffalo, NY AAP Corporations Operating 26 chemicals US AAPs”, CEP ca. 1970 Medico started out as the Medico Industries, Wilkes- Medico Electric Co. in 1937. It Barre, PA M229 warheads for 2.75 inch NA, $4.0 m in FY68 EID, p. 204 manufactures metal parts and

214 http://il.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19960314_0000109.NIL.htm/qx 215 http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/spru/hsp/documents/CBWCB71.pdf 93

rockets does sub -contracting for a number of customers. It is still a M151 warheads for 2.75 inch NA, $3.1 m in same year Ibid loc cit. DoD contractor for munitions rockets (81mm mortar, 2.75 inch Hydra, 25mm OCSW, etc.) 216 Ironically, Various munitions: 57mm HE NA, several contracts MI is also a manufacturer of M306 w/fuze, 60mm AE (?) NARA safety equipment such as the M49 cartridge, etc ‘Talking Kone’ which can “talk” to pedestrians and the ‘Talking Box’.

(NARA) 217 Large contract for Iowa . Both Mason & Hanger-Silas Operation of Cornhusker NA CEP ca. 1970 AAPs were primarily LAP with Mason Co., NYC AAP, Grand Island, NE some metal production lines. Mason & Hanger was a large Operation of Iowa AAP, NA, $13,695,852 Ibid loc. cit. CEP ca. 1970 and construction and engineering Burlington, IA EID, p. 204 co. that built the Lincoln, Boston, Brooklyn-Battery car tunnel and subway tunnel. See 218 Cornhusker also manufactured gravel mines.

M&H also produced nuclear weapons components at the Pantex Plant in Amarillo, TX. At that location the Mk-6 atomic bomb was assembled, which had a yield between 120-150 kt.

216 http://www.medicomfg.com/products.php 217 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=12&q=medico+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=212&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 218 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/free-text-search- results.jsp?s=492&cat=GS29&bc=%2Csl%2Csd&q=mason+ammunition&btnSearch=Search&as_alq=&as_anq=&as_epq=&as_woq = 94

M-H was also given a $25 m contract to refurbish and expand the plant for nuclear weapons and HE munition assembly in 1951. 219 The company was given a GOCO contract in 1956, which was then run by AEC in 1960, making it GOGO. From FY 51 to 56 Procter- Gamble was operating contractor. 220 P&G commercial products included Crisco vegetable oil, Ivory soap, Tide detergent, Charmin toilet paper, Pampers, etc. P&G had a defense division from WWII.

Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Operation of the Muscle NA 221 Louis, MO Shoals, AL, Phosphate FAS.org GB (sarin) was meant to be Development Works for CW produced here. Subcontracting, i.e. construction done by Kellex (Vitro Corp.) and Leonard Construction Co.

219 http://www.pantex.com/ucm/groups/exweb/@exweb/@pr/documents/web_content/ex_doc_history.pdf 220 http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/pantex-past.htm 221 http://www.fas.org/cw/cwc_archive/CW_history/1950_InstallationAssessmentofPhosphateDevelopmentWorks.pdf 95

Monsanto also did resear ch on the design of facilities for the production of GB intermediates Methyl Difluoro Phosphine Oxide 222 . Edgewood Arsenal Technical File 107.61.1 June 1950. At Muscle Shoals Monsanto also ran a huge plant which was perhaps useful for the CW program. 223

Mining/production of white NA (WP) 224 phosphorus Various

Production of polystyrene NA Annual production ca. 150 m which was essential for Takman, p. 39 kgs. per annum in mid 1960s. napalm Production took place in Addyston, OH; Long Beach, CA; Springfield, MA. It is very likely

222 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA160613 223 http://www.mindfully.org/Industry/Reign-Of-Chemistry-5jan53.htm This article may also be found on Google books. LIFE magazine, Jan. 1953. 224 http://www.sodaspringsid.com/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7B42C18250-B2D4-43B1-B87E-8EE569FBCAB8%7D&DE=%7BF2F43283-267E-4708-A281- 711A5F3D1F00%7D Monsanto has been mining elemental phosphorus in Soda Springs, ID since 1953. It is used for a range of commercial products including soft drinks, toothpaste, herbicides, insecticides, baking agents , etc. Monsanto also operated the large phosphate works in Columbia, TN , since WWII where phosphorus ore was mined and turned into WP via electric furnace. See: Brophy, Leo P.: US Army in World War II. The Technical Services, The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field, p. 374 Available at: http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/010/10-2/CMH_Pub_10-2.pdf Did Monsanto continue to mine phosphorus and turn it into white phosphorus? Very likely. Apparently phosphorus production was such a large segment for Monsanto that it had its own division within the company. http://www.mindfully.org/Industry/Reign-Of- Chemistry-5jan53.htm 96

Production of butyl ester DSA -400 -C1284, $3,278,224 that Monsanto delivered the herbicides (defoliant agents WFC, p.34 polystyrene to DoD for napalm 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) B, because it had previously developed and manufactured a jelly which was used for napalm and as salve for sheep against screwworm. 225 M. also did research on “improved flame agents” in 1971. 226 Other Studies of chemical agents “in DA-18-035-AMC-136A and WFC, p . 30 manufacturers of polystyrene order to support the search DAAA15-68-C-0006 included Casden Oil & Chemical, for new agents, evaluate Dow Chem. (of course), Foster candidate agents & improve Grant, Sinclair-Koppers, Union the stability & effectiveness Carbide and United Aircraft,etc. of operational agents; This does not necessarily mean research on physical and that all delivered polystyrene colloid research on chemical was for napalm B production, as agents; properties of it was an everyday plastic Bromophenylacetonitrile material, it is quite feasible, (agent CA) however.

Study/selection of “nontoxic stimulants for agents BZ, GB, DA-18-035-AMC-387A Ibid loc cit. Nowadays, Monsanto likes to VX” portray itself as an agricultural science company, secluding info about past involvement in US Operation of Mound WMD programs. Monsanto also Laboratory in Dayton, OH NA, $286 m in FY19 85 OSTI and NRDC likes to pretend that its main

225 http://books.google.com/books?id=QUIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=monsanto+napalm+jelly&source=bl&ots=5erSJx6D1o&sig=Gx0aa_DS67T1cFp6cnLF3BQnmcs&hl =de&ei=kPfXTujmE5Husgbl3cz9Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBA#v=snippet&q=napalm&f=false LIFE magazine, Jan. 1953 226 http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0913279 97

interest is the health and nutrition of humanity, especially when products such as Round- Up Ready GMO soybeans and herbicide are mentioned. Maybe a closer look at M.’s history would be useful.

Mound Lab. was an AEC development and production facility that made tritium- containing nuclear components, detonators, actuators, igniters, ceramics, command disable explosive components, etc. 227 228 Mons. was contractor from 1943 to 1988. Work for Manhattan Proj. also done here by Monsanto. Metals Engineering Corp., Fin assemblies for Mk 83 Mod N00104 -68 -C-3482, WFC, p.61 ME also mfrd. components of Greensville, TN 0 bombs $1,752,120 ‘Snakeye’ bombs, low drag Mk 84 bombs, etc. 229 Miller Research Corp., Development of a counter - DA -OAD05 -68 -C-0345X, Ibid , p.59 Baltimore, MD ambush barrage weapon $288,308 system

Development/manufacture(?) Various DTIC 230 of components of 81mm

227 http://docs.nrdc.org/nuclear/files/nuc_87010102b_65b.pdf 228 https://www.osti.gov/opennet/servlets/purl/16137260-ntfqXT/16137260.pdf 229 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=500&mtch=25&q=metals+engineering+co+ammunition&cat=all&dt=216&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 230 http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0289090 98

illuminating cartridge T214E2

Demolition materials, CB Various NARA weapons, chemical weapons 231 and equipment, underwater mine inert components, pyrotechnics, etc

Production & engineering DAI-28-017-501-ORD-2178 TSAM, p.19 Work done 1956-1957. studies for M26A1 hand grenade fuzes Microcom Corp., Horsham, Development of telemetry DAAG39 -68 -C-0065, $92,818 WFC, p.59 232 PA systems for XM429 2.75 inch rocket prox. fuze McGean was bought by McGean Chemical Co., Production of napalm NA Ibid, p. 66 Chemetron in 1965. 233 Cuyahoga Heights, OH Mattatuck Mfg. Co., M52 fuze for M302A1 60mm DAAA09 -68 -C-0369, WFC, p.69 Waterbury, CT WP projectile and M49A2 $162,060 60mm HE projectile Maxson Electronics Corp., Mk77 Mod 2 firebomb N00104 -69 -C- Ibid loc cit. Maxson merged with Riker in Maxson-Macon Div., Macon, 0127,$1,768,068 1969, forming Riker-Maxson GA Corp.

Various munitions: bombs, NA NARA 234 ammo up to and over 125mm, fuzes and primers,

231 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=25&q=miller+research+corp&cat=GS29&dt=244&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 232 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=1&q=microcom+ammunition&cat=all&dt=212&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 233 http://ech.case.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=MI 234 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=48&q=maxson+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=214&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 According to a private (expert) source, Maxson apparently also manufactured XM74 TEA incendiary rocket. 99

etc.

T25E5 57mm slug-filled DAAA21-68-C-1032, WFC, p.58 projectile metal parts $250,000

XM429 proximity fuze testers EID, p.206 NA, $ 216,433 FY 68 Muncie Gear Works, Inc., Fin and nozzle assemblies for DAAA21 -68 -C-0782, WFC, p.59 Large contract. Muncie, IN 2.75 inch rocket $3,351,500

Manufacture of various munitions: bombs, ammo NA NARA 235 over 125mm, rockets, torpedo inert components, etc. Motorola, Inc., Semi - Integrated circuit for XM429 DAAA09 -68 -C-0371, WFC, p.59 conductor Products Div., 2.75 inch rocket fuze $242,880 Phoenix, AZ Development of XM596 fuze TSAM, p.35 DAAG39-67-C-0029, ca. $1 m Various munitions: fuzes and primers, ASW torpedo, CB NARA 236 weapons exploratory, etc. NA, see NARA Motorola was an electronics company that manufactured Guided cluster munition transistors, radios, car radios, active optical fuze TSAM, p.50 TVs, etc. F08635-72-C-0198, NA Development of integrated circuitry for the M532 fuze Ibid, p. 61 DA49-186-AMC-374A,

235 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=19&q=muncie+ammunition&cat=all&dt=244&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 236 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=500&mtch=24&q=motorola+ammunition&cat=all&dt=216&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 100

$200,000

Na sh -Hammond, Inc. City of Plastic canisters for Tactical NA, $1,205,085 WFC, p.59 Army R&D, Feb. 1968 Industry, CA Fighter Dispenser Munition

Various munitions: land NA, various NARA 237 mines, ammunition boxes, etc.

According to EID $6.4 m in FY National Lead Co., Doehler- BLU-26/B bomblet metal F33657-68-C-0775, WFC, p.59/EID, p.147 68-69 for BLU-26/B bomblet Jarvis Div., Toledo, OH parts $3,086,090 metal parts

Mfr. of various misc. Various NARA 238 Also notice chemicals which munitions, bombs, ammo were part of ammo program 75mm-125mm, etc. and pyrotechnics. Later became known as NL Industries. They made lead- based paints, pigments, atomic bomb components, metal bearings and many other things. Fernald, OH, plant made highly- enriched uranium for nuclear weapons. 239

237 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=14&q=nash+hammond+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 238 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=21&q=national+lead+ammunition&cat=all&dt=244&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 239 http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/chrono.html?company=national_lead_company For Fernald plant history also see LA Times article: http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/20/nation/na-radiation-fernald20 101

NP made a wide range of home National Presto Industries, Development of T46 and DA11-022-ORD-1229 TSAM, p.19 appliances such as pressure Eau Claire, WI T46E1 HE grenades. canners, frying pans, waffle makers, pizza ovens, etc. Production of various ammo. Various NARA 240

National Union Electric Co., M26 AP mine production NUE made air conditioners, TVs, Bloomington, IL A0AA097C0055, ca. NARA radios, vacuum cleaners, wood $300,000-500,000 cabinets, etc. Fuze parts for bomblet dispensers NA, $3,318,900 WFC, p.59 (Army R&D Jan. FSC reads underwater mine 68) explosive components but system equipment reads AP

mine M26. This is confusing and may be a type of modified M26 M117 GP bomb parts AP munition for ‘wet’ use. (?) A0AA098C0256, $ 50-99 NARA, FY 1970. thousand Various munitions contracts: bombs, underwater mine components, fuzes and Various NARA 241 primers, etc. There was also an M26 HE-frag. hand grenade. 242

National Cash Register Co., Investigation into poss ibility NA Hersh, p. 255 Work done by Capsular Dayton, OH of encapsulating minute Research and Product

240 FSCs include ammo over 125mm, 75mm-125mm, etc. http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial- records.jsp?f=495&mtch=26&q=national+presto+ammunition&cat=all&dt=246&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50 Another source claims NP made 92 million 105mm artillery shells between 1965 and 1975. See: http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/National-Presto-Industries-Inc-company-History.html , what is certain is their $23,435,582 contract for 105mm projectile metal parts (Army R&D, vol. 8, 1967, p.14; available via Hathi). 241 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=24&q=national+union+electric+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 242 Made by Ametek Inc.; Heckethorn Mfg. Co.; Martin Machine Works Inc.; etc. See: http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial- records.jsp?f=497&mtch=17&q=hand+frag+grenade&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 102

germs and vir uses to keep Development Div. them more virulent Nor ris Industries, Inc. Los Manufacture of M139 CW NA Former employee of Norris Surely not t he best form of Angeles, CA bomblets Industries in online forum. evidence, but see for yourself. 243 Bomblets meant to be filled with sarin (GB).

Manufacture of M-55 CW NA, $ 1,939,350 in 1962. Army R&D, v.3-4, 1962- Available via Hathi Trust. M-55 rockets 1963, p.7 (T238) rocket, gas, persistent, VX, and non-persistent gas, GB, were standardized late in 1960. 2.75 inch rocket motor tubes DAAA21-69-C-0243, WFC, p.59 As this is a large contract, they $11,020,680 probably made a large number of rockets. Not sure if they M108B1 cartridge cases for NA, $ 1 m made the whole rocket, M377 90mm flechette Ibid loc cit. including warhead but is likely. projectiles The M-55 contract was held by Norris-Thermador.

FSC include: ammunition over Various 244 125mm, M72 66mm HEAT NARA rocket, ammunition 75mm through 125mm, Norris made a wide range of miscellaneous ammo, bombs, metal products for the civilian Snakeye Mk 82 (250 lbs), market: electric and gas ranges, land mines, rockets and door locks (Weiser), natural gas rocket ammo., etc. conversion kits, etc.

243 http://www.wk2ammo.com/showthread.php?t=5162 Bomblets made in Vernon, CA. Also see: http://www.bocn.co.uk/vbforum/threads/81100-M139-CW-bomblet Unfortunately, it is not evident in which years Norris made these bomblets and in which numbers.”I know Norris made the parts, because I saw them them at the factory.” (HAZORD), post #4 on the page. 244 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=96&q=norris+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50&pg=1 Also visit www.niindustries.com 103

NA Aluminum parts also made Operation of the Riverbank 21 Corps. Operating US here. AAP for metal parts AAP… (Vietnam TTU) production (since Korean Norris has always been a major War). contractor for ammunition (63% of sales). Massive increase in profits since Vietnam, 66% of Production of 5 inch Zuni NA CEP report Feb.-March 1971, total sales Vietnam War related. rockets, motors and tubes. p. 39 ff. Available via (EID, p.154) Norris had and has Vietnam TTU. (all five below) the ability to work with brass, 8 inch brass cartridge cases steel and aluminum.

105, 155, 175mm projectiles The M-55 rocket issue has been relatively difficult to get clarity Production of Mk 82 500 lb on. However, when considering bomb bodies that the Given Mfg. Co. of L.A. held contract DAI-38-617-361- XM2 AP mine dispensers ORD(P)-1139 for the design and manufacture of a chemical warhead in October 1953 (Subject Index to Unclassified ASTIA Documents, v. 1-3, 1960; available via Hathi Trust) and that the Waste King Corp. was founded by Bertram F. Given, also of L.A., some conclusions may be drawn. The Waste King Corp. was not founded until 1957, i.e. Given was probably the predecessor to Waste King. WK was a Norris subsidiary-all

104

companies were located in the L.A. area. 245 Norris acquired WK in 1968 and made it part of its Thermidor home appliance branch. So, in short, the Given Mfg. Co. probably designed and manufactured the warhead in the early 1950s. Given, which had a branch in Bethesda, MD (if this is not another company with identical name) also did a study on how to reduce the mfg. costs of the T-160E5 rocket in Oct. 1954, contract DA 04-495-ORD-454, Proj. TU2-7C , see Subject Index to Unclassified Docs. ASTIA, 1960, v.7-9, p. 2011

New Process Fiber Co., XM41 AP mine components NA EID, p.205 246 Greenwood, DE XM41 was a gravel mine. No rthrop Corp., Anaheim, Non -linear Dispensing System AF-08(635) -5034, NA WFC, p.30 This was research on the CA dissemination of CW agents.

M25A2 CS-1 Riot Hand DAAA15-67-C-0250, Ibid, p.34 Northrop in Ashville, NC. Grenade $2,440,971

CS-1 Riot Control Agent DAAA15-69-C-0456, $45,389 Ibid loc. cit. “ “

245 http://articles.latimes.com/2005/jul/15/local/me-given15 The Given/Waste King/Norris story. 246 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=1&q=new+process+fiber+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl 105

Study of potential DA-18-035-AMC-958A, Ibid, p. 69 “ “ pyrotechnic fuel mixture $59,250

Design, test and develop a DAAA15-67-C-0343, Ibid loc. cit. N. Nortronics Division. multishot portable flame $353,300 MPFW became M202 FLASH weapon (Flame Assault Shoulder Weapon) Production of M202 FLASH NA Private file. 247 and XM74 incendiary rocket

Design, development and test NA, $429,000 EID, p.157 of a flechette area neutralization gun

WDU-4A/A flechettes for 2.75 NA, $.3.4 m in FY 68 Ibid loc. cit. $4.2 m for WDU-4A/A contract inch rockets modification and $1.5m for flechettes in FY 69 and 70, 105mm Beehive (flechette) NA, $3.7 m Ibid loc. cit. respectively. projectiles Northrop produced aircraft parts, chemicals, aluminum products, Hallicrafter radios, communications equipment, etc. FSCs include: BW/CW Various NARA. program, pyrotechnics, 248 military chemical agents, grenades, bulk explosives,

247 Edgewood Arsenal In-Depth Report on Flame Weapons, 1969. Northrop Carolina delivered over 3,500 of the XM74 TPA rockets to US Army and USMC. Several thousand more were scheduled to be delivered by 1970. 248 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=78&q=northrop+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50&pg=1 106

ammo. up to 125mm (e.g. 81mm HE cartridge), rocket propulsion, etc.

USAF project “Advanced AP AF08(635)-3100, NA TSAM, p.59 Descriptors: AP ammunition, mechanisms” bomb clusters, explosion effects, flechettes, effectiveness, etc.

Beehive were XM380E5 and XM603E1 105mm projectiles (WFC, p. 59)

Nopco Chemical Co., Production of napalm and NA WFC, p.66 The Metasap (metallic soaps) Cedartown, GA associated chemicals Division carried out the earlier production of napalm components. Started out as National Oil Products Company in NJ. Acquired by giant Diamond Shamrock in 1967, an OH based chemical and oil company. Ironically, Nopco also previously made vitamin D, plastics for the civilian market. 249 250 Diamond also was involved in the defoliant production.

249 http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=365&dat=20030807&id=RiUxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Mj8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6767,3607314 250 http://ech.case.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=DSC According to one source, Diamond Shamrock’s Agent/s contained highest level of dioxin. See: http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Ultramar-Diamond-Shamrock-Corporation-Company-History.html 107

Ordnance Research Inc., Pyrophoric -coated flechette NA DTIC 251 Fort Walton Beach, FL study

Study of terminal effects of AFATL-TR-73-26, NA DTIC 252 pyrophoric materials Work commenced in 1970. Olin Corp., NYC Operation of the Badger NA CEP report: 21 Corps. Badger mainly made prop ellant AAP, Baraboo, WI Operating US AAPs (nitrocellulose) and explosives or components thereof, such as DNT, dinitrotoluene. 253 DNT is a known carcinogen. Olin took over during .

Ind . AAP mfrd. propellant, Operation of the Indiana AAP, NA Ibid loc. cit. igniters, charges, etc. 254 Charlestown, IN Olin also had a lease for the inactive Alabama AAP in Childerburg, AL. Explosives and propellant were mfrd. here during WWII but the plant was put in layaway status in 1945 with several commercial tenants carrying out operations there.

251 http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0902536 252 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD911778&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf 253 Contaminants in the Subsurface: Source Zone Assessment and Remediation, National Science Foundation, NAP, 2005. p. 68 Available via google books. Apparently Badger was the main source of DNT in the USA until 1977. Several people in the vicinity of BAAP have suffered from toxic substances in the water. See: http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=7193 254 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/aap-indiana.htm 108

Production of various 255 ammunition: mainly 7.62mm, Various NARA 81mm HE M301 cartridges, Olin was and is a very demolition materials, diversified company with pyrotechnics, bulk explosives, brass, copper alloy, explosives, etc. power tool, lumber, paper, chlorine, fertilizer, sulfuric acid, ammonia, pesticide, aluminum, Development of Olin SPIW DA19-058-AMC-1103Y, work TSAM, p.70 etc. production capabilities. It launcher done in FY 66 acquired several companies, amongst them the E.R. Squibb & Sons pharmaceutical company, of which it divested in 1968. 256 Who says you can’t make medicine to heal and munitions to kill…if the profit looks good.

Olin also owned the Winchester company, which started out as the Winchester Repeating Arms Co. in New Haven, CT. Winchester made both arms and ammunition, mainly the 7.62 x 51mm NATO for the SEA war, which it had introduced in the 1950s. It is likely that Olin supplied many of the chemical predecessors for energetic,

255 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=141&q=olin+ammunition&cat=all&dt=214&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50&pg=3 256 http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/chrono.html?company=olin_mathieson_chemical_corporation For a history of Olin also see: http://www.b2i.us/profiles/investor/fullpage.asp?f=1&BzID=1548&to=cp&Nav=0&LangID=1&s=0&ID=6661 109

such as toluene, ammonia, etc.

Olin patents included ‘Flame Thrower’, US pat. 2,971,573 (1961) and a machine for ‘Explosive Loading’, US pat. 2,751,810 (1956). The company was definitely one of the ‘big ones’ during the SEA war, being 21 st largest DoD contractor in FY 68, right after Honeywell. Operations Research, Inc., Project Pharos: Sensitivity DA -18 -108 -CML -6554 , NA WFC, p.30 TAB, 4 -15 -66 Silver Springs, MD Analysis of the Operational Effectiveness of CBW Weapons Systems and development of a methodology for analyzing and evaluating the CBW weapons systems in a military useful manner

Pharos II: Revised CBW weapons system simulator: DA-42-007-AMC-163Y, NA Ibid loc. cit. TAB, 7-1-67 computerized simulations of CBW attacks, including projections of casualties Oklahoma Unive rsity Susceptibility of potential DAAA15 -67 -C-0074, WFC, p.69 Research Institute, Norman, target components do defeat $134,500 OK by thermal action Ordnance Products, Inc., M206A2 time fuze for M34 DAAA09 -69 -C-0063, Ibid, p.70 North East, MD WP hand grenade and M26A1 $888,785 HE-fragmentation grenade

110

FSCs: grenades, pyrotechnics , NARA 257 fuzes and primers, demolition Various materials, etc. OP also supplied the DoD with tetracene, RDX and PETN in one case, this may have just been distribution not production. 258

Also see US patent 3,253,496: ‘Method and Apparatus for Loading Particulate Material into Receptacles.’ (1966) Patent mentions loading of lead styphnate, nitrocellulose, perchlorates, etc.

Pennsalt Chemicals Corp., Def oliants & foliar desiccants DA -18 -064 -CML -2847A, NA WFC, p.30 TAB, 6 -1-66 King of Prussia, PA synthesis & screening 259 (evaluation of effectiveness PCC also held a Navy contract of anti-crop agents) for ‘chemical and pharmaceutical products manufacturing machinery’ which was part of an ammo. contract. 260 Not sure if PCC also made machinery but it was quite diversified, having

257 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=45&q=ordnance+products+ammunition&cat=all&dt=243&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50 258 http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/686281.pdf January 1969. 259 Also see Proceedings of Second Defoliation Conference, August 1964. Pennsalt also did prior RDT&E for the DoD. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/470094.pdf 260 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=3&q=pennsalt+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=244&tf=F&bc=sl 111

obtained several companies, amongst them R.H. Miller Co, which ran a wire mill and was acquired in 1967. 261 Penguin Associates Inc. , Munitions /FSCs: land mines, Various NARA 262 Parkesburg, PA grenades (M26 HE-frag), ammo. over 75mm (81mm HE M374), etc. Perry Plastics Inc., Erie, PA Development of the M14E1 NA TSAM, p.25 Prokosch cites an ad in AP mine ‘Ordnance’ magazine from July- Aug. 1963. Work probably done in 1950s. This mine also known ‘Toe Popper’. Manufacture of the M14 AP NA US Patent and Trademark It was made of plastic and very mine Office. hard to detect. Was widely used in SEA and remained a UXO problem for a long time. FSCs: bombs, fuzes and (NARA) 263 primers, ammo over 30mm Various NARA The issue of the double P that is up to 75mm, misc. weapons, found on many M14 mines was demolition materials, etc. one of the hardest mysteries to solve in this study. For good pictures of the M14 mines with manufacturer’s markings see 264 . The USPTO has the evidence for my claim. 265

261 http://arkema-inc.com/north-america-headquarters/our-history Judging from Arkema’s history (Pennsalt) has manufactured some of the most hazardous materials in the US including chlorine, hydrofluoric acid, organotin chemicals, caustic soda, etc. 262 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=499&mtch=11&q=penguin+ammunition&cat=all&dt=215&tf=F&bc=sl 263 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=7&q=perry+plastics+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=243&tf=F&bc=sl 264 http://www.iaaforum.org/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=9938 112

Perry mainly made household and kitchen utensils out of plastic. Ironically, they also patented an ‘Endotracheal Tube Holder’, US pat. 3,774,616 and a ‘Suture Cutter’, US Des. 223,735.

Manufacture of the M14 probably took place in the 1950s for the most part. In 1967 Perry became part of Blasius Industries of NYC. 266

Perry Industries , Hicksville, FSC: specialized ammunition Various. NARA 267 NY and ordnance machinery, UC weapons program (?), ammo. As previously mentioned, PI handling and servicing was a part of Bemis Co. equipment, ammo. boxes, etc. PI was known for making specialized industrial machinery/filling equipment for the pharmaceutical (syringes, vials, etc.) animal

265 USPTO Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS): Go to the structured form type and enter Perry Plastics or the serial number 71579514. Perry filed for this trademark in

1949, the trademark is dead and no longer in use. The Perry Plastics trademark looked like this: (picture from USPTO TESS). A simpler method is here: http://trademarks.justia.com/715/79/pp_71579514.html 266 http://www.sec.gov/news/digest/1967/dig072467.pdf 267 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=14&q=%22perry+industries%22&cat=GS29&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50 113

health, food industries. 268 Another example of a company involved in both “healing and hurting.” Poloran Product, Inc., New M131A1 fin assemblies DAAA09 -68 -C-0486, WFC, p.61 Rochelle, NY $1,491,000 Pittsburgh University, Prep aration of at least 25 NA TSAM, p.66 Probab ly the most important Pittsburgh, PA reports from 1961 to 1967 university in the US for DoD on: AP munitions, aircraft R&D. No known manufacturing weapons, mines, canister capability. projectiles.

Development of chemical warhead, E9, for Sergeant DA49 186AMC214D, NA TAB, 65-4, p. A101 Available via Hathi. Guided Missile.

Pfizer Co., NYC Study for Army about the NA, work done in 1966 Hersh, p.255 The Pfizer pharmaceutical growth and culture for company. unspecified bio. agents.

Production of rice blast spores for Army’s anti-crop NA, work 1951-1957 Susan Wright p.138 269 warfare program Surely Pfizer was deeply involved in CBW, considering that George W. Merck personally pledged for a US BW program in WWII, but this is a whole other subject.

268 http://www.moperry.com/index.php Not sure when Bemis acquired Bemis. 269 Wright, Susan: Biological Warfare and Disarmament: New Problems/ New Perspectives. Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. p. 138 114

Precision Plastics Co., Manufacture of M14 AP mine NA Various See 270 for pictures with the Philadelphia, PA manufacturer’s mark PPQ, which stands for Precision Plastics Co. The 1953 Army Ordnance Catalog with manufacturer’s codes list it as Precision Plastics.

Ordnance Corps pamphlet from 1957, titled ‘Plastics’, has evidence for my argument. On page 11 it says “Fig. 3 Injection- molded modified polystyrene parts for nonmagnetic mine M- 14. Courtesy of Precision Plastics Company.”

Without a doubt there were other manufacturers of the M14 mine, one of them may have been Victory Plastics Co., Hudson, MA. In Stanley S. Miller’s book (1964) ‘Manufacturing policy: a casebook of major production problems in six selected industries’, there is mention of contract for M14 AP mines,

270 http://www.iaaforum.org/forum3/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=9938 115

M19 AT mines, M2 AP mines and M606 fuzes in FY 1957. See page 335 of the google books snippet. 271 I may be mistaken, however, as I unfortunately do not have access to the book at the moment.

Prec. Plast. Co. also made children’s toys and records. 272 Plastic AP land mines and toys, now that’s diversified. Raytheon Co., Lexington, M904E2 nose fuze metal DAAA09 -68 -C-0243, WFC, p.61 MA parts $2,322,000 Ray. was also criticized by Human Rights Watch in the M905 tail fuze metal parts DAAA09-68-C-0027, Ibid loc. cit. 1990s for involvement in AP $3,070,200 mine production.

FSCs include: bombs, land mines, conv. munitions, fuzes Various NARA and primers, depth charges, 273 etc. Remingto n Arms Co., Inc. Parts for M526 fuze for M375 DAAA21 -69 -C-0240, WFC, p.70 As mentioned Remington was a Bridgeport, CT 81mm WP projectile $120,936 division of Du Pont.

Raven Industries, Inc., Sioux Arming device for BLU -7A/B DA11 -173 -AMC -652A, NA Ibid. loc. cit.

271 https://www.google.com/search?hl=de&tbo=1&tbm=bks&q=victory+plastics+M14&oq=victory+plastics+M14&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=14612l15231l0l15969l2l2l0l 1l0l0l154l154l0.1l1l0 272 Popular Science, December 1959, p. 144. The Navy Frogman was made by Precision Plastics. 273 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=49&q=raytheon+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50 116

Falls, SD firebomb

FSCs: bombs (CBU-3 Various NARA 274 dispenser and bomb), misc. ammo., pyrotechnics, RI was founded by four former unguided air launched General Mills employees. 275 weapons, etc. Reynolds Metals Co., 2.75 in ch rocket components NA, $ 1.05 m in 1968 EID, p.160 Products: aluminum, plastic Richmond, VA film products, cans, aluminum siding, etc.

FSCs: rockets and rocket ammo., chemicals (as part of Various NARA 276 ammo. program), metals (as part of ammo program), ammo 75mm-125mm, etc. Republic Corp., Scranton, PA M18 and M18A1 Claymore NA, $ 1,583,465 between FY EID, p.205 Products: Republic mini bikes, AP mines 67 and 69 film developing, brown plastic bottles, outdoor furniture, etc.

Practically all NARA contracts for land mines. 277 M.C. Ricciardi Co., Alpha, NJ Fibre containers for 2.75 inch NA, $1.4 m in FY 69 EID, p.206 rocket assemblies

FSCs: grenades, ammo. Various NARA 278 75mm-125mm, ammo. boxes, etc.

274 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=8&q=raven+ammunition&cat=all&dt=244&tf=F&bc=sl 275 http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Raven-Industries-Inc-company-History.html 276 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=15&q=reynolds+metals+ammunition&cat=all&dt=243&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=1 277 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=6&q=republic++corp.++scranton+ammunition&cat=all&dt=214&tf=F&bc=sl 278 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=8&q=ricciardi+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=244&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 117

Rocket Research Corp., R&D for AP mines NA, $ 172,483 FY68 EID, p.206 RRC mainly made rocket thrust Seattle, WA equipment. Part of Explosives R&D for scatterable mines NA, work done in FY69 Ibid loc. cit. Corp of America.

Work on advanced ICBM NA NARA 279

Raymond International, Morrison-Knudsen, Brown & The ‘tiger cages’ were Root and J.A. Jones essentially tools for torture, as Construction (RMK-BRJ), they were much too small for Various locations in USA people and conditions at Con Construction of ‘tiger cages’ NA, $400,000 according to The Harvard Crimson, Feb. Son were appalling. Article also at the Con Son prison, South Congressional Record 19 th , 1971. Article by Don published in LIFE magazine, July Vietnam October 11 th , 1972, S 17485 Luce. 17 th , 1970. Led to a public outcry. 280

Morrison-Knudsen also built the phosphate works for Monsanto in Soda Springs, ID 281 and was powerful between 1950s and 1970s. Radio Corp. of America, Fabrication of XM588 fuze NA, $300,000 FY67 -FY68 TSAM, p.61 RCA was founded in 1919 by NYC components Westinghouse, General Electric, AT&T and United Fruit, with FSCs: rockets and rocket Various financial support by US gov. ammo. (5 inch Zuni parts), NARA From what I understand, RCA bombs, fuzes and primers, was born out of war needs

279 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=5&q=%22rocket+research+corp.%22&cat=all&dt=244&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 280 http://books.google.de/books?id=jVUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA20&dq=life+magazine+july+17,+1970&hl=de&sa=X&ei=NozrTsf3A4yRsAbn- OGPBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=tiger&f=false 281 http://www.monsanto.com/whoweare/Pages/about-mining-operations.aspx 118

operations system during WWI, when the USA development, etc. desperately needed radio communications technology, which the Germans had interfered with. 282

(NARA) 283

Several famous artists were a part of RCA records such as Etta James, Abba, etc. Rois Mfg. Co. , Philadelphia, M158A1 2.75 inch rocket NA, $178,360 in FY 69 EID , p.207 PA launchers 284 Research Analysis Corp., Economic crop destruction as DA -44 -180 -ARO -1, NA WFC, p.30 TAB, 6 -15 -67 McLean, VA a Cold War/Counterinsurgency weapon (analsysis of usefulness of crop destruction) Rulon Co., Chicago, IL M48A3 PD fuze for 90mm DAAA09 -67 -C-0296, Ibid, p.70 and 120mm WP projectiles $4,353,501

FSCs: ammo. 75mm-125mm, Various fuzes and primers NARA 285 Rubbermaid Inc., Wooster, Plastic canisters for Tactical NA, $1.4 m in FY68 EID, p.207 Products: household articles, OH Fighter Dispenser Munition plastic and rubber products, automobile accessories, etc.

282 http://www.rca.com/about/the-rca-story/ and for a more in-depth look: http://sites.google.com/site/transistorhistory/Home/us-semiconductor-manufacturers/rca-history 283 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=7&q=radio+corp+of+america+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl 284 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=11&q=rois+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=1 285 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=11&q=rulon+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50 119

FSCs: land mines Various NARA 286

Canisters for gravel mines NA BOCN 287 Scovill Mfg. Co., Waterbury, Metal parts for cluster bombs NA, $4.2m for these EID, p.163 (top three) Products: air conditioners, CT metals, pins, window parts, Bomblet fuzes NA, $2.4m Jan. 1969 zippers, etc.

NA, $1.5m Apr. 1969

FSCs: misc. ammo., fuzes and Various NARA 288 primers Special Devices, Inc., Harassment explosive device AF08(635) -5265, NA, work TSAM, p.59 Indexed by DoD under AP Newhall, CA done in 1965-1966 munition and feasibility study. 289 FSC: conventional munitions See NARA NARA Is this a possible link to the mysterious plastic button bomblet? Security Signals, Inc. M66E1 ignition cartridge for DAAA09 -69 -C-0192, WFC, p.70 Cordova, TN M375 81mm WP projectile $610,955 and M374 81mm WP projectile

FSCs: ammo. 75mm-125mm Various NARA 290 (4.2 inch HE M329/XM502

286 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/free-text-search-results.jsp?cat=all&bc=sl&q=rubbermaid+ammunition 287 http://www.bocn.co.uk/vbforum/threads/50060-Button-Bombs/page2 Post #13, US-Subs: “The dispensers would eject canisters (mine is marked as manufactured by Tupperware) which would burst open on their way to the ground.” US-Subs is an EOD expert. 288 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=13&q=scovill+ammunition&cat=all&dt=244&tf=F&bc=sl 289 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial- records.jsp?s=492&dt=244&tf=F&bc=sl&q=special+devices+ammunition&btnSearch=Search&as_alq=&as_anq=&as_epq=&as_woq = 290 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=20&q=security+signals+ammunition&cat=all&dt=212&tf=F&bc=sl&pg=2 120

cartridge), ammo. over 30mm up to 75mm (60mm M83A3 with fuze M65 illum.), demolition materials, etc. Shock Hydrodynamics, Inc. Evaluation techniques for DAAA15 -67 -C-0172, $79,880 WFC, p.70 SH was a computational physics Sherman Oaks, CA flame and incendiary agents company, there seems to be no evidence that they manufactured anything, Study of supersonic delivery USAF Armament Lab, AF- Ibid, p.30 however they did research on of liquid CB agents 08(635)--4435 explosives, CB weapons, large caliber ammo. etc. 291 Skagit Corp., Sedro -Wooley, M94B1 cartridges for 105mm NA, $265,825 EID, p.207 Products: hoists, winches WA flechette projectiles

FSC: misc. ammo. Various NARA 292 Sperry Rand Corp., NYC Contract to load, assemble NA, $44 m (!) EID, p.166 This series of contracts was and pack (LAP) CBU-25/A AP most likely for the bombs, M151 2.75 inch Army Ammunition Plant in rocket warheads and other Shreveport, LA. Sperry was munitions for use in SEA operating contractor from 1961 until 1975, when Thiokol Corp. Contract modifications NA, $28.3 m increment ( !) Ibid loc. cit. became operating contractor. (addition) on the above Together, these two During the 1950s Remington represent some of the Rand was GOCO contractor and largest contracts in the designed a forging and whole study. machining plant for 155mm projectile metal parts which

291 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=499&mtch=5&q=shock+hydrodynamics+ammunition&cat=all&dt=215&tf=F&bc=sl 292 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=9&q=skagit+ammunition&cat=all&dt=244&tf=F&bc=sl 121

were made there during the Prime contract for Sergeant DA-04-495-ORD-3178, The Deseret News, 31 st Vietnam War too 293 , however surface-to-surface missile $16.86 m in 1961 March, 1961, p.11 see by Sperry Rand. Rem. Rand Google news. Also see 87 th made office equipment, electric Hearings, US Congress, 1 st shavers and computers. Sperry Session, Appropriations, vol. acquired Remington Rand in 3, 1961, p.27 (available via 1955. Hathi) Sperry Rand started out as an electric light company, diversifying with time it made electronics, gyrocompasses, computers, missile inertial guidance, etc. Later known as Unisys. Standard Kollsman M18 and M18A1 Claymore NA, $2,589,901 between EID, p.169 Industries, Melrose Park, IL AP mines (and metal parts) 1967 and 1969

Firing devices for AP mines, NA, $2.5m in January 1969 Ibid loc. cit. In EID an AP mine M57 is M57 mentioned. This is probably a mistake and the M57 is most likely referring to the firing device M57 a.k.a. the ‘clacker’.

294 FSCs: land mines, demolition Various NARA materials, etc. SKI made aircraft equipment, fire extinguishers, auto

293 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/enviro/LAAAP_IAP.pdf It should be noted that the Sergeant was designed not to hold primarily a HE warhead, but a nuclear or C/B warhead. See Popular Science, Feb. 1963, p.202 294 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=16&q=kollsman+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 122

accessories, electric blankets, switches, etc.

Stanford Research Institute, Fragmentation warhead AF08(635) -2915, $87,950 WFC, p.59 SRI also had research contracts Menlo Park, CA study for misc. ammo., firepower other than missiles, rocket Studies on flechettes DA04-200-501-ORD-844, NA TSAM, p.63 propulsion, etc. 295 work done in 1961 Sta -Rite Ginnie Lou, Inc., Arming wires for demolition F42600 -69 -C-0176,$121,000 Ib id, p.61 Shelbyville, IL bombs

FSCs: bombs, underwater Various NARA 296 mine inert components Stewart -Warner Corp., M904E2 nose fuze DAAA09 -68 -C-105, $915 ,173 WFC, p.61 Contracts held by South Wind Chicago, IL Div., Indianapolis, IN SW is a well-known and Development and respected company in the US manufacture of the E32 flame NA, work done ca. 1955 DTIC: Progress Report on automotive industry. They gun and E37 hose assembly Flame Warfare, 1955., p.6 made mainly instrumentation for portable flamethrowers AD084848 and gauges

E32 flame gun later known as Manufacture of AN-M4 NA, work done in early Edgewood Arsenal Technical M7. compressor for portable 1960s Report: The Bottle Pump-Up flamethrower Test Method Testing The AN-M4 Compressor, October 1976, p. 22

FSCs: ammo. 30mm-75mm, 297

295 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=8&q=stanford+ammunition&cat=all&dt=212&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 296 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=6&q=sta-rite+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 297 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=37&q=stewart+warner+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 123

75mm -125mm, bombs (GP NARA 750 lbs), land mines ( Various AP M26), etc.

Superior Steel Ball Co., New Steel balls and components NA, $8.1 m between 1968 EID, p.209 Prokosch’s excellent book ‘The Britain, CT for BLU-26 bomblets and March 1970 Technology of Killing’ is mentioned as a source Production of 4.5 billion (!) NA, several years of Unclear Path: Explosive (Prokosch, 1995, Zed Books). steel balls for BLU-26 contracts Remnants of War in bomblets Vietnam, p.49 . Sara Elizabeth Smits. Syracuse University Press, 2007. Susquehanna Corp., Please note the previous Alexandria, VA contracts held by Atlantic Atlantic Research did several Research and Flare Northern , studies on rocket fuel and which were both rocket propulsion. Susquehanna subsidiaries.

FSCs: misc. ammo., rockets (5 inch Zuni and 2.75 inch), Various NARA ammo. over 30mm up to 298 75mm, specialized ammunition and ordnance The Flare Northern Division, machinery, which had plants in West fort/mines/obstacles, bombs, Hanover, MA and Saugus, CA guided missiles, demolition worked on fuzes, flares, materials, pyrotechnics, primers, squibs, explosive aerial application of devices and rocket motor defoliants and O&M of igniters. 299

298 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=49&q=susquehanna+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=214&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50 299 Chemical and Engineering News: News Edition of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 41, Part 4, p.36, 1963. Google books: http://books.google.de/books?ei=dFzmTrC_EZHusgbD7Z3DCQ&ct=result&hl=de&id=RF9FAQAAIAAJ&dq=flare+northern+division&q=squibs 124

ammunition facility (probably Flare Northern Div. in West Hanover, MA)

Southeastern Distributing Inner housings for XM22 NA, $407,029 in FY66 EID, p.208 Co., Whitman, MA gravel mines

Inner/outer housings for NA, $246,500 in FY68 Ibid loc. cit. XM41E1 AP mines

All FSCs were related to land Various NARA 300 mines between FY67 and FY68, except for one

Standard Oil Co., NYC Gravel mine sensitivity study NA, NA TSAM, p.58 and EID, p.208 Products: Esso oil and gasoline, Enco and Humble petroleum products. Work done by Esso Research and Engineering. Sterling Commerical Steel Steel balls for CBU -24 and NA, $1,064,455 between EID, p.209 Precision metal balls were Ball Corp., Sterling, IL CBU-49 cluster bombs Jan. and Oct. 1969 major products.

FSCs: virtually all bombs Various NARA 301 Supreme Products M904E2 nose fuze metal DAAA09 -C-68 -C-0083, WFC, p.61 Corp.,Chicago, IL parts $271,472

M905 tail fuze metal parts DAAA09-69-C-0049, Ibid loc. cit. $277,500 FSCs: ammo. through 30mm, misc. ammo., bombs, fuzes NARA 302

300 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=21&q=southeastern+distributing+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=213&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50 301 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=495&mtch=5&q=sterling+commercial++ammunition&cat=all&dt=246&tf=F&bc=sl 302 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=15&q=supreme+products+ammunition&cat=all&dt=243&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50 125

and primers, etc Various

M505A3 PD fuze for 20mm WFC, p.70 HEI projectiles DAAA25-69-C-0164A, $1,877,720

Southwest Research Development of a rapid liquid DA18-035-AMC-708A, WFC, p.70 Institute, San Antonio, TX gelation system for $49,100 hydrocarbon flamethrower fuels

FSCs: specialized ammunition Various NARA 303 handling, advanced conventional ordnance, BW/CW program Smith and Wesson AN -M8 HC smoke , M18 and NA , not evident in which WWW 305 Pyrotechnics, Jefferson, OH M7 hand grenades years these items were Unfortunately, I cannot find made better evidence, but it is very FSCs: ammo. 30mm-75mm, NARA 304 likely that S&W made the AN- 75mm-125mm, grenades Various M8 chemical smoke hand grenade, which was filled with HC, or hexachlorethane, which could have severe effects ( besides a risk of starting a fire) on the young or elderly if they were exposed to the HC smoke in a closed space. Reported symptoms in Army experiments have included dry cough,

303 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=3&q=southwest+research+ammunition&cat=all&dt=243&tf=F&bc=sl 304 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record-detail.jsp?dt=215&mtch=1&cat=all&tf=F&q=smith+wesson+ammunition&bc=sl&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=140171 305 http://members.shaw.ca/dwlynn/Markings.htm#AmericanManufacturers Also see Applegate, Rex: Kill or Get Killed…Palladin Press, 1976, p.343. 126

vomiting, nosebleed, bronchial asthma leading to death in an elderly lady, burns of the cornea, acute respiratory distress, etc. 306

S&W acquired the Lake Erie Chemical Co. in Lake Erie, MI in 1966. 307 LEC was a major contractor for police and riot control equipment such as tear gas/smoke gas (CN, CS, HC). S&W was acquired by Bangor Punta Corp. in 1968. BP then sold S&W again in the 1980s. BP used an aggressive marketing strategy to acquire several police equipment manufacturers: General Ordnance (Mace chemical spray, non-lethal), Smith &Wesson (handcuffs, billy clubs, batons, etc.) and Lake Erie. Gen. Ord. and Lake Erie

306 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA277838 , p.13 307 Michael T. Klare: Supplying Repression: US Support for Authoritarian Regimes Abroad.Institute for Policy Studies, p.68. 1981. See http://www.google.de/imgres?imgurl=http://oldguns.net/pix/20324.jpg&imgrefurl=http://oldguns.net/catho.htm&usg=__8VXr3k8oYHo6vaxjL- VkdD4v5dk=&h=368&w=672&sz=20&hl=de&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=4BXBuwrE42DJCM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=176&ei=enXmTtemCs-QswaGmvzMCQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dan- m8%2Bhc%2Bgrenade%2Blake%2Berie%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dde%26rlz%3D1R2GGLL_en%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D634%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=154& vpy=160&dur=3442&hovh=166&hovw=304&tx=150&ty=99&sig=118172035142952952518&page=1&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0&biw=1280&bih=634 for Smith and Wesson tear grenade. Lake Erie Chemical Co. probably made the HC, which is a mixture of zinc powder and hexachlorethane. Also see Rex Applegate: Kill Or Get Killed, Riot Control Techniques, Manhandling…, p.343. 1976 . Federal Labs and Lake Erie are identified as mfrs. of HC grenades. 127

were in the Smith & Wesson Law Enforcement Group. 308 Note that many US police officers also used these ‘nonlethal’ weapons to brutalize blacks, ‘Communists’ and war opposers. Talley Industries, Inc. AN -M14 thermate hand DAAA15 -69 -C-0183, WFC, p.70 Thermate is barium nitrate, Mesa, AZ grenade $698,522 TH1, sulfur, in an oil binder. Burns at ca. 2037 ° C.

FSCs: grenades, ammo. Various NARA 309 75mm-125mm (4.2 inch illuminating M335 cartridge), The original M72 LAW (light pyrotechnics, propellant and anti-tank weapon) was not cartridge actuated devices, made by Talley but by Hesse ammo. over 125mm, M72 Eastern, Inc. of MA, in the early rocket launchers (LAW) and 1960s. Talley then became a 66mm rockets. contractor as well.

AN-M8 and M18 hand NA, no years of production WWW 310 Unfortunately no better grenades mentioned evidence at the moment. May have been made after VN war.

TI was and is a diversified company: acquired Waterbury Co. in 1968, a mfr. of

308 North American Congress on Latin America, vol. 10, 1976. P. 98 See google books. If in doubt that S&W made smoke grenades see US pat. 3,361,065: Personnel-disabling grenade, Smith & Wesson, Inc. : 1968. 309 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=31&q=talley+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 310 http://members.shaw.ca/dwlynn/Markings.htm#AmericanManufacturers 128

insecticides, buttons; General Time in 1970; Adorence apparel co. in 1969, etc. 311 Made/makes aerospace components, aircraft ejections seats, foundry equipment, etc. Technidyne, Inc., West Chemical fireball munition AF08 -635 -3554 WFC, p.70 Chester, PA concept

FSCs: rockets and rocket ammo., limited war Various NARA 312 laboratory, pyrotechnics, etc. T. also did R&D on gelled fuels, fine particle technology and incendiaries (Selling to Navy Prime Contractors, 1961-1967, p.93)

M5 casing burster assembly DAAA09-69-C-0019, WFC, p.70 for M60 105mm WP $451,095 projectile Teledyne Corp., Los Angeles, M158 launchers for 2.75 inch NA, $187,440 in Nov. 1967 EID, p.210 Products: electronics, aviation CA rockets control systems, oceanography equipment, microelectronics, hydraulics, alloys, etc. FSCs: bombs, rockets and rocket ammo., ammo. and 313 explosives / missiles Various NARA In 1967 Teledyne acquired Wah

311 http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Talley-Industries-Inc-company-History.html 312 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=4&q=technidyne+ammunition&cat=all&dt=214&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 313 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=495&mtch=19&q=teledyne+ammunition&cat=all&dt=246&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 129

components, ammo. Chang Corp., a specialty alloys, maintenance equipment, hafnium, tungsten and ammo. through 30mm, zirconium mfr. The latter, pyrotechnics, etc. zirconium had already become an important incendiary additive during the Vietnam War, for example in the BLU- 61/B bomblet which used zirconium as an incendiary agent. It is very likely that the zirconium for this munition and several other came from Teledyne Wah Chang’s Albany, OR , facility. It has been making zirconium ingots, tubes, powder and sponges (most important for ordnance) since 1956. This contract 314 from 1974 may clarify my argument.

TWCA probably also delivered the zirconium for the BLU-97/B Combined Effects Munition, designed in the 1980s and made by Honeywell and Aerojet.

Zirconium is a pyrophoric metal

314 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record- detail.jsp?dt=200&mtch=4&cat=GS29&tf=F&q=wah+chang+ammunition&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=195525&rlst=195526,195523,195525,195527 ‘Additive metal materials and master alloy (components) for the CBU-52.’ For info on TWC and zirconium for ordnance, see Ellen Omohundro: Living In A Contaminated World, Community Structures, Enivironmental Risks…, p.68. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2004. See google books. TWC was also fined by the Commerce Export Enforcement office in 1990 for delivering 130 tons of zirconium to Chile’s arms dealer Carlos Cardoen, owner of Industrias Cardoen, Ltda., in Chile. See: http://www.bis.doc.gov/enforcement/casesummaries/carloscardoen.html 130

which burns in contact with air.

Weapons work also done by Brown Engineering, a division.

Textron, Inc., RI Patent for a rocket propelled NA, application Jan. 1952, Google patents US patent 3,905,297 incendiary bomb patent Sep. 1976. Apparently Textron was not a FSCs: bombs, ammo. large munitions contractor until maintenance and repair Various NARA 315 it acquired AVCO in 1985 and equipment, ammo. handling AAI Corp. in 2007. equipment, Textron acquired Bell Aerospace and subsidiaries in 1960 Technical Operations, Inc., Claymore employment DA04 -351 -AVI -1228, work TSAM, p.24 Burlington, MA techniques side experiment done 1958

A brief study of individual- type (standing man) targets NA Ibid, p.62 TAB, 1960, no.1-1 for use in field tests of the effects of fragmentation weapons Technik, Inc., Garden City, Sabot, flechette and tracer DA30 -069 -ORD -3734, NA TSAM, p.70 NY flechette investigations Temco, Inc., Nashville, TN SUU -30B/B ‘Sadeye’ NA, $6,559,400 between EID, p.210 Work done by Cullman dispensers and containers Jan. 1968 and March 1969 subsidiary in Alabama and by Temco in Nashville. FSCs: ammo. 75mm-125mm (106mm M344 HEAT, Various NARA 317 105mm M314A2 w/fuze Temco was part of LTV, or Ling

315 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=495&mtch=6&q=textron+ammunition&cat=all&dt=246&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 317 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=21&q=temco+ammunition&cat=all&dt=214&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 131

illum.), bombs Temco Vought. Temco Electronics and Missile was acquired in 1960, Vought Production of the MGM-52 Aircraft then merged with Ling- Lance surface-to-surface, NA, work started in 1962 Designation Systems 316 Temco in 1961. Then in 1966, which carried a W-70 10 LTV acquired Wilson Foods, kiloton thermonuclear whose main product was meat, warhead (Vought division of but also made pigskin footballs, LTV) derived hormones and steroids from animal organs, this work was done by the pharmaceutical division.

See 318 for LTV history. Thiokol Chemical Corp., Design and development of a NA, $189,739 in 1968 EID, p.211 Another large contractor for Bristol, PA, Brigham City, gravel mine sterilization ordnance, propellant and UT, Denville, NJ system chemicals for the military.

Development of a chemical Major products: ceramic tiles, fuze for AP mines NA, $537,730 in 1968 Ibid loc. cit. Imp, Sprite, Rangemaster, Sno- Packer and Juggernaut off-road vehicles, sprayers, kitchen Operation and maintenance cabinets, chemicals, etc. of the Longhorn AAP in NA, contract started in 1956 CEP report: 21 corps… The LHAAP did LAP work on Marshall, TX illumination and pyrotechnic ordnance and LAP of propellant Investigations of low-density DA36-034-AMC-0166A WFC, p.59 and pyrotechnic mixtures.

316 http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-52.html The Lance missiles themselves were made near Detroit, Michigan, in a Vought Aircraft plant. See: http://www.voughtaircraft.com/heritage/peoplaces/html/ldallas61.html Also see: http://cgi.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?VISuperSize&item=150681149774 for an original LTV ad with the Lance on it. 318 http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/The-LTV-Corporation-company-History.html 132

are denial mine systems Rocket motors and rocket propellant also made here. 319 CS-1 riot control agent DAAA15-69-C-0150, $38,340 Ibid, p.34 320 105mm, 155mm illuminating shells, 4.2 inch illuminating Patent for portable NA Google patents. US patent mortars, hand signals, 60mm, flamethrower 3,335,780, filed 1965, pat. 81mm illuminating mortar 1967 catridges, AN/ALA-17 flares and XM40 anti-intrusion button bomblets were LAP here. 321

322 Production of rocket solid NA, contract from 1965 DTIC propellant rocket motors for Minuteman ICBM

Operation of parts of the NA, work begun in 1949, not DTIC/EPA RA made components of rocket in certain when contract motors and manufactured Huntsville, AL expired propellant. 323 324

Study on ‘Pressure Thrust DA 18-108-AMC-130 (A), NA DTIC, AD429918 Relationships of Visco-Elastic Work done in 1963 by Reaction

319 http://www.denix.osd.mil/perchloratesummaries/upload/TX_Longhorn-AAP.pdf 320 http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/p700_16.pdf 321 Minutes of the Ninth Explosives Safety Seminar, San Diego, 1967, p.364 322 http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0800781 323 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA175812 324 http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/rods/fulltext/r0404662.pdf Redstone is now a Superfund site, meaning it is an abandoned hazardous waste site, probably due to perchlorates, cadmium , nickel, chromium, etc. 133

Fluids’ Motors Division. This was work on heavy flamethrowers (semi- portable) Operation of the Woodbine, NA, work begun ca. 1964 The Florida-Times Union GA chemical plant newspaper, Oct. 17 th , 2010 325 Magnesium flares made here. NARA gives evidence of ‘military chemical agents’

Thiokol’s Brigham City, UT, division has manufactured rocket motors for several US nuclear warfare missiles such as Pershing, Poseidon, Peacekeeper along with the rocket fuel for them. Thiokol, at one point, had 70% of the solid rocket fuel market. It was a diversified company, like Olin, Du Pont, Aerojet and FMC.It was able to produce chemicals and metal components. Although Thiokol mainly did R,D and mfr. of propellant, it should be noted that the line between rocket propellant and explosives for munitions is sometimes very thin. Thiokol also held contracts for (FSCs) guided missile components, warhead

325 http://jacksonville.com/news/metro/2010-10-18/story/look-back-huge-blast-71-obliterated-woodbine-chemical-plant 134

explosive components, rockets and rocket ammo., misc. ammo., conv. ammo., etc. 326 Thompson -Ramo - Production of M -14 rifles DA -33 -019 -AMC -14(W), FY Administration of the Work done in 1962. M -14 rifles Wooldridge (TRW), Inc., and several contract 1963, $17,423,458.50 Service Academies, Report also made by Olin-Mathieson Cleveland, OH modifications for this item and Hearings of the Special and Harrington & Richardson . Subcommittee on Service Academies, Committee on Later known as TRW, Inc. Large Services, House of and important supplier for Representatives, Ninetieth automobile, electronics and Congress, First and Second aerospace components. Sessions, Sept. 1967-July 1968. US GPO, 1968, p. TRW also mfrd. the 25 mm TRW 11022. Available via Hathi. 6425 cannon AKA Bushmaster. 327

FSCs: conv. ammo. , ammo. 328 over 125mm, Mk 48 torpedo, Various NARA ASW, etc Tepper& Sons, Inc., Deer Body and cap assembly for DAAA15 -69 -C-0065, WFC, p.70 Park, NY M34 WP hand grenades $254,737

M30 cluster and M14 fin assembly for M36 incendiary Ibid loc. cit. bomb DAAA15-69-C-0160, $1,815,643

M15 assembly for M36

326 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=254&q=thiokol&cat=GS29&dt=244&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50&pg=3 327 http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Ammunition-Handbook/25-x-137-round-Switzerland.html 328 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=14&q=T+R+W+ammunition&cat=all&dt=212&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 135

incendiary bombs Ibid loc. cit. DAAA15-69-C-0172, $2,241,674 Tr avelers Research Center, CBW effectiveness Edgewood Arsenal, DA -18 - WFC, p.30 (all three) Inc., Hartford, CT methodology: an analysis of 035-AMC-727A needs and current status and methodology and applied studies relevant to CBW operations research

Techniques for dosage prediction: development of Dugway Proving Ground, mathematical models for DA-42-007-AMC-247R, NA computation of CBW attacks

Study of aerosol diffusion Dugway, DAAD09-68-C- over a woodlot complex 0042, NA

TRO Mfg. Co., Franklin P ark, M48A3 fuze for 90mm and N00419 -69 -C-0001, WFC, p.70 Also see 329 IL 120mm WP projectiles $352,800 Trenton Textile Engineering Inner housings for XM22 NA, $234,808 in FY 66 EID, p.211 and Manufacturing Co., gravel mines Trenton, NJ Since the gravel mines were Initial letter contract on NA, $25,000 in FY 68 EID, p.212 essentially just a cloth bag filled XM41 gravel AP mines with explosives, the manufacturing process Inner/outer housings for NA, $228,900, FY 68 Ibid loc. cit. probably wasn’t too difficult for XM41E1 gravel AP mines a textile co.

329 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=495&mtch=4&q=tro+ammunition&cat=all&dt=246&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 136

Components for XM45E1 NA Also see 330 mines Ibid loc. cit. Tyler Corp., Dallas, TX Production of SUU -30/B NA, $ 9,123,210 between EID, p.174 Former ly known as Saturn ‘Sadeye’ dispensers October 1966 and October Industries. Major products: 1969 precision machine parts, helicopter sub-assemblies, electronic parts, transportation. Uniroyal, Inc., NYC and Explosives LAP and NA, $7.1 m in May 1969 and EID, p .177 Products: rubber goods, Naugatuck, CT assembling cluster bombs $17.1 m contract mod. naugahyde (artificial leather), (probably at the Joliet AAP in between 1969 and 1970. sporting goods, apparel, Will County, IL), where agricultural products, retailing. explosives were also U.S. Rubber Co. changed its produced name to Uniroyal in 1961. Uniroyal Chemical Co. was a subsidiary and made various Production of ‘Agent Orange’ DSA-400-67-C-5959, WFC, p.34 heavy chemicals and / butyl ester herbicides $284,000 Butyl ester herbicides made intermediates. by U.S. Rubber Co., (Agent Orange) 331 Naugatuck, CT. JAAP was a very large facility Contract DSA-400-67-C- with both a LAP area and a 5959, $284,000 (GCD cited) manufacturing area, which produced TNT, DNT and tetryl (trinitrophenylmethylnitramine) FSC: bombs See NARA 1971-1972 NARA and constituent chemicals. 332 In 1971 at least, Uniroyal purchased large amounts of oleum from Wilson

330 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=13&q=trenton+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 331 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34761.pdf and http://www.bluewaternavy.org/bases/Arkansawbase.pdf However, it appears that in one case, the Vertac Chem. Corp actually made the agents. Uniroyal Chemical Co. Elmira plant, near Ontario made roughly 2.6 million liters of Agent Orange for use in Vietnam. See: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/archives/last-ghost-of-the-vietnam-war/article697346/singlepage/#articlecontent For background info on the city of Elmira, see: Environmental Sociology: Theory and Practice, p.313. Captus Press, 1995. Written by Michael D. Mehta and Eric Ouellet. 332 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/enviro/JOAAP_IAP.pdf 137

Pharmaceutical and Chemical Corp. 333 (formerly known as Wilson & Co. )which had been acquired by LTV Corp. in 1967. Oleum , or fuming sulfuric acid is essential for the production of TNT. From the 1940s to 1977 roughly 4 billion pounds of HE, mainly TNT, were made at JAAP’s mfg. area. 334 United Technology Center, Production of napalm NA, work ended due to WFC, p.66 UTC was a divison of United Redwood City, CA public pressure early in 1967 Aircraft Corp., Stratford, CT. but According to Takman, Members of UAC were Sikorsky, p.129, UTC had a contract Hamilton Standard, Norden for 50 million kg of napalm and probably several others. for $11m. UAC served the aerospace, electronics and machinery industries.

According to 335 UTC in Redwood City was the largest contractor for napalm in 1966, followed by Dow Chemical. United States Time Corp., Work on de sign, DA19 -020 -AMC -0163A, NA TSAM, p.25 Became Timex in 1969. Waterbury, CT development and fabrication work done 1960-1963 of ‘SSS’ AP mine

Fabrication of superquick Various NARA 336

333 US GAO, April 22nd, 1971. Review of Selected Operations at JAAP, p.3 334 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/aap-joliet.htm 335 http://www.h-net.org/~business/bhcweb/publications/BEHonline/2011/hay.pdf Amy Hay is an assistant professor of History at University of Texas. 336 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=13&q=united+states+time+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=214&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 138

fuzes M564 USTC also made other fuzes and primers. Universal Match Corp., St. US patent 3,352,238 for an NA Goo gle patents Changed its name to UMC Louis, MO ‘Atomizer and Method for Industries about 1966. Disseminating Toxicants’, patented Nov. 1967

Production of USMC NA Missiles Transportation Work done by Ferguson, MO launcher for RIM-2 Terrier Data/ Military Traffic plant. SAM missile Managament, 1960, p. 26

Production of AN-M8 HC and NA WWW 337 Unfortunately not the most M18 smoke grenades accurate of info but it is surely feasible, since UMC did several previous flare contracts for the DoD, such as the RR-82 decoy flare, QRC-353 (T)1 flare, Mk47 FSCs include: launchers, Mod 0 , etc. 338 Production of torpedo and depth charges,, Various NARA the AN-M8 and other ordnance grenades, CB weapons ( may items probably mainly took be linked to the patent), place in the Armament / ammo. 75mm-125mm, Unidynamics Division in launchers guided missile Phoenix, AZ. 339 UMC Industries (MGM-31 Pershing), infantry received a $1,038,960 contract individual and supporting for smoke grenades in 1967. 340

337 http://members.shaw.ca/dwlynn/Markings.htm#AmericanManufacturers 338 http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA495417 339 http://www.freepyroinfo.com/Pyrotechnic/Pyrotechnic_Books/Ellern_Pyrotechnics.pdf Historical account by Dr. Ellern, who was head scientist for UMCs ordnance/pyrotechnics R&D in Phoenix. In this document, he speaks about the AN-M8 HC grenade. “The fumes are somewhat toxic but only slightly irritating and cause no serious adverse effects for short periods of exposure” (p.151) and “HC-smoke mixtures react at very high temperature, bringing the steel canisters to red heat…” (p.150). 340 Army R&D, volume 8, 1967, p.21. Available via Hathi. 139

weapons, rockets and rocket ammo (MGR-1 Honest John), (NARA) 341 etc

New Methods of Chemical Edgewood Arsenal, DA-18- WFC, p.30 Unidynamics Div. Agent Dissemination by 035-AMC-371A, NA Thermal Means, in which the hot gases from a burning pyrotechnic melt, ablate and vaporize the agent

United States Steel Corp., Mk81 Mod 1 250-lb bomb N00104-68-C-0826, WFC, p.61 Very large US steel Pittsburgh, PA bodies $6,739,920 manufacturer. Poor environmental record and anti- Mk82 Mod 1 500-lb bomb N00104-68-C-3599, Ibid loc. cit. union. bodies $13,210,740

FSCs: bombs (Snakeye I Various NARA 342 Mk15/82 500 lb), ammo. over 30mm up to 75mm, plate, sheet and strip iron (ammo. program), chemicals (ammo. program), ammo. over 125mm, operation and maintenance of ammo. facility in Berwick, PA (?), etc.

U.S. and W.R. Eakins Co., Brooklyn, NY Prime contract for napalm NA WFC, p.66

341 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=493&mtch=89&q=universal+match+corp.&cat=GS29&dt=243&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50&pg=1 342 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=41&q=united+states+steel+corp.++ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 140

and associated chemicals Victor Comptometer Corp., BLU -26 steel balls NA, $2.2 m EID, p.180 Products: fishing equipment, Chicago, IL rifles, archery equipment, golf BLU-26/B and BLU-59/B NA, $456,000 Ibid loc. cit. balls, office equipment, billiard carbon steel balls equipment, golf clubs, toys (Ertl). Steel balls for bomblets NA, $1m Ibid loc. cit.

FSCs: bombs (‘Sadeye’ with Various NARA 343 Probably components for bomblet CBU-24) BLU-26 or BLU-36. VIZ Manufacturing Co., XM57 AP mine components NA, $701,760 FY 68 EID, p.212 Products: electronic recording Philadelphia, PA devices. Once again, the XM57 AP mine remains mysterious. I FSCs: demolition materials Various NARA have found no literature on an and fuzes and primers XM57 AP mine. (NARA) 344

Vitro Corp. of America , NYC An Ecological Study of the AF -08 (635) -5150, NA WF C, p.30 and DTIC 345 and Silver Spring, MD Effects of Certain Acquired 1968 by Concentrations of Cacodylic Automation Industries. Acid on Selected Fauna & Vitro had acquired Kellex Flora- tests on toxicity of Corp. in 1950 and a JR anti-crop agent cacodylic acid Simplot facility. Kellex had done construction on the FSCs: rockets and rocket Muscle Shoals CW plant. ammo., specialized ammo. Various NARA 346 handling and servicing Kellex Corp. had constructed equipment, Mk-48 torpedo, Oak Ridge, TN facility in WWII

343 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=495&mtch=5&q=victor+comptometer+ammunition&cat=all&dt=246&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 344 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=4&q=viz+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 345 http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0652852 346 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=495&mtch=19&q=vitro+ammunition&cat=GS29&dt=246&tf=F&bc=sl&rpp=50 141

mine warfare development, in the course of the underwater mine inert ‘Manhattan Project’ for components, etc. nuclear weapons. Vitro had manufacturing Production of misc. nuclear N00164000407, $50-99,000 NARA capabilities and used these ordnance for aerospace, electronics, missiles and torpedo sectors and civilian nuclear reactors. Vitro also supplied the Atomic Energy Commission with uranium. 347 This probably came from Utah.

(nuclear ordnance) 348

Workers at the Canonsburg, PA facility, who were part of the US post-WWII nuclear weapons program were heavily exposed to radiation. 349 Vitro started out as Standard Chemical Co., Pittsburgh, PA. Waterbury Steel Ball Co., Steel balls for CBU -24/49 NA, $73,800 in Jan. 1969 EID, p.213 Products: precision steel balls Waterbury, CT cluster bombs

FSCs: bombs (Sadeye with Various NARA 350 bomblet CBU-24) The Waterbury companies, whose products ranged from

347 http://www.observer-reporter.com/or/story11/11-29-2011-vitro-manufacturing 348 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/record-detail.jsp?dt=246&mtch=2&cat=all&tf=F&q=vitro+nuclear&bc=sl&rpp=10&pg=1&rid=178809&rlst=178748,178809 349 http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09067/954009-58.stm 350 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=495&mtch=3&q=waterbury+steel+ball+co.&cat=all&dt=246&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 142

insecticides to zippers, were acquired by Talley Industries in 1968. 351 There may be a connection between the two. Witco Chemical Co., Chicago, Prime contract for napalm NA WFC, p.66 Also see Leffingwell. IL and associated chemicals

FSCs: military chemical agents (ammo. program), Various NARA 352 misc. ammo., misc. waxes, oils and fats (part of ammo. program), chemicals Westinghouse Electric Co., Integrated circuits for 2.75 DAAAG39 -67 -C-0049, WFC, p.60 Molecular Electronics Div., Pittsburgh, PA inch rockets $50,000 Elkridge, MD

Launching system for Poseidon submarine-based NA Westinghouse website. 353 missile developed in 1967

Patent for ‘Apparatus and Method of Varying Initial NA Google patents. 354 Velocity of Hedgehog Projector Charges’, pat. 1962

FSCs: torpedo explosive Various NARA components, Mk 48 torpedo, 355

351 http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Talley-Industries-Inc-company-History.html 352 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=494&mtch=10&q=witco+ammunition&cat=all&dt=244&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 353 http://www.westinghouse.com/timeline.html also see http://www.cheniere.org/misc/minuteman.htm for info on the Westinghouse frequency converter on the Minuteman missile. 354 http://www.google.com/patents?id=5PRrAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA6&dq=westinghouse+missile&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KQnuTv- 6DNCeOome9JcI&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=westinghouse%20missile&f=false 143

production engineering service, etc. W. was and is very diversified: electronics, electric home appliances, nuclear reactors , jet engines, elevators, video cameras, microwaves, etc. Whirlpool Corp., Benton Design and development of DA33 -008 -ORD -2118 and WFC, p.60 (both contracts) Evansville Ordnance Div., Harbor, MI new and improved flechettes others Evansville, MD. and applicable weapons systems Major products: refrigerators, washing XM380E5 and XM603E1 DAAA21-69-C-0098, machines, microwaves, 105mm ‘Beehive’ projectiles $3,487,806 and DAAA21-69- ranges, etc. C-0092, $1,643,009

FSCs: ammo. 75mm-125mm, Various NARA 356 ammo. over 125mm, Shillelagh missile MGM-51, FA weapons and equipment(maybe fuel air ?), pyrotechnics, specialized ammo. and ordnance machinery, guided missile components, etc. Whittaker Corp ., L.A., CA Loading and packing of DAAA25 -69 -C-0177A, WFC, p.70 M505A3 fuze for 20mm HEI $2,376,000 Also see Columbus Milpar. projectiles

FSCs: bombs (Snakeye I Various NARA

355 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=496&mtch=26&q=westinghouse+ammunition&cat=all&dt=212&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 356 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=497&mtch=35&q=whirlpool+ammunition&cat=all&dt=213&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 144

Mk15/82 500 lb.), rockets 357 and rocket ammo. (RIM-66 Standard Missile, 2.75 inch WC was a massive rocket all types, ammo conglomerate with a 75mm-125mm (81mm HE complex of 80 companies M374), Sadeye dispenser, under its control by 1969. It fuzes and primers, started out as an aerospace demolition materials, etc. component manufacturer and then went into Igniters for 2.75 inch rocket DAAA21-68-C-0674, $999,552 WFC, p.60 computers and electronics. 358 motors Products included structural BLU-24/B and BLU-66/B NA, $19 m in Oct. 1968 EID, p.184 metals, metal alloys, radios, bomb components gym equipment, furniture, yachts (Columbia, Coronado, Nozzle assemblies for 2.75 NA, 83,250 FY69 Ibid loc. cit. Trojan, Kettenberg, etc.) inch rockets John Wood Co., St. Paul, MN M131A1 fin assemblies DAAA09 -69 -C-0208, WFC, p.61 $1,454,412 Wurlitzer Co., Chicago, IL Power suppl y for XM429 NA, $546,566 EID, p.188 Wurlitzer jukeboxes, electronic proximity fuzes for instruments, etc. 2.75 inch rockets

FSCs: unguided conv. air Various NARA 359 launched weapons, fuzes and primers (fuze VT XM429 and Power supply for fuzes 2.75 inch fuzes and primers), mentioned is PS113A (WFC, etc. p.60). Z D Products, El Segundo, CA M48 fuze for 90mm and NA, $ 1,065,000 WFC, p.70 Army R&D, Sep. 68 120mm WP projectiles

357 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=54&q=whittaker+ammunition&cat=all&dt=214&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50&pg=1 358 http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Whittaker-Corporation-Company-History.html 359 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=4&q=wurlitzer+ammunition&cat=all&dt=214&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd 145

ZD was a subsid. of Wells FSCs: ammo. through 30mm, Various Marine, Costa Mesa, CA. ammo 75mm-125mm (fuze NARA 360 PD M557), fuzes and primers (81mm HE illum M301 ZD also made 20mm cartridge), etc. projectiles and held several contracts for these with the DoD. 361 Zeller Corp., Fort Wayne, IN M56A3 20mm HEI projectiles DAAA25 -69 -C- WFC, p.70 0184A/$2,516,603 NA, $4.7m and $3.2m EID, p.190 Products: radios, TV sets, contract modification on this picture tubes.

Zenith Radio Corp., Chicago, M429 electronic proximity Various NARA 362 IL fuze for 2.75 inch rockets Zenith was a large US electronics corporation that FSCs: rockets and rocket produced TVs, stereos, ammo. (M72 66mm HEAT), remote controls, radio sets, fuzes and primers (2.75 etc. inches rockets), demolition materials, guided missile components, etc.

360 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=495&mtch=15&q=wells+marine+ammunition&cat=all&dt=246&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&rpp=50 361 US GAO: Ammunition Procurement Fiscal Year 1969, accession number 092868, Sep. 21st, 1970. Other contractors for 20mm projectiles mentioned for 1966 to 1969 are Harvey Aluminum, Zeller, Amron. 362 http://aad.archives.gov/aad/display-partial-records.jsp?f=498&mtch=12&q=zenith+ammunition&cat=all&dt=214&tf=F&bc=,sl,sd&pg=1 146

i) http://www.rfaap.army.mil/docs/RFAAP%20History.pdf

Bibliography

Books

Books not in order of importance. Please see full table for more details. More literature may be found in the study. Books marked with one star represent good sources and were most frequently used. Three stars represent superb and crucial literature without which this study would have been impossible.

*Hersh, Seymour: Chemical and Biological Warfare, America’s Hidden Arsenal. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968.

Gervasi, Tom: Arsenal of Democracy. American Weapons Available for Export. New York: Random Press, 1978.

Enidicott, Stephen and Hagerman, Edward: The United States and Biological Warfare, Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998.

*SIPRI: Chemical Disarmament, New Weapons for Old. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1975.

Tompkins, John: The Weapons of World War III, The Long Road Back from the Bomb. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1966.

***Prokosch, Eric: The Simple Art of Murder: Antipersonnel Weapons and Their Developers. Philadelphia: NARMIC, 1972.

147

***Kanegis, Arthur, Klare, Michael, et. al: Weapons for Counterinsurgency. Chemical/Biological, Anti-Personnel, Incendiary. NARMIC/AFSC: Philadelphia, 1970.

***Tom Riddell, Lance Miner, et. al: Efficiency in Death, The Manufacturers of Anti-Personnel Weapons. CEP: New York: Harper & Row, 1970.

Robinson, Anthony (ed.): Weapons of the Vietnam War. New York: Gallery Books, 1983.

Miller Judith et. al: Germs: Biological Weapons and America’s Secret War. Boston: GK Hall, 2002.

Whitby, Simon: Biological Warfare Against Crops. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2002.

Vogler, John and Russell, Alan: The International Politics of Biotechnology, Investigating Global Futures. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.

Miller, Dorothy: History of Air Force Participation in the Biological Warfare Program, 1944-1954, Vols. 1 and 2. US Air Force, Air Materiel Command, Historical Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: 1952.

*Takman, John: Napalm. Streitschrift und Dokumentation. Ein Internationales Symposium über chemische und biologische Kriegsführung gegen Vietnam. Berlin: Union-Verlag, 1968.

SIPRI: Anti-Personnel Weapons. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978.

Online Resources

These are not in order of importance and represent only the root menu of the website. For the full link please see the footnotes. The full table may also contain more links. Links with one are a good source of info. Three starts represent a crucial and excellent source.

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http://gao.gov/ * http://www.globalsecurity.org/ * http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ http://www.fundinguniverse.com/index.php * http://bordeninstitute.army.mil/ http://www.fas.org/ * http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/ *** http://www.nal.usda.gov/ http://aad.archives.gov/aad/ *** http://afspacemuseum.org/ http://babcock.com/ http://warboats.org/ http://www.life.com/ http://dayzim.com/ http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/habs_haer/ *

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http://www.vcdh.virginia.edu/index.php?page=VCDH http://www.vn-agentorange.org/ * http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelwissen/ http://fmc.com/ http://www.the-monitor.org/ http://www.cma.army.mil/ http://kidde.com/utcfs/Templates/Pages/Template-46/1,8060,pageId=794&siteId=384,00.html

http://www.epa.gov/ http://tbrnews.org/wordpress/ http://wstiac.alionscience.com/privacy.html http://www.history.navy.mil/ http://in.gov/ http://agentorangelaw.net/ http://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/ http://www.hathitrust.org/ ***

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http://www.nasm.si.edu/ http://history.army.mil/ http://ech.cwru.edu/ http://www.latimes.com/ http://niindustries.com/ http://envirosagainstwar.org/ http://arkema-inc.com/index.cfm http://trademarks.justia.com/ * http://sec.gov/ http://moperry.com/ http://www.popsci.com/ http://www.monsanto.com/Pages/default.aspx http://www.rca.com/ http://www.youtube.com/ http://medicomfg.com/ http://www.sussex.ac.uk/

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http://www.pantex.com/ http://www.mindfully.org/ http://www.osti.gov/ http://www.nrdc.org/default_t1.asp http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/ *** http://books.google.com/ http://www.uspto.gov/ * http://www.google.com/patents *** http://news.google.com/ http://www.nature.com/nature http://www.jstor.org http://maic.jmu.edu/ordata/search.asp?SearchMode=0 * http://www.enviroreporter.com/ http://www.ebay.com/ http://www.designation-systems.net/ * http://aerojet.com/home.php

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http://www.gunbroker.com/ http://www.iaaforum.org/forum3/ http://www.bocn.co.uk/vbforum/ http://wk2ammo.com/

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