Tradisjoner for Vanlig Fele – Og En Del Annet

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Tradisjoner for Vanlig Fele – Og En Del Annet Institutt for musikkvitenskap, UiO Litteratur MUS1301 V2010 1 Tradisjoner for vanlig fele { og en del annet. Av Olav Sæta (nov. 2004) Denne artikkelen er ment som et supplement til, og et rammeverk for, det materialet omkring folkemusikk p˚afele som presenteres ved uka p˚a Ole Bull Akademiet og tilhørende undervisning p˚abachelor-niv˚aved IMT UiO i perioden 2004-2011. Framstillinga er derfor generell og temarettet, uten presentasjon av enkeltspelemenn eller detaljstudium av sl˚attemateriale. (Sl˚att; folkemu- sikalsk fellesbetegnelse p˚atradisjonelle felemelodier). Artikkelens siktem˚al er ˚agi et historisk overblikk over felas utbredelse og bruksm˚ate,og fele- musikkens egenart, i bygde-Norge (ikke-profesjonelle miljøer) gjennom ei blomstringstid for det som i dag kalles folkekultur: folkemusikk og -dans, rosemaling, treskjæring mm, særlig p˚a17- og 1800-tallet. Noen punkter her er: • Felas ankomst til v˚areomr˚ader. • Den gamle felemusikkens sjangre og egenart. • Felas posisjon og funksjoner i samværsformene hos almuen, dvs felemusikk i lokalt kulturhistorisk perspektiv. Musikk Det viktige i v˚arsammenheng er ˚ase fela som bærer av et klingende mu- sikalsk materiale som har eksistert med forbausende livskraft over svært lang tid. Slik tradisjonell felemusikk kan oppleves ogs˚ai dag, med stort sett de samme typer og former den har hatt gjennom ˚arhundrer, og med karakteristiske stiltrekk som gjør den lett gjenkjennelig blant andre sjang- re. Men funksjonene musikken var knyttet til i tidligere tider er dels helt borte, dels endret. Det vi snakker om er i hovedsak solistisk felemusikk, der ´engod spele- mann og hans ferdighet og repertoar kunne dekke den tidas viktigste be- Institutt for musikkvitenskap, UiO Litteratur MUS1301 V2010 2 hov for instrumentalmusikk, i funksjon til dans og i bryllupsseremonier, og sjølsagt ogs˚asom musikalsk opplevelse. Denne musikktypens posisjon og prestisje har vært svært variabel det siste halvannet ˚arhundret. I en del geografiske omr˚aderog sosiale miljøer i bygde-Norge kunne deler av denne musikkulturen, i tradisjonell og funksjo- nell bruk, være aktuell fram mot tidlig 1900-tall. Men da hadde posisjonen for de eldste sjangrene som halling, pols/springar og marsj, vært p˚aretur siden midt p˚a1800-tallet. Konkurransen kom fra et bredt spekter av nye danse- og musikkmoter, fra religiøse vekkelser mm. I andre miljøer, f eks i mer urbane strøk, eller p˚abredbygder nær byene, der mer skolerte impulser kom inn tidlig, kunne mye av den tradisjonelle musikken være fortrengt allerede midt p˚a1800-tallet, til fordel for mer skolert utførelse av komponert ensemblemusikk. Slike overgangsperioder mot ei ny tid kunne vare lenge, faktisk i flere generasjoner, der mange forhold og impulser virket inn. Ofte bidro gjerne de spelemennene som hadde ekstra talent og ferdig- het, eller andre musikere med litt skolering, til ei generell utvikling og modernisering av lokalt musikkliv. Samtidig har folkemusikken alltid hatt en rekke entusiaster og bevarere i sine rekker, der ogs˚aflere sentrale kulturpersonligheter, komponister og musikkforskere har ivret for folke- musikken og dens betydning gjennom snart 200 ˚ar. Organisert innsamlingsarbeid av folkemusikk har foreg˚attsiden før midten av 1800-tallet, og bevarings- og dyrkingsarbeid siden rundt 1900. Hele 1900-tallets aktivitet p˚afeltet, med lydinnsamling siden 1920-tallet, har resultert i en enorm rikdom av folkemusikalsk lydmateriale som fort- satt finnes tilgjengelig. NRK sine faste sendinger siden 1930-tallet og store serier av plateutgivelser, har ogs˚avært viktige for ˚abevare og formidle slikt materiale. S˚akom 1970-tallets bølge innen all folkelig musikk med ny glød og ny fart i det organiserte arbeidet (spelemannslag mm). Siden er det gitt mulighet for undervisning i folkemusikk p˚aalle niv˚aerav undervisning, og i dag uteksaminerer Norges Musikkhøgskole og Ole Bull Akademiet ˚arlig profesjonelle folkemusikere, de fleste konsentrert om fele-, hardingfele- eller vokalmusikk. Institutt for musikkvitenskap, UiO Litteratur MUS1301 V2010 3 Noen av disse profesjonelle utøverne bruker bredt sammensatte reper- toar fra mange geografiske omr˚aderi Norge, fra det øvrige Norden, og kanskje fra britisk omr˚adeosv. De bruker det til konserter, til undervis- ning, og kanskje til dans i spesielle miljøer. De spiller solo p˚atradisjonelt vis, eller p˚amer personlig eller eksperimentelt vis med basis i en folkemu- sikkstil, de arrangerer musikken for blanda grupper, eller jobber p˚atvers av sjanger- og kulturgrenser. Slike bredspektrede folkemusikkuttrykk er etter hvert godt synlige og hørbare p˚aoffentlige scener og i medier. Svært mange CD-utgivelser ˚arlig bekrefter bildet av en sjanger i vekst. Nye folkemusikkscener oppst˚ari byer og bygder landet over, og i 2004 fikk NRK en egen kanal for folkemusikk. Men denne nye posisjonen som konsertmusikk skiller seg klart fra en opp- havelig mer funksjonell bruk av folkemusikk. I den historiske bakgrunnen for denne musikken er det som nevnt mange interessante sider ˚ahente fram; eldre instrumentbruk, felas plass og posisjon i de gamle samfunnet, sosial-/kulturhistorie omkring musikkbruken mm. Tradisjon? Fra det romslige begrepet tradisjon (av tradere = videreføre), kan vi hente ut noen spesifikke momenter som er regnet som typiske rundt nettopp denne musikkens egenart: Anonymt opphav Et kjennetegn ved tradisjon er at folkemusikk har et anonymt opphav { en vet oftest ikke hvem som lagde de gamle sl˚attene.Men unntak fins { og nye sl˚atterer skapt fram til i dag. Muntlig videreføring Innen folkemusikken innebærer tradisjon ogs˚a muntlig videreføring av sl˚atterog tilhørende spesielle musikalske kunnskaper og ferdigheter, dvs Institutt for musikkvitenskap, UiO Litteratur MUS1301 V2010 4 læring p˚agehør. Noen ganger foregikk dette i et strukturert læremester- elev-forhold, men ofte bare ved at en hørte og kopierte andre. I eldre tid var noter og notebruk stort sett uaktuelt. I dag er svært mange notekyndige, og har et hav av publisert materiale ˚aøse av. Geografisk og personlig forankring Men skisserte opphav og lærem˚atefor musikken resulterte langt fra i ano- nyme sl˚atter. De var arvet fra lokale spelemenn i et geografisk omr˚ade, og ble gjerne sortert og husket ut fra dette. Slik kunne { og kan ogs˚ai dag - eldre kilder bli navngitt, opptil flere generasjoner bakover. Og det kan snakkes om at de, og musikken, tilhørte f eks Nordfjordtradisjon eller Gudbrandsdalstradisjon. Men helst avgrenses det til mindre geografiske omr˚ader,gjerne p˚a kommuneniv˚a, som f eks Engerdalstradisjon, eller til snevrere lokalmiljøer p˚agrendeniv˚a,og helt ned til musikalske slekter og framtredende enkeltutøvere. Denne musikken knyttes helst til bygde- Norge og miljøer omkring primærnæringene, i motsetning til den nevnte mer urbane kulturen der nyere europeiske moter alltid har vært mer fram- tredende. Særegen stil Men dette er musikk! Og identiteten i en slik sjanger ligger særlig i den musikalske stilen. Grunnleggende karakteristiske stilelementer gjør at vi i det hele tatt gjenkjenner noe som folkemusikk, og enkelte mer spesifikke stiltrekk kan karakterisere forskjellige lokaltradisjoner. Her gjelder dette at særlig rytmisk og melodisk utforming er bakt inn i folkemusikalsk og feletypisk strøkføring (frasering), ornamentikk, tostemmighet mm. Funksjoner Musikken var i eldre tid knyttet til og til dels formet av funksjoner, dvs bruksm˚ateri ymse sett av eldre skikker og samværsformer. En hoved- mengde av all eldre sl˚attemusikk var dansemusikk, mens marsjer hadde en seremoniell funksjon, særlig i bryllup. Ved ˚avære knyttet til kilder og Institutt for musikkvitenskap, UiO Litteratur MUS1301 V2010 5 et lokalmiljø, kunne enkelte sl˚atterogs˚abære med seg anekdoter om per- soner eller spesielle hendelser. Musikken hadde med andre ord flere lokale bindinger (tilknytninger) ved sida av egen musikalsk bærekraft. Varianter Et særtrekk ved denne musikken er ogs˚aat \samme" sl˚attkan opptre i forskjellige utforminger { i varianter. Det henger sjølsagt sammen med den muntlige lærem˚atenog at spelemenn s˚ahar formet og tilpasset sl˚attene ut fra hukommelse, musikalitet, teknikk, kreative evner mm. Vi ser dette tydelig i lokalmiljøer der mange spelemenn er dokumentert i seinere tid, og vi kan finne det i en rekke eksempler der sl˚atterer blitt spredt over store geografiske omr˚ader. Oppsummering: Viktige sider ved begrepet tradisjon innen felemusikken: • Sl˚attenehar oftest anonymt opphav. • Muntlig læring/videreføring. • Musikken er knyttet til personer og geografiske omr˚ader. • Det karakteristiske musikalske uttrykket { stilen. • Musikken er knyttet til bruksm˚ater/funksjoner/anekdoter. • Utbredte sl˚atterframtrer (og kan systematiseres) i variant-familier. Men som nevnt er dette først og fremst musikk, og i daglig folkemusi- kalsk spr˚aker uttrykket 'tradisjon' ofte begrenset til ˚ap˚apeke tilhørighet i et lokalmiljø og betegne det tilhørende musikalske stilen. A˚ spille i f eks Skj˚ak-tradisjonbetyr da et sett av lokale sl˚atterspilt i den lokale stilen som er utkrystallisert i Skj˚ak.En slik stil har alltid en del grunnleggende felles- trekk med andre feletradisjoner (sjangerfellesskap), den har nødvendigvis Institutt for musikkvitenskap, UiO Litteratur MUS1301 V2010 6 enda flere fellestrekk med musikk i naboomr˚ader,men ogs˚agjerne noen f˚a helt spesielle musikalske (lokale og personlige) fingeravtrykk. To feletradisjoner N˚arfolkemusikk-Norge i dag gjerne inndeles geografisk etter feletypen som har vært brukt { hardingfele eller vanlig fele { vitner det om felenes
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