DOCSLIB.ORG

Poincianna Loopworm Invasion

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Poincianna Loopworm Invasion The 2019 Fiji Poinciana Looper Moth Invasion: A call for Action PaCE-SD Technical Report 1 (2019) Randy Thaman and Rahul Dutt Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development (PaCE-SD) The University of the South Pacific Suva, Fiji May 31, 2019 The 2019 Fiji Poinciana Looper Moth Invasion: A call for action Randy Thaman1 and Rahul Dutt2 Last week (May 23, 2019), we noticed increasingly serious defoliation and die-back of the royal poincianas or flamboyant trees (Delonix regia) along Moana Drive, the main entry road to The University of the South Pacific (USP) Suva Campus, FiJi. Upon closer examination, it became clear that the trees, known in FiJian as sekoula (“golden flower”), and which burst forth in a profusion of bright orange-red flowers over the Christmas holidays (Fig. 1), had been invaded by an army of yellow-green caterpillars of the poinciana looper moth (Pericyma cruegeri)(PLM), which had devoured the leaflets of the beautiful frond-like compound leaves, before pupating and weaving young terminal leaves of the outer branches into cottony white cocoons in which golden brown chrysalises formed, from which the adult looper moths emerge. Fig. 1. Mature healthy poinciana or flame tree, sekoula in Fijian (Delonix regia) tree in full bloom (left); and healthy flaming flower clusters (right), Cakobau Rd., Suva, Fiji, Sept. 2007 (Photos: R. Thaman). Although native to Southeast Asia (Hong Kong, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines) and possibly New Guinea and northern Australia, and accidentally introduced into Guam and Hawai’i in the early 1970s (as eggs or pupal stages on poinciana cuttings and seedlings or as egg-carrying females aboard military or civilian airplanes), into Okinawa, Japan by 1986, and to Tonga, the Northern Marianas and Federated States of Micronesia at an unknown date, until now, PLM has never been reported present in FiJi, thus indicating that this is a recent invasion. 1 Emeritus Professor of Pacific Islands Biogeography, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. 2 Environmental Health and Safety Officer, Office of Occupational Health and Safety, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, FiJi. Based on Jackson’s 2017 fact sheet on PLM and our observations of the USP infestation, the PLM’s life cycle begins when adult moths lay small yellowish to bluish green eggs on the tree’s leaflets, which after hatching in 2-3 days, go through five stages, beginning with the small young caterpillars feeding together in small groups on the leaflets, and culminating when the fully grown, light-green caterpillars (up to 7 cm long), with wavy white bands running the length of the body and a large green to orangish head (Fig. 2), go through an intense period of feeding (Fig. 3), followed by pupation and the formation of cotton-like cocoons made by binding together the young terminal leaflets with silken threads (Fig. 4), in which form golden brown chrysalis (Fig. 5), from which, after about 10 days, emerge the adult PLM, which have mottled brown wings with a wingspan of about 4 cm, and variably decorated with black wavy lines (Fig. 6). Fig. 2. Adult poinciana looper moth (PLM) caterpillar feeding along poinciana (Delonix regia) leaf midribs, showing the distinct wavy white, black and olive-green longitudinal patterns and large olive- green head (left); and five (3 clearly visible) poinciana looper moth (PLM) caterpillars actively feeding on the leaflets in the canopy of the same poinciana tree near the Japan-ICT Centre, USP Laucala Campus, 25 May 2019 (Photos: R. Thaman). Fig. 3. Mature camouflaged PLM caterpillars feeding on foliated poinciana leaflet midribs (left) and a late-afternoon photo of PLM caterpillars on defoliated leaflet midribs (right); FBE Parking Lot near “ground zero of the 2019 USP PLM Invasion, USP Laucala Campus, 23 May 2019 (Photos: R. Thaman). Figure.4. Young leaves on the tips of the outer branches of a poinciana tree in the process of being woven into a cocoon by PLM caterpillars (left); and completed cocoons along poinciana branchlet ends (right), USP Laucala Campus, 23 May 2019 (Photos: R. Thaman). Fig. 5. Fully formed PLM chrysalises hanging from the ends of poinciana tree (Delonix regia) branchlets (left); and a close-up of a chrysalis (Fig. 11), from which the adult poinciana looper moths (PLM) emerge, USP Laucala Campus, 23 May 2019 (Photos: R. Thaman). Fig. 6. Topside and underside photos (left and right, respectively) of adult poinciana looper moths (Pericyma cruegeri)(PLM) from Okinawa, Japan (Source: I. Tanahara, Nov. 2000). Nature and Suspected Origin of the PLM Invasion The apparent “ground zero” of the PLM outbreak is centered on the inner roundabout of the new USP entry road that is nearing the end of construction. From here it extends outward affecting over 100 mature trees, including both recent 2010 plantings along the main road as well as trees over 50 years old. As of Friday 31 May, the area of continuous infestation, in some cases almost total defoliation, extended from this ground zero area to trees bordering the parking of the Faculty of Business and Economics (Fig. 7), over 50 trees bordering the main USP road and in the tree grove immediately west of the roundabout, and into trees around the USP Book Store, ending with the infestation of the large very old tree in the roundabout opposite the Oceania Centre for Arts and Culture and Pacific Studies (OCAP-PS) Building (Fig. 8). There is also a geographically separate infestation of a number of trees between the Japan Pacific ICT Centre and the USP Administration Block. Figure. 7. Severely defoliated poinciana trees along Faculty of Business and Economics (FBE) Parking lot near ground zero of the 2019 FiJi PLM Invasion (left); and totally defoliated trees with caterpillar cocoons near the ends of leaf midribs, along the tree grove inland from ground zero of the 2019 Fiji PLM Invasion, 24 May 2019 (Photos: R. Thaman). Fig. 8. Old heavily PLM caterpillar-infested poinciana tree (Delonix regia) (left); and heavily defoliated branches and leaves of the same tree (right), Oceania Centre for Arts and Culture and Pacific Studies (OCAC-PS) roundabout, USP Laucala Campus, 25 May 2019 (Photos: R. Thaman). Interestingly, extensive surveys by the authors of over 1000 trees and/or plantings throughout USP Suva campuses and the Greater Suva Urban Area showed that trees on the rest of the Upper Laucala Campus and the Lower and Statham Campuses, and all maJor poinciana plantings in Suva, along roadsides (e.g., Queen Elizabeth Dr., Grantham and Vuya Rds.); in parklands, school compounds, Thurston Botanical Garden, FiJi Golf Club and other ornamental plantings throughout the Suva area showed absolutely no signs of infestation, thus indicating that the 2019 FiJi PLM Invasion is currently restricted to the above-described areas of assumed introduction and current spread. This currently very localized nature of the PLM infestation leads us to speculate that, much like the introductions of PLM into Hawai’i, Guam and elsewhere, the eggs or pupal stages or egg- carrying females have been inadvertently brought to FiJi. This may have been unintentionally brought in either by ship or by plane along with equipment, clothing or other personal effects by the two Mainland Chinese contractors currently involved with the New USP entrance road and the new Confucius institute. The two contractors have been responsible for maJor roadwork, construction and provision of machinery, vehicles and other equipment, at both of the geographically separate sites of the USP PLM invasion: the new USP entry road and the entry road from the old USP main gate and the Japan-Pacific ICT Centre. Impact and Management In severe attacks, such as along Catalina Drive adjacent to Maile Rugby grounds, where entire trees have been defoliated but, if healthy, they will reportedly recover, although in Guam re- infestation occurred when the trees produced new foliage after the initial attack, and continued defoliation has resulted in trees with smaller leaves, dieback, lack of or erratic flowering, attacks by bark borers and general loss of vigor, with some of the USP trees currently appearing almost dead. Although its main host plant is poinciana, PLM is also known to feed on yellow poinciana or copper pod (Peltophorum pterocarpum), acacias (Acacia spp.), Caesalpinia and other legumes, including the golden shower tree (Cassia fistula) and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), all of which are present on the USP Campus, but as of now unaffected (Jackson 2017). According to Jackson (2017), at present, there seems to be no practical control for the PLM, apart from: 1) use of dangerous and costly insecticides or the naturally occurring bacterial insecticide Bt, (Bacillus thuringiensis), which has shown to be effective at parasitizing PLM, but in most situations is too expensive or difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities to combat large incursions; 2) the introduction of parasitic organisms, such as unsuccessful efforts to control PLM in Guam, without effect, by the introduction of a parasitic chalcid wasp (Brachymeria lasus) from Papua New Guinea; or 3) natural controls, such as the serendipitous presence of natural predators and seasonal climatic controls unfavorable to PLM. In terms of natural controls, surveys in Guam reported low levels of parasitism, with the only predators being preying mantis, pentatomid bugs and chickens, which attacked caterpillars that fell to the ground after trees had been defoliated. In terms of possible control in FiJi, our surveys at USP have found the very limited presence of green praying mantises (possibly Orthodera sp.) and localized, sporadic mass feeding on the caterpillars by red vented bulbuls (Pycnonotus cafer), Vanikoro broadbill (Mylagra vanikorensis) and the FiJi white eye (Zosterops explorator) (Fig. 9). All three birds are known to glean insects from tree canopies; and Pacific bird and environmental expert Dick Watling, also suggests that there are parasitic wasps that target looper caterpillars, that may contribute to keeping PLM populations under control.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Approved Plant List 10/04/12
    FLORIDA The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, the second best time to plant a tree is today. City of Sunrise Approved Plant List 10/04/12 Appendix A 10/4/12 APPROVED PLANT LIST FOR SINGLE FAMILY HOMES SG xx Slow Growing “xx” = minimum height in Small Mature tree height of less than 20 feet at time of planting feet OH Trees adjacent to overhead power lines Medium Mature tree height of between 21 – 40 feet U Trees within Utility Easements Large Mature tree height greater than 41 N Not acceptable for use as a replacement feet * Native Florida Species Varies Mature tree height depends on variety Mature size information based on Betrock’s Florida Landscape Plants Published 2001 GROUP “A” TREES Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Avocado Persea Americana L Bahama Strongbark Bourreria orata * U, SG 6 S Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum * L Black Olive Shady Bucida buceras ‘Shady Lady’ L Lady Black Olive Bucida buceras L Brazil Beautyleaf Calophyllum brasiliense L Blolly Guapira discolor* M Bridalveil Tree Caesalpinia granadillo M Bulnesia Bulnesia arboria M Cinnecord Acacia choriophylla * U, SG 6 S Group ‘A’ Plant List for Single Family Homes Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Citrus: Lemon, Citrus spp. OH S (except orange, Lime ect. Grapefruit) Citrus: Grapefruit Citrus paradisi M Trees Copperpod Peltophorum pterocarpum L Fiddlewood Citharexylum fruticosum * U, SG 8 S Floss Silk Tree Chorisia speciosa L Golden – Shower Cassia fistula L Green Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus * L Gumbo Limbo Bursera simaruba * L
    [Show full text]
  • Aerobiological Investigation and in Vitro Studies of Pollen Grains From
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Aerobiological Investigation and In Vitro Studies of Pollen Grains From 2 Dominant Avenue Trees in Kolkata, India J Mandal,1 I Roy,2 S Chatterjee,2 S Gupta-Bhattacharya1 1Division of Palynology and Environmental Biology, Department of Botany, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India 2Allergy Department, Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India ■ Abstract Background: Peltophorum pterocarpum and Delonix regia are dominant avenue trees in the city of Kolkata in India. They are well adapted to the humid tropical climate and also grow commonly in different parts of the country. Their pollen grains are reported to be airborne. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct an aerobiological survey in Kolkata to determine the concentration and seasonal periodicity of pollen grains from P pterocarpum and D regia and to analyze the meteorological factors responsible for their levels in the atmosphere. In addition, we analyzed the prevalence of sensitization due to these grains among patients with seasonal respiratory allergy. Methods: An aerobiological survey was conducted with a volumetric Burkard sampler from 2004 to 2006. Correlations between meteorological parameters and pollen grain concentrations were assessed by Spearman correlation test. The protein profi le of the pollen extracts was studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Finally, the allergenic potential of the pollen extracts was evaluated in patients with respiratory allergy by skin prick test, immunoglobulin (Ig) E enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and IgE immunoblotting. Results: P pterocarpum and D regia pollen grains occur from March to June and April to July, respectively. The pollen concentrations showed statistically signifi cant positive correlations with maximum temperature and wind speed.
    [Show full text]
  • New Immigrant Insects in Hawaii: 1962 Through 197612
    Vol. XIII, No. 1, April 1979 35 New Immigrant Insects in Hawaii: 1962 through 197612 John W. Beardsley, Jr. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII HONOLULU, HAWAII In December 1961,1 delivered a presidential address before this Society which was titled "On Accidental Immigration and Establishment of Terrestrial Ar thropods in Hawaii During Recent Years" (Beardsley, 1962). In it I reviewed and analyzed accidental insect immigration into Hawaii for the 25 year period of 1937 through 1961. I thought that this time around it might be of interest to review the same subject for the 15 year period since my earlier presentation, and to again analyze our accidental immigrants in an attempt to determine whether or not trends which were indicated in 1961 have continued, and if the inferences which were drawn then have been substantiated. The data on which these remarks are based are contained largely in the Proceed ings of this Society, mostly in the Notes and Exhibitions sections. The annual lists of new immigrant species contained in the "Proceedings" were a valuable starting point, but they do contain occasional errors and quite a few omissions. Omissions have resulted because not all new immigrant records for Hawaii are reported in the Notes and Exhibitions. Quite a few new records appear only in submitted papers published in the ''Proceedings," or occasionally, in other journals (e.g.: Pacific In sects). I have attempted to include all such records which have come to my atten tion. I would like to urge all of you who either publish or find records of immigrant insects or other terrestrial invertebrates new to Hawaii in other journals to submit notes on these organisms for inclusion in this Society's "Proceedings." By so doing you will help to make a more complete and readily accessible record avail able for Hawaiian entomologists.
    [Show full text]
  • ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(11), 801-807
    ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(11), 801-807 Journal Homepage: -www.journalijar.com Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/2150 DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/2150 REVIEW ARTICLE A REVIEW ON PHYTO PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PELTOPHORUM PTEROCARPUM (DC) BAKER EX. K HEYNE. Maria Jerline Babu1, Arumugam Vijay Anand1, *FaruckLukmanul Hakkim2 and Quazi Mohammad Imranul Haq3. 1. Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. 2. Biology Division, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Applied Sciences, A‟Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Oman. 3. Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Manuscript Info Abstract ……………………. ……………………………………………………………… Manuscript History Peltophorumpterocarpum (family-Fabaceae) is a beautiful ornamental tree used in therapies since from the traditional medicine. The various Received: 25 September 2016 parts of the plant (seeds, flowers, leaves, bark and root) have been Final Accepted: 27 October 2016 scientifically proved to be antidiabetic, antimicrobial, cardiotonic, Published: November 2016 hepatoprotective, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anticancerous, buteryl and acetyl choline esterase inhibitory, cytotoxic and estrogenic. Key words:- The aim of this review is to document the entire phytochemical and Peltophorumpterocarpum, phyto- pharmacological information of P. pterocarpum and it covers the chemistry, pharmacology, antidiabetic, literature up-to 2015. antioxidant. Copy Right, IJAR, 2016,. All rights reserved. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Introduction:- Today, the prevalence of life-threatening complex diseases has increased all over the world. The inventions of new effective therapeutic agents are essential to eliminate such complex diseases. As now, available synthetic drugs are less effective, with many side effects, allergic and also result in organ damage.
    [Show full text]
  • Biosecurity Risk Assessment
    An Invasive Risk Assessment Framework for New Animal and Plant-based Production Industries RIRDC Publication No. 11/141 RIRDCInnovation for rural Australia An Invasive Risk Assessment Framework for New Animal and Plant-based Production Industries by Dr Robert C Keogh February 2012 RIRDC Publication No. 11/141 RIRDC Project No. PRJ-007347 © 2012 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-74254-320-8 ISSN 1440-6845 An Invasive Risk Assessment Framework for New Animal and Plant-based Production Industries Publication No. 11/141 Project No. PRJ-007347 The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Accidental Introductions of Insect Pests to Guam, 1945-1985
    Vol. 27, December 15,1986 45 Accidental Introductions of Insect Pests to Guam, 1945-1985 ILSE SCHREINER and DONALD NAFUS1 ABSTRACT In the period between 1945 and 198S, 30 species of insects, excluding mosquitoes and beneficials, are known to have been accidentally introduced to Guam. Of these, 11 were introduced between 1945 and 1955(1.1 per year), 7 more between 1955 and 1970(0.5 per year), and 17 since 1970(1.1 per year). The number of introductions roughly corresponds to the amount of traffic to and from Guam during the period in question. Prior to 1975, most of the new introductions probably arrived from Asia or other islands in Micronesia, but since 197S, Hawaii appears to be the source of at least half of the new introductions. The accidental movement of injurious insects by man is a matter of considerable concern to entomologists worldwide. Many countries restrict the movement of agricultural materials to reduce the rate at which new pests invade, but these quarantine procedures cannot prevent all new introductions. The continental United States receives about 9 new species of foreign insects each year (McGregor 1973, cited in Calkins 1983), despite the presence of a quarantine system. Island ecosys tems appear to be particularly vulnerable to invasion because of their limited fauna, and many records of species newly introduced to the islands of the Pacific are made each year. In Hawaii, Beardsley (1979) estimates up to 2 dozen foreign insects are introduced each year. Estimates are not available for most other islands in the region. Guam is the crossroads of Micronesia, and is served by frequent or daily com mercial flights from many countries including Japan, Hawaii, the Philippines, and other islands of Micronesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Girish Et Al, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2017; 8(2): 3949- 3953
    Girish et al, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2017; 8(2): 3949- 3953 An Elsevier Indexed Journal ISSN-2230-7346 Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences INVESTIGATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PELTOPHORUM PTEROCARPUM FLOWERS V. Anjali1, P. Naveena2, C. Suresh2, D, Balasekhar2, G. Gangamma2, C. Girish* 1* S.V.U.College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S.V.University, Tirupati - 517502. A.P, India. 2Sri Lakshmi venkateswara Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Proddatur,Kadapa, A.P,India *Corresponding author E-mail:[email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Peltophorum pterocarpum belongs to the family caesalpiniaceae. It is Key Words commanly known as yellow poinciana, golden flame and copper pod. In Peltophorum Ayurveda it is used in many conditions and traditionally it is proved to be pterocarpum, used in the treatment of stomatitis, insomnia, constipation, ringworm, Flavonoids, dysentery, muscular pains, sores and ski n disorders. The objective of the Phytochemical present study involves the phytochemical investigation of the Peltophorum pterocarpum flowers. The flowers are extracted with the 70 % ethanol and investigation and phytochemical evaluation was carried out for the determination of golden flame Carbohydrates, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Sterols, Tannins, phenolic compounds and Aminoacids. Results revealed the presence of Carbohydrates, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Sterols, Tannins, phenolic compounds and Aminoacids. INTRODUCTION: Peltophorum pterocarpum is a eye lotions and to treat pains and sores. common deciduous tree grown in topical Leaves of the plant are used in treating skin contries. Different names of this plant are disorders in the form of decoction. Stem Yellow Poinciana, golden flame, copper infusion of this plant used to treat dysentery, pod, Rusty shield bearer and Yellow gargles, tooth powder and to reduce muscle flamboyant.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxa Names List 6-30-21
    Insects and Related Organisms Sorted by Taxa Updated 6/30/21 Order Family Scientific Name Common Name A ACARI Acaridae Acarus siro Linnaeus grain mite ACARI Acaridae Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau) brownlegged grain mite ACARI Acaridae Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze & Robin) bulb mite ACARI Acaridae Suidasia nesbitti Hughes scaly grain mite ACARI Acaridae Tyrolichus casei Oudemans cheese mite ACARI Acaridae Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) mold mite ACARI Analgidae Megninia cubitalis (Mégnin) Feather mite ACARI Argasidae Argas persicus (Oken) Fowl tick ACARI Argasidae Ornithodoros turicata (Dugès) relapsing Fever tick ACARI Argasidae Otobius megnini (Dugès) ear tick ACARI Carpoglyphidae Carpoglyphus lactis (Linnaeus) driedfruit mite ACARI Demodicidae Demodex bovis Stiles cattle Follicle mite ACARI Demodicidae Demodex brevis Bulanova lesser Follicle mite ACARI Demodicidae Demodex canis Leydig dog Follicle mite ACARI Demodicidae Demodex caprae Railliet goat Follicle mite ACARI Demodicidae Demodex cati Mégnin cat Follicle mite ACARI Demodicidae Demodex equi Railliet horse Follicle mite ACARI Demodicidae Demodex folliculorum (Simon) Follicle mite ACARI Demodicidae Demodex ovis Railliet sheep Follicle mite ACARI Demodicidae Demodex phylloides Csokor hog Follicle mite ACARI Dermanyssidae Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) chicken mite ACARI Eriophyidae Abacarus hystrix (Nalepa) grain rust mite ACARI Eriophyidae Acalitus essigi (Hassan) redberry mite ACARI Eriophyidae Acalitus gossypii (Banks) cotton blister mite ACARI Eriophyidae Acalitus vaccinii
    [Show full text]
  • City of Pembroke Pines Preferred Tree Planting List
    City of Pembroke Pines Preferred Tree Planting List The Planning and Economic Development Division maintains this list of Preferred Tree Plantings in conjunction with section 155.664 of the City’s Code of Ordinances. Preference should always be given to species marketed as native on the list. As referenced in the Code of Ordinances, this list may be amended from time to time. The list was updated in May 20, 2021. The material/species on the last have been observed to mature well in and around the City of Pembroke Pines. The City encourages property owners to consider the future and choose the right tree for the right place. The City’s professional landscape staff is available to answer questions pertaining to landscaping and provide assistance when applicable. Call 954‐392‐2100 for assistance. General Provisions: 1. The Code Section; Chapter 155.656 ‐ 155.682: Landscaping was adopted by the City Commission on April 21, 2021. 2. Per section 155.674, no property owner shall cut down or relocate any tree without first obtaining a permit from the City. 3. Per section 155.664 (M), the minimum new tree installation requirements shall be delineated into four categories based on mature tree height and diameter at breast height. a. Category I (large canopy tree): minimum of 14 to 16 feet in overall height and 3 inch diameter at breast height. b. Category II (medium canopy tree): minimum of 12 to 14 feet in overall height and 2 inch diameter at breast height. c. Category III (small canopy tree): minimum of 10 to12 feet in overall height and 1.5 inch diameter at breast height.
    [Show full text]
  • Fruit-Piercing Moths of Micronesia
    Fruit-Piercing Moths of Micronesia by G.R.W. Denton R. Muniappan L. Austin and O.H. Diambra May 1999 Technical Report # 217 Agricultural Experiment Station College of Agriculture and Life Sciences University of Guam ' UOG Station Mangilao, Guam 96912, USA Disclaimer The Guam Agricultural Experiment Station is an equal opportunity employer. All information gained through its research programs is available to anyone without regard to race, color, religion, sex, age or national origin. Funding for this publication has been provided by the Hatch Program of the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (CSREES) division of the USDA. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the University of Guam or USDA. Dean/Director: Dr. JeffD.T. Barcinas. Table of Contents Introduction OO OOOOOOOOo oo oo o ooo o oo oo ooo o ooooooooooooooooo oooooo o oo oo o oo oo oooooooo ooooooooooooo o oo o ooo o oo o oooooo 5 Primary Fruit-Piercing Moths oooooo o o o o ooooooooo ooo ooo oo o oo oo oo oo o o ooo o oo o o o oooo oo o oo oo o o oo oo oo oo o oo o 6 Othreisfullonia (Clerck) OO O OOOOoOO o ooooo oooooooooooooooooo o o ooo ooooooooooooooooooo oo o oo oooo oo oooo 6 Host Plants oo ooo o oooooooooo o oo o ooooooo o oooooooooooooooooo o ooooooooooooooooooooooooo oo oo o o oooo o o o o o 6 Pest Status 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Adult Food Preferences OOOOO O OOO O OOOOOOOOOOOO OO OO OO O O ooo oo o oo oo o oo o oo ooo o ooooooooo o oooo oo 7 Life Cycle o oo oooooooooooooooooo o o ooooooo ooooooooooooooooo o oo ooo o o oo oo ooooooooooooo o o o o o o o o oo ooooooo 7 Control Measures ooo oooooo o ooooo ooo ooooo o ooo oo oo o ooooooooooooo o ooo o oo o ooooo oo oo o oooooooo oo oo o 8 Natural Enemies oooo ooo o o ooo oo o o ooo ooo oooo oo ooo o oo ooo o o o oooo o o o o o oooo o ooo ooo oooo oooo oo o o o oooo o 8 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Townscape Recommended Plant List
    TOWNSCAPE RECOMMENDED PLANT LIST Trees Botanical Name Common Name Acacia pendula Weeping Myall or Boree Wattle Acacia tumida (large shrub/small tree) Agonis fllyuosa WA Peppermint Backmousia citrodora Lemon Scented Myrtle Banksia ashbyi Ashby’s Banksia Bauhinia monandra Orchid Tree Brachychiton populneus Kurrajong Caesalpinia ferrea Leopard Tree Calistamon Kings Park Special Cupaniopsis anacariodes Tukeroo Delonix regia Poinciana Eremophila longifolia Berrigan Eucalyptus erythrocrys Illyaree Eucalyptus ficifolia Red Flowering Gum Eucalyptus forrestania Fuchusia Gum Eucalyptus microtheca Coolabah Eucalyptus oleosa (mallee form) Eucalyptus prominens / horistes Cape Range Mallee Eucalyptus ptychocarpa Spring Bloodwood Eucalyptus torquata Coral Gum Eucalyptus terminalis Inland Bloodwood Eucalyptus woodwardii Lemon Flowered Gum Ficus benjamina Weeping Ficus (dwarf) Ficus hilii Weeping Fig Ficus platypoda Rock Fig Grevillea robusta Silky Oak Grevillea stenobotrya Sand Dune Grevillea Knaya senegalensis African Mahogany Melaleuca quinquenervia Paperbark Olea europa Olive Tree Peltophorum pterocarpum Yellow Poinciana Pitosporum eugenioides ‘variegatum’ Variegated Pitosporum Pitosporum phylliraeoides Native Willow Plumeria spp Frangipani Santalum spicatum Sandalwood Tree Schinus aretia/molie Peppercorn Tree Spathodea campanulata South African Tulip Tipuana Tipu Tipu Tree Palms Botanical Name Common Name Chrysalidocarpus ludescens aurea Golden Cane Livingstonia alfredii Millstream Palm Phoenix carariensis Canary Island Date Palm Phoenix ropicola
    [Show full text]
  • Field Instructions for the Urban Inventory of San
    FIELD INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE URBAN INVENTORY OF SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA & PORTLAND, OREGON 2018 FOREST INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS RESOURCE MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT PROGRAM PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION USDA FOREST SERVICE Note to User: URBAN FIA Field Guide 7.2 is based on the National CORE Field Guide, Version 7.2. Data elements are national CORE unless indicated as follows: • National CORE data elements that end in “+U” (e.g., x.x+U) have had values,codes, or text added, changed, or adjusted from the CORE program. Any additional URBAN FIA text for a national CORE data element is hi-lighted or shown as an "Urban Note". • All URBAN FIA data elements end in “U” (e.g., x.xU). The text for an URBAN FIA data element is not hi- lighted and does not have a corresponding variable in CORE. • URBAN FIA electronic file notes: • national CORE data elements that are not applicable in URBAN FIA are formatted as light gray or light gray hidden text. • hyperlink cross-references are included for various sections, figures, and tables. *National CORE data elements retain their national CORE field guide data element/variable number but may not retain their national CORE field guide location or sequence within the guide. pg.3 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . 11 SECTION 1.1 URBAN OVERVIEW. .11 SECTION 1.2 FIELD GUIDE LAYOUT . 12 SECTION 1.3 UNITS OF MEASURE . 12 CHAPTER 2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION . 13 SECTION 2.1 PLOT SETUP . 15 SECTION 2.2 PLOT INTEGRITY . 15 SECTION 2.3 PLOT MONUMENTATION . 15 ITEM 2.3.0.1 MONUMENT TYPE (CORE 0.3.1U) .
    [Show full text]