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Meshing Urban Tree Species Selection with the Tropical Urban Environment

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Meshing Urban Tree Species Selection with the Tropical Urban Environment Meshing Urban Tree Species Selection with the Tropical Urban Environment Roger Kjelgren Dept. Plants, Soils, Climate Utah State University Two Stories • Singapore’s • Singapore’s changing climate green • More intense infrastructure rainfall but • Enrich urban greater dry biodiversity periods A new • Optimize urban • Mitigation, story? adaptation greenspace Köppen-Geiger climate classification map Aw –tropical savanna Am –tropical monsoon Kangar-Pattani line Af –tropical rainforest Altered Urban Environments Surface heating Long wave radiation Understory Shade Urban Climate Already Changed • Singapore’s climate changed a long time ago: urban heat island • Global change accelerates heating….. • …rainfall intensity/dry periods; worsens soil problems Urban Soils/Climate change • Urban soils typically shallow, impeding layers • More variable, intense rainfall – More runoff/less soil recharge/drier…… – …or more saturated Utah ….. Tropical SE Asia 2005-2006 Fulbright Fellow Thailand Kasetsart University • KU Dept. Silviculture – Advise on urban forestry program, conduct research, assisted street tree inventory – Learned tropical forests Monsoonal Forest Types • Dry forest - deciduous during monsoonal dry season • Dry forest – evergreen year round Other Tropical Forests Shoreline/ ocean distributed • Wet evergreen • Mangrove Studied three Bangkok street trees species -Monsoonal dry forest deciduous –Lagerstroemia loudonii (star of India) -Shoreline /ocean distributed- Pterocarpus indicus (angsana) -Monsoonal dry forest evergreen Swietenia macroplylla (mahogany) Three different water strategies Strategies • Star of India (Lagerstroemia) – high water use, but avoids internal water stress • Angsana (Pterocarpus) – low water use and low internal water stress; defoliates when dry • Mahogany (Swiet- enia) low, constant water use, but allows high internal water tress Forest Type Differences • Street tree inventory – Mostly deciduous from SE Asia, S. America – Several sea-shore species • Specimen tree inventory – Found mostly in Buddhist temples – Largely evergreen from SE Asia, including a few Dipterocarpaceae • No wet (equatorial) evergreen, cloud forest, mangrove species Tree Selection for Urban Climates • Urban climates, soils – already selected for most tolerant, adaptable species – Tolerate nursery production • Monsoonal dry forest, seashore species tolerate extreme wet and dry: generalists • What about projected climate change? Projected Climate Change SE Asia • Projected A2 scenarios in Northern Thailand – (Trisurat, Y., R. Alkemade, and E. Arets. 2009. Projecting forest tree distributions and adaptation to climate change In northern Thailand. J. Ecol. Nat. Environ. 1:55-63) • Evergreen species driven to higher, cooler locations • Deciduous species expand lowland habitat – Tropical deciduous species can avoid high temperatures Bangkok Recommended Singapore Leaf Native Street Tree in: Large Urban Tree Species Family Habit Distribution Bangkok Bangalore Tree Albizzia saman Fabaceae D Trop. America - X X Calophyllum inophyllum Guttiferae E Asia X - - Cassia fistula Fabaceae D SE Asia X - - Couruopita guianensis Lecythidaceae D Trop. America - - X Delonix regia Fabaceae D Africa X X - Eucalyptus species Myrtaceae E Australia - X - Hopea odorata Dipterocarpaceae E Asia - - X Jacaranda mimosifolia Fabaceae D Trop. America - X - Lagerstroemia species Lythraceae D Asia X X - Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae E SE Asia X - X Peltophorum pterocarpum Fabaceae D SE Asia X X - Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae E S Asia X X - Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae D S Asia - X - Pterocarpus indicus Fabaceae D SE Asia X - X Swietenia macrophylla Meliaceae E Trop. America X X - Tabebuia rosea Bignoniaceae D Trop. America X - - Tamarindus indica Fabaceae E Africa X - X Tee, W.S., and L.M. Wee. 2001. Trees of our garden city: A guide to the common trees of Singapore. National Parks Board, Singapore Singapore Trees • “Trees of Our Garden City” – Over 1/3 from monsoonal dry deciduous forests, several more seashore species – Few Dipterocarps – but dominant species in wet evergreen (equatorial) forests – Dipterocarps doing poorly in “fragile” forests, Gardens by the Bay Singapore’s Story City in a Garden with a Changing Climate • What story do you want to tell? – Gardens by the Bay – change climate to suit species; $$$$ – What about gardens not by the bay? Jigsaw puzzle to mesh species adaptation/acclimation with hotter urban climate • Understand urban climate/soils, evaluate forest types • Tell a new story of how species mesh with a changing climate Thank You Questions?.
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