Chinese Journal of
Natural Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2016, 14(1): 00310039 Medicines
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1009.2016.00031
·Review·
Delonix regia: historic perspectives and modern phytochemical and pharmacological researches
Anuj Modi 1, Vijay Mishra 2, Ajita Bhatt 2, Aviral Jain 2, Mohd. Hashim Mansoori 2, Ekta Gurnany 2, Vimal Kumar 3*
1 Department of Pharmacognosy, ADINA Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar 470001, India; 2 ADINA Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar 470001, India; 3 Department of Phytopharmaceutical and Natural Product, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahemdabad 382481, India
Available online 20 Jan., 2016
[ABSTRACT] Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook) Raffin (Fabaceae), also known as flame of forest, is a semi-deciduous tree, distributed throughout Madagascar, India, Africa, and Northern Australia. Various parts of the plant are traditionally used for the treatment of different ailments such as inflammation, rheumatism, bronchitis, diabetes, anemia, fever, gynecological disorders, and pneumonia. The plant possess antioxidant, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, wound healing, antiarthritic, larvicidal, antimalarial, antiemetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antidiarrhoeal, antiheamolytic, diuretic, and anthelmintic activities. This review is an up-to-date compilation on its traditional uses in context to phytochemical and pharmacological perspectives.
[KEY WORDS] Delonix regia; Fabaceae; Phytochemistry; Pharmacology [CLC Number] Q5 [Document code] A [Article ID] 2095-6975(2016)01-0031-09
Introduction fern-like bipinnately compound leaves and attractive red peacock flowers and native to Madagascar [4-5]. The flowers, Ayurveda is one of the most ancient traditional systems leaves and barks contain most of the active constituents. The of medicine in India with sound philosophical, experiential, flowers possess insecticidal [6], antifertility, wound healing [7], and experimental basis and plays an important role in antifeedant [8], anthelmintic activities [9] and also inhibit the development of new therapies and in drug discovery [1]. [10] Due to increased side effects of allopathic drugs, high cost malaria parasite in humans . The leaves of D. regia have [11] [12] [13] of new drugs, lack of curative treatment, and development of anti-inflammatory , antiulcer , antifungal , and [14] new disease, people not only in developing countries but also cytotoxic activities . Kameferol and saponin contents of the in developed countries often use herbal medicines [2]. Though leaves are responsible for the antiulcer and cytotoxic activities, scientific studies on many Indian botanicals have been carried respectively; while quercetin lengthens the small intestine out by scientists, but numerous drugs are still in queue to transit time in gastrointestinal system [15]. Aqueous extract of enter international market through the exploration of bark has emetic effects in cats and monkeys [16], while ethanopharmacology and traditional medicine [3]. aqueous extract of flower has been used as phytotoxicant to Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook) Raffin (Poinciana regia, control the weeds viz. Isachne nipponensis and Centella Royal Poinciana, Gul mohar, Flame tree or Flamboyant; asiatica in Taiwan [17]. Ethanolic extract of the seeds shows Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae) is a large ornamental tree with 42.78% mortality when tested on the second instars larvae of Anopheles gambiae [18]. Novel Kunitz like α-amylase inhibitor has been isolated from the seeds, which have potential to control [Received on] 22-Apr.-2015 insect-pest [19]. DrTi is another new Kunitz soyabean trypsin [*Corresponding author] Tel: 91-9824148514, E-mail: cognosy@ inhibitor (STI) isolated from the seeds and has inhibitory gmail.com; [email protected] These authors have no conflict of interest to declare. effects on trypsin and human plasma kallikrein but not on [20] Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved chymotrypsin and tissue kallikrein . This review presents an
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Fig. 1 An overview of traditional knowledge and phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook) Raffin up-to-date compilation on traditional uses, phytochemical and Table 1 Traditional uses of different parts of D. regia pharmacological properties of bioactive compounds of this Part Use plant, which will aid future scientific research on the plant in Bark Antiperiodic, febrifuge [5] [5] [21] modern era (Fig. 1). Rheumatism, spasmogenic , cathartic, flatulence , Plant emetic, CNS depressant and in the treatment of anemia and fever [22] Ethanomedicinal uses of D. regia Anthelmintic [5], insecticidal [8], gynecological Flowers disorders or dysmenorrhoea, febrifuge, inflammation, Traditional uses diarrhoea [23-26] D. regia is a well known ethanomedicinal plant; various Bronchitis and pneumonia in infants [27], anti-diabetic [28], Leaves parts of the plant have traditionally been used to treat gastric problems, body pain, and rheumatic joints pain [29] [30] different disorders (Table 1). Root Abdominal pain Table 2 Alternative uses of various parts of the plant Part Use The hydrochloric acid extracts of leaves and seeds of D. regia inhibited the corrosion of aluminium in hydrochloric acid solutions [32]. Seed gum is used as a binder [33]. At low concentration (1% W/W) it improves the hardness, binding and disintegration properties of fast disintegration tablet while high concentration is used to produce a modified or sustained release tablet formulation [34-35]. Commercially, Quetiapine fumarate oral sustained release tablets has been prepared by using seed polysaccharide which avoid side Seeds effects and increase patient compliance [36]. Seed polysaccharide can be used as an excipient for better sustained effect in floating drug delivery systems [37-38]. Polymer from seed can be used for pulsatile drug release at colonic site after a predetermined lag time [39]. Carboxymethylated seed gum has been used for the microencapsulation of papain; at gastric pH it releases less papain while at intestinal pH the release of papain is increased [40]. Activated carbon prepared from the husk of fruit is used for decolorization and have comparable adsorptive capacity as that of the Fruits commercially available products [41]. Fruit shell can be used as a biosorbent for sorption of chromium [Cr] from electroplating wastewater and convert it in to less toxic
or non toxic Cr [42]. Activated carbon produced from pods can be used as an adsorbent for removal of food dyes viz. acid yellow 6 (AY-6), acid yellow 23 Pods (AY-23), and acid red 18 (AR-18), metals viz. nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) as well as methylene blue from the aqueous solution [4, 43-46]. Aqueous extract of flowers is used for the dyeing of silk and cotton fabrics to obtain a bright reddish-brown hue which showed Flowers resistance to fading [47-48] and as an additive in herbal sunscreen formulation [49-50]. Bark is used as a biomonitors and bioaccumulators of atmospheric trace metals [51] as well as for the removal of Ni from aqueous Bark solutions through adsorption [52]. 5% chloroform extract of bark tissue exhibited potential as a termiticidal agent with 80% mortality in 48 h against termites [53].
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Alternative and complimentary medicinal uses for their antioxidant activity and correlated with medicinal Various parts of the plant, viz., seeds, flowers, fruits, pods, uses, including antiulcer, anthelmintic, hepatoprotective, and barks, have been used extensively throughout the world antimicrobial, anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory activities [27, 54]. (Table 2). Polyherbal formulation containing Jatropha curcas, Phytochemical screening results show that the bark contains Gossypium hirsutum, Physalis angulata and D. regia is found tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, and to be effective in treating malaria [31]. sterols [55]; the flowers contain tannins, saponins, flavonoids, Phytoconstituents of D. regia steroids, alkaloids, and caretenoids, while the leaves have D. regia plant is reported to contain polyphenolic alkaloids, glycoside, tannin, and carbohydrates [28, 56]. Various compounds, viz., flavonols, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids phytoconstitutents present in different parts of plant are as bioactive secondary metabolites, which are responsible illustrated in Table 3.
Table 3 Phytoconstituents present in various parts of the plant Part Chemical components Flavonols: Quercetin trihexoside, Quercetin 3-O-robinobioside, Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, Quercetin 3-O-galactoside, Quercetin 3-O-glucoside, cynidine 3-β-D-glucoside, cynidine 3-β-D-rutinoside, cynidine-3-gentiobioside, Kaempferol rhamnosyl hexoside, Isorhamnetol rhamnosyl hexoside, Quercetin [54, 57] Phenolic acids: Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, 2-Hydroxy 5-[(3, 4, 5 trihydroxyphenyl) carbonyl oxy] benzoic acid [58] Glucoside: Stigmasten-diol-3-O-glucoside, 12, 15-Dihydroxy-chol-8-en-24-oic-acid-3-oxy-6′-acetyl-glucoside and sodium, Flowers potassium adduct of 12, 15-Dihydroxy-5-chol-9-en-24-oic-acid-3-oxy-rhamnosyl-rhamnoside [59] Carotene hydrocarbons: Phytoene, phytofluene, β-Carotene, Pigment X, C-Carotene, γ-Carotene, Prolycopene, Neolycopene, Lycopene [60], Ketocarotenoid: Astaxanthin; Anthocyanins: Peonidin-3-O-glucoside, Petunidin-3-O-acetyl-glucoside [61] and other various acids such as α-ketoglutaric acid, oxaloacetic acid, pyruvic acid, glyoxylic acid [62]; Zeaxanthin [22, 63-64] Flavonoids: Kaempferol-3-rhamnoside, Quercetin-3-rhamnoside, Kaempferol-3-glucoide, Kaempferol-3-rutinoside, Kaempferol- 3-neohesperidoside, Quercetin 3-rutinoside, Quercetin 3-glucoside [14] Leaves Others: L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid [65]; Tannin: Prodelphinidin; Triterpenoidal Saponin: Lupeol; Sterols: β-sitosterol, and proline with free OH group [5, 27, 66]; Phytol, Oleananoic acid [67] Coumarin 7, 8-dihydro-7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-8-oxo, Scopoletin, Squalene, and Vitamine E [27, 68] Tannin (Propelargonidin and procyanidin), alkaloids, Sterols: β-sitosterol, Stigmasterol; Triterpenoidal saponins: Lupeol, Bark Epilupeol Flavonoid: Leucocyanidin and Pigments: Carotene, Auroxanthin Other: p-methoxybenzaldehyde; hydrocarbons, phytotoxins and prolin with free OH group [5, 22, 60, 69-70] Fatty acids: Linoleic acid, 7-[2-octaeyclopropcn-1-yl] heptanoic acid (malvalic acid), 8-[2-octacyclopropen-1-yl] octanoic acid (sterculic acid), myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid [71]; Amino acids: trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline, Seeds γ-methyleneglutamic acid, γ-methyleneglutamine [72]; hydrocarbons; Sterols: Stigmasterol, Sitosterol, Phytol, Ergost-4-en-3- Fruits one and Ergost-5-en-3-ol; Carbohydrate: galactomannan, Crude protein [73-75] Tannin (Propelargonidin and procyanidin) [66]
Pharmacological activities of D. regia ascorbic acid [57]. All the extracts, except for hexane extract, Antioxidant activity showed more than 90% quenching of DPPH at 250 ppm, A study has been carried out to access the free radical while OH° was effectively scavenged (> 90%) at lower scavenging activity of various parts of D. regia by different in concentrations (25−100 ppm) by all the extracts, except for vitro methods, along with characterization of potent crude pigment extract, and the xanthophyll fraction. The compounds or bioactive principles [76]. The antioxidant hexane extract and crude pigment extract exhibited > 90% activity of methanolic extract of leaves, flowers, and NO° scavenging while other extracts showed 56%−75% at stem barks has been determined using the in vitro 2, concentration of 50 ppm [57]. Most of the extracts of D. regia 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging effectively encountered free radicals and lipid peroxidation in method [77]. The results have demonstrated that significant the experimental models [57]. The methanolic extract exhibited free radicals scavenging activity (10.73 mg/100 g of maximum protection (81.9%) against brain lipid peroxidation at ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC), 25 ppm followed by the acetone extract (80.8%), ethyl acetate 71.93% ± 3.86% and 78.35% ± 1.45% total antioxidant activity extract (79.4%), and aqueous extract (77.8%), compared to (TAA%) respectively, might be due to a higher phenolic standard BHA (86.6%) [57]. In case of inhibition of plasma content [76-77]. The antioxidant activity of flowers extract and oxidation, ethyl acetate extract and methanolic extract showed their fractions has been evaluated by various in vitro methods 95.5% and 74.7% inhibition as compared to BHA (87.6%) [57]. such as DPPH scavenging activity, Hydroxyl radical (OH°) Veigas et al. have reported that antioxidant potential of D. regia scavenging power, Nitric oxide radical (NO°) scavenging may be related to the biochemical constituents in the flowers, ability and anti-lipid peroxidation in brain cells, kidney cells viz., carotenoids (367 μg·g−1), anthocyanins (5.8 μg·g−1), and and 2′-azo bis-(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride other polyphenolic compounds (33.5 mg·g−1) [57]. (AAPH)-induced plasma oxidation by comparing with Recently Gabier et al. have evaluated antioxidant activity standard antioxidants such as butylate hydroxyanisol (BHA), of the leaves, bark and flowers by using different in vitro butylate hydroxy toluene (BHT), gallic acid (GAE), and methods, viz., reducing power assay and DPPH assay, and repo-
– 33 – Anuj Modi, et al. / Chin J Nat Med, 2016, 14(1): 3139 rted that leaves extract exhibited more reducing power (abs = Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities 1.875) then bark (abs = 0.703) and flowers (abs = 1.678) Shewale et al. have evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of [78] −1 . In DPPH method, IC50 values were found to be 8.89, ethanolic extract of D. regia leaves (100, 200, and 400 mg·kg 29.86 and 14.80 µg·mL−1 for leaves, barks, and flowers, b.w., p.o.) by using the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema respectively [78]. The leaves showed more potent antioxidant and cotton pellet granuloma models; the extent of paw activity followed by bark and flowers [78]. The antioxidant oedema and cotton pellet granuloma were considered as an activities of the extracts were significantly correlated with index for its activity [29]. In both models, the ethanolic extract their total phenolic content (3.63, 0.69, 2.24 g GAE/100 g of (400 mg·kg−1) exhibited significant (P < 0.05) anti- dry weight) and total flavonoid contents (1.19, 0.28, 0.81 g inflammatory activities (48.1% and 42.8%), as compared to CE/100 g of dry weight) for leaves, bark, and flowers, standard indomethacin-treated rats (10 mg·kg−1 b.w., p.o.) respectively [78]. (65.8% and 61.6%) [29]. The results suggested that anti- Vivek et al. have reported the antioxidant activity of inflammatory activity of leaves might be due to presence of leaves and flowers by using ABTS [2, 2′-azino-bis(3-ethylben several bioactive compounds, viz., flavonoids, triterpenoids, zothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] radical scavenging activity sterols, lupeol, and phenolic acids [29]. Muruganandam et al. and claimed that leaves extract has greater antioxidant activity have evaluated anti-nociceptive activity of the ethanolic −1 −1 [79] −1 (IC50 22.50 µg·mL ) than flowers (IC50 24.88 µg·mL ) . extract (200 and 400 mg·kg b.w., p.o.) of leaves using acetic Hepatoprotective activity acid-induced hind paw oedema and formalin induced writhing El-Sayed et al. have evaluated the protective effects of tests and reported that the extract at higher dose (400 mg·kg−1) ethanolic extract of D. regia flower and its fractions, viz., showed significant activity (P < 0.001) than diclofenac n-hexane and ethyl acetate (50 and 100 mg·kg−1, b.w., p.o.), (100 mg·kg−1, b.w., p.o.) [80]. Rozina et al. have evaluated −1 against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (5 mL·kg , 25% V/V b.w., anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of 70% ethanolic i.p)-induced hepatic cell damage [65]. Histopathological extract of D. regia (300 mg·kg−1, b.w., p.o.) flower and bark examination and hepatic serum enzyme level examination using the carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema model and revealed that ethyl acetate extract (100 mg·kg−1, Randall-Selitto method, with aspirin (300 mg·kg−1 b.w., p.o.) p.o.)-possessed potent protective effect, followed by ethanolic as standard drug, and reported that ethanolic extract of bark and n-hexane fraction [65]. The results have suggested that showed significantly more potent anti-inflammatory activity flavonoids present in flavonoids rich fraction might be that the standard and the flower extract [81]. Both bark and responsible for its activity [65]. The compounds isolated from flower extracts showed significant (P < 0.05) analgesic ethanolic extract, viz., sterols (stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and its activity, at 1 h after administration of extracts while no effect 3-O-glucoside), flavonoids (quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin was observed at 3 h after administration [81]. and rutin), and triterpene (ursolic acid) have been evaluated Cytotoxic activity for the protective effect on human liver cancer cell line Shanmukha et al. have evaluated the cytotoxic activities −1 (HepG2); among them, ursolic acid (IC50 0.55 μg·mL ) of the petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride and −1 and L-azeditine-2-carboxylic acid (IC50 2.51 μg·mL ) dichloromethane fractions of the methanolic extract of D. exhibited more potent protective effects than doxorubicin regia stem bark using a shrimp lethality bioassay; the −1 (IC50 0.67 μg·mL ); while rutin and isoquercitrin were percentage of lethality of brine shrimp nauplii and LC50 were found to be inactive [65]. Ahmed et al. have evaluated considered as an index of cytotoxicity [70]. The results hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of aerial parts of D. indicated that carbon tetrachloride fraction showed a LC50 regia (400 mg·kg−1) and reported that extract showed value of 0.83 µg·mL−1, comparable to standard vincristine −1 significant (P < 0.01) protective activity against CCl4 sulphate (0.821 µg·mL ); while petroleum ether and −1 (2 mL·kg , p.o.)-induced liver damage in rats, compared to dichloromethane fractions showed LC50 values of 14.94 silymarin (50 mg·kg−1, p.o.) [22]. and 3.29 µg·mL−1, respectively [70]. Pusapati et al. have Azab et al. have evaluated hepatoprotective and evaluated the cytotoxic activity of 70% ethanolic extract of D. cytotoxic activity of aqueous extract and methanolic fraction regia leaves using MTT assay in breast cancer cells (MCF-7), −1 of D. regia leaves against CCl4 (2 mL·kg , b.w., i.p.)-induced cervix cells (HeLa), brain tumor cells and colon cancer cells, [82] damage and reported that treatment with the extract showed with tamoxifen as positive control . The IC50 values significant (P < 0.001) dose-dependent (50, 100, and (μg·mL−1) against MCF-7, HeLa cells, brain carcinoma, and 200 mg·kg−1 b.w., p.o.) protective effect. The cytotoxic carcinoma of colon cells were 141.6 ± 0.08, 223.7 ± 2.16, −1 [82] activity of extracts was determined in HepG2 cells by SRB 173.9 ± 0.7, 168.33 ± 0.04 μg·mL , respectively . Rozina et assay, using doxorubicin as a positive control. The percentage al. have evaluated the cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extract of survival fraction of treated cells compared with untreated (200 and 400 mg·kg−1 b.w., p.o.) of leaves using Brine Shrimp control cell was considered as an index for protective activity. lethality bioassay and reported that extract showed a LC50 −1 The treatment with extract showed a significant higher IC50 value of 4.06 µg·mL , comparable to standard vincristine −1 −1 [14] −1 [81] value (20.4 μg·mL ) than doxorubicin IC50 (4.15 μg·mL ) . sulphate (0.92 µg·mL ) .
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Hypoglycemic activity Antiemetic activity Rahman et al. have evaluated the hypoglycemic effect of Salman et al. have evaluated the antiemetic activity of methanolic extract of D. regia leaves (50, 100, 200, and the methanolic extract of D. regia leaves (150 mg·kg−1, b.w., 400 mg·mL−1 b.w., p.o.) in glucose-induced hyperglycemic p.o.) using a chick emesis model, with chlorpromazine (150 mice; the serum blood glucose level was estimated for mg·kg−1, b.w., p.o.) as standard [86]. Emesis was induced by hypoglycemic effect. The extract showed significant administering copper sulphate (50 mg·kg−1, b.w., p.o.). The (400 mg·mL−1, P < 0.000 1) dose-dependent effect, mean decreases in number of retching and percentage compared to standard glibenclamide (10 mg·mL−1 b.w., p.o.) inhibition of emesis were considered as index for its treated mice [28]. antiemetic activity. The leaves extract produced a 96.74% Gastroprotective activity inhibition (P < 0.01), significantly greater than chlorpro- Shiramane et al. have evaluated the gestroprotective mazine (33.97% inhibition) [86]. effects of 70% ethanolic extract of flowers of D. regia (100, Antidiarrhoeal activity 250 and 500 mg·kg−1, b.w., p.o.) against aspirin (200 mg·kg−1, Shiramane et al. have evaluated the in vivo antidiarroheal b.w., p.o.), alcohol (1 mL 200·g−1, b.w., p.o.) and pylorus effect of 70% ethanolic extracts of D. regia flowers (100, ligation-induced gastric ulceration using lansoprazole 250 and 500 mg·kg−1, b.w., p.o) in rat models of castor- −1 [83] (8 mg·kg , b.w., p.o.) as standard . Various parameters, oil-induced (1 mL, p.o.) diarrhoea, prostaglandin-E2-induced viz., ulcer index, percentage protection, gastric volume, pH of (100 g·kg−1) enter pooling, and charcoal-induced (1 mL, 3% gastric juice, free acid, and total acid content, were aqueous solution) gastrointestinal motility, using loperamide determined for evaluation of its protective effects. The flower (1 mg·kg−1, p.o) as standard drug [25]. The extracts showed extract showed significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent significant (P < 0.05) dose dependent protective effects in all protective effect either by protein precipitation or the treated animals. The results suggested that flavonoids vasoconstriction or increased capillary resistance or improved and tannins present in flowers might produce antidiarrhoeal circulation [84]. The results suggested that protection of ulcer effect by decreasing intestinal motility secretion or inhibiting might be due to the presence of antioxidant principles, viz., protein precipitation or secretion of electrolytes [25, 87]. tannins and flavonoids [83-84]. Antimalarial activity Anti-arthritic activity Fatmawaty et al. have evaluated the antimalarial Chitra et al. have evaluated the anti-arthritic activity of activities of the extracts of the fruits peels, leaves, barks, alcoholic extracts of the D. regia flowers (200 and 400 seeds and flowers of D. regia (72.8 mg·kg−1, b.w., p.o.) using mg·kg−1, b.w., p.o.) using the Freund’s incomplete adjuvant parasitemia of Plasmodium berghei infection in mice (Mus induced arthritis model in rats, with diclofenac sodium (5 musculus) by peter’s standard method with chloroquine mg·kg−1, b.w., p.o.) as standard [85]. Decrease in rat hand paw (8 mg·kg−1, b.w., p.o.) as positive control and reported that odema and increase in the natural antioxidant enzyme level bark extract inhibited more significantly (122%, P < 0.05) were considered as index for its antiarthritic activity. The parasite infection followed by fruits peels, seeds, leaves treatment with ethanolic extract (400 mg·kg−1) significantly and flowers i.e. 117%, 87.45%, 78.43% and 75.99%, (P < 0.001) reduced the paw edema volume as well as respectively [88]. The results suggested that the presence of increased the level of antioxidant enzymes viz. catalase, alkaloids might be responsible for its antimalarial activity [88]. glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase, and total Antimicrobial activity protein, as compared to standard treated rats while ethanolic The antimicrobial activities of extracts of leaves flowers, extract at a dose of 200 mg·kg−1 did not show any seeds, stem, bark and root of D. regia have been evaluated by significant effects. The results suggested that anti-arthritic many researchers on variety of microbial strains with an aim activity of the extract might be due to antioxidant activity of to identify the active principle and their efficacy [78-79]. The the flowers [85]. antimicrobial activities of petroleum ether, dichloromethane
Wound healing activity and CCl4 fraction of the methanolic extract of stem bark (15 Husain et al. have evaluated the wound healing mg·mm−2) of D. regia were tested using an in vitro disc properties of ethanol (70%) and aqueous extracts of D. regia diffusion method in various microbial strains, viz., Bacillus flowers using incision, excision, and dead space wound cereus, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, models [26]. The aqueous extracts significantly (P < 0.01) Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, promoted the healing process as compared to ethanolic Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhi, Shigella boydii, extract and standard povidine iodine ointment (5%), as Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio mimicus, and V. parahemolyticus evident by an increased percentage of wound contraction, and fungal strains, viz., Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, tensile strength, and hydroxyproline content, while and Sacharomyces cerevisiae [78, 89-90]. The zones of inhibition decreasing epithelialisation period. The results suggested demonstrated that dichloromethane fraction strongly inhibited that wound healing activity of the extract might be S. paratyphi (12 mm) while moderately inhibited S. typhi [26] attributed to the presence of flavonoids . (16 mm), S. aureus (14 mm), S. dysenteriae (14 mm); CCl4
– 35 – Anuj Modi, et al. / Chin J Nat Med, 2016, 14(1): 3139 and petroleum ether fraction inhibited P. aeruginosa (14 mm) urine volume (mL·kg−1 for 5 h) at doses of 100 and 200 mg·kg−1 and S. paratyphi (13 mm); while they do not have activity b.w. (2.89 ± 0.18 and 3.61 ± 0.37) (P < 0.05), compared to the on fungal strains as compared to kanamycin standard control group (1.73 ± 0.09) [94]. (20–25 mm) [78-79, 89-91]. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay showed that the carbon tetrachloride fraction had highest Conclusion −1 toxicity with LC50 of 0.83 mg·mL , while petroleum ether The interest in developing herbal therapies has been −1 and dichloromethane fractions had 14.94 and 3.29 mg·mL , increased worldwide, accompanied by increased laboratory respectively, in comparison with standard vincristine sulphate investigations on pharmacological properties of bioactive −1 [70] (0.812 mg·mL ) . In another study, the methanolic extract ingredients and their ability to treat various diseases [3]. −1 of stem bark (500, 1 000, 2000, and 4000 mg·L ) was The scientific community can get enormous benefits by evaluated for its antibacterial activity using in vitro disc building a golden triangle among modern science, modern [76] diffusion and MIC methods . D. regia showed potent zone medicine, and traditional medicine. Indeed, triangles are a −1 of inhibition (15 mm at 4 000 mg·L ) with 100 < MIC < 500 popular concept in complementary medicine, but for −1 mg·L . The results suggested that the antibacterial activity of Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, extract might be due to the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH), under Ministry of [76] and phenolic compounds . AYUSH, Government of India, the golden triangle represents [95] Kekuda et al. have evaluated the antibacterial activity of a golden opportunity to bring these systems together . methanolic extract (100 L, 20 mg·mL−1) of D. regia flower Modern era needs to develop comprehensive and clear against antibiotic resistant urinary tract pathogen, viz., E. coli, policies regarding legislation, regulation, quality control, and K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. faecalis and safety of herbal medicines. Without all these measures, it is reported that the extract showed potent activity against quite impossible to realize the dream to become “a global Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis [92]. leader in herbal drug industry” despite having golden mines Anthelmintic activity of well-documented and well-practiced traditional herbal Ahirrao et al. have evaluated the anthelmintic activity of medicines. D. regia appears to have a broad spectrum of the aqueous extract (25, 50 and 100 mg·mL−1) of D. regia pharmacological activities in various ailments. Its different flowers against Pheritima posthuma (Indian earth worm), parts have been explored for various biological activities such using piperazine citrate (10 mg·mL−1) as standard. Decrease as antioxidant, antiarthiritic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, in the time of paralysis and death of the worms as antidiarrhoeal, anthelmintic, antiemetic, antimalarial, cytotoxic, compared to standard was considered as index of gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, larvicidal, anthelmintic activity [21]. The aqueous extract exhibited antimicrobial, antihaemolytic, diuretic, and wound healing significant (P < 0.001) dose dependent activity. The results activities. The ethanomedicinal uses and findings justify the suggested that tannins present in the flowers were responsible therapeutic application of D. regia in the indigenous system for anthelmintic activity due to interference with energy of medicine, augmenting its therapeutic value. production by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation [21]. Acknowledgements Larvicidal activity (Antifeedent activity) Deepa et al. have evaluated the larvicidal effect of This study was an outcome of an in-house methanolic extract of D. regia flowers (0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% non-financially-supported study and the authors declare no and 4%) against 3rd instar larvae of Hyblaea puera Crame conflict of interest. The authors thank Dr. Sunil Kumar Jain, using Tween 20 as a control. The extract showed significant Director, Adina Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar
(P < 0.01) dose-dependent activity (LC50 0.67% and LT50 (M.P.)-India, for his valuable support. 3.19 h) as compared to normal control [8]. It was observed that 4% of the methanolic extract caused 100% mortality [8]. References Antihemolytic activity [1] Patwardhan B, Warude D, Pushpangadan P, et al. Ayurveda The methanolic extract of D. regia flower petals (25, 50, and traditional Chinese medicine: a comparative overview [J]. Evid −1 75 and 100 µg·mL ) has been evaluated for its antihemolytic Based Complement Alternat Med, 2005, 2(4): 465-473. activity against cumene hydroperoxide and hydrogen [2] WHO, Research guideline for evaluating the safety and peroxide-induced hemolysis and 90% antihemolytic activity efficacy of herbal medicines [M]. Philippines: World Health −1 [93] was observed at the concentration of 100 μg·mL . Organization regional office for Western Pecific, 1993: 1-84. Diuretic activity [3] Rastogi S, Kulshreshtha DK, Rawat AKS. Streblus asper Lour. Velan et al. have evaluated the diuretic activity of (Shakhotaka): a review of its chemical, pharmacological and −1 methanolic extracts of D. regia flowers (100 and 200 mg·kg , ethnomedicinal properties [J]. Evid Based Complement −1 p.o.) using Lipschitz test using furosemide (20 mg·kg , p.o.) Alternat Med, 2006, 3(2): 217-222. −1 as positive control and normal saline (25 mL·kg , p.o.) as [4] Vargas AMM, Garcia CA, Reis EM, et al. NaOH-activated [94] negative control . The results revealed the increase in the carbon from flamboyant (Delonix regia) pods: Optimization of
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Cite this article as: Anuj Modi, Ajita Bhatt, Aviral Jain, Mohd. Hashim Mansoori, Vimal Kumar. Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook) Raffin: historic perspectives and modern phytochemical and pharmacological researches [J]. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 2015, 14(1): 31-39.
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