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Science Book out of the Cosmic Rife, I Just Picked Me a Star Another Came Along, from Not So Far Thought It Would Be a Real Good Bet the Best Is Yet to Come

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Science Book out of the Cosmic Rife, I Just Picked Me a Star Another Came Along, from Not So Far Thought It Would Be a Real Good Bet the Best Is Yet to Come The Next Generation Global Gravitational Wave Observatory The Science Book Out of the cosmic rife, I just picked me a star another came along, from not so far Thought it would be a real good bet The best is yet to come The best is yet to come and may be, it’ll be fine You think you’ve seen the sun But you ain’t seen two rattle and shine A wait till the 3rd-gen’s underway Wait till our feisty stars have met And wait till you see that everyday You ain’t seen nothing yet. — Sanjay Reddy with apologies to Frank Sinatra Front Cover: Artist’s impression of a black hole-neutron star merger, Carl Knoz, OzGrav ii SCIENCE BOOK SUBCOMMITTEE Vicky Kalogera, Northwestern, USA (Co-chair) B.S. Sathyaprakash, Penn State USA and Cardiff University, UK (Co-chair) Matthew Bailes, Swinburne, Australia Marie-Anne Bizouard, CNRS & Observatoire de la Cote d’Azur, France Alessandra Buonanno, Albert Einstein Institute, Potsdam, Germany and University of Maryland, USA Adam Burrows, Princeton, USA Monica Colpi, INFN, Italy Matt Evans, MIT, USA Stephen Fairhurst, Cardi University, UK Stefan Hild, Maastricht University, Netherlands Mansi M. Kasliwal, Caltech, USA Luis Lehner, Perimeter Institute, Canada Ilya Mandel, University of Birmingham, UK Vuk Mandic, University of Minnesota, USA Samaya Nissanke, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands Maria Alessandra Papa, Albert Einstein Institute, Hannover, Germany Sanjay Reddy, University of Washington, USA Stephan Rosswog, Oskar Klein Centre, Sweden Chris Van Den Broeck, NIKHEF, Netherlands STEERING COMMITTEE Michele Punturo, INFN - Perugia, Italy (Co-Chair) David Reitze, Caltech, USA (Co-chair) Peter Couvares, Caltech, USA Stavros Katsanevas, European Gravitational Observatory Takaaki Kajita, University of Tokyo, Japan Vicky Kalogera, Northwestern University, USA Harald Lueck, Albert Einstein Institute, Hannover, Germany David McClelland, Australian National University, Australia Sheila Rowan, University of Glasgow, UK Gary Sanders, Caltech, USA B.S. Sathyaprakash, Penn State University, USA and Cardiff University, UK David Shoemaker, MIT, USA (Secretary) Jo van den Brand, Nikhef, Netherlands GRAVITATIONAL WAVE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE This document was produced by the GWIC 3G Committee, the GWIC 3G Science Case Team and the International 3G Science Team Consortium Final release, April 2021 iii Additional Authors P. Ajith, International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, India Shreya Anand, California Institute of Technology, USA Igor Andreoni, California Institute of Technology, USA K.G. Arun, Chennai Mathematical Institute, India Enrico Barausse, SISSA, Italy Masha Baryakhtar, New York University, USA and University of Washington, USA Enis Belgacem, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Christopher P.L. Berry, Northwestern University, USA Daniele Bertacca, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Italy and INFN Sezione di Padova, Italy Richard Brito, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Chiara Caprini, Université Paris-Diderot, France Katerina Chatziioannou, Caltech, USA Michael Coughlin, University of Minnesota, USA Giulia Cusin, University of Geneva, Switzerland Tim Dietrich, University of Potsdam Yves Dirian, University of Geneva and University of Zuerich, Switzerland William E. East, Perimeter Institute, Canada Xilong Fan, Wuhan University and Hubei University of Education, China Daniel Figueroa, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland Stefano Foffa, University of Geneva, Switzerland Archisman Ghosh, Ghent University, Belgium Evan Hall, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Jan Harms, Gran Sasso Science Institute, Italy Ian Harry, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Potsdam, Germany and University of Portsmouth, UK Tanja Hinderer, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Thomas Janka, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Germany Stephen Justham, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China and University of Amsterdam, The Nether- lands Dan Kasen, University of California Berkeley, USA Kei Kotake, Fukuoka University, Japan Geoffrey Lovelace, California State University Fullerton, USA Michele Maggiore, University of Geneva, Switzerland Alberto Mangiagli, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, France Michela Mapelli, University of Padova and INFN Padova, Italy Andrea Maselli, Gran Sasso Science Institute, Italy Andrew Matas, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Potsdam, Germany Jess McIver, Caltech, USA and the University of British Columbia, Canada Bronson Messer, ORNL and University of Tennessee, USA Tony Mezzacappa, ORNL and University of Tennessee, USA Cameron Mills, Cardiff University, UK Bernhard Mueller, Monash University, Australia Ewald Müller, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Germany Michael Pürrer, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Potsdam, Germany Paolo Pani, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Geraint Pratten, University of Balearic Islands, Spain and University of Birmingham, UK Tania Regimbau, Université Grenoble Alpes, France iv Mairi Sakellariadou, Kings College London, United Kingdom Raffaella Schneider, INFN Roma, Italy Alberto Sesana, Universita‘ di Milano-Bicocca, Italy Lijing Shao, Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, China P. Thomas Sotiriou, The University of Nottingham, UK Nicola Tamanini, Laboratoire des 2 infinis - Toulouse, France Thomas Tauris, Aarhus University, Greece Eric Thrane, Monash University, Australia Rosa Valiante, INAF Roma, Italy Maarten van de Meent, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Potsdam, Germany Vijay Varma, California Institute of Technology, USA Justin Vines, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Potsdam Salvatore Vitale, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Huan Yang, Perimeter Institute and U Guelph, Canada Nicolas Yunes, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA Miguel Zumalacarregui, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Potsdam, Germany and University of California Berkeley, USA Contents Executive Summary . .vii 1 Introduction ........................................................ 1 1.1 Prologue 1 1.2 Extreme Matter, Extreme Environments. 2 1.3 Observing Stellar-mass Black Holes Throughout the Universe. 3 1.4 Cosmology and Early History of the Universe. 4 1.5 Extreme Gravity and Fundamental Physics. 4 1.6 Sources at the Frontier of Observations 5 1.7 Summary 5 2 Extreme Matter, Extreme Environments ......................... 6 2.1 Nature of Matter at Highest Densities 7 2.2 Nucleosynthesis in Neutron Star Binary Mergers 9 2.3 Formation, Demographics and Merger Sites of Compact Binary Mergers 10 2.4 Jet Physics in Neutron Star Binary Mergers 10 2.5 Outlook for Extreme Matter and Extreme Environments 11 3 Observing Stellar-mass Black Holes Throughout the Universe 12 3.1 A survey of BHs throughout cosmic time 13 3.2 Expanding the BH mass spectrum 14 3.3 High-precision measurements of binary properties 15 3.4 Multiband gravitational-wave observations 16 3.5 Outlook for black hole gravitational-wave astronomy 17 4 Cosmology and the Early History of the Universe . 18 4.1 Standard Siren Cosmology 19 vi 4.2 Early History of the Universe 19 4.3 Astrophysical Binary Foregrounds and Large Scale Structure 22 4.4 Outlook for gravitational-wave cosmology and the early Universe 22 5 Extreme Gravity and Fundamental Physics .................... 23 5.1 Nature of Gravity. 24 5.2 Nature of Compact Objects. 26 5.3 Nature of Dark Matter. 27 5.4 Outlook on Exploring Extreme Gravity and Fundamental Physics 28 6 Sources at the Frontier of Observations ........................ 29 6.1 Core-Collapse Supernovae 30 6.2 Sources of Continuous GWs 32 6.3 GW Bursts Associated with NS Flares and Glitches 32 6.4 Outlook for GW sources at the frontier of observations 33 Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................... 34 Bibliography ...................................................... 35 Executive Summary Within the last century, we have discovered incred- BLACK HOLES:WHERE THE COSMOS MEETS ible new truths about the Universe using telescopes THE QUANTUM REALM and particle detectors. We now know it is expanding A new generation of detectors will allow us to and composed mostly of dark matter and dark energy push Einstein’s general theory of relativity to the that we do not yet understand and neutrinos and ultra limit and to test alternative theories that aim to high-energy particles, whose origin remains a puzzle. resolve the fundamental contradictions between We have learned that it harbors astounding entities quantum physics, which describes the Universe at such as black holes, regions of spacetime so strongly very small sizes, and general relativity, which de- warped that nothing, even light, that falls inside can scribes the Universe at very large sizes. Although ever escape. We have learned that it is gravity that the two are incompatible with each other, no exper- iment yet has discovered new physics outside of shapes the structure of the Universe, from enormous either theory. Black holes provide a laboratory that cosmic fibers of matter to galaxies and solar systems, smashes these theories together; squeezing enor- to planets, stars, and black holes. Gravity drives the mous masses into infinitesimally small volumes. most extreme phenomena in the Universe, including By sensing black hole collisions with high fidelity, incredibly violent collisions of black holes that in new detectors would allow us to test completely nearly an instant release millions of times the energy new regimes of highly warped spacetime that could that our Sun will emit in its entire
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