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Joseph Weber's Contribution to Gravitational Waves and Neutrinos
Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia Historical Article New Astronomical Observations: Joseph Weber’s Contribution to Gravitational Waves Citation: S. Gottardo (2017) New Astronomical Observations: Joseph and Neutrinos Detection Weber’s Contribution to Gravitational Waves and Neutrinos Detection. Sub- stantia 1(1): 61-67. doi: 10.13128/Sub- stantia-13 Stefano Gottardo Copyright: © 2017 S. Gottardo.This European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Flor- is an open access, peer-reviewed arti- ence), Italy cle published by Firenze University E-mail: [email protected] Press (http://www.fupress.com/substan- tia) and distribuited under distributed under the terms of the Creative Com- Abstract. Joseph Weber, form Maryland University, was a pioneer in the experimen- mons Attribution License, which per- tal research of gravitational waves and neutrinos. Today these two techniques are very mits unrestricted use, distribution, and promising for astronomical observation, since will allow to observe astrophysical phe- reproduction in any medium, provided nomena under a new light. We review here almost 30 years of Weber’s career spent the original author and source are on gravity waves and neutrinos; Weber’s experimental results were strongly criticized credited. by the international community, but his research, despite critics, boosted the brand Data Availability Statement: All rel- new (in mid-sixties of last century) research field of gravity waves to become one of evant data are within the paper and its the most important in XXI century. On neutrino side, he found an unorthodox way Supporting Information files. to reduce the size of detectors typically huge and he claimed to observe neutrinos flux with a small pure crystal of sapphire. -
A Brief History of Gravitational Waves
Review A Brief History of Gravitational Waves Jorge L. Cervantes-Cota 1, Salvador Galindo-Uribarri 1 and George F. Smoot 2,3,4,* 1 Department of Physics, National Institute for Nuclear Research, Km 36.5 Carretera Mexico-Toluca, Ocoyoacac, Mexico State C.P.52750, Mexico; [email protected] (J.L.C.-C.); [email protected] (S.G.-U.) 2 Helmut and Ana Pao Sohmen Professor at Large, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. 3 Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire APC-PCCP, Université Paris Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Leonie Duquet 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. 4 Department of Physics and LBNL, University of California; MS Bldg 50-5505 LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.:+1-510-486-5505 Abstract: This review describes the discovery of gravitational waves. We recount the journey of predicting and finding those waves, since its beginning in the early twentieth century, their prediction by Einstein in 1916, theoretical and experimental blunders, efforts towards their detection, and finally the subsequent successful discovery. Keywords: gravitational waves; General Relativity; LIGO; Einstein; strong-field gravity; binary black holes 1. Introduction Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, published in November 1915, led to the prediction of the existence of gravitational waves that would be so faint and their interaction with matter so weak that Einstein himself wondered if they could ever be discovered. Even if they were detectable, Einstein also wondered if they would ever be useful enough for use in science. -
CV Karsten Danzmann
Curriculum Vitae for Prof. Dr. Karsten Danzmann May 23, 2017 Affiliation Director, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) and Director, Institute for Gravitational Physics, Leibniz Universität Hannover Callinstr. 38, D-30167 Hannover, Germany http://www.aei.mpg.de/18307/04_Laser_Interferometry_and_Gravitational_Wave_Astronomy Tel.: +49 511 762 2356, Fax: +49 511 762 5861, Email: [email protected] Personal Details Born February 6, 1955 in Rotenburg/Wümme in Germany, German citizen Education 1974 Pre-Diploma in Physics, Technical University Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany 1977 Diploma in Physics, University of Hannover, Germany 1980 PhD, University of Hannover, Germany Academic Employment 1978 - 1982 Staff Scientist, University of Hannover 1982 - 1983 Visiting Scientist (DFG fellowship) Stanford University, USA 1983 - 1986 Staff Scientist, PTB Berlin, Germany 1986 - 1989 Act. Ass. Professor of Physics, Stanford University, USA 1990 - 1993 Project Leader Gravitational Waves, Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany 1993 - 2001 Head of Remote Branch Hannover, Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics 1993 - present Professor (W3), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Director of Institute for Gravitational Physics (formerly Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics) 2002 - present Director at Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) 2004 - 2005 Dean, University of Hannover, Germany Scientific Activities 1993 - present Principal Investigator of the ground-based -
The Search for the Gentle Tremble
Flashback_Gravitational Waves The Search for the Gentle Tremble Gravitational waves are some of the most spectacular predictions of the 1915 general theory of relativity. However, it wasn’t until half a century later that physicist Joseph Weber attempted to track them down. In the early 1970s, Max Planck scientists also began working in this research field, and developed second-generation detectors. The groundwork laid by these pioneers meant the waves in space-time ceased to be just figments of the imagination: in September 2015 they were finally detected. TEXT HELMUT HORNUNG Albert Einstein is beset by doubt: it will never be possible to de- of relativity ultimately benefits gravitational waves, too, which tect gravitational waves – the tremble in space-time is simply too strike a chord with at least one physicist: Joseph Weber. weak! Yet it was he himself who had postulated their existence, Born in 1919 in New Jersey, the researcher at the University of which follows from the general theory of relativity he put forward Maryland has an idea for a simple experiment: he suspends an in- in November 1915. A short time later, in 1916 and again in 1918, he credibly heavy aluminum cylinder – 1.5 meters long and 60 centi- devotes a paper to this phenomenon. meters across – in a steel wire loop and attaches piezo sensors to Two decades later, he suddenly has a change of heart: “I have its middle to register oscillations. The whole test rig is housed in been working with a young colleague [Nathan Rosen] and we have a vacuum chamber. -
Gravitational Waves WARNING!!!!
Gravitational Waves WARNING!!!! ⚫ Terminology is treacherous! ⚫ There are gravitational waves (our topic) and there are gravity waves (a topic for a surfing class). Mix them to your peril. Gravitational waves ⚫ Movie The History ⚫ The history of gravitational waves is rocky. Einstein argued in 1916 that gravitational waves must exist – if the space-time is dynamic, there must be ripples on it. ⚫ Einstein derived the approximate formula for the gravitational waves from two orbiting bodies. ⚫ In 1922 Eddington (that one) argued that gravitational waves were not real and just a mathematical artefact. The History ⚫ In 1936 Einstein wrote a paper with Nathan Rosen reversing his original view; they concluded that all gravitational waves should collapse into black holes. ⚫ The paper was submitted to Physics Review but was returned after the referee pointed out a mistake in it. ⚫ Einstein got berserk in response, writing an angry letter to the editor and promising never to publish in Physics Review again. The History ⚫ Einstein was later persuaded by Infeld of his mistake and corrected the paper. Rosen never conceded. ⚫ In 1957 Richard Feymann (a very famous particle physicist) presented a “sticky bead” argument that convinced most people that gravitational waves are real. The Challenge ⚫ The primary challenge with gravitational waves is that in GR there is no (unambiguous) mathematical expression for its energy. ⚫ Since locally space-time is Minkowski, in the local inertial reference frame the energy of gravitational waves is zero. I.e., that energy is non-local, one cannot claim that the energy of gravitational waves is … at his location, only that the total energy is such and such. -
LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Principle and applications The process which makes lasers possible, Stimulated Emission, was proposed in 1917 by Albert Einstein. No one realized the incredible potential of this concept until the 1950's, when practical research was first performed on applying the theory of stimulated emission to making lasers. It wasn't until 1960 that the first true laser was made by Theodore Maimam, out of synthetic ruby. Many ideas for laser applications quickly followed, including some that never worked, like the laser eraser. Still, the early pioneers of laser technology would be shocked and amazed to see the multitude of ways that lasers are used by everyone, everyday, in today's worlds Ordinary light laser light :- 1. directional 2. coherent 3. high intensity 4. Monochromatic Properties of LASER light • Monochromaticity: Properties of LASER light • Directionality: Conventional light source Beam Divergence angle (θd) • Highly Intense: since highly directional, coherent entire output is concentrated in a small region and intensity becomes very high I = (10/ λ)2 P P= power radiated by laser Properties of LASER light Incoherent light waves coherent light waves Laser History • Was based on Einstein’s idea of the “particlewave duality” of light, more than 30 years earlier • Invented in 1958 by Charles Townes (Nobel prize in Physics 1964) and Arthur Schawlow of Bell Laboratories • The first patent (1958) MASER = Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation • 1958: Schawlow, A.L. and Townes, C.H. – Proposed the realization of masers for light and infrared got Nobel prize 1917: Einstein, A. - Concept and theory of stimulated light emission 1948: Gabor, D. -
A Brief History of Gravitational Waves
universe Review A Brief History of Gravitational Waves Jorge L. Cervantes-Cota 1, Salvador Galindo-Uribarri 1 and George F. Smoot 2,3,4,* 1 Department of Physics, National Institute for Nuclear Research, Km 36.5 Carretera Mexico-Toluca, Ocoyoacac, C.P. 52750 Mexico, Mexico; [email protected] (J.L.C.-C.); [email protected] (S.G.-U.) 2 Helmut and Ana Pao Sohmen Professor at Large, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong, China 3 Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire APC-PCCP, Université Paris Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Leonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France 4 Department of Physics and LBNL, University of California; MS Bldg 50-5505 LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.:+1-510-486-5505 Academic Editors: Lorenzo Iorio and Elias C. Vagenas Received: 21 July 2016; Accepted: 2 September 2016; Published: 13 September 2016 Abstract: This review describes the discovery of gravitational waves. We recount the journey of predicting and finding those waves, since its beginning in the early twentieth century, their prediction by Einstein in 1916, theoretical and experimental blunders, efforts towards their detection, and finally the subsequent successful discovery. Keywords: gravitational waves; General Relativity; LIGO; Einstein; strong-field gravity; binary black holes 1. Introduction Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, published in November 1915, led to the prediction of the existence of gravitational waves that would be so faint and their interaction with matter so weak that Einstein himself wondered if they could ever be discovered. -
Heinz Billing
Heinz Billing Born April 7, 1914, Salzwedel, Germany; an inventor1, of magnetic drum storage and built the first working electronic computer in Germany; searched for gravity waves and became unsurpassed in not finding them. Education: doctoral degree, University of Göttingen, 1938. Professional Experience: Aerodynamic Test Centre, Göttingen (Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt, AVA) 1938-1946; German Air Force, 1938-1941; Institute für Instrumentenkunde (Institute for Scientific Instruments), Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (later Max-Planck- Gesellschaft), 1946-1949, and again in 1950-1972; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization, Sydney, Australia, 1949-1950; Max Planck Institute, Garching, Germany, 1972-1982. Honors and Awards: honorary professorship in computing, Erlangen University, 1967; Konrad Zuse Prize, 1987. Heinz Billing was born on April 7, 1914 in Salzwedel, a small town some 30 miles north of Wolfsburg, where Volkswagen automobiles are made. He went to school at Salzwedel, graduated from high school (“Abitur”-examination) at 18 and, after studies at Göttingen (a famous university town south of Hanover) and Munich, he received his doctorate in physics at the age of 24. His thesis under Walter Gerlach was on Light Interference with Canal Rays. He began his career June 1, 1938, at the Aerodynamic Test Centre at Göttingen (Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt, AVA) connected with Ludwig Prandt], the famous director of the Kaiser- Wilhelm-Institut für Strömungsforschung (fluid mechanics). By October 1, 1938, he was drafted to the Air Force, where he worked in weather forecasting. He was released from these duties in May 1941 to do research in aeronautical acoustics. Magnetic Sound Recording In those days German engineering was well known for excellent results with magnetic sound recording, first on steel wire and then on tape. -
Brother Andrew R. Weber, S.M., Dies at 75
University of Dayton eCommons News Releases Marketing and Communications 9-13-1971 Brother Andrew R. Weber, S.M., Dies at 75 Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.udayton.edu/news_rls Recommended Citation "Brother Andrew R. Weber, S.M., Dies at 75" (1971). News Releases. 3800. https://ecommons.udayton.edu/news_rls/3800 This News Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Marketing and Communications at eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in News Releases by an authorized administrator of eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. THE UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON JOE McLAUGHLIN PUBLIC RELATIONS DEPARTMENT DIRECTOR, GENERAL PUBLICITY DA YTOH, OHIO 45409 AREA CODE 513 229~646 DAYTON, Ohio, September 13, 1971 --- Brother Andrew R. Weber, S.M., former Chairman of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Dayton, died late this afternoon in the University's Gosiger Health center. Brother Weber, who had been in failing health for 10 years, would have been 76 years old on November 8. He had been assigned to the University of Dayton by the Society of Mary since 1926 and had retired from active teaching in the late 1950s. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Brother Weber had been known throughout the United States for his work in engineering education over a 30-year period. He had written many papers and was in demand for lectures during that period of time. He also developed the Safety Index (SI) to Evaluate Industrial Accidents, the slide rule procedures to engineering problems, and formulated a log table to the base pi using the slide rule. -
LIGO Magazine Issue #14 !
LIGO Scientific Collaboration Scientific LIGO issue 14 3/2019 LIGO MAGAZINE The Gravitational Weather Forecast: Predicting sources for O3 Upgrades to Hanford, Livingston and Virgo sites Getting ready for O3 p.12 The LVC‘s first Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog Inventorizing the dark side p. 15 ... and an interview with Sir James Hough on the early days p.19 Front cover A new study using Chandra data of GW170817 indicates that the event that produced gravitational waves likely created the lowest mass black hole known. The artist’s illustration shows the black hole that resulted from the merger, along with a disk of infalling matter and a jet of high-energy particles. (Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss) The top inset shows the view from below the ‘north input test mass’ of Virgo. The bottom inset shows a schematic of binary mergers observed by LIGO and Virgo so far. Image credits Photos and graphics appear courtesy of Caltech/MIT LIGO Laboratory and LIGO Scientific Collaboration unless otherwise noted. Cover: Main illustration from NASA/CXC/M.Weiss. Top inset from M. Perciballi / The Virgo collaboration. Bottom inset from LIGO-Virgo / Frank Elavsky / Northwestern University p. 3 Comic strip by Nutsinee Kijbunchoo p. 6-9 Colliding neutron stars illustration by NASA/CXC/M.Weiss. Gravitational wave sources by Chris Messenger. Sensitivity curves from LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA p. 12-14 Livingston photo by Matthew Heintze. Hanford photo by Nutsinee Kijbunchoo, Virgo photo by M. Perciballi / The Virgo Collaboration. p. 15-18 Time frequency plots and waveforms by S. Ghonge, K. Janu / Georgia Tech. Masses in the Stellar Graveyard by LIGO-Virgo / Frank Elavsky / Northwestern University. -
CV of Prof. Dietrich
CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL DETAILS Name & Surname Tim Dietrich Address University of Potsdam Institute for Physics and Astronomy Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25 14476, Potsdam Email [email protected] Telephone +49/331977230160 Birth date 23th of April 1988 Nationality German Marital Status Married; 1 child EDUCATION 2016 PhD (”summa cum laude”–excellent 1.0) Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany 2012 Master of Science in Physics (1.0) Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany 2010 Bachelor of Science in Physics (1.0) Institute of Physics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany 2007 High school diploma (1.0) – Gymnasium Philanthropinum Dessau PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE since 2020 Professor for Theoretical Astrophysics (W1) at the University of Potsdam since 2020 Adjunct Researcher at Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics Potsdam 2018-2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellow at Nikhef, Amsterdam 2015-2018 Postdoc at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics Potsdam 2015 Research assistant at the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena 2011-2014 Research assistant for the CRC/TR-7 Gravitational Wave Astronomy 2008-2010 Research assistant at the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Fellowships and Awards Scholarships: 2013-2015 Scholarship of the Landesgraduiertenstipendium Thuringia 2010 Gustav-Mie Scholarship of Martin-Luther-University [declined] 2009-2012 Scholarship of the German National Academic Foundation Grants: 2017 Individual Marie-Curie Fellowship Awards/Prizes: 2019 Heinz Billing Prize for the Advancement of Computational Science 2017 PhD thesis prize of the German Physical Society of the sections “Gravitation and Relativity”, “Hadrons and Nucleons”, and “Particle physics” 2017 PhD thesis prize of the Friedrich Schiller University Jena 2010 Gustav-Mie-Bachelor-Prize Host for Fellowships 2021 Host for the Humboldt Fellowship of Dr. -
Scientific Background
3 OCTOBER 2017 Scientifc Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 THE LASER INTERFEROMETER GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE OBSERVATORY AND THE FIRST DIRECT OBSERVATION OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES The Nobel Committee for Physics THE ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES has as its aim to promote the sciences and strengthen their infuence in society. BOX 50005 (LILLA FRESCATIVÄGEN 4 A), SE-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN Nobel Prize® and the Nobel Prize® medal design mark TEL +46 8 673 95 00, [email protected] WWW.KVA.SE are registrated trademarks of the Nobel Foundation The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory and the first direct observation of gravitational waves Introduction Our knowledge and understanding of the Universe is based on millennia of observations of the quanta of electromagnetic radiation – photons – in a wide range of wavelengths. These studies have taught us a lot – not only about planets, stars and galaxies but also about the origins of structure, the evolution and possibly the fate of the Universe. It turns out, however, that highly energetic photons do not reach us from the furthest recesses of the cosmos. So, during the past few decades, new kinds of telescopes have been developed, leading to unexpected breakthroughs. These detectors exploit other forms of radiation: cosmic rays, neutrinos and gravitational waves. The existence of gravitational radiation is linked to the general theory of relativity and was predicted by Einstein a century ago [1, 2]. Gravitational waves are travelling ripples in space-time. They arise when heavy objects accelerate and hence generate disturbances in the gravitational fields. These distortions, described as waves, move outward from the source at the speed of light and give rise to effects that, in principle, are measurable when they reach Earth given sufficiently sensitive detectors.