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Data Collection and Location by Satellite: the Argos System

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Data Collection and Location by Satellite: the Argos System Hydrological Applications of Remote Sensing and Remote Data Transmission (Proceedings of the Hamburg Symposium, August 1983). IAHS Publ. no. 145. Data collection and location by satellite: the Argos system MICHEL TAILLADE Service Argos - Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France ABSTRACT The French Argos system onboard meteorological NOAA satellites deals with the data collection and the platform location of environmental programmes (meteorology, oceanography, offshore, hydrology, biology, vulcanology, seismology). The Argos system is composed of the user platforms (buoys, balloons, fixed or offshore stations, animals, etc.), the onboard satellite equipment, the data processing centre and the data distribution system for Argos users. Platforms data are available in Toulouse (France) a few hours after their acquisition by satellite and are easily accessible, via usual telephone or telex networks, from anywhere in the world. After three years of operational use, it can be said this unique system has proved its efficiency and reliability and will continue to be used by dozens of countries during the next decade. Collecte des données et localisation par satellites: le système Argos RESUME L'équipement français Argos est embarqué à bord des satellites de la NOAA; il permet la collecte de données et la localisation de plates-formes dans différents domaines (météorologie, océanographie, offshore, hydrologie, biologie, vulcanologie, seismologie). Le système Argos comprend dans son ensemble: les plates-formes des utilisateurs dont le type diffère selon le domaine d'activité (bouées, ballons, plates-formes fixes ou mobiles, etc.), l'équipement embarqué à bord des satellites, le Centre Informatique de Toulouse (France), le système de distribution des données. La mise à disposition des résultats a lieu au Centre de Calcul de Toulouse. Les données sont disponibles quelques heures après le passage du satellite dans une région donnée. Elles peuvent être prélevées par téléphone ou par télex suivant une procédure bien définie. Après trois ans de service opérationnel, on peut affirmer que le système Argos a fait ses preuves et qu'il sera utilisé dans la prochaine décennie par des dizaines de pays. INTRODUCTION The Argos system is primarily intended to locate fixed or mobile platforms and to collect environmental data from these platforms. 33 34 Michel Taillade This system is the result of a cooperative programme between the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, USA), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, USA). CNES, NASA and NOAA are bound by a Memorandum of Agreement signed in December 1974. The main mission has been to provide an operational service for the entire duration of the TIROS N/NOAA programme, that is from 1979 until at least 1990. The responsibilities of each agency (Fig.l) can be summarized as follows : (a) NASA manages the design of TIROS-N (RCA is subcontractor) and the construction of TIROS-N and NOAA-A through NOAA-I spacecraft; (b) NOAA develops mission requirements, operates the spacecrafts and the ground system; (c) CNES supplies the Argos data collection system (DCS) for integration into the spacecrafts and the Argos data processing centre (DPC), and manages the Argos DPC and distributes the data. Service Argos operates the system under the supervision of the Argos Operations Committee (NASA, NOAA, CNES). Its duties include attending to user's interests, coordinating system utilization and promotion, and supervising the system in general. NASA MANAGE CONSTRUCTION OF SATELLITES ARGOS / SERVICE V NOAA OPERATIONS I ARGOS J COMMITTEE OPERATE SATELLITES AND GROUND SYSTEM „ / OPERATE * THE ENTIRE ARGOS SYSTEM CNES SUPPLY ON BOARD EQUIPMENTS ANO DATA PROCESSING CENTER FIG.1 Responsibilities of each agency. USER PLATFORMS The electronics package to equip a platform of the user's choice is termed a Platform Transmitter Terminal or PTT. Argos PTTs may be mounted on fixed platforms (meteorological, hydrological stations, etc.) and moving platforms (buoys, balloons, icebergs, animals, etc.). However, all include as a minimum: ultrastable oscillator (severity or stability requirement depends on whether the platform's location is required), antenna, digital message generation logic, power supply, interfaces with sensors (Fig.2). The transmitted standard message comprises an unmodulated part, for satellite receiver lock-on and a modulated one which includes synchronization signals, PTT identification code and sensor data. The Argos system 35 \ i / \ | / UHF TRANSMITTER DIGITAL ELECTRONIC STANDARD INTERFACE FOR SENSORS ,i ,i USER'S SENSORS FIG.2 The user platform. The main characteristics of Argos PTTs can be summarized as follows : (a) Transmission frequency is 401.650 MHz at regular intervals, i.e. 40-60 s in the case of platforms to be positioned, every 100-200 s for a data-collection-only-type platform. Message duration depends on the number of sensor output values to be transmitted, but it is always less than 1 s. (b) Radiated power of 3 W with a low power consumption of just 200 mW which allows power sources such as dry cells, conventional batteries and even solar cells. (c) Message capacity for sensor data is 32 to 256 bits; this length can be adapted to user requirements, in the case of standard processing (see Argos DPC description), by fields of 32 bits each. Each of 32 possible sensors can then be generated between 0 and 16 bits, inclusive. (d) Ease of implementation, since all Argos PTTs operate on the same frequency and are of moderate price. The equipment for an individual up-link with the satellite can be purchased for US $2000. THE ONBOARD EQUIPMENT The input to the Argos onboard DCS "sees" a composite signal comprising a mixture of messages generated by a number of different PTTs within the satellite's coverage. As each message is acquired, the DCS records the time and date, measures the carrier frequency and demodulates the platform identification number and sensor data (Fig.3). These data are then 36 Michel Taillade PROCESSING TELEMETRY RECEIVER UNIT ENCODER TIP SEARCH UNIT CONTROL UNIT FIG.3 The onboard DCS. formatted and stored onboard magnetic tape recorders. Each time one of the two satellites passes over one of the three telemetry stations (Wallops Island, Virginia, USA; Gilmore Creek, Alaska, USA; Lannion, France), the data recorded on tape are read-out and transmitted to the ground stations. Once a satellite has completed telemetry data transmission for a particular pass, the received data are transmitted to NESDIS (National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service) Center at Suitland, Maryland, USA. Data concerning the Argos system are separated from those concerning other satellite experiments and transmitted to the Argos DPC located in the Toulouse Space Centre in France (Fig.4). The instantaneous coverage on the ground corresponds to a circle with a radius of 2600 km for a minimum receiving angle of 5°. From one day to the next the "contact" passes for a given platform come nearly at the same time within a satellite's coverage (sunsynchronous satellites). The indicated number of contact passes per day (Table 1) corresponds to the mean number of passes during which the potential contact time is at least 10 minutes. The problem of how to select messages for acquisition is FIG.4 The Argos data flow. The Argos system 37 TABLE 1 Number of "contact" passes per day Latitude Number of contacts: Minimum Mean Maximum 0 6 7 8 ±15 8 8 9 ±30 8 9 12 ±45 10 11 12 ±55 16 16 18 ±65 21 22 23 ±75 28 28 28 ±90 28 28 28 essentially the "random access" problem. The satellite must acquire the largest possible number of messages, yet the number of message processing channels is obviously limited. The key design concepts can be summarized as follows: messages from platforms within the satellite coverage appear at the input of the onboard receiver in a random fashion; message separation in time is obtained through the asynchronization of the transmissions and the use of different repetition periods; message separation in frequency is achieved as a result of the different Doppler shifts in the carrier frequency transmitted by the various platforms. Up to four simultaneous messages can be aquired providing they are separated in frequency. The onboard DCS performs within instrument specification, i.e. the probability of acquiring a message during one pass of a satellite, providing all messages transmitted during this pass are identical, is over 0.99. Direct readout capabilities PTT messages received by the Argos DCS are mixed onboard the satellite with data from other experiments. The combined data streams are handled in two ways: stored onboard tape recorders and transmitted to the ground in real time by a 136.77 or 137.77 MHz transmitter. Thus, the satellite acts like a relay that continuously transmits to the ground a signal containing data from PTTs within the satellite's coverage at that time. By using a suitable receiving station, the telemetry signal can be picked up (within 2000 km radius around the station) and the data extracted each time the satellites pass overhead (Fig.5). These local user terminals (LUT) are designed mostly to handle data-collection-only platforms. The main advantages of a LUT are the real-time data availability and thus the alarm capabilities of this system. The drawbacks compared to a centralized system such as the Argos DPC include: the duplication of equipment and permanent manpower to ensure operational use; the satellite coverage limitations, and the non-availability of data at a single place (for example the decision centre). 38 Michel Taillade Argos direct readout Jjft'Sfc/ ground station tiiitGltite TUws N station de reception dtmct readout station FIG.5 The local user terminal. THE DATA PROCESSING CENTRE System configuration The Argos data processing system was designed for a reliability of 99%. This is achieved by providing redundant facilities at all critical points.
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