From Symbols to Knowledge Systems: A
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Uluslararası Ders Kitapları Ve Eğitim Materyalleri Dergisi
Uluslararası Ders Kitapları ve Eğitim Materyalleri Dergisi The Effect of Artifiticial Intelligence on Society and Artificial Intelligence the View of Artificial Intelligence in the Context of Film (I.A.) İpek Sucu İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi, Reklam Tasarımı ve İletişim Bölümü ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO Consumption of produced, quick adoption of discovery, parallel to popularity, our interest in new and different is at the top; We live in the age of technology. A sense of wonder and satisfaction that mankind has existed in all ages throughout human history; it was the key to discoveries and discoveries. “Just as the discovery of fire was the most important invention in the early ages, artificial intelligence is also the most important project of our time.” (Aydın and Değirmenci, 2018: 25). It is the nature of man and the nearby brain. It is Z Artificial Intelligence ”technology. The concept of artificial intelligence has been frequently mentioned recently. In fact, I believe in artificial intelligence, the emergence of artificial intelligence goes back to ancient times. Various artificial intelligence programs have been created and robots have started to be built depending on the technological developments. The concepts such as deep learning and natural language processing are also on the agenda and films about artificial intelligence. These features were introduced to robots and the current concept of “artificial intelligence was reached. In this study, the definition, development and applications of artificial intelligence, the current state of artificial intelligence, the relationship between artificial intelligence and new media, the AI Artificial Intelligence (2001) film will be analyzed and evaluated within the scope of the subject and whether the robots will have certain emotions like people. -
Ai: Early History 1 and Applications
AI: EARLY HISTORY 1 AND APPLICATIONS All men by nature desire to know... —ARISTOTLE, Opening sentence of the Metaphysics Hear the rest, and you will marvel even more at the crafts and resources I have contrived. Greatest was this: in the former times if a man fell sick he had no defense against the sickness, neither healing food nor drink, nor unguent; but through the lack of drugs men wasted away, until I showed them the blending of mild simples wherewith they drive out all manner of diseases. It was I who made visible to men’s eyes the flaming signs of the sky that were before dim. So much for these. Beneath the earth, man’s hidden blessing, copper, iron, silver, and gold—will anyone claim to have discovered these before I did? No one, I am very sure, who wants to speak truly and to the purpose. One brief word will tell the whole story: all arts that mortals have come from Prometheus. —AESCHYLUS, Prometheus Bound 1.1 From Eden to ENIAC: Attitudes toward Intelligence, Knowledge, and Human Artifice Prometheus speaks of the fruits of his transgression against the gods of Olympus: his purpose was not merely to steal fire for the human race but also to enlighten humanity through the gift of intelligence or nous: the rational mind. This intelligence forms the foundation for all of human technology and ultimately all human civilization. The work of Aeschylus, the classical Greek dramatist, illustrates a deep and ancient awareness of the extraordinary power of knowledge. Artificial intelligence, in its very direct concern for Prometheus’s gift, has been applied to all the areas of his legacy—medicine, psychology, biology, astronomy, geology—and many areas of scientific endeavor that Aeschylus could not have imagined. -
Machine Learning
Graham Capital Management Research Note, September 2017 Machine Learning Erik Forseth1, Ed Tricker2 Abstract Machine learning is more fashionable than ever for problems in data science, predictive modeling, and quantitative asset management. Developments in the field have revolutionized many aspects of modern life. Nevertheless, it is sometimes difficult to understand where real value ends and speculative hype begins. Here we attempt to demystify the topic. We provide a historical perspective on artificial intelligence and give a light, semi-technical overview of prevailing tools and techniques. We conclude with a brief discussion of the implications for investment management. Keywords Machine learning, AI 1Quantitative Researcher 2Head of Research and Development 1. Introduction by the data they are fed—which attempt to find a solution to some mathematical optimization problem. There remains a Machine Learning is the study of computer algorithms that vast gulf between the space of tasks which can be formulated improve automatically through experience. in this way, and the space of tasks that require, for example, – Tom Mitchell (1997) reasoning or abstract planning. There is a fundamental divide Machine Learning (ML) has emerged as one of the most between the capability of a computer model to map inputs to exciting areas of research across nearly every dimension of outputs, versus our own human intelligence [Chollet (2017)]. contemporary digital life. From medical diagnostics to recom- In grouping these methods under the moniker “artificial in- mendation systems—such as those employed by Amazon or telligence,” we risk imbuing them with faculties they do not Netflix—adaptive computer algorithms have radically altered have. -
Everybody Is Talking About Virtual Assistants, but How Are Users Really Using Them?
Everybody is talking about Virtual Assistants, but how are users really using them? 32nd Human Computer Interaction Conference, July 2018 Dr Marta Pérez García Sarita Saffon López Héctor Donis https://doi.org/10.14236/ewic/HCI2018.96 Everybody is talking about Virtual Assistants, but how are users really using them? The 2010s arrived focusing on algorithms of machine learning by enabling computers to have access to large Abstract amounts of data, which comes back to what was expected in the 1950s (Samuel, 1959; Koza, 1996). This Voice activated virtual assistants are growing rapidly in kind of application through a simplified interaction in number, variety and visibility, driven by media coverage, games and hobbies is what enabled the adoption of AI corporate communications, and inclusion in a growing at a user level. What is happening with AI variety of devices. This trend can also be observed by implementation today on our daily basis then? One of how difficult it is becoming to find, among internet many examples of our closest and most frequent users, people who have not used or even heard of this interactions with it is the virtual personal assistants new technology. Having said this, there is a visible (Arafa and Mamdani, 2000). shortage of academic research on this topic. Therefore, in the interest of creating a knowledge base around Regardless of the wave of technology adoption with voice activated virtual assistants based on artificial virtual assistants, little has been written in academia intelligence, this multi-country exploratory research about it so that theory can be built upon. Most study was carried out. -
Logic and Ontology
Logic and Ontology Nino B. Cocchiarella Abstract A brief review of the historical relation between logic and ontology and of the opposition between the views of logic as language and logic as calculus is given. We argue that predication is more fundamental than membership and that di¤erent theories of predication are based on di¤erent theories of universals, the three most important being nominalism, conceptualism, and realism. These theories can be formulated as formal ontologies, each with its own logic, and compared with one another in terms of their respective explanatory powers. After a brief survey of such a comparison, we argue that an extended form of conceptual realism provides the most coherent formal ontology and, as such, can be used to defend the view of logic as language. Logic, as Father Bochenski observed, developed originally out of dialectics, rules for discussion and reasoning, and in particular rules for how to argue suc- cessfully.1 Aristotle, one of the founders of logic in western philosophy, described such rules in his Topics, where logic is presented in this way. Indeed, the idea of logic as the art of arguing was the primary view of this subject in ancient philos- ophy. It was defended in particular by the Stoics, who developed a formal logic of propositions, but conceived of it only as a set of rules for arguing.2 Aristotle was the founder not only of logic in western philosophy, but of ontol- ogy as well, which he described in his Metaphysics and the Categories as a study of the common properties of all entities, and of the categorial aspects into which they can be analyzed. -
A Leibnizian Approach to Mathematical Relationships: a New Look at Synthetic Judgments in Mathematics
A Thesis entitled A Leibnizian Approach to Mathematical Relationships: A New Look at Synthetic Judgments in Mathematics by David T. Purser Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in Philosophy ____________________________________ Dr. Madeline M. Muntersbjorn, Committee Chair ____________________________________ Dr. John Sarnecki, Committee Member ____________________________________ Dr. Benjamin S. Pryor, Committee Member ____________________________________ Dr. Patricia Komuniecki, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo December 2009 An Abstract of A Leibnizian Approach to Mathematical Relationships: A New Look at Synthetic Judgments in Mathematics by David T. Purser Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in Philosophy The University of Toledo May 2010 I examine the methods of Georg Cantor and Kurt Gödel in order to understand how new symbolic innovations aided in mathematical discoveries during the early 20th Century by looking at the distinction between the lingua characterstica and the calculus ratiocinator in the work of Leibniz. I explore the dynamics of innovative symbolic systems and how arbitrary systems of signification reveal real relationships in possible worlds. Examining the historical articulation of the analytic/synthetic distinction, I argue that mathematics is synthetic in nature. I formulate a moderate version of mathematical realism called modal relationalism. iii Contents Abstract iii Contents iv Preface vi 1 Leibniz and Symbolic Language 1 1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………. 1 1.2 Universal Characteristic……………………………………….. 4 1.2.1 Simple Concepts……………………………………….. 5 1.2.2 Arbitrary Signs………………………………………… 8 1.3 Logical Calculus………………………………………………. 11 1.4 Leibniz’s Legacy……………………………………………… 16 1.5 Leibniz’s Continued Relevance………………………………. -
Connectionism and the Chinese-Room About Twenty Years
Connectionism and the Chinese-Room About twenty years ago, John Searle began a huge body of discourse with his rejection of a computational theory of mind. Searle is arguing against "strong AI”, his term for computational theory of mind . Strong AI would claim that an appropriately programmed computer can posses cognitive states, that it really is or has a mind. Searle is arguing generally against a computational approach to mind. To this end, he utilizes a now infamous thought experiment, known as the Chinese-Room. At the core of Searle‟s thought experiment there is a human simulating a computer. The human in the room is given meaningless symbols in Chinese script and instructions in English for manipulating them according to their shapes. By following the instructions and correlating the symbols he appears to those outside the room to understand the Chinese language. In reality he understands nothing; he is just manipulating the symbols according to their syntactic properties. Since he is doing in essence what a computer does and he doesn‟t understand Chinese, then no computer can ever come to genuinely understand Chinese, or anything for that matter. At least, not the way humans do. To understand the effects of Searle‟s argument, we must first understand what exactly he is arguing against. Searle directs his efforts at what he calls Strong AI. At the time, this term encompassed all computational theories of mind. To fully analyse the effects of Searle‟s experiment, it is helpful to distinguish two separate types of computational theory. This will be done by examining the use and dismissal of standard symbolic atoms. -
Todo El Mundo Habla De Los Asistentes Virtuales, Pero ¿Cómo Los Utilizan Realmente Los Usuarios?
Todo el mundo habla de los asistentes virtuales, pero ¿cómo los utilizan realmente los usuarios? 32nd Human Computer Interaction Conference, July 2018 Dr Marta Pérez García Sarita Saffon López Héctor Donis https://doi.org/10.14236/ewic/HCI2018.96 Todo el mundo habla de los asistentes virtuales, pero ¿cómo los utilizan realmente los usuarios? 1998), que simulaba la capacidad de toma de Resumen decisiones de los humanos. La década de 2010 llegó centrándose en los Los asistentes virtuales activados por voz están algoritmos de aprendizaje automático permitiendo a creciendo rápidamente en número, variedad y los ordenadores tener acceso a grandes cantidades visibilidad, impulsados por la cobertura de los medios, la de datos, retomando lo que se esperaba en la década comunicación corporativa y la integración en una de 1950 (Samuel, 1959; Koza, 1996). Este tipo de mayor variedad de dispositivos. Esta tendencia también aplicación a través de una interacción simplificada se ve probada por el hecho de que resulta difícil con juegos y pasatiempos es lo que permitió la encontrar, entre los usuarios de Internet, a alguien que no haya utilizado ni oído hablar de esta nueva adopción de IA a nivel de usuario. ¿Qué está tecnología. Dicho esto, hay una escasez visible de sucediendo hoy con la implementación de la IA en investigación académica sobre este tema. Por lo tanto, nuestro día a día? Uno de los muchos ejemplos de llevamos a cabo el presente estudio exploratorio de nuestras interacciones más cercanas y frecuentes investigación multinacional en aras de crear una base de con esta son los asistentes personales virtuales (Arafa conocimiento en relación con los asistentes virtuales y Mamdani, 2000). -
AI Thinks Like a Corporation—And That's Worrying
Topics Current edition More Subscribe Log in or sign up Search Open Future Manage subscription Open Voices AI thinks like a corporation—and that’s worrying Arti!cial intelligence was born of organisational decision-making and state power; it needs human ethics, says Jonnie Penn of the University of Cambridge Open Future Nov 26th 2018 | by BY JONNIE PENN Arti!cial intelligence is everywhere but it is considered in a wholly ahistorical way. To understand the impact AI will have on our lives, it is vital to appreciate the context in which the !eld was established. After all, statistics and state control have evolved hand in hand for hundreds of years. Consider computing. Its origins have been traced not only to analytic philosophy, pure mathematics and Alan Turing, but perhaps surprisingly, to the history of public administration. In “The Government Machine: A Revolutionary History of the Computer” from 2003, Jon Agar of University College London charts the development of the British civil service as it ballooned from 16,000 employees in 1797 to 460,000 by 1999. He noticed an uncanny similarity between the functionality of a human bureaucracy and that of the digital electronic computer. (He confessed that he could not tell whether this observation was trivial or profound.) Get our daily newsletter Upgrade your inbox and get our Daily Dispatch and Editor's Picks. Email address Sign up now Both systems processed large quantities of information using a hierarchy of pre-set but adaptable rules. Yet one predated the other. This suggested a telling link between the organisation of human social structures and the digital tools designed to serve them. -
How Peircean Was the “'Fregean' Revolution” in Logic?
HOW PEIRCEAN WAS THE “‘FREGEAN’ REVOLUTION” IN LOGIC? Irving H. Anellis Peirce Edition, Institute for American Thought Indiana University – Purdue University at Indianapolis Indianapolis, IN, USA [email protected] Abstract. The historiography of logic conceives of a Fregean revolution in which modern mathematical logic (also called symbolic logic) has replaced Aristotelian logic. The preeminent expositors of this conception are Jean van Heijenoort (1912–1986) and Don- ald Angus Gillies. The innovations and characteristics that comprise mathematical logic and distinguish it from Aristotelian logic, according to this conception, created ex nihlo by Gottlob Frege (1848–1925) in his Begriffsschrift of 1879, and with Bertrand Rus- sell (1872–1970) as its chief This position likewise understands the algebraic logic of Augustus De Morgan (1806–1871), George Boole (1815–1864), Charles Sanders Peirce (1838–1914), and Ernst Schröder (1841–1902) as belonging to the Aristotelian tradi- tion. The “Booleans” are understood, from this vantage point, to merely have rewritten Aristotelian syllogistic in algebraic guise. The most detailed listing and elaboration of Frege’s innovations, and the characteristics that distinguish mathematical logic from Aristotelian logic, were set forth by van Heijenoort. I consider each of the elements of van Heijenoort’s list and note the extent to which Peirce had also developed each of these aspects of logic. I also consider the extent to which Peirce and Frege were aware of, and may have influenced, one another’s logical writings. AMS (MOS) 2010 subject classifications: Primary: 03-03, 03A05, 03C05, 03C10, 03G27, 01A55; secondary: 03B05, 03B10, 03E30, 08A20; Key words and phrases: Peirce, abstract algebraic logic; propositional logic; first-order logic; quantifier elimina- tion, equational classes, relational systems §0. -
CAP 5636 - Advanced Artificial Intelligence
CAP 5636 - Advanced Artificial Intelligence Introduction This slide-deck is adapted from the one used by Chelsea Finn at CS221 at Stanford. CAP 5636 Instructor: Lotzi Bölöni http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~lboloni/ Slides, homeworks, links etc: http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~lboloni/Teaching/CAP5636_Fall2021/index.html Class hours: Tue, Th 12:00PM - 1:15PM COVID considerations: UCF expects you to get vaccinated and wear a mask Classes will be in-person, but will be recorded on Zoom. Office hours will be over Zoom. Motivating artificial intelligence It is generally not hard to motivate AI these days. There have been some substantial success stories. A lot of the triumphs have been in games, such as Jeopardy! (IBM Watson, 2011), Go (DeepMind’s AlphaGo, 2016), Dota 2 (OpenAI, 2019), Poker (CMU and Facebook, 2019). On non-game tasks, we also have systems that achieve strong performance on reading comprehension, speech recognition, face recognition, and medical imaging benchmarks. Unlike games, however, where the game is the full problem, good performance on a benchmark does not necessarily translate to good performance on the actual task in the wild. Just because you ace an exam doesn’t necessarily mean you have perfect understanding or know how to apply that knowledge to real problems. So, while promising, not all of these results translate to real-world applications Dangers of AI From the non-scientific community, we also see speculation about the future: that it will bring about sweeping societal change due to automation, resulting in massive job loss, not unlike the industrial revolution, or that AI could even surpass human-level intelligence and seek to take control. -
Assignment 1 How Does an NPTEL Online Course Work? the Due Date for Submitting This Assignment Has Passed
1/23/2021 Artificial Intelligence Search Methods For Problem Solving - - Unit 4 - Week 1 X (https://swayam.gov.in) (https://swayam.gov.in/nc_details/NPTEL) [email protected] NPTEL (https://swayam.gov.in/explorer?ncCode=NPTEL) » Artificial Intelligence Search Methods For Problem Solving (course) Announcements (announcements) About the Course (preview) Ask a Question (forum) Progress (student/home) Mentor (student/mentor) Unit 4 - Week 1 Course outline Assignment 1 How does an NPTEL online course work? The due date for submitting this assignment has passed. Due on 2020-09-30, 23:59 IST. As per our records you have not submitted this assignment. Pre-requisite Assignment The questions in this assignment are recall based, essentially to remind you about the key points in the long history of the desire and quest for building Week 0 thinking machines. 1) ________ is often referred to as the “first programmer” 1 point Week 1 Charles Babbage The Notion of Mind in Lady Ada Lovelace Philosophy (unit? unit=6&lesson=119) Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Alan Turing Reasoning = Computation (unit?unit=6&lesson=120) No, the answer is incorrect. Score: 0 Concepts and Categories Accepted Answers: (unit?unit=6&lesson=121) Lady Ada Lovelace How did AI get its name? 2) Who among the following was the first to build a calculating machine? 1 point (unit?unit=6&lesson=122) The Chess Saga (unit? Blaise Pascal unit=6&lesson=123) Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz A Brief History of AI (unit? Thomas de Colmar unit=6&lesson=124) Galileo Galilei The Worlds in our Minds No, the answer is incorrect.