History Advanced Higher Finalised Marking Instructions

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

History Advanced Higher Finalised Marking Instructions National Qualifications 2017 History Advanced Higher Finalised Marking Instructions Scottish Qualifications Authority 2017 The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications only on a non-commercial basis. If it is reproduced, SQA should be clearly acknowledged as the source. If it is to be used for any other purposes written permission must be obtained from [email protected]. Where the publication includes materials from sources other than SQA (secondary copyright), this material should only be reproduced for the purposes of examination or assessment. If it needs to be reproduced for any other purpose it is the centre’s responsibility to obtain the necessary copyright clearance. SQA’s NQ Assessment team may be able to direct you to the secondary sources. These marking instructions have been prepared by examination teams for use by SQA appointed markers when marking external course assessments. This publication must not be reproduced for commercial or trade purposes. © General marking principles for Advanced Higher History This information is provided to help you understand the general principles you must apply when marking candidate responses to questions in this paper. These principles must be read in conjunction with the detailed marking Instructions, which identify the key features required in candidate responses. (a) Marks for each candidate response must always be assigned in line with these general marking principles and the detailed marking instructions for this assessment. (b) Marking should always be positive. This means that, for each candidate response, marks are accumulated for the demonstration of relevant skills, knowledge and understanding: they are not deducted from a maximum on the basis of errors or omissions. (c) If a specific candidate response does not seem to be covered by either the principles or detailed marking instructions, and you are uncertain how to assess it, you must seek guidance from your team leader. (d) Marking must be consistent. Never make a hasty judgement on a response based on length, quality of hand writing or a confused start. (e) Use the full range of marks available for each question. (f) The detailed marking instructions give illustrative examples of points that would be relevant within a candidate response. They are neither an exhaustive list nor a model answer. Other relevant points and approaches should be credited. (g) For credit to be given, points must relate to the question asked. However, where candidates give points of knowledge without specifying the context, these should be rewarded unless it is clear that they do not refer to the context of the question. (h) For points of knowledge/understanding in any response, marks should be awarded for points that are: a. relevant to the issue in the question b. developed (by providing additional detail, exemplification, reasons or evidence) c. used to respond to the demands of the question (e.g. evaluate, analyse, etc.) Marking principles: 25-mark essay questions To obtain more than 12 marks in a 25-mark essay question, there must be a reference (however minor) to historiography. If the candidate is unable to show that they have referred to or quoted from historians, or considered historical schools of thought, then they are not meeting the basic requirements of the marks scheme for a pass. Full guidance on the intention of each essay, and possible format and relevant content of candidates’ answers, is given in the detailed marking instructions for each question. The grid that follows describes how 25-mark questions will be assessed against the following four criteria: structure analysis/evaluation/line of argument thoroughness/relevance of information and approach historical sources/interpretations The two key criteria which are used to help determine where an essay is placed within a mark range are analysis/evaluation/line of argument and thoroughness. The descriptions on the grid provide guidance on the features of essays falling within mark ranges which approximately correspond with the grades D, C, B, A, A+ and A++, assuming an even level of performance across all questions in the paper, and in the coursework. Many essays page 02 will exhibit some but not all of the features listed; others will be stronger in one area than another. Features described in one column may well appear in a response which overall falls more within another column(s). ‘Historical interpretations’ is the only criteria that should be thought of as a hurdle. The others are not. Markers should reward what the candidate has tried to argue and not penalise what may have been omitted. Remember, a candidate’s arguments and evidence may differ substantially from the marks scheme, but the candidate should still be given whatever credit they deserve. The grid below guides markers in placing responses within an overall likely mark range, and indicates how to avoid individual marks against the four marking criteria. The grid describes the typical or most likely qualities of responses. Individual candidate responses do not follow a set pattern and many responses may fall outside these descriptions, or be close to two or more descriptions. Where this is the case, markers will use their professional expertise in awarding marks appropriately. page 03 25 mark question – mark ranges and individual marking criteria Mark ranges 0-9 10-12 13-14 15-17 18-19 20-22 23-25 No attempt An attempt to The structure The structure is Clearly structured, Well-defined Structured so that the to set out a structure the displays a basic readily apparent perceptive, structure displaying argument convincingly structure for essay, seen in organisation with a competent presentation of a very confident builds and develops the essay. at least one of presentation of the issues. This would be grasp of the throughout: but this may the following: issues. This would included in: demands of the be loose. This include: question: would refer to: No relevant Relevant Relevant Relevant functional Relevant Relevant Relevant introduction riteria functional functional functional introduction with introduction with introduction with with main introduction. introduction. introduction. main main interpretations main interpretations interpretations Structure interpretations. prioritised which prioritised which prioritised and clear Marking c Marking looks at the debate looks at the debate direction of debate and a suggested line and a clear line of and a clear line of of argument. argument. argument. No separate Separate Separate Separate sections Separate sections Separate sections Separate sections sections sections which sections which which relate to which relate to which relate to which relate to which relate relate to relate to relevant factors. relevant factors. relevant factors. relevant factors. to relevant relevant relevant factors. factors. factors. No Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion which Conclusion which Conclusion which Conclusion which conclusion which makes which makes makes an overall makes an overall makes an overall makes an overall which makes an overall an overall judgement on the judgement on the judgement on the judgement on the an overall judgement on judgement on issue, bringing issue evaluating the issue based on issue based on direct judgement the issue. the issue. together the key key issues. synthesis and synthesis and on the issue. issues. evaluation of key evaluation of key issues/ points. issues/points. page 04 Mark range 0-9 10-12 13-14 15-17 18-19 20-22 23-25 No evidence of Treatment of Treatment of Treatment of Treatment of Treatment of Treatment of relevant knowledge of the issue shows the issue shows the issue shows the issue is the issue is the issue is the issue. little relevant sufficient an awareness of based on a fair based on wide clearly based on knowledge. knowledge the width and quantity of research and a wide range of which reflects a depth of the research, demonstrates a serious reading basic knowledge demonstrating considerable and understanding of required for a width and depth width and depth demonstrates a the issue. study of the of knowledge. of knowledge. considerable issue. width and depth of knowledge. Marking criteria Marking THOROUGHNESS/ Some elements The factual The factual Evidence is Evidence is Evidence clearly of the factual content links to content links to linked to points clearly linked to linked to points content and the issue. the issue. of analysis or points of of analysis or approach relate The approach The approach evaluation. analysis or evaluation. only very loosely relates to relates to evaluation. to the issue. analysis. analysis and RELEVANCE OF INFORMATION AND APPROACH AND INFORMATION OF RELEVANCE evaluation. page 05 Mark range 0-9 10-12 13-14 15-17 18-19 20-22 23-25 No evidence of There is much There is an There is a firm There is a firm There is a firm Fluent and analysis. narrative and attempt to grasp of the grasp of the grasp of the insightful description rather answer the evaluative aims of evaluative aims of evaluative aims presentation of OR than analysis or evaluative aims the question and the question and of the question the issues with a evaluation. of the question the candidate an assured and and a very detailed and Analysis is not and analyse the tackles it with a consistent control assured and effective analysis relevant to the issues involved. fairly sustained of the arguments consistent and evaluation question. This is possibly analysis. and issues. control of all the which advances not deep or arguments and the argument sustained. issues. and considers various possible implications of the question, going beyond the most obvious ones. There is a weak Argument is Argument is clear Argument is clear Fluent and sense of generally clear and accurate, and and directed insightful Marking criteria Marking argument. and accurate comes to a throughout the presentation of LINE OF ARGUMENT OF LINE but there may suitable — largely essay.
Recommended publications
  • A Very Rough Guide to the Main DNA Sources of the Counties of The
    A Very Rough Guide To the Main DNA Sources of the Counties of the British Isles (NB This only includes the major contributors - others will have had more limited input) TIMELINE (AD) ? - 43 43 - c410 c410 - 878 c878 - 1066 1066 -> c1086 1169 1283 -> c1289 1290 (limited) (limited) Normans (limited) Region Pre 1974 County Ancient Britons Romans Angles / Saxon / Jutes Norwegians Danes conq Engl inv Irel conq Wales Isle of Man ENGLAND Cornwall Dumnonii Saxon Norman Devon Dumnonii Saxon Norman Dorset Durotriges Saxon Norman Somerset Durotriges (S), Belgae (N) Saxon Norman South West South Wiltshire Belgae (S&W), Atrebates (N&E) Saxon Norman Gloucestershire Dobunni Saxon Norman Middlesex Catuvellauni Saxon Danes Norman Berkshire Atrebates Saxon Norman Hampshire Belgae (S), Atrebates (N) Saxon Norman Surrey Regnenses Saxon Norman Sussex Regnenses Saxon Norman Kent Canti Jute then Saxon Norman South East South Oxfordshire Dobunni (W), Catuvellauni (E) Angle Norman Buckinghamshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Bedfordshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Hertfordshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Essex Trinovantes Saxon Danes Norman Suffolk Trinovantes (S & mid), Iceni (N) Angle Danes Norman Norfolk Iceni Angle Danes Norman East Anglia East Cambridgeshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Huntingdonshire Catuvellauni Angle Danes Norman Northamptonshire Catuvellauni (S), Coritani (N) Angle Danes Norman Warwickshire Coritani (E), Cornovii (W) Angle Norman Worcestershire Dobunni (S), Cornovii (N) Angle Norman Herefordshire Dobunni (S), Cornovii
    [Show full text]
  • Suibne Mac Cináeda from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    11/4/2015 4:33 PM https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suibne_mac_Cináeda Suibne mac Cináeda From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Suibne mac Cináeda (died 1034),[2] also known as Suibne mac Cinaeda,[3] Suibne mac Cinaedh,[4] and Suibhne mac Cináeda,[5][note 1] was an Suibne mac Cináeda eleventh-century ruler of the Gall Gaidheil, a population of mixed King of the Gall Gaidheil Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity. There is little known of Suibne, as he is only attested in three sources that record the year of his death. He seems to have ruled in a region where Gall Gaidheil are known to have dwelt: either the Hebrides, the Firth of Clyde region, or somewhere along the south- Suibne's name as it appears on folio 16v of Oxford western coast of Scotland from the firth southwards into Galloway. Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488 (the Annals of Tigernach).[1] Suibne's patronym, meaning "son of Cináed", could be evidence that he was a Died 1034 brother of the reigning Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scotland, and thus a member of the royal Alpínid dynasty. Suibne's career appears to have Dynasty possibly Alpínid dynasty coincided with an expansion of the Gall Gaidheil along the south-west coast Father possibly Cináed mac Maíl Choluim of what is today Scotland. This extension of power may have partially contributed to the destruction of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, an embattled realm which then faced aggressions from Dublin Vikings, Northumbrians, and Scots as well. The circumstances of Suibne's death are unknown, although one possibility could be that he was caught up in the vicious dynastic-strife endured by the Alpínids.
    [Show full text]
  • (E)Straperlo: Začiatok Konca Druhej Španielskej Republiky? Príklad
    (E)straperlo: začiatok konca Druhej španielskej republiky? OPEN ACCESS Príklad korupcie vo vrcholnej politike a komparácia reflexie krízy v Madride a Astúrii1 Maroš Timko Na jeseň 1935 otriasla Španielskom aféra, ktorej názov sa v priebehu rokov premenil v hovorový výraz. Pojmom „estraperlo“ sa dnes v španielčine označuje ilegálny ob- chod s tovarom kontrolovaným štátom alebo súbor produktov, ktoré sú predmetmi tohto obchodu. „Estraperlo“ je ale taktiež všeobecným označením pre intrigu.2 Pôvod tohto slova je odvodený od podvodnej hazardnej hry, ktorá bola počas krátkej doby v Španielsku praktizovaná. Hazardné hry neboli v období Druhej španielskej republiky (1931–1936) povolené. V tomto smere republika iba pokračovala v politike Prima de Riveru,3 ktorého režim ich v roku 1924 zakázal. Stále však bolo možné získať povolenie na prevádzkovanie hry v prípade, ak príslušné orgány uznali, že sa nejedná o hazard. To bol aj prípad Daniela Straussa, podnikateľa z Holandska a vynálezcu hry Stra- perlo. Strauss, naturalizovaný Mexičan nemeckého pôvodu, bol obchodníkom s po- chybnou povesťou. Zaoberal sa organizáciou boxových zápasov, osláv a filmových produkcií, žil vo viacerých európskych krajinách, ako aj v USA či v Mexiku, odkiaľ v roku 1927 ušiel pre obvinenie z krádeže diamantu v hodnote 3.000 $.4 Strauss musel takisto odísť po dvoch prehraných súdnych sporoch v roku 1931 z Dánska. Z Nemecka, kde sa mu podarilo prevádzkovať Straperlo v hoteli Quellenhof v Aa- 1 Tento výstup vznikl v rámci projektu „Kríza ‚Estraperlo‘ ako začiatok konca Druhej španielskej republiky?“ řešeného na Filozofické fakultě Univerzity Karlovy v Praze jako Vnitřní grant 2014. 2 Na základe Diccionario de la lengua española (DRAE), in: http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=stra- perlo.
    [Show full text]
  • WW2-Spain-Tripbook.Pdf
    SPAIN 1 Page Spanish Civil War (clockwise from top-left) • Members of the XI International Brigade at the Battle of Belchite • Bf 109 with Nationalist markings • Bombing of an airfield in Spanish West Africa • Republican soldiers at the Siege of the Alcázar • Nationalist soldiers operating an anti-aircraft gun • HMS Royal Oakin an incursion around Gibraltar Date 17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939 (2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 1 day) Location Spain Result Nationalist victory • End of the Second Spanish Republic • Establishment of the Spanish State under the rule of Francisco Franco Belligerents 2 Page Republicans Nationalists • Ejército Popular • FET y de las JONS[b] • Popular Front • FE de las JONS[c] • CNT-FAI • Requetés[c] • UGT • CEDA[c] • Generalitat de Catalunya • Renovación Española[c] • Euzko Gudarostea[a] • Army of Africa • International Brigades • Italy • Supported by: • Germany • Soviet Union • Supported by: • Mexico • Portugal • France (1936) • Vatican City (Diplomatic) • Foreign volunteers • Foreign volunteers Commanders and leaders Republican leaders Nationalist leaders • Manuel Azaña • José Sanjurjo † • Julián Besteiro • Emilio Mola † • Francisco Largo Caballero • Francisco Franco • Juan Negrín • Gonzalo Queipo de Llano • Indalecio Prieto • Juan Yagüe • Vicente Rojo Lluch • Miguel Cabanellas † • José Miaja • Fidel Dávila Arrondo • Juan Modesto • Manuel Goded Llopis † • Juan Hernández Saravia • Manuel Hedilla • Carlos Romero Giménez • Manuel Fal Conde • Buenaventura Durruti † • Lluís Companys • José Antonio Aguirre Strength 1936
    [Show full text]
  • Front Matter
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87687-2 - Agricola: Tacitus Edited by A . J . Woodman Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE GREEK AND LATIN CLASSICS General Editors P. E. Easterling Regius Professor Emeritus of Greek, University of Cambridge Philip Hardie Senior Research Fellow, Trinity College, and Honorary Professor of Latin, University of Cambridge Richard Hunter Regius Professor of Greek, University of Cambridge E. J. Kenney Kennedy Professor Emeritus of Latin, University of Cambridge S. P. Oakley Kennedy Professor of Latin, University of Cambridge © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87687-2 - Agricola: Tacitus Edited by A . J . Woodman Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87687-2 - Agricola: Tacitus Edited by A . J . Woodman Frontmatter More information TACITUS AGRICOLA edited by A. J. WOODMAN Basil L. Gildersleeve Professor of Classics, University of Virginia with contributions from C. S. KRAUS Thomas A. Thacher Professor of Latin, Yale University © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87687-2 - Agricola: Tacitus Edited by A . J . Woodman Frontmatter More information University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521700290 C Cambridge University Press 2014 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spanish Foreign Legion in the Spanish Civil War, 1936
    The Spanish Foreign Legion in the Spanish Civil War, 1936 THE Spanish Foreign Legion IN THE Spanish Civil War 1936 José E. Álvarez UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI PRESS Columbia Copyright © 2016 by The Curators of the University of Missouri University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri 65211 Printed and bound in the United States of America All rights reserved. First printing, 2016. ISBN: 978-0-8262-2083-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016937222 This paper meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48, 1984. Typefaces: Sabon and Valentina For Caballero Legionario D. Alejandro Zamacola Monis Contents List of Illustrations / ix List of Maps / xi Foreword / xiii Acknowledgments / xix Introduction / 1 In Spanish Morocco / 13 The Legion Arrives in Andalusia / 27 On the Road to Madrid / 39 Mérida / 61 The Breach of Death: Badajoz / 67 The Battle of the Sierra de Guadalupe / 83 September 1936 / 93 The Battle for the Alcázar of Toledo / 121 From Toledo to Madrid, October 1936 / 129 The Madrid Front, November 1936 / 147 The Madrid Front, December 1936 / 173 With the Second Bandera on the Guipúzcoa-Aragón Front / 181 With the Third Bandera on the Asturian Front / 193 Conclusion / 213 Notes / 219 Bibliography / 275 Index / 283 Illustrations All photos are courtesy of the Archivo de La Legión 1. Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Castejón / 31 2. Legionnaires in Constantina / 48 3. General Francisco Franco with Colonel Juan Yagüe in Seville / 54 4. Machine-gun squad in Mérida / 64 5. Legionnaires entering Toledo / 124 6. Legionnaires advancing on the Madrid front / 151 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Centrist Politics in the Spanish Province of Valencia January 1930 to August 1936
    THE RISE AND FALL OF THE PARTIDO DE UNIÓN REPUBLICANA AUTONOMISTA: CENTRIST POLITICS IN THE SPANISH PROVINCE OF VALENCIA JANUARY 1930 TO AUGUST 1936 Submitted by Stephen Rodger Lynam to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History, July 2018. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature……………………………………………………………………. 1 2 ABSTRACT This thesis is an interrogation of the impact of the Partido de Unión Republicana Autonomista (The Autonomist Republican Union Party or PURA) on the politics of the Spanish province of Valencia, and in turn on national politics, during the politically turbulent years of 1930-1936, the period which immediately preceded the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. It was the most important Valencian political force and acted as de facto provincial affiliate of the Radical Party, a conservative republican party which was to play a crucial role in national politics. This study uses a wide range of documentary sources, including contemporary newspapers, official papers, and parliamentary records, supplemented by a number of interviews with participants in the events and in-depth case study reviews of two important settlements in the province together with detailed studies of electoral and land ownership data in a further three settlements.
    [Show full text]
  • Celtic Britain
    1 arfg Fitam ©0 © © © © ©©© © © © © © © 00 « G XT © 8 i imiL ii II I IWtv,-.,, iM » © © © © © ©H HWIW© llk< © © J.Rhjsffi..H. © I EARLY BRITAIN, CELTIC BRITAIN. BY J. RHYS, M.A., D.Litt. (Oxon/). Honorary LL.D. (Edin.). Honorary D.Litt. (Wales). FROFESSOR OF CELTIC IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD J PRINCIPAL OF JESUS COLLEGE, AND LATE FELLOW OF MERTON COLLEGE FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY. WITH TWO MAPS, AND WOODCUTS OF COIliS, FOURTH EDITION. FUBLISHED UNDER THE D.RECTION OF THE GENERAL LITERATURE COMMITTEE. LONDON: SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C. ; 43, queen victoria street, e.c. \ Brighton: 129, north street. New York : EDWIN S. GORHAM. iqoP, HA 1^0 I "l C>9 |X)VE AND MALCOMSON, LIMITED, PRINTERS, 4 AND 5, DEAN STREET, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. These are the days of little books, and when the author was asked to add one to their number, he accepted the invitation with the jaunty simplicity of an inexperienced hand, thinking that it could not give him much trouble to expand or otherwise modify the account given of early Britain in larger works ; but closer acquaintance with them soon convinced him of the folly of such a plan— he had to study the subject for himself or leave it alone. In trying to do the former he probably read enough to have enabled him to write a larger work than this ; but he would be ashamed to confess how long it has occupied him. As a student of language, he is well aware that no severer judgment could be passed on his essay in writing history than that it should be found to be as bad as the etymologies made by historians are wont to be ; but so essential is the study of Celtic names to the elucidation of the early history of Britain that the risk is thought worth incurring.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix for “The Feudal Revolution and Europe's Rise: Political
    Appendix for “The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political Divergence of the Christian West and the Muslim World before 1500 CE” August 1, 2012 1 Feudalism and Political Stability To formalize the intuition presented in Section 3.3 using a simple framework, suppose that a perfectly myopic, risk-neutral sovereign imperfectly controls a polity that creates output of size one each period. Denote by γ the amount of land controlled by the military regardless of the actions of the sovereign (this can be interpreted as the percentage of the entire polity controlled by the military). Suppose that there are N perfectly myopic, risk-neutral members of the military (where N is sufficiently large) and that γ is evenly distributed between the members of this class. We consider the parameter value γ exogenously given. A value of γ = 0 corresponds to a perfectly absolutist sovereign (who uses mamluks or mercenaries to staff his military) whereas higher values of γ denote more feudal arrangements. Note that our assumption of perfectly myopic agents allows us to abstract from the potentially important issue of how the sovereign compensates the military (i.e., iqta’ rents versus land grants).1 In addition, we abstract from other important issues in order to focus on the sovereign’s desire to prevent a successful revolt. We do so in order to highlight one mechanism that we believe contributes to the observed increase in ruler duration. The order of play in the game is as follows: after observing γ the sovereign moves first and decides whether to keep the entire amount of output he controls to himself or whether to divide it equally between himself and the military.
    [Show full text]
  • Citation.Pdf
    Table of Contents Chapter I: Introduction and the Definition of Fascism - 2 Chapter II: Rise of Fascism in Italy - 14 Chapter III: Rise of Fascism in Germany - 33 Chapter IV: Road to the Spanish Civil War - 55 Chapter V: Rise of Franco - 77 Chapter VI: Comparing Spain with Italy and Germany - 99 Bibliography - 116 ii Chapter I Introduction The interwar period between the First and Second World Wars in Europe is a fascinating period of study for a political and military historian. The period saw some of the most radical changes to the European map since the end of the Napoleonic Wars, and the peace that established this period led to a general dissatisfaction with the political status quo. It was a period that saw the old guard being swept away, with new ideologies rising to challenge the political norms of liberalism and socialism. Italy and Germany are the two major countries that spring to mind when one thinks of ideological change during this time. Both saw a rise in the far-right that ultimately allowed those fringe organizations to seize power, but they were not the only major European countries to experience social upheaval before the Second World War. Spain, while neutral during the First World War, could not escape the changes or problems sweeping across Europe. However, whereas the Italian far-right and German far-right obtained their power through the established political systems in those countries, Spain ignited into a three-year-long civil war that saw anywhere between two hundred and fifty thousand to a million people killed.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Scotland, the Tribes of Ancient Scotland
    Home > Narratives > Tribes of Ancient Scotland Home | Chronology | Narratives | Infrastructure | Campaigns | Arms & Armour | Services Introduction Snippets The Tribes of Ancient Scotland FAQs News Bites Authors note: Interviews Before we proceed, we would like to offer a quick explanation of the title of this article Eagle of the Ninth and the thoughts driving the articles production. Scotland is an ancient country, older The Agricola by Tacitus than most other modern European countries -including England- but as an understood Cassius Dio and Herodian named identity early Scotland (Alba-pronounced Alpa) did not exist till King Inchtuthil Nail Hoard Constantine IIs reign sometime around 920 AD, some 840 years after 79 AD when Tribes of Ancient Scotland Agricola and his legions marched over the line of the modern border between England Hawkshaw Head and Scotland intent on conquest, glory and assimilation. The term Scotland, like Traprain Treasure England is used in this work as a convenience to enable the reader to readily locate the The Deskford Carynx places being described within the text. Roman Scotland as a web based resource is primarily focussed on the Roman impact on and in their infrastructure within Scotland. However for balance we must address the reason Roman Scotland persisted and why the diverse peoples here did not culturally crumble as cultures did elsewhere under the imperial heel and continued to prove a trial and often a thorn in the Empires side for over three hundred years. Anglo- centric histories continue to be perversely dismissive of these peoples, a visitors notice for instance at Vindolanda on the Stanegate still persists in arrogantly describing them with a faux pas deserving of televisions comedy character Blackadder as "revolting barbarians".
    [Show full text]
  • Robertson's Rant
    ROBERTSON’S RANT The Newsletter of the Clan Donnachaidh Society —Mid- Atlantic Branch ROMAN ARMY IN CLAN COUNTRY By Jim Fargo, FSA Scot VOLUME 7, ISSUE 3 Prior to the second half of the first century AD the Celtic peoples of what is now known as the highlands of Scotland lived a fairly peaceful life. There was no DECEMBER 2018 standing army among the Picts and Celts. The warriors were mostly farmers and hunters, along with craftsmen and merchants who gathered at the local hill-fort Branch Officers with their weapons when summoned by their chiefs. There was no central gov- ernment or dominant king in what became Scotland to co-ordinate defense President: against the initial Roman advance. Each individual tribe known collectively by Sam Kistler the Romans as the Northern Picts operated independently until they realized that the building of forts and roads meant that the Romans were planning to Vice President: stay. Ron Bentz Titus became the new Emperor of the Roman Empire on his father Vespasian’s death in 79 AD. Later that same year, the volcanic eruption of Vesuvius de- Secretary/Treasurer: stroyed Pompeii. The previous year, Agricola’s predecessor as Governor of Bri- Norman Dunkinson tannia, had taken the II Augusta Legion westward into southern Wales and de- feated and subjugated the Silures tribe. On Agricola’s arrival in Britannia, as Leg- ate, he led the XX Valeria Victrix Legion into North Wales, the territory of the Ordovices and as later recorded by his son-in-law Tacitus, “Almost the entire people was cut to pieces.” This was known as the ‘Pax Romana’.
    [Show full text]