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Preservation of Endangered Tunisian Grapevine Cultivars Using Embryogenic Cultures

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Preservation of Endangered Tunisian Grapevine Cultivars Using Embryogenic Cultures Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458 Vol.12 No.2, Issue of April 15, 2009 © 2009 by Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso -- Chile Received November 29, 2007 / Accepted March 14, 2008 DOI: 10.2225/vol12-issue2-fulltext-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Preservation of endangered Tunisian grapevine cultivars using embryogenic cultures Badra Bouamama* Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire de la Vigne. B.P. 901 Hammam-lif, 2050, Tunisie Tel: 00 216 79412 938 Fax: 00 216 79412 638 E-mail: [email protected] Rahma Jardak Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire de la Vigne. B.P. 901 Hammam-lif, 2050, Tunisie Tel: 00 216 79412 938 Fax: 00 216 79412 638 Asma Ben Salem Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire de la Vigne. B.P. 901 Hammam-lif, 2050, Tunisie Tel: 00 216 79412 938 Fax: 00 216 79412 638 Abdelwahed Ghorbel Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire de la Vigne. B.P. 901 Hammam-lif, 2050, Tunisie Tel: 00 216 79412 938 Fax: 00 216 79412 638 Ahmed Mliki Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire de la Vigne. B.P. 901 Hammam-lif, 2050, Tunisie Tel: 00 216 79412 938 Fax: 00 216 79412 638 Financial support: High Ministery of Education and Scientific Research and Technology. Keywords: forced anthers, long-term maintenance, somatic embryos, Vitis vinifera. Abbreviations: 2,4-D: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid CP: Chée and Pool (1987) basal medium D: dichlorophenoxyacetic acid IASP: indole 3 aspartic acid MS: Murashige and Skoog TDZ: thidiazuron The preservation of embryogenic lines derived from field. Pro-embryogenic calluses were induced on Chée several endangered local grapevine cultivars was and Pool (1987) basal medium, supplemented with 9 µM studied. Embryogenic calluses were obtained from of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 11.35 µM immature anthers of eight cultivars, sampled on both of thidiazuron (TDZ) under dark conditions. Different fruity-cuttings and field grown vines. Anthers at the anther zones (filament, abaxial, adaxial, lateral zones ‘separated flower’ stage, derived from fruity-cuttings, and entire anthers) were involved in somatic resulted in an increased induction of somatic embryogenesis induction. The percentages of granular embryogenesis, compared to those derived from the and yellowish pro-embryogenic calluses ranged between *Corresponding author This paper is available on line at http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol12/issue2/full/3/ Bouamama, B. et al. 15.6% and 34.8% in ‘Kahli Kerkennah’ and ‘Muscat To date, few studies have described the regeneration of Raf-raf’ cultivars, respectively. Although, local grapevine cultivars via somatic embryogenesis morphological diversifications of pro-embryogenic (Bouamama et al. 2007), but there have been no reports on calluses (several necrosis and spontaneous maturation) the preservation of these cultivars via somatic were observed on the induction mediumafter 5 embryogenesis. This research was carried out within the subcultures. The reduction of 2,4-D and TDZ levels to framework of the National Program for genetic resources 4.52 µM and 2.89 µM respectively, induced granular preservation and exploiting; our goal being the preservation and yellowish embryogenic material. Thus, Chée and of several endangered local grapevine cultivars, through a Pool (1987) (CP) enriched with 4.52 µM of 2,4-D and long-term embryogenic culture establishment. Therefore, 2.89 µM of TDZ revealed to be the most appropriate for such embryogenic lines would particularly be valuable in long-term maintenance. In fact, all the cultivars bioprospecting (flavonoïds, stilbens (Kiselev et al. 2007), presented high and regular embryo maturation rates tannins). after 12, 24, 36 and 48 months of cultivation on this medium, under light conditions. After 4 years, they still In this study, the induction of somatic embryogenesis from exhibit high germination and regeneration abilities. anther explants, as well as the development of a long-term Germination of somatic embryos was achieved on and reproducible system of somatic embryogenesis from Murashige and Skoog (1962) basal-medium, with rates several local grapevine cultivars is described. ranging from 69% to 96%. Only 5% of somatic embryos were concerned by morphological variations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The regenerated plantlets presented a normal phenotype under controlled greenhouse conditions, Plant material and culture conditions compared to mother plants. Eight local cultivars (Vitis vinifera): ‘Arich Ahmar’, ‘Arich Recent prospecting of local grapevine germplasm revealed Dressé’, ‘Asli’, ‘Kahli Kerkennah’, ‘Kahli Sfax’, ‘Khamri that Tunisia possesses a rich patrimony which gathers Tozeur’, ‘Muscat Raf-raf’ and ‘Turky’ were prospected all around 35 distinct cultivars. These resources are very over the country in order to collect woody cuttings. Forcing valuable as they present a distinct genetic pool in the was established under controlled conditions (28ºC temperature, 90% relative humidity, 16 hrs photoperiod and Mediterranean basin (Zoghlami et al. 2003). Apart from the -2 -1 diversified organoleptic characteristics of their grapes 250 µmol m s light intensity), using three-node dormant (Souid et al. 2007), Tunisian cultivars seem to be well adapted to several biotic and abiotic constraints, regarding their wide geographical distribution all over the country. In fact, several were prospected in humid mountain areas, while others in arid peninsular zones (Kerkennah islands) and Saharan regions. Recent studies on the responses of several local cultivars to drought and salt stress (Ben Salem-Fnayou et al. 2006; Jellouli et al. 2008; Toumi et al. 2008) revealed their abilities to withstand a long-term water shortage (‘Kahli’, ‘Turky’ cultivars) and a high salt level (‘Razzegui’ cultivar). However, all local grapevine cultivars are seriously affected by viral diseases (fanleaf and leafroll) while several are currently facing extinction or genetic erosion (Jardak-Jamoussi et al. 2003; Zoghlami et al. 2003; Ben Salem-Fnayou et al. 2006). Despite the fact that most of the local grapevine cultivars are at present conserved as a unique field genebank, they always run the risk of destruction by natural calamities, pests and diseases Figure 1. Embryogenic calluses derived from different (Kameswara-Rao, 2004). Thus, safety duplicates of anther zones: endangered local grapevine cultivars, in particular, need to (A) Primary callus on filament (Bar: 1 mm). be established using biotechnological tools. In this respect, (B) Primary callus on lateral zones (Bar: 1 mm). somatic embryogenesis could be an efficient tool for the (C) Primary callus on abaxial and adaxial zones (Bar: 1 mm). (D) Pro-embryogenic callus derived from filament (Bar: 1 preservation of Tunisian grapevine genetic resources, mm). especially as embryogenic material could generate virus- (E) Pro-embryogenic callus derived from lateral zones (Bar: 1 free grapevine plants (Newton and Goussard, 1990). mm). Therefore, maintaining a long-term embryogenic capacity (F) Pro-embryogenic callus derived from abaxial and adaxial zones (Bar: 1 mm). has always been a target in genetic transformation programs (G) Pro-embryogenic callus derived from entire anther (Bar: 1 (Kikkert et al. 2005). mm). 2 Preservation of endangered Tunisian grapevine cultivars using embryogenic cultures Long-term maintenance medium for pro- embryogenic material The pro-embryogenic masses previously developed on the induction medium, were transferred to 3 culture media combinations, namely: CP supplemented with 1)- 4.52 µM of 2,4-D; 2)- 2.89 µM of TDZ 3)- 4.52 µM of 2,4-D and 2.89 µM of TDZ, respectively. Pro-embryogenic calluses (50 mg of fresh weight) from each cultivar were divided into 5 sections and incubated in 60 mm Petri dishes (containing 8 ml of medium). Six Petri dishes per cultivar and combination were incubated under darkness and sub- cultured at 4 week-intervals, during 3 and 5 months. Maturation of somatic embryos In order to induce maturation, embryogenic calluses (50 mg in weight) from all the cultivars were transferred under 16 hrs photoperiod conditions (57 µmol m-2 s-1) on CP Figure 2. Embryogenic callus morphotypes and containing 4.52 µM of 2,4-D and 2.89 µM of TDZ. regeneration: (A) Granular and yellowish pro-embryogenic callus cultivated on Morphological observations were regularly done using light Chée and Pool (1987) supplemented with 9 µM of 2,4-D and microscopy (Leica-). 11.35 µM of TDZ under dark conditions (Bar: 1 mm). (B) Pro-embryogenic callus observed since the third subculture (pale-yellow colour) (Bar: 1 mm). Plant regeneration (C) Spontaneous mature embryos observed after the fifth subculture (Bar: 1 mm). To achieve germination, individual somatic embryos were (D) Soft and necrotic tissues observed after the fifth subculture transferred to Murashige and Skoog (1962) basal medium, (Bar: 1 mm). (E) Asynchronous embryogenic callus, cultivated on Chée and containing 3% of sucrose and 0.3% of gelrite. Well- Pool (1987) with 4.52 µM of 2,4-D and 2.89 µM of TDZ under 16 developed plantlets were transferred into peat pots and hrs photoperiod, exhibiting somatic embryos at different acclimatized under controlled greenhouse conditions (24ºC developmental stages (Bar: 1 mm). (F) Mass production of somatic embryos on Chée and Pool temperature, 60% relative humidity, 16 hrs photoperiod). (1987)
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