View / Download 3.3 Mb

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

View / Download 3.3 Mb Shadow Zones: Contraband and Social Contract in the Borderlands of Tunisia by Alyssa Marie Miller Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Anne Allison, Supervisor ___________________________ Kamran Ali ___________________________ Engseng Ho ___________________________ Laurie McIntosh ___________________________ Ellen McLarney ___________________________ Harris Solomon Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2018 i v ABSTRACT Shadow Zones: Contraband and Social Contract in the Borderlands of Tunisia by Alyssa Marie Miller Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Anne Allison, Supervisor ___________________________ Kamran Ali ___________________________ Engseng Ho ___________________________ Laurie McIntosh ___________________________ Ellen McLarney ___________________________ Harris Solomon An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2018 Copyright by Alyssa Miller 2018 Abstract Although Tunisia has been celebrated as the unique success story of the Arab Spring, its emergent democracy has failed to resolve the structural inequalities that caused the 2011 revolution, or meaningfully include marginal subjects within its address. This dissertation documents the life-worlds of those left behind in Tunisia’s democratic transition by tracking the precarious labor of smuggling by youth in the Western-Central interior. For unemployed youth living in the shadow of underdevelopment, smuggling offers a rare avenue of insertion into productive life, where the border serves as a natural resource for generating value through arbitrage. Disappointed by the revolution’s implicit promise of structural change, many young Tunisians now use these routes of economic survival to join up with jihadist militias abroad. Through 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Kasserine, an impoverished province on Tunisia’s Algerian frontier, I examine how smuggling practice generates a landscape of ambivalent belonging to the nation, a “Shadow Zone” that elicits desire for the state, as well as the material means to evade it. I show how cross-border movement refracts the meaning of social justice for local actors, including petty smugglers and informal laborers who work the border economy, Tunisian families whose sons have been recruited to militias in Libya, Syria, and Iraq, and unemployed youth and civil society groups who militate for equitable development. iv Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Transition à Deux Vitesses .................................................................................................... 8 What is a Shadow Zone? ..................................................................................................... 13 The Meanings of Movement in the Shadows ................................................................... 20 Method ................................................................................................................................... 24 2. Getting by in the Shadow Zone ............................................................................................ 28 Kasserine: A Storehouse of Treasure ................................................................................ 33 Province of Martyrs .............................................................................................................. 37 Geographies of Smuggling .................................................................................................. 50 Gender and the Moral Economy of Smuggling ............................................................... 60 We Eat Off of Risk ................................................................................................................ 67 Sons of the Border ................................................................................................................ 72 Impasse .................................................................................................................................. 74 3. Kasserine, Région-Victime ..................................................................................................... 79 The South is the South ......................................................................................................... 83 From Shadow Zone to Région-Victime ............................................................................. 88 Truth and Dignity Come to Kasserine ............................................................................... 94 Self-Harm and the Politics of Endurance ........................................................................ 101 v Revolution Redux ............................................................................................................... 106 Strangers in the Capital City ............................................................................................. 110 The Night Pharmacy .......................................................................................................... 113 ‘Aycha Behiya ..................................................................................................................... 119 4. Kinship with the Vanished .................................................................................................. 122 Tunisianité and the Unruly Subject ................................................................................. 125 Performing Kin-Bonds in Public ...................................................................................... 130 The Efficacy of Familial Sentiments ................................................................................. 134 Lines of Flight from Filial Piety ........................................................................................ 137 The Missing Son as a Spectral Presence .......................................................................... 145 Genealogies of Mobility ..................................................................................................... 148 Ambiguities of Remembrance .......................................................................................... 152 Warda’s story ...................................................................................................................... 158 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 167 5. Youth Crisis and Representation ........................................................................................ 169 Precarity is my Statute ....................................................................................................... 170 A Cinema without Citizenship ......................................................................................... 176 Revolution and Documentary Film ................................................................................. 190 Images from the Margins .................................................................................................. 195 Learning from the Western Steppe .................................................................................. 201 6. A People’s State of Emergency ............................................................................................ 205 They Have Reconciled with Each Other, but We Do Not Forgive .............................. 206 vi Origins .................................................................................................................................. 214 Birth of a Hashtag ............................................................................................................... 221 Round One........................................................................................................................... 229 Māhish Dāwla: This is not a State ................................................................................... 236 Return of the Remnants, or Creeping Azlām ................................................................. 249 Iterations of Hope ............................................................................................................... 257 7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 262 References .................................................................................................................................. 269 Biography ................................................................................................................................... 292 vii List
Recommended publications
  • Rapid Cultural Inventories of Wetlands in Arab States Including Ramsar Sites and World Heritage Properties
    Rapid cultural inventories of wetlands in Arab states including Ramsar Sites and World Heritage Properties Building greater understanding of cultural values and practices as a contribution to conservation success Tarek Abulhawa – Lead Author Tricia Cummings – Research and Data Analysis Supported by: May 2017 Acknowledgements The report team expresses their utmost appreciation to Ms. Mariam Ali from the Ramsar Secretariat and Ms. Haifaa Abdulhalim from the Tabe’a Programme (IUCN’s programme in partnership with ARC-WH) for their guidance and support on the preparation of this regional assessment. Special gratitude is extended to all the national focal points from the target countries and sites as well as international experts and colleagues from the Ramsar and IUCN networks for their valuable contributions and reviews of assignment reports drafts. Finally, the team wants to take the opportunity to thank all the peoples of the wetlands in the Arab states for their long established commitment to the protection of their wetlands through their cultural values, traditional knowledge and sustainable practices for the benefit of future generations. Cover: Traditional felucca fishing boat, Tunisia. DGF Tunisa Contents Executive summary . 4 Introduction . 9 Methodology . 13 Assessment Results . 21 Algeria . 23 La Vallée d’Iherir . 24 Oasis de Tamantit et Sid Ahmed Timmi. 27 Réserve Intégrale du Lac Tonga . 32 Egypt . 35 Lake Bardawil . 36 Lake Burullus . 41 Wadi El Rayan Protected Area . 44 Iraq . 49 Central Marshes . 52 Hammar Marshes . 55 Hawizeh Marshes . 58 Mauritania . 63 Lac Gabou et le réseau hydrographique du Plateau du Tagant . 64 Parc National du Banc d’Arguin . 67 Parc National du Diawling .
    [Show full text]
  • Film Funding Grants Programme 2013
    Film Funding Grants Programme 2013 Film Funding Grants Programme 2013 Doha Film Institute established its Grants We contribute to films that have strong directorial Programme with the vision of fostering creative vision and that are challenging, creative and talent in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) thought-provoking. Support for grantees is holistic, region. We are proud that over its first three- with financial assistance bolstered by professional and-a-half years the programme supported the development, mentorship and creative development development of more than 137 projects from opportunities that are made available throughout 14 countries. a project’s life cycle. In 2013, the Institute embarked on a new phase of the Grants Programme designed to further the It is our hope that through the Grants Programme goal of nurturing emerging talent. Projects from and the growing number of its alumni, we will all over the world became eligible for funding, continue to widen our flourishing community with a special focus on first- and second-time of filmmakers. As we extend our reach, we also filmmakers. enable professional, cultural and creative exchanges between our local talent and the wider international Alongside this expansion, the Institute’s industry. commitment to talent from the MENA region remains strong, with specific categories and I am honoured to welcome our newest grant criteria in place. Our focus on first- and second- recipients to the Doha Film Institute family. time filmmakers will greatly enhance our ability to discover and nurture new voices, both at home in Abdulaziz Al-Khater Qatar and around the globe.
    [Show full text]
  • Kamal Ben Younis Auther N
    Artical Name : Vision from Within Artical Subject : Where is Tunisia Heading? Publish Date: 21/01/2018 Auther Name: Kamal Ben Younis Subject : Tunisian authorities managed to deal with the protests, which erupted in a number of cities and poor neighborhoods in the capital, after ³government announced an increase in value-added tax and social contributions in the budget.´However, the calm situation may be temporary if the authorities do not succeed in finding radical solutions to the problems, which angered youths. Those youth for seven years now have been threatening of a ³new revolution´that topples the new political elite whom they accuse of failing to achieve the main goals of their revolution which developed in January 2011.So where is Tunisia heading seven years after President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was toppled? Will the parties which triggered these new confrontations with the security forces succeed in launching what they call ³a second revolution´"Or will the opposite happen? Will the current political regime witness any substantial changes especially that it has been internationally supported for several reasons including that many western countries bet on the success of the ³Tunisian exception in transitioning towards democracy?´Separation from YouthsSome of those who oppose the government, mainly the opposition leaders of leftist, nationalist and Baathist groups that are involved in the Popular Front, which is led by Hamma Hammami and Ziad Lakhdhar, think that the increased protests against the governments, which have governed since January 2011, is proof that they cannot achieve the revolution¶s aims regarding jobs, dignity. That is because the government cannot liberate its measures from the International Monetary Fund¶s directions and from the agendas of financial lobbies that are involved in corruption, trafficking and imposing a capitalist policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Notes for the Trump Notes Administration the Washington Institute for Near East Policy ■ 2018 ■ Pn55
    TRANSITION 2017 POLICYPOLICY NOTES FOR THE TRUMP NOTES ADMINISTRATION THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ 2018 ■ PN55 TUNISIAN FOREIGN FIGHTERS IN IRAQ AND SYRIA AARON Y. ZELIN Tunisia should really open its embassy in Raqqa, not Damascus. That’s where its people are. —ABU KHALED, AN ISLAMIC STATE SPY1 THE PAST FEW YEARS have seen rising interest in foreign fighting as a general phenomenon and in fighters joining jihadist groups in particular. Tunisians figure disproportionately among the foreign jihadist cohort, yet their ubiquity is somewhat confounding. Why Tunisians? This study aims to bring clarity to this question by examining Tunisia’s foreign fighter networks mobilized to Syria and Iraq since 2011, when insurgencies shook those two countries amid the broader Arab Spring uprisings. ©2018 THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ NO. 30 ■ JANUARY 2017 AARON Y. ZELIN Along with seeking to determine what motivated Evolution of Tunisian Participation these individuals, it endeavors to reconcile estimated in the Iraq Jihad numbers of Tunisians who actually traveled, who were killed in theater, and who returned home. The find- Although the involvement of Tunisians in foreign jihad ings are based on a wide range of sources in multiple campaigns predates the 2003 Iraq war, that conflict languages as well as data sets created by the author inspired a new generation of recruits whose effects since 2011. Another way of framing the discussion will lasted into the aftermath of the Tunisian revolution. center on Tunisians who participated in the jihad fol- These individuals fought in groups such as Abu Musab lowing the 2003 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • By Brian Lawatch B.A. in History, May 2009, Boise State University A
    AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY IN FRENCH NORTH AFRICA: THE 1958 SAKIET CRISIS AND THE GOOD OFFICES MISSION by Brian Lawatch B.A. in History, May 2009, Boise State University A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts May 15, 2011 Thesis Directed by James Hershberg Associate Professor of History and International Affairs Katrin Schultheiss Associate Professor of History © Copyright 2011 by Brian Lawatch All rights reserved ii To Megan, my librarian. iii A CKNOWLEDGMENTS My thesis began as a term paper in Professor James Hershberg’s American Foreign Policy graduate seminar during the spring of 2010. The 30‐page paper that I wrote was unique enough, we thought, that I should make it a long‐term project worthy to turn in as my Masters Thesis. This thesis, which is more than a year in the making, partly owes its completion to the wonderful encouragement and assistance of Professor Hershberg. Professor Katrin Schultheiss was of great help to me as well. I could always count on her support and relevant criticism of early drafts I turned in to her. Always there for office hours, Professor Schultheiss has greatly impacted the quality of my historical analysis and academic writing. My fellow graduate students are a constant reminder of the intense academic environment in the history department. Thanks to their support inside and outside of the classroom, they made graduate school stimulating, fun, and worthwhile. Thank you to the Eisenhower Foundation for funding my research trip to the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas for one freezing, but productive, week.
    [Show full text]
  • Quelques Aspects Problematiques Dans La Transcription Des Toponymes Tunisiens
    QUELQUES ASPECTS PROBLEMATIQUES DANS LA TRANSCRIPTION DES TOPONYMES TUNISIENS Mohsen DHIEB Professeur de géographie (cartographie) Laboratoire SYFACTE FLSH de Sfax TUNISIE [email protected] Introduction Quelle que soit le pays ou la langue d’usage, la transcription toponymique des noms de lieux géographiques sur un atlas ou un autre document cartographique en particulier ou tout autre document d’une façon générale pose problème notamment dans des pays où il n’y a pas de tradition ou de « politique » toponymique. Il en est de même pour les contrées « ouvertes » à l’extérieur et par conséquent ayant subi ou subissant encore les influences linguistiques étrangères ou alors dans des régions caractérisées par la complexité de leur situation linguistique. C’est particulièrement le cas de la Tunisie, pays méditerranéen bien « ancré » dans l’histoire, mais aussi bien ouvert à l’étranger et subissant les soubresauts de la mondialisation, et manquant par ailleurs cruellement de politique toponymique. Tout ceci malgré l’intérêt que certains acteurs aux profils différents y prêtent depuis peu, intérêt matérialisé, entre autres manifestations scientifiques, par l’organisation de deux rencontres scientifiques par la Commission du GENUING en 2005 et d’une autre août 2008 à Tunis, lors du 35ème Congrès de l’UGI. Aussi, il s’agit dans le cadre de cette présentation générale de la situation de la transcription toponymique en Tunisie, dans un premier temps, de dresser l’état des lieux, de mettre en valeur les principales difficultés rencontrées en manipulant les noms géographiques dans leurs différentes transcriptions dans un second temps. En troisième lieu, il s’agit de proposer à l’officialisation, une liste-type de toponymes (exonymes et endonymes) que l’on est en droit d’avoir par exemple sur une carte générale de Tunisie à moyenne échelle.
    [Show full text]
  • Family Law in Islam : Divorce, Marriage and Women in the Muslim
    Maaike Voorhoeve is Research Fellow at the University of A msterda m, where she teaches Islamic law and family law in the Muslim World. She holds a doctorate in legal anthropology, which concentrated upon contemporary Tunisian judicial practices in the field of divorce. She specialises in the legal anthropology of the Muslim World, focusing on Tunisia. VVoorhoeve_prelims.inddoorhoeve_prelims.indd i 22/28/2012/28/2012 33:21:49:21:49 PPMM VVoorhoeve_prelims.inddoorhoeve_prelims.indd iiii 22/28/2012/28/2012 33:21:49:21:49 PPMM FAMILY LAW IN ISLAM Divorce, Marriage and Women in the Muslim World Edited by Maaike Voorhoeve Voorhoeve_prelims.indd iii 2/28/2012 3:21:49 PM Published in 2012 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com Distributed in the United States and Canada Exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright Editorial selection and Introduction © 2012 Maaike Voorhoeve Copyright Individual Chapters © 2012 Susanne Dahlgren, Baudouin Dupret, Esther van Eijk, Christine Hegel-Cantarella, Arzoo Osanloo, Massimo Di Ricco, Nadia Sonneveld, Sarah Vincent-Grosso and Maaike Voorhoeve The right of Maaike Voorhoeve to be identifi ed as editor of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • KT 6-1-2015 Layout 1
    SUBSCRIPTION TUESDAY, JANUARY 6, 2015 RABI ALAWWAL 15, 1436 AH www.kuwaittimes.net Lawmaker Flooded with 3D printing Azarenka loses faces charges refugees, Lebanon revolutionizes comeback over alcohol imposes visas war and match in remark3 on Syrians7 politics13 Brisbane20 Three Saudi guards killed Min 11º Max 21º in attack on Iraq border High Tide 13:48 Low Tide ‘First Islamic State assault on kingdom’ 07:22 & 18:57 40 PAGES NO: 16394 150 FILS RIYADH: Militants killed two Saudi border guards and conspiracy theories their commanding officer on the frontier with Iraq early yesterday, the interior ministry said, in a suicide and gun attack one analyst called Islamic State’s first assault Bread talk on the kingdom. The boundary, defended by earth bar- riers and fences and monitored by cameras and radar, has been attacked in the past by mortar bombs fired from a distance, but there have been no ground assaults in recent years. No group immediately claimed responsibility for the By Badrya Darwish assault, which hit a remote desert area next to Iraq’s Anbar province where both the Islamic State militant group and Shiite militias close to Riyadh’s foe Iran oper- ate. The use of a suicide bomber pointed to Islamic State, said Mustafa Alani, an Iraqi security analyst with [email protected] close ties to Saudi Arabia’s interior ministry. “It is the first attack by Islamic State itself against Saudi Arabia and is a clear message after Saudi Arabia entered the or the third day, the Kuwaiti nation had to survive international coalition against it,” he said.
    [Show full text]
  • Nostalgias in Modern Tunisia Dissertation
    Images of the Past: Nostalgias in Modern Tunisia Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By David M. Bond, M.A. Graduate Program in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures The Ohio State University 2017 Dissertation Committee: Sabra J. Webber, Advisor Johanna Sellman Philip Armstrong Copyrighted by David Bond 2017 Abstract The construction of stories about identity, origins, history and community is central in the process of national identity formation: to mould a national identity – a sense of unity with others belonging to the same nation – it is necessary to have an understanding of oneself as located in a temporally extended narrative which can be remembered and recalled. Amid the “memory boom” of recent decades, “memory” is used to cover a variety of social practices, sometimes at the expense of the nuance and texture of history and politics. The result can be an elision of the ways in which memories are constructed through acts of manipulation and the play of power. This dissertation examines practices and practitioners of nostalgia in a particular context, that of Tunisia and the Mediterranean region during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Using a variety of historical and ethnographical sources I show how multifaceted nostalgia was a feature of the colonial situation in Tunisia notably in the period after the First World War. In the postcolonial period I explore continuities with the colonial period and the uses of nostalgia as a means of contestation when other possibilities are limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Flore Marine De Tunisie I : Liste Preliminaire Des Algues Du Golfe De Tunis
    Flore marine de Tunisie: liste préliminaire des algues du golfe de Tunis. Item Type Journal Contribution Authors Ben Alaya, Habib Download date 30/09/2021 04:59:00 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/8562 205 Bull. /nst. Ocâatwgr. Pêche, Salammbô. 1970, vol. I. n" 4 FLORE MARINE DE TUNISIE I : LISTE PRELIMINAIRE DES ALGUES DU GOLFE DE TUNIS par Habib Ben Alaya ( 1 ) Nous avons, depuis trois ans, prospecté les côtes en vue d’établir un inventaire des algues récoltées au chalut, à la drague ou à la main. Certains auteurs ont déjà étudié la flore marine tunisienne mais souvent d’une manière occasionelle soit que leur séjour en Tunisie ait été bref et ne leur ait pas permis d’entreprendre un travail complet soit que les algues n’étaient, dans leur travaux, que des indicateurs biocénotiques. Ces travaux ont été cependant pour nous d’une grande utilité. La direction générale des Travaux Publics, a publié ano­ nymement (1923), une étude des fonds de pêche des côtes tunisiennes, où quelques algues ont été citées. Le Danois (1924 et 1925) signale des posidonies dans le fond S.E. du golfe de Tunis. Feldman (1931) publie une liste de quelques algues ma­ rines en Tunisie et en 1961 étudie particulièrement les algues de la Galite. Molinier et Picard (1954) dans une étude de bionomie marine citent un certain nombre d’espèces caractéristiques des différents biotopes. Dans un travail antérieur nous avons apporté, (Ben Alaya 1969), quelques précisions sur les limites actuelles des prairies à monocotylédones et noté également quelques algues permettant de situer phytosociologiquement ces prairies.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic and Geographic Footprints of Differential Introgression Between Two Highly 2 Divergent Fish Species 3
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/225201; this version posted November 26, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Genomic and geographic footprints of differential introgression between two highly 2 divergent fish species 3 4 Ahmed Souissi1,2,3, François Bonhomme1,,2, Manuel Manchado4, Lilia Bahri-Sfar3, Pierre- 5 Alexandre Gagnaire1,2 6 7 1 Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France 8 2 CNRS - Institut des Sciences de l‟Evolution, UMR5554 UM-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Station 9 Méditerranéenne de l‟Environnement Littoral, 34200 Sète, France 10 3 Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis UR11ES08 Biologie 11 intégrative et écologie évolutive et fonctionnelle des milieux aquatiques, 2092, Tunis, Tunisie 12 4IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de 13 Santa María, Cádiz 14 15 16 17 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/225201; this version posted November 26, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 18 Abstract 19 Investigating variation in gene flow across the genome between closely related species is 20 important to understand how reproductive isolation builds up during the speciation process.
    [Show full text]
  • Summit of G20 Argentina
    Boletín informativo del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Internacional y Culto de la República Argentina 1 July 20, 2021 SUMMIT OF G20 Solá: “We have the opportunity to create a better economy with less inequality” ARGENTINA - UNITED STATES Bilateral Meeting of Foreign Minister Solá and Secretary of State Antony Blinken Solá at G20 Summit: “We have the opportunity to create a better economy with less inequality” 2 “Today, more than ever, we must strengthen organizations at Palazzo Lanfranchi, the Minister international cooperation and solidarity to achieve highlighted the importance of “preparedness for inclusive and sustainable post-COVID-19 recovery,” and response to health emergencies, based on Foreign Minister Felipe Solá stated during the G20 international solidarity and cooperation” in order to Foreign Affairs and Development Ministerial “prevent future epidemics from becoming new Meeting, held on 29 June in Matera, Italy, one of the global catastrophes.” objectives of which was to discuss ways to strengthen “multilateralism and global governance” “We need a common global growth plan that allows in view of the urgent problems facing the for coordinated fiscal and monetary interventions in international community. order to avoid unequal and unbalanced recovery and that guarantees a more equal future,” Solá Solá referred to the serious social and economic stated during his first address, adding that “we have effects of the pandemic, and advocated “redoubling the opportunity to create a better economy that efforts to guarantee global mass vaccination and produces less carbon, creates less inequality, and promote voluntary licensing agreements that provides digital access and access to new enable the necessary transfer of knowledge and technologies for all.
    [Show full text]