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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan the PROBLEMS of the DEVELOPMENT, USE, and RETIREMENT OF This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received NEELY H, Matthew Mansfield, 1933- THE PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT, USE, AND RETIREMENT OF WEAPONS: A STUDY IN CIVIL- MILITARY RELATIONS SUITABLE FOR USE IN SECONDARY SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1967 Education, theory and practice University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT, USE, AND RETIREMENT OF WEAPONS: A STUDY IN CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS SUITABLE FOR USE IN SECONDARY SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Matthew Mansfield Neely II, B.A., M.A., B.Sc. in Edu. ********* - The Ohio S tate U niversity 1967 Approved by ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express his appreciation; To Dr. Robert Jewett and Dr. Frank Zidonis for their advice and assistance. To Dp . Harry Coles who consented to be on my dissertation committee although he was a member of the full-tim e faculty at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island (on a year's leave from Ohio State University). __ To my wife Lahna for her expert technical advice. i i VITA February 11, 1933 Born - Fairmont, West Virginia 1952-1955 .................. United States Army Security Agency, Troop Information and Education duties 1957 ........................... B.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1957-1959 .................. Reporter, Dun & Bradstreet 1961 .......................... M.A., The Ohio S ta te U niversity, Columbus, Ohio 196 2 .......................... B.Sc, in Edu., The Ohio S tate tfa iv e rsity , Columbus, Ohio 1962-196^ ..... Teacher, Columbus Public Schools, Columbus, Ohio 1967 ....... Student Teacher Supervisor, College of Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Fields: Social Studies Education H isto ry Studies in Social Studies Education. Professor Robert Jewett Studies in History. Professor Harry Coles Studies in Philosophy of Education. Professor Everett Kircher i i i v CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................ ii VITA ............................................................................................................................ i i i TABIES........................................................................................................................ v i INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 Chapter I . SOME CAUSES OF THE GREAT WAR OF 1 9 1 4 ........................................ 3 I I . THE MACHINE GUN...................................................................................... 19 III. THE TANK ................................................................................................... 36 IV. VESSELS........................................................................................................ 50 V. CIVIL-MILITARY CONFLICTS OVER THE CONDUCT OF THE GREAT WAR............................................................................................... 6l VI. A STUDY UNIT ON THE GREAT WAR FOR THE SECONDARY SCHOOL................................................................................................... 74 The I s s u e s..................................................... .................................... 63 Selected Key Readings for Teachers ..................................... 89 Selected Readings for Pupils .................................................... 90 V II. WEAPONS AFTER THE GREAT WAR............................................................. 98 The Tank and Armored Warfare ............................. 98 The Doctrine of Air Power and the Aeroplane...... 114 The Aerial Torpedo and the Death of the Battleship . 127 The German U -B o at................................................... .... ..................... 141 C o n c lu s io n.......................................................................................... 143 Making Use of These Materials in the Secondary School .... ....................................... ......... 144 Insights to Be Gained from the Study of This C h a p te r...................................... 145 The I s s u e s.............................................. 149 Selected Key Readings for Teachers.... ........................... 152 Suggested Readings for Pupils.................................................... 154 V III. THE ROLE OF AIR PCWER DURING WORLD WAR I I ................................ 160 German Air P o w e r............................................................................. 160 iv CONTENTS (Contd.) Chapter Page Allied Air Power over E urope.................................................... 179 American Air Power over the P acific...................... • . 191 Making Use of These Materials in the Secondary Schools .............................................................................. 196 Insights to Be Gained from the Study of This C h a p te r............................................................................................... 197 The I s s u e s.......................................................................................... 205 Selected Books for Teachers ........................................................ 213 Books fo r P u p i l s .............................................................................. 216 IX. AIR POWER SINCE WORLD WAR I I ......................... 221 The Bomber a f te r 1 9 ^ 5 ..................................................................... 221 R o c k e ts ................................................................................................... 232 Interceptor Rockets ......................................................................... 233 S trateg y 236 Applying the Topics of This Chapter to the C lassro o m ........................................................................................... 2^5 In sig h ts to Be Gained in to A ir Power Since World War I I ............................................................................................... 2^7 The Issues ...................................... 253 Selected Key Readings for Teachers....................................... 256 Selected Books for Students........................................................ 258 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................ 26l v TABLES Table Page 1. Comparison of Japanese, American, and British Torpedoes in 1 9 4 5 ....................................................................................................... 158 2. Japanese Merchant Ship Losses by Tonnage and Cause.... 158 3. Japanese Capital Ship Losses by Cause........................................ 159 4, Aircraft Carrier Losses by Cause of Loss during World War I I .......................................................................................... 159 5 , Number of F ig h ters and Bombers Produced by the United S ta te s, Great B rita in , and Germany during World War I I ................................................................................. 220 6, Comparison of American and Soviet Missile Strength as of February 9. 19& 7..................................................................... 260 v i INTRODUCTION The purpose of this dissertation is twofold: to present an historical study of military weapons since1913 and to serve as an example and guide for the study of m ilitarily oriented history at the secondary school level. Since the historical portion of this disserta­ tion must be suitable for and directed at the school teacher and his pupils, it emphasizes secondary works. Because there are numerous scholarly books on each topic in this study and the primary sources have been minutely scrutinized and incorporated into these readily available secondary works, primary sources consist mainly of official statistics, reports, original works in hardcover book form, and other material available to teachers and their pupils. Less available primary sources are used as needed. This study examines the development, use, and retirement of the major weapons since 1913. In order to estimate the value of each weapon, their effectiveness in achieving war aims in the light of civil-m ilitary relations will be studied. The concluding pur­ pose of this dissertation determines the need, if any, for a competent, independent, civilian organization to advise the president and congress on the development, use, and retirement of weapons. The m ilitarily oriented history materials for this dissertation are selected in the belief that pupils will become informed and, it is to be hoped, more rational on the subject of war and peace through the study of weapons with illumination on civil-m ilitary conflicts in regard to 1 national goals* The material itself is of great interest to most boys and to many girls. At the end of each unit of study, a chapter is devoted to ways and means of best teaching each study unit at the secondary school level. The final goal of each study unit is to teach the pupil certain insights into the material studied with emphasis on applying those insights to the present. Appropriate books are discussed briefly with suggestions as to what grade level and type of pupils they are best suited for. CHAPTER I SOME CAUSES OF THE GREAT WAR OF 191^ The National rivalries, diplomatic machinations, arms race, and other factors may be regarded as the sufficient
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