!'51-1/1987 ..•..1 Agriculture 1....,... Canada
RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT
~1987~ RAPPORT DE LA DIRECTION CENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE
UNIVERSITY OF P. E.I. G iJ'~h.•~~~...~~~'~'D::~h~:!t~r,~ ~IBRARY USE ONLY
Canada
1237ii9
i1J()v ~ 80 1981'; Researc~;;ll~F ~9
Branch Report ~c -=-
1987
Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche
RESEARCH BRANCH DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE
AGRICULTURE CANADA Agriculture Canada Publication 5252 available from Communications Branch, Agriculture Canada Ottawa, KIA OC7
"'Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1988 Cat. No. A51-111987 ISBN 0-662-56095-7 Printed 1988 2M-I0:88
Agriculture Canada Publication 5252 On peut en obtenir des exemplaires ala Direction generale des communications Agriculture Canada, Ottawa KIA OC7
"'Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services Canada, 1988 N° de cat. A51-111987 ISBN 0-662-56095-7 Impression 1988 2M-I0:88 Contents Table des matieres
Foreword iv / Avant-propos v Map of research establishments vi / Carte des etabLissements de recherche vii Headquarters 1/ Administration centrale 1 Branch Executive 1/ Haute direction 1 Organization of the Research Branch 2/ Organisation de LaDirectiongenerale de la recherche 3 Program structure ofthe Research Branch 5/ Structure du programme de LaDirection generaLe de Larecherche 6 Priorities and Strategies Directorate 9/ Direction des priorites et des strategies 9 Program Coordination 13 Finance 19 Industry Relations 21 Management Services 23 Policy and Client Relations 25 Research Program Service 29 Eastern Region 35/ Region de rEst 35 St. John's West, Nfld. 39 Charlottetown, P.E.I. 43 Kentville, N.S. 53 Fredericton, N.B. 67 Centre de recherches alimentaires, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec 83 Lennoxville, Quebec 93 Sainte-Foy, Quebec 103 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec 117 Delhi,Ont. 125 Harrow,Ont. 131 Kapuskasing,Ont. 143 London Research Centre, Onto 147 Vineland Station, Onto 157 Central Region 167/ Region centrale 167 Animal Research Centre 171 Biosystematics Research Centre 195 Engineering and Statistical Research Centre 207 Food Research Centre 217 Land Resource Research Centre 227 Plant Research Centre 243 Western Region 263/ Region de rOuest 263 Brandon, Man. 267 Morden, Man. 275 Winnipeg, Man. 283 Melfort, Sask. 297 Regina, Sask. 303 Saskatoon, Sask. 313 Swift Current, Sask. 327 Beaverlodge, Alta. 335 Lacombe, Alta. 343 Lethbridge, Alta. 351 Agassiz, B.C. 373 Kamloops, B.C. 379 Summerland, B.C. 385 Vancouver, B.C. 395
Contents III FOREWORD Research programs in the branch are developed in response to the needs of the agri- 1987 marks the beginning of the second food industry, which are determined through century of activity by the Research Branch of the Canadian Agricultural Services Agriculture Canada. As this new century is Coordinating Committee (CASCC) and by ushered in, we note a number of important consultations at all levels of the agri-food changes within the branch that will enable it to sector. The branch is responsible for respond more effectively to the evolving needs organization of the activities of CASCC and of of a modern world. Perhaps the most evident the Canadian Agricultural Research Council change is the reorganization of the regions: a (CARCl. reduction from five to three, with the regional Research programs encompass all headquarters now relocated to Research components of the industry, including natural Branch Headquarters in Ottawa. This resources, animal and crop production, reorganization will facilitate communication protection, food processing, nutrition, and food among senior management, so important to the safety. As part of these programs, research is branch now with increasing pressures on all conducted with a view to enhancing utilization government departments for enhanced and marketability. efficiency and greater accountability. In 1987, the Research Branch had a budget The Research Branch Report provides an of $221.5 million and a staff of 3481, of which annual summary of achievements throughout 911 were research professionals. the branch. During 1987, the regions and The Research Branch cooperates with other research establishments of the branch effec- branches of Agriculture Canada, with other tively contributed to departmental objectives federal departments, and with various aimed at enhancing growth, stability, and com- agencies on activities related to the agri-food petitiveness in the agri-food sector. Results are sector. In 1987, the Research Branch actively reported in both scientific and extension-type participated in the departmental restructuring papers. Those for 1987 are listed at the end of toward commodity-based, market-oriented each establishment's report. Information is development strategies. passed on to producers and food processors The Research Branch has ongoing sCience through various provincial committees and and technology exchanges with several technology transfer mechanisms. countries, including 13 with whom Agriculture The Eastern, Central, and Western regions Canada has memoranda of understanding and of the Research Branch include 33 major another nine with whom there are other formal establishments, 13 experimental farms, and arrangements for exchange. Scientific and several smaller units. Each one carries out technical information and personnel are research with national and regional objectives provided to development-assistance projects while developing technology that is pertinent overseas, including the management and to the specific area where it is located. The staffing of long-term development projects Eastern Region has responsibility for the sponsored by the Canadian International establishments in Ontario, Quebec, and the Development Agency (CIDA). Atlantic Provinces. The Central Region, This report documents the continuous consisting of six research centres on the efforts by Research Branch staff to deliver a Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa, broad and effective research program that combines research on national programs with benefits all sectors ofthe agri-food industry. special services to regional establishments and the public. The Western Region has 12 major establishments located in the four western provinces. The Priorities and Strategies Directorate, located at Research Branch Headquarters in Ottawa, has six principal functions. These are Finance, Industry Relations, Management Services, Policy and Client Relations, Program A.O.Olson Coordination, and Research Program Service. Assistant Deputy Minister, Research
iv Research Branch Report 1987 AVANT-PROPOS recherche a Ottawa, a six composantes principales, notamment la Finance, les L'annee 1987 marque Ie debut du second Relations industrielles, les Services de la siecle d'activites de la Direction generale de la gestion, Ie Politique et les relations avec Ie recherche d'Agriculture Canada. Le debut de client, la Coordination du programme et Ie ce nouveau siecle s'accompagne d'un certain Service aux programmes de recherche. nombre de changements importants au sein de Les programmes de recherche de la la Direction generale, qui lui permettront de Direction generale sont con<;uspour satisfaire repondre plus efficacement aux nouveaux aux besoins du secteur agro-alimentaire, qui besoins du monde moderne. Un des change- sont evalues par Ie Comite de coordination des ments les plus manifestes est peut-etre la reor- services agricoles canadiens (CCSAC) et par ganisation des regions: leur nombre est passe des consultations aupres de tous les segments de cinq a trois et leur administration a ete du secteur agro-alimentaire. La Direction relogee au siege de la Direction genera Ie de la generale se charge de I'organisation des recherche a Ottawa. Cette reorganisation faci- activites du CCSAC et du Conseil de recherche litera la communication entre les gestionnaires agricole du Canada (CRAC). cadres, element qui devient maintenant si Les programmes de recherche couvrent tous important pour la Direction gemJrale, car les les segments du secteur, soit les ressources pressions exercees sur tous les ministeres pour nature lies, la production animale et veglltale, ameliorer I'efficacite et exercer une plus la protection, la nutrition, la transformation et grande imputabilite se font de plus en plus I'innocuite des aliments. La recherche fortes. conduite au sein de ces programmes vise a Le Rapport de la Direction generale de la ameliorer l'utilisation et la commercialisation recherche est un resume annuel des realisa- des produits. tions de la Direction generale. En 1987, les En 1987, la Direction generale de la regions et les centres de recherches de la Direc- recherche disposait d'un budget de 221,5 tion generale ont contribue de fa<;onefficace a millions de dollars et d'un effectif de 3 481 la realisation des objectifs du Ministere qui membres dont 911 chercheurs. lltaient d'augmenter Ie taux de croissance, la La Direction generale colla bore avec stabilite et la competitivite du secteur agro- d'autres directions generales d'Agriculture alimentaire. Les resultats ont ete publies dans Canada, d'autres ministeres federaux et divers des articles scientifiques et de vulgarisation. organismes a des travaux interessant Ie sec- La liste de ces articles pour 1987 se trouve a la teur agro-alimentaire. En 1987, elle a parti- fin du rapport de chacun des centres de cipe activement a la restructuration du Minis- recherches. L'information est communiquee tere en vue de l'implantation de strategies de aux producteurs et aux transformateurs d'ali- developpement sectoriel axe sur les marches. ments par divers comites provinciaux et par La Direction genera Ie de la recherche des mecanismes de transfert de technologie. procede, en permanence, a des echanges Les regions de l'Est, du Centre et de l'Ouest scientifiques et technologiques avec plusieurs de la Direction generale de la recherche pays. Agriculture Canada a conclu des comptent 33 grands etablissements, 13 fermes protocoles d'entente avec 13 pays et a pris des experimentales et plusieurs unites plus petites. arrangements pour des echanges officiels avec Chacun de ces etablissements procede a des neuf autres pays. La Direction generale travaux de recherche qui poursuivent des fournit I'information et Ie personnel objectifs nationaux et regionaux tout en scientifiques et techniques necessaires aux developpant une technologie adaptee a sa pro- projets d'aide au developpement outre-mer et pre region. La Region de l'Est est responsable participe a la gestion et ala dotation des projets des etablissements situes en Ontario, au de developpement a long terme parraines par Quebec et dans les provinces de l'Atiantique. I'Agence canadienne de developpement Celie du Centre, qui compte six centres de international (ACDI). recherches a la Ferme experimentale centrale Le present rapport souligne les efforts a Ottawa fait des recherches sur les pro- constants consacres par Ie personnel de la grammes nationaux et assurent des services Direction generale de la recherche a la speciaux aux etablissements regionaux et au realisation d'un programme de recherche vaste public. La Region de l'Ouest compte 12 grands et efficace qui profite a tous les segments du etablissements dans les quatre provinces de secteur agro-alimentaire. l'Ouest. La Direction des priorites et strategies, A.O.OIson logee au siege de la Direction generale de la Sous-ministre adjoint a la Recherche
Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 v ;S. Map of research establishments / YUKON ~
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LEGENDE
o ADMINISTRATION * CENTRE • STATION DE RECHERCHES Ottawa o FERME EXPEAtMENTAlE
SOU$-STATION o _____ FRONTIERES CANADA/U.S,A REGION CENTRALE lSI X CENTRES I
I , I T I r 1 _ .._."_ .._ FRONTIERES PROVtNC\ALES PRIORITES ET STRATEGIES o 100 200 300 400 500 600 ~: ____ DELIMITATIONS REGIONALES A.O.Olson
l.A. de la Roche Y. Martel J.J. Cartier
W.L. Pelton J .R. Lessard M. Gerrie Headquarters Administration centrale
BRANCH EXECUTIVE HAUTE DIRECTION
Assistant Deputy Minister, Research A.D. Olson, B.Sc., Ph.D. Sous-ministre adjoint a la Recherche
Directors General Directeurs generaux Priorities and Strategies Priorites et LA. de la Roche, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. des strategies Eastern Region Region de l'Est Y. Martel, B.A., B.SdAgr.), Ph.D. Central Region Region centrale J.J. Cartier, B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. Western Region Region de l'Ouest W.L. Pelton, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D.
Special Adviser Conseiller special Executive Assistant Adjoint executif J .R. Lessard, B.A., B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D.
Branch Personnel Management Gestion du personnel de la Direction generale Manager Gestionnaire M. Gerrie1
Departures Departs R.L. Halstead, B.S.A., Ph.D. Special Adviser to ADM Retired March 1987 Conseiller special du SMA Retraite en mars 1987 J.-J. Jasmin, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Director General, Quebec Region Retired March 1987 Directeur general, Region du Quebec Retraite en mars 1987 S.C. Thompson, B.Sc., M.S.A., Ph.D. Director General, Pacific Region Transferred to Food Production Directeur general, Region du Pacifique and Inspection Branch, April 1987 Mute ala Direction generale de la production et de l'inspection des aliments
1 Personnel Administration Branch Direction generale de i'administration du personnel.
Headquarters ORGANIZATION OF THE RESEARCH BRANCH
ASSISTANT DEPUTY MINISTER, RESEARCH
DIRECTOR GENERAL PRIORITIES AND STRATEGIES ------I PERSONNEL I Program Coordination Finance Industry Relations Management Services Policy and Client Relations Research Program Service
r 1
DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL EASTERN REGION CENTRAL REGION WESTERN REGION
Research Stations Research Centres Research Stations St. John's West, Nfld. Animal Brandon, Man. Colinet, Nfld. Biosystematics Morden, Man. Charlottetown, P.E.I. Engineering and Statistical Portage la Prairie, Man. Kentville, N.S. Food Winnipeg, Man. Nappan, N.S. Land Resource Melfort, Sask. Fredericton, N.B. Plant Regina, Sask. Benton Ridge, N.B. Ind ian Head, Sask. Michaud Saskatoon, Sask. (Bouctouche), N.B. Scott, Sask. Lennoxville, Que. Swift Current, Sask. Sainte-Foy, Que. Beaverlodge, Alta. La Pocatiore, Que. Fort Vermilion, Alta. Normandin, Que. Lacombe, Alta. Chapais Vegreville, Alta. (Saint-David), Que. Lethbridge, Alta. Saint-Jean, Que. Manyberries Frelighsburg, Que. (Onefour), Alta. L'Acadie, Que. Stavely, Alta. L'Assomption, Que. Vauxhall, Alta. Lavaltrie, Que. Agassiz, B.C. Sainte-Clothilde, Que. Abbotsford, B.C. Delhi,Ont. Saanichton Research Harrow, Onto and Plant Quarantine Whelan Station (Sidney), B.C. (Woodslee),Ont. Kamloops, B.C. Vineland Station, Onto Prince George, B.C. Smithfield,Ont. Summerland, B.C. Creston, B.C. Experimental Farm Kelowna, B.C. Kapuskasing,Ont. Vancouver, B.C. Thunder Bay, Onto
Research Centres Food, Sainte-Hyacinthe, Que. London,Ont.
2 Research Branch Report 1987 ORGANISATION DE LA DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE
SOUS-MINISTRE ADJOINT A LA RECHERCHE
DIRECTEUR GENERAL DES PRIORITES ET DES STRATEGIES ------~ PERSONNEL I
Coordination du programme Finance Relations industrielles Services de la gestion Politique et relations avec Ie client Service aux programmes de recherche
I I
DIRECTEUR GENERAL DIRECTEUR GENERAL DIRECTEUR GENERAL DE LA REGION DE LA REGION DE LA REGION DE L'EST CENTRALE DE L'OUEST
Stations de recherches Centres de recherches Stations de recherches Saint-Jean (T.-N.) Aliments Brandon (Man.) Colinet (T. -N.) Biosystematique Morden (Man.) Charlottetown (i.-p.-E.) Phytotechn iques Portage-Ia-Pra ir ie (Ma n.) Kentville (N.- E.) Technique et statistique Winnipeg (Man.) Nappan (N.-E.) Terres Melfort (Sask.) Fredericton (N.- B.) Zootechnie Regina (Sask.) Benton Ridge (N.-B.) Indian Head (Sask.) Michaud Saskatoon (Sask.) (Bouctouche)(N.- B.) Scott (Sask.) Lennoxville (Quebec) Swift Current ISask.) Sainte-Foy (Quebec) Beaverlodge (Alb.) La Pocatiere (Quebec) Fort Vermilion IAlb.) Normandin (Quebec) Lacombe (Alb.) Chapais Vegreville (Alb.) (Saint-David) (Quebec) Lethbridge (Alb.) Saint-Jean (Quebec) Manyberries Frelighsburg (Quebec) 10nefour) (Alb.) L'Acadie (Quebec) Stavely (Alb.) L'Assomption (Quebec) Vauxhall (Alb.) Lavaltrie (Quebec) Agassiz (C.-B.I Sainte-Clothilde (Quebec) Abbotsford IC.-B.) Delhi (Ont.) Station de recherches et Harrow (Ont.) de quarantaine des Whelan plantes de Saanichton (Woodslee)(Ont.) (SidneyIIC.-B) Vineland Station (Ont.) Kamloops IC.-B.) Smithfield (Ont.) Prince George (C.-B.) Summerland (C.' B.) Ferme experimentale Creston IC.-B.) Kapuskasing (Ont.) Kelowna (C.-B.) Thunder Bay (Ont.) Vancouver (C.-B.)
Centres de recherches Aliments (Saint -H yac inthe) IQuebec) London 10nt.)
Headquarters 3
PROGRAM STRUCTURE OF 2. Water and climate THE RESEARCH BRANCH To improve water management on Canadian soils in order to increase Departmental objective productivity and to monitor and preserve environmental quality within the Agriculture Canada's objective is to constraints imposed by Canada's northern promote the growth, stability, and competitive- climate. ness of the agri-food sector, by making available policies, programs, and services that 3. Energy and engineering are most appropriately provided by the federal To develop and adapt engineering government, so that the sector makes its technology that will optimize energy maximum contribution to the economy. utilization and efficiency of production, storage, processing, and distribution of agricultural products. Branch objective 4. Biological resources The Research Branch's objective for the To provide accurate information about the scientific research and development planning quantity, quality, and location of element is to maintain and improve the Canada's biological resources (including productivity of the agri-food sector through vascular plants, insects, arachnids, developing and transferring new knowledge nematodes, fungi, and bacteria) and to and technology. provide identification services that can be used as required to ensure agricultural productivity. Objectives for branch planning sub-elements and sub-sub-elements 5. Biotechnology To assess, develop, and utilize technology Management and administration. To in support of basic and applied agricul- provide the managerial, financial, personnel, tural research. and administrative services required for efficient management of the Research Branch. 6. Protection To provide new, general, and basic 1. Planning and program management research information on the protection of To provide branch planning and program animals and crops from diseases, insects, coordination in support of senior branch and weeds. management. 7. Scientific support services 2. Administrative services To provide for all scientific researchers To provide support for branch manage- the statistical, graphic arts, publishing, ment in financial, personnel, and any and other general support services other administrative areas necessary for necessary to maintain the quality and the efficient functioning of the branch. quantity of output of research findings.
Resource and research. To produce Animal research. To produce scientific and scientific and technical information and to technical information and develop new develop technology that will assist the agri- technology that will assist the primary food sector in managing and conserving the producer in increasing the quality and natural resources necessary for agricultural efficiency of the production of animals. production, while increasing the level and efficiency of production, and that will assist 1. Beef other researchers in developing applied To improve the efficiency of beef technology. production and the quality of beef products in support of regional, domestic, 1. Land and export market development. To provide accurate information about the quantity, quality, and location of 2. Dairy Canada's land resource and to better To improve the efficiency of milk pro- understand the properties of soils, which duction for domestic and export market affect agricultural productivity. development.
Headquarters 5 3. Swine 7. Ornamentals To improve the efficiency of pork To develop, test, and release high-quality production and the quality of pork and ornamental plants that are adapted to pork products in support of domestic and Canada's climatic regions. ex port market development. Food research. To produce scientific and 4. Poultry technical information and develop technology To improve the efficiency of production of that will assist the agri-food processing sector eggs and poultry meat and the quality of in increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of poultry products in support of domestic crop and animal commodity processing, while and export market development. ensuring the safety and nutritional value of 5. Other animals food. To increase the efficiency of production and quality of products from sheep, honey 1. Food processing, equipment, and products bees, fur bearers, and any other animals To develop new food-processing deemed to be of agricultural importance in technology, to improve the efficiency and support of domestic and export market effectiveness of food-processing systems, development. and to develop and characterize new uses of products and ingredients from Crop research. To produce scientific and agricultural crops and animal products. technical information and develop new 2. Food safety and nutrition technology that will assist the primary To increase consumer safety from producer in increasing the quality and antinutritional and toxic constituents in efficiency of the production of crops. food and to monitor and improve the 1. Cereals nutritive value of agricultural products. To increase the production efficiency, 3. Storage quality, and protection of cereal crops for To develop and apply processes and domestic and export markets. handling procedures for maintaining the 2. Oilseeds quality offoods after crop harvest. To increase the efficiency of production adaptability and the quality of oilseed crops and their products for domestic and export markets. STRUCTURE DU PROGRAMME 3. Forages DE LA DIRECTION GENERALE To increase the efficiency of production DE LA RECHERCHE adaptability and the quality of domestic forage crops in support of livestock Objectif du Ministere production. L'objectif d' Agriculture Canada est de 4. Field crops promouvoir la croissance, la stabilite et la To increase the production efficiency, competitivite du secteur agro-alimentaire au quality, and protection of field crops such moyen de politiques, de programmes et de as tobacco, field peas, buckwheat, and services fournis par Ie gouvernement federal, field beans. de fa<;on a assurer une contribution optima Ie 5. Vegetables de ce secteur a l'economie. To increase the efficiency of production, protection, adaptability, and quality of Objectifs de la Direction generale vegetables for the domestic market, and of L'eiement planification de la recherche potatoes and seed potatoes for export. scientifique et du developpement de la 6. Tree fruits and berries Direction generale de la recherche a pour To increase the efficiency of production, objectif d'ameliorer la productivite du secteur protection, adaptability, and quality of agro-alimentaire en mettant au point de tree fruits and berries for domestic and nouvelles technologies et en diffusant les export markets. connaissances.
6 Research Branch Report 1987 Objectifs des sous-divisions et des ressources biologiques du Canada sous-sous-divisions de la planification (notamment les plantes vasculaires, insectes, arachnides, nematodes, Gestion et administration. Fournir les champignons et bacteriesl et offrir des services necessaires dans les domaines de la services d'identification sur demande pour gestion, des finances, du personnel et de assurer la productivite agricole. l'administration afin d'assurer une gestion efficace de la Direction generale. 5. Biotechnologie Evaluer, developper et appliquer une 1. Gestion et planification des programmes technologie a I'appui de la recherche Assurer la planification et la coordination agricole fondamentale et appliquee. des programmes de la Direction generale afin d'appuyer la Haute Direction. 6. Protection Fournir les resultats generaux et 2. Services administratifs fondamentaux sur la recherche dans Ie Fournir un soutien la Haute Direction a domaine de la protection des animaux et dans les domaines des finances, du des recoltes contre les maladies, les personnel et dans tout autre domaine insectes et les mauvaises herbes. administratif pour assurer Ie bon fonctionnement de la Direction generale. 7. Services de soutien scientifique Fournir a tous les chercheurs des Recherche sur les ressources. Mettre a la statistiques, des publications et tout autre disposition du secteur agro-alimentaire des service d'aide generale necessaire au informations scientifiques et techniques et maintien de la qualite de la recherche et a developper des technologies qui l'aideront a l'accroissement de la productivite des gerer et a conserver les ressources nature lies operations. necessaires a la production agricole tout en augmentant leur utilisation efficace: ces memes ressources doivent aider les chercheurs a mettre au point des technologies appliquees. Recherche sur les animaux. Produire !'information scientifique et technique et 1. Terres elaborer une nouvelle technologie afin d'aider Fournir des informations precises sur la Ie producteur primaire a augmenter la qualite quantite, la qualite et I'emplacement des et l'efficacite de la production animale. ressources en terres du Canada et parvenir a une meilleure connaissance des 1. Bovins de boucherie proprietes des sols, qui influent sur la Accroitre I'efficacite de la production productivite agricole. bovine et ameliorer la qualite des produits pour les marches regional, national et 2. Eauetclimat d'exportation. Ameliorer la gestion des eaux sur les sols du Canada afin d'accroitre la productivite 2. Bovins laitiers et de contr61er et conserver la qualite de Accroitre l'efficacite de la production l'environnement, en tenant compte des laitiere pour les marches national et contraintes imposees par Ie climat boreal d'exportation. duCanada. 3. Porcs 3. Energie et genie Accroitre l'efficacite de la production Developper et adapter une technologie porcine et ameliorer la qua lite des pour optimiser Ie rendement energetique produits pour les marches national et et l'efficacite de la production, du d'exportation. stockage, de la transformation et de la distribution des produits agricoles. 4. Volaille Accroitre l'efficacite de la production des 4. Ressources biologiques oeufs et de la volaille et ameliorer la Fournir des informations precises sur la qualite des produits avicoles pour les quantite, la qua lite et l'emplacement des marches national etd'exportation.
Headquarters 7 5. Autres animaux 6. Fruits de verger et petits fruits Accroitre l'efficacite de la production Accroitre l'efficacite de la production, la ovine, apicole, d'animaux a fourrure et de protection, l'adaptabilite et la qualite des tous les autres animaux juges importants arb res fruitiers et des baies afin pour l'agriculture, pour les marches d'augmenter les marches national et national et d'exportation. d'exportation.
7. Plantes ornementales Developper, tester et distribuer des plantes d'ornement de grande qualite qui Recherche sur les cultures. Produire de soient adaptees aux differentes regions l'information scientifique et technique et climatiques du Canada. elaborer une nouvelle technologie afin d'aider Ie producteur primaire augmenter la qualite a Recherches sur les aliments. Fournir et l'efficacite de la production animale. l'information scientifique et technique et 1. Cere ales elaborer la technologie a l'appui du secteur de Accroitre l'efficacite, la qua lite et la la transformation agro-alimentaire afin protection des cultures cerealieres pour d'accroitre l'efficacite et la rentabilite de la les marches national etd'exportation. transformation des produits animaux et vegetaux tout en assurant la salubrite et la 2. Oleagineux valeur nutritive des aliments produits. Accroitre l'adaptabilite sur Ie plan 1. Transformation des aliments, productif et la qualite des oleagineux et de equipements et produits leurs produits pour les marches national et d'exportation. Elaborer de nouvelles techniques de transformation des produits alimentaires, 3. Fourrages accroitre l'efficacite et la rentabilite des Accroitre l'adaptabilite sur Ie plan systemes de transformation et elaborer et productif et la qualite des cultures caracteriser de nouvelles fa~ons d'utiliser fourrageres sur Ie plan national afin des produits et ingredients provenant des d'aider a la production du betai!. cultures et des animaux. 4. Grandes cultures 2. Innocuite des aliments et nutrition Accroitre l'efficacite de la production, la Accroitre la protection des consomma- qualite et la protection des grandes teurs contre les constituants alimentaires cultures comme Ie tabac, Ie pois sec, Ie toxiques et nefastes sur Ie plan nutritif et sarrasin et Ie haricot sec. d'assurer et rehausser la valeur nutritive des produits agricoles. 5. Legumes Accroitre l'efficacite de la production, la 3. Entreposage protection, l'adaptabilite et la qualite des Developper et mettre en pratique des legumes pour Ie marche national, et des fa~ons de proceder pour maintenir la pommes de terre et des pommes de terre haute qualite des aliments apres la de semence pour l'exportation. moisson.
8 Research Branch Report 1987 Priorities and Strategies Directorate Direction des priorites et des strategies
LA. de la Roche J.E. Renaud G.M. Weaver
LM. Wood D.F. Kirkland Y. Belanger
Director General Directeur general LA. de la Roche, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D.
Program Coordination Coordination du programme Director General Directeur general LA. de la Roche, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D.
Division Directors Directeurs des divisions Finance Finance J.E.Renaud Industry Relations, acting Relations G.M. Weaver, B.Sc., Ph.D. industrielles, interimaire Management Services Services de La LM. Wood gestion Policy and Client Relations Politique D.F. Kirkland et relations avec le client Research Program Service Service aux Y. Belanger, B.Sc. programmes de recherche
Priorities and Strategies Directorate 9 PREFACE departments, and agencies, leading to collaborative action on national (e.g., Economic The Priorities and Strategies Directorate Regional Development Agreement) and (P&SD) is an essential component of branch international (e.g., CIDA) matters. management at Research Branch Head- Personnel management is provided through quarters in Ottawa, supporting the Assistant a colocated operations unit of Personnel Deputy Minister, Research, in his roles as both Branch headed by the branch personnel branch head and corporate manager. Through manager for research. This group was involved consultation and advice P&SD assists in the in a number of important activities in 1987. coordination of research programs and in the Changes were made in the annual scientist development and implementation of branch appraisal and promotion process, a manage- and department policies. It is also called upon ment profile was developed for research station to assist in the analysis of government policies directors, interbranch exchanges were that have an impact upon the branch and the initiated, and a human resource plan was department. In performing these advisory completed which included a process for duties, P&SD is responsible for preparing followup on a number of human resources briefings, position papers, and correspondence issues. Under the Research Branch human relating to any ofthese topics. resource development plan, the directorate During the year, P&SD has undergone provides training for potential managers. several significant changes. The most evident Management Services Division, Finance has been a change in name from the Program Division, and Research Program Service have Coordination Directorate. This reflects a been incorporated into the newly created change in both structure and intensity of Priorities and Strategies Directorate. Also, in activity as a result of centralization and order to respond to the requirement for rationalization of resources, both of which were increased involvement of industry in both the initiated last year. direction and funding of research, the Industry Program coordination remains an Relations Division has been established. important activity of the directorate, planning Thus, the P&SD now consists of the director national programs through analysis of general, five division directors and their operational plans, reviewing the effectiveness support staff, six coordinators, and several of these programs in reaching objectives, and special advisers. The coordinators and special determining their impact on the agri-food advisers are senior professionals within their sector. It coordinates, at the national level, the specific disciplines. Jointly, they are scientifically based activities that result in the responsible for evaluating program content monitoring and delivery of programs at the and direction and for providing guidance from regional level. a national perspective within specific program In 1987, the Policy and Client Relations areas. There are coordinators for animal Division was formed to provide a focal point for production, crop production (grains and directing the policy initiatives undertaken by oilseeds), crop production (horticulture and the branch. It is the principal contact on special crops), food, natural resources, and matters concerning research and development protection. (R&D) with central agencies, other depart- ments, countries, provinces, universities, and industry. It effects liaison between the LA. de la Roche Research Branch and other branches, Director General
10 Research Branch Report 1987 PREFACE nationales (ex. Entente de developpement economique et regional) et internationales (ex. ACDl). La Direction des priorites et strategies L'administration du personnel est assuree (DPS) est une composante essentielle de par une unite des operations de la Direction 1'administration au siege de la Direction generale du personnel logee au siege de la generale a Ottawa, qui aide Ie Sous-ministre Direction generale de la recherche et dirigee adjoint a la Recherche a assumer son role de par Ie gestionnaire du personnel de la chef de la Direction generale et de cadre de la Direction generale de la recherche. Ce groupe gestion integree. Par des consultations et des a participe a un certain nombre d'activites conseils, la Direction collabore a la coordi- importantes en 1987. On a apporte des nation des programmes de recherche et au changements aux mecanismes d'evaluation developpement, et a la mise en oeuvre des annuelle et de promotion des chercheurs; on a politiques de la Direction generale et du trace un profil du gestionnaire a 1'intention des Ministere. Elle est egalement appelee a parti- directeurs des stations de recherches; on a ciper a 1'analyse des politiques gouvernemen- entrepris des echanges interdirections tales qui ont des incidences sur la Direction generales et on a prepare un plan de gestion generale et Ie Ministere. Dans ses fonctions de des ressources humaines qui donne une conseillere, la Direction doit pre parer des notes methode de suivi pour un certain nombre de d'information, des exposes de principe et la questions portant sur les ressources humaines. correspondance connexe aces sujets. Selon les previsions du Plan de developpement Durant l'annee, la Direction a subi des ressources humaines de la Direction plusieurs modifications appreciables; elle a, generale de la recherche, la Direction assure la entre autres, change de nom: elle s'appelait formation des futurs gestionnaires. anterieurement Direction de la coordination La Division des services de la gestion, la des programmes. Cette decision traduit un Division de la finance et Ie Service aux changement tant de la structure que de programmes de recherche ont ete incorpores a 1'intensite des activites qui ont resulte de la la Direction des priorites et strategies centralisation et de la rationalisation des nouvellement formee. De plus, en raison de la ressources entreprises toutes deux l'an dernier. necessite d'engager davantage Ie secteur prive La coordination du programme demeure dans l'orientation et Ie financement de la une des principales activites de la Direction recherche, on a cree la Division des relations qui planifie les programmes nationaux pa; industrielles. I'analyse des plans d'operations, evalue Ie Ainsi, la Direction des priorites et strate- degnJ de realisation des objectifs par ces gies compte maintenant un directeur general, programmes et determine les repercussions de cinq directeurs de divisions et leur personnel ces derniers sur Ie secteur agro-alimentaire. de soutien, six coordonnateurs et plusieurs Elle coordonne, a l'echelle nationale, les conseillers speciaux. Les coordonnateurs et les activites axees sur la science qui aboutissent a conseillers speciaux sont des professionnels la surveillance et a 1'execution de programmes cadres dans leurs disciplines respectives. lls de portee regionale. sont conjointement charges d'evaluer la teneur En 1987, on a cree la Division du politique et la direction des programmes, et d'assurer et des relations avec Ie client qui servira de une orientation, dans une perspective centre d'orientation des programmes d'action nationale, aux programmes specifiques. Il y a entrepris par la Direction generale. C'est Ie un coordonnateur pour chacun des domaines de principal point de contact sur des questions recherche suivants: la production animale, la touchant a la recherche et au developpement (R production vegetale (cereales et oleagineux), la et D) avec les organismes centraux, d'autres production vegetale (horticulture et cultures ministeres, d'autres pays, les provinces, les speciales), les aliments, les ressources universites et Ie secteur prive. Elle assure la naturelles et la protection. liaison entre la Direction generale de la recherche et d'autres directions generales, d'autres ministeres et organismes, etablissant l.A. de la Roche ainsi une collaboration dans des activites Directeur general
Priorities and Strategies Directorate 11
Program Coordination, Ottawa, Ontario
PROFESSIONAL STAFF
LA. de la Roche, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Director General
Program Coordinators L.M. Benzing-Purdie, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Natural resources, acting R. Bouchard, B.A., B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Animal production B.B. Chubey, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Special Adviser, Crop production R. Hironaka, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Special Adviser, Animal production E. Larmond, B.Sc. Food G.A. Neish, B.Sc., Ph.D. Protection, acting P.W. Perrin, B.Sc., Ph.D. Special Adviser, Food W.J. Saidak, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D., Crop production - grains and oilseeds F.W.S.S.A. C.B. Willis, B.Sc.(Agr.), Ph.D., Crop Production - horticulture and FALC. special crops
Departure J. Nowland, B.A., M.Sc. Program Coordinator, Natural resources Seconded to Land Resource Research Centre, July 1987
Program Coordination 13 INTRODUCTION
Program coordinators and special advisers report directly to the Director General, Priorities and Strategies Directorate. In addition to providing a national perspective in advising on the direction of research programs across the branch, coordinators and advisers provide scientific expertise and advice on policy issues to the branch head as well as to the Deputy Minister and the Minister. These individuals often provide scientific expertise to international delegations, play leadership roles in Canada committees and expert committees of the Canadian Agricultural Services Coordinating Committee (CASCC), act as liaison between the branch and its clients, and provide the perspective of the scientist-manager to such activities as program rationalization, human resource planning, scientist and manager appraisals, branch restructuring, and resource allocation. Special advisers are normally seconded from establishments for periods of 1-2 years and act in a role that is complementary to thatofthe coordinators. Specific activities for 1987 in which Program Coordination was involved included the development of a current human resource management plan for the Research Branch. This was approved by Branch Management Committee (BMCl and the recommendations are being implemented. Coordinators collaborated with Audit and Evaluation Branch in the preparation of several research program evaluations during 1987. Members of the group also participated in the development of an industry relations policy. The resulting report and recommendations outlined several avenues for increased industry involvement. A major outcome was the establishment of the Industry Relations Office.
LA. de la Roche Director General
CROP PRODUCTION plan. Significant research accomplishments and deviations from plans were documented on Input to policy, planning, and program a quarterly basis. development Research Branch strategies for crop com- modities were identified, in collaboration with The directorate coordinated the prepara- a branch task force, preparatory to consulta- tion of proposed actions by the Research tions with provinces and industry on an Branch in response to recommendations to agricultural research and technology transfer address priority constraints and opportunities strategy for Canada. In addition, changes, to increase access to markets as identified by both implemented and planned, to research departmental teams for the Horticulture and programs were identified and integrated into Special Crops sectors. A discussion paper on proposals for action as follow up to the strategy the changing research environment was pre- exercise. pared as background for industry consulta- tions done with the grains and oilseeds sector. Interbranch and interdepartmental A committee that included directorate activities personnel assessed and recommended on respective roles and responsibilities of the Research Branch was represented on the Delhi Research Station and the Ontario National Research Council Committee on In- Ministry of Agriculture and Food (QMAFl dustrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP1, horticultural experiment station at Simcoe. which evaluates and recommends on proposals The recommendations were subsequently con- for the IRAP funding, on the departmental firmed in a Memorandum of Understanding Canadian Agricultural Market Development between the branch and OMAF. Initiative (CAMDI) Advisory Board, which Appropriate goals for the crops research allocates funds to projects having the objective programs were developed and integrated into of improving the market potential of Canadian the Branch Head Plan and appropriate agricultural products, on the departmental research coordination goals were developed for New Crop Development Fund Advisory Board, the Priorities and Strategies Directorate work which allocates funds to projects having the
14 Research Branch Report 1987 objective of evaluating the potential of new ANIMAL PRODUCTION crops for Canadian production, and on the departmental Plant Protection Advisory Input to policy, planning, and program Committee and interbranch Committee on development Alternate Crops. Representation was also Sheep and dairy cattle research was ration- provided on the 2,4-0 Steering Committee, alized in line with recommendations of the which led to an economic assessment of the external review committees. The numbers of benefits of2,4-D use in Canada. animals in the programs were reduced sub- In collaboration with Food Production and stantially because of diminished program Inspection Branch, the transfer from the requirements and greater industry involve- department to the private sector of responsi- ment in genetic improvement. The program bility for the multiplication of Foundation and will focus on improving the long-term market- Certified seed of forage crop varieties ability of animal products. Centres to take lead developed by the branch was successfully roles in commodity and discipline research negotiated. have been identified. The role of coordination was strengthened by secondment of a senior Extramural activities scientist with a wide knowledge of animal agriculture. Relations with the seed industry were A major contribution was made to develop- maintained through membership in the ing the working papers on Canadian agricul- Canadian Seed Growers' Association and in tural research and technology transfer: Plan- the SeCan Association, as well as by frequent ning for the future. These documents rationa- interactions with the Canadian Seed Trade lize research by the department for the present Association. A similar function was provided and into the 21stcentury to meet the challenges to the grains and oilseeds sector through and opportunities of the agricultural industry. committee membership in the Canada Grains Council and the Brewing and Malting Barley Interbranch and intrabranch activities Research Institute. New initiatives have been developed to Consultations on research needs and enhance cooperation with Agriculture develop- priorities were organized and held with ment Branch and industry in assessing data representatives of the apple, tender fruit, floriculture, and nursery industries, and the from the record of performance program. Assistance was provided to Policy Branch and directorate participated with other branches of Audit and Evaluation Branch to develop Agriculture Canada in general discussions of industry needs and government services. recommendations and to evaluate animal research programs. Animal Coordination coor- Directorate personnel cooperated with the Canadian Horticultural Council in restruc- dinated the preparation of the branch publica- turing and publishing a report on horticultural tion Progress in research. Representation was made to the Canadian Council of Animal Care, research done at all federal and provincial government establishments and at univer- and manuscripts on codes of practice for the sities in Canada. In addition, the branch was care and handling of animals were reviewed. Animal Coordination provided leadership in represented on committees for asparagus and an interbranch initiative to examine depart- potato chip research programs supported by mental policy on animal welfare issues. funds from industry and remission of duties on products imported into Canada from the External activities United States. Consultation, advice, and leadership were Cooperation and consultation between provided in the crops area at the national level Research Branch and producer groups were through representation on the Canada enhanced by meeting with the Dairy Farmers Committee on Crop Production Services as of Canada, the Canada Sheep Council, the well as on the Expert Committees on Canada Pork Council, the Canadian Cattle- Horticulture, Weeds, Plant Gene Resources, men's Association, the Canadian Association of Pesticide Use in Agriculture, and Grains and Animal Breeders, and the Canadian Feed Oilseeds. Industry Association.
Program Coordination 15 Visits were made to several universities in Research Branch participated in the Canada and the USA to discuss research development of the Canadian position on the priorities and to initiate complementary Brundtland report Our common future, research efforts. published by the World Commission on Animal Coordination formed part of the Environment and Development. The report team to the tetra partite meeting of heads of stresses the need to reconcile environmental research in Canada, USA, Britain, and France. protection with economic development. Faced with the uncertainties surrounding possible climatic changes due to the green- NATURAL RESOURCES house effect issues pertinent to agriculture requiring attention were identified. This is Input to policy, planning, and program part of a concerted effort by the Departments of development Environment, Energy, Mines and Resources, Contributions were made to the document Fisheries and Oceans, and Agriculture Canada Agriculture soil and water conservation and (including the Canadian Forestry Service) to development: Approach to implementing the mitigate the impact of chemical alterations of national agriculture strategy for use in con- the atmosphere. sultations with the provinces. Staff were also The issues of impact oflong-range transport involved in the formulation of the Research of air pollutants were evaluated through par- Branch strategic documents. ticipation on the interdepartmental committee In response to rationalization of research on this subject. programs, research areas requiring consolida- The directorate participated in the develop- tion were identified and a rationale was ment of the Canadian space program and sup- provided. ported the activities of the Interdepartmental Subsequent to the announcement of a new Committee on Space. soil conservation initiative, background infor- Responsibilities were also assumed on mation was gathered on all conservation- interdepartmental committees for coordi- related soil activities in the country. Soil nating science programs in biotechnology and degradation problems were assessed and energy. Memoranda to Cabinet from the research needs were identified. Departments of Environment and Energy, Mines and Resources were reviewed and Interbranch and interdepartmental comments provided. activities
Research Branch and the department were Support to CASCC represented on various interjurisdictional forums, including the Interdepartmental In addition to the normal assessment of Committee on Land (lCL) and the Inter- research needs under CASCC committees and departmental Committee on Water (lCW). the review of its research recommendations, a Participation on the ICW Mandate Review secretariat function was provided to the Committee assisted in restructuring that Canada Committee on Land Resource Services. committee to make it more effective in coordi- nating federal water programs. Participation Extramural activities on the ICW Water Quality Subcommittee consisted of coordinating input of Agriculture Contributions were made to the develop- Canada expertise in the preparation of new ment of the departmental response to an Order water quality guidelines for Canada. in Council that initiated new environmental Agricultural interests were also repre- impact assessment procedures within the sented on the Nonpoint Source Subcommittee federal government. of the Great Lakes Water Quality Board, Membership on the editorial board of an which is primarily concerned about toxic sub- international journal required reviewing stances and phosphorus from farmland. One of numerous scientific papers, and contacts with the sub-committee's tasks was a review of the universities were enhanced through presenta- United States Great Lakes Phosphorus tions and round-table discussions with staff Reduction Plan. and students.
16 Research Branch Report 1987 CROP PROTECTION, Forest Pest Management Institute Advisory BIOTECHNOLOGY, AND Committee, and the national workshop on the BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES minor use of pesticides program. A secretariat function was provided to the Ministry of State for Science and Technology Input to policy, planning, and program (MOSST) for the Task Force on Canadian development Culture Collections, and support has been The directorate, in cooperation with the given to the Natural Science and Engineering Western Region, developed the biotechnology Research Council's (NSERC) Cell Biology and R&Dinitiative announced at the Outlook Con- Genetics Grant Selection Committee by ference on 15 December 1987. Through this providing a scientific secretary. initiative, up to $25 million from the Western Diversification Fund has been committed to Support to CASCC help accelerate the economic development and In addition to the usual review of R&D and diversification of the agri-food sector through non-R&D recommendations, direct input was the development and commercial application provided to the Expert Committees on Plant ofnew biological technologies. Gene Resources and Pesticide Use in Assistance was provided to the develop- Agriculture. ment of the branch's comprehensive strategic plan through contributions to the working Extramural activities papers entitled Canadian agricultural research and technology transfer: Planning for Priorities and Strategies Directorate, in the future, with particular emphasis on Part 1: cooperation with the Central Region, has made Future directions -an overview. progress in a review of the department's A workshop on integrated pest manage- association with CAB International (CABI; ment OPM) for potatoes was held in formerly known as the Commonwealth Agri- Fredericton, N.B., 29-30 January 1987. cultural Bureaux) and the associated CABI Thirty-seven participants from Agriculture Institute of Biological Control (CIBC>. This Canada, the provinces, and universities were review has been undertaken in light of the present. To fill gaps in knowledge in the need to reassess priorities, to eliminate development of IPM, the need for additional expenditures that are outside the depart- basic studies on the biology of the potato plant mental mandate, and to identify and maintain and its pests, and the need for more research on access to those services that are necessary for biorational and chemical methods of control program delivery. were stressed. Increased technical support, Research Branch has cooperated with the increased industry involvement, better com- Canadian Honey Council (CHC) by continuing munication between researchers, extension to provide the industry with assistance in specialists, and growers, and increased oppor- prioritizing its research needs and in tunities to travel to research establishments in identifying potential research partners outside Canada and to major conferences were Agriculture Canada who might assist the identified as high priorities. industry in meeting research needs that cannot Input was provided to a synoptic overview be met by available resources and expertise of horticultural research in Ontario based on within the department. visits and interviews with scientists and Support for the Gordon Research science managers at the major provincial and Conferences (GRC) was provided through federal establishments conducting research on assistance with the organization of the GRC on horticulture in that province. mycotoxins and phycotoxins held at Plymouth, N.H., 29 June-3 July 1987. Interbranch and interdepartmental activities FOOD RESEARCH The directorate provided leadership for the plant health working group at the joint Food Production and Inspection Branch/Research Input to policy, planning, and program Branch work planning session held on 31 development March 1987, and participated in the activities The mission of food research in the of the Corporate Committee on Pesticides, the Research Branch is "to develop and transfer
Program Coordination 17 information and technology that will assist the Secondments agri-food sector to increase the utilization and During the year, a branch scientist working market value of commodities through im- in post-harvest physiology was seconded to proved processing efficiency, product Ottawa as a special adviser to assist with food diversification, and the enhancement of food research coordination. quality." This statement was developed by directors and section heads in the food research Support to CASCC program at a meeting convened by the coordinator for food research. Efforts are being Both the coordinator for food research and made to develop greater awareness and closer the special adviser provide secretariat links among the establishments conducting functions for the CASCC system. The former food research. acts for the Canada Committee on Food and the The department's Program Evaluation latter for the Expert Committee on Division reported on its evaluation of the Refrigeration. Considerable input was branch's food research program in 1987. It provided to the proposal for restructuring of the found that the food research program provides operating grants program under the Canadian vital support to Canada's food processing Agricultural Research Council (CARCl. industries, but it is too thinly spread to An ad hoc committee on the role of red meat effectively serve the intended purposes. It in the diet of Canadians was established by recommended that long-term strategic CARC. This committee was requested to research should be the focus of attention for develop objective information on the subject. federal funds, and that applied and developmental research should be conducted Interbranch and departmental activities in partnership arrangement with industry or A departmental nutrition policy, which other organizations. An implementation plan defines Agriculture Canada's role and for the nine major recommendations in the responsibilities, has been developed by an report has been prepared. intradepartmental committee led by a senior Food Research Coordination was involved Research Branch scientist, with participation in a variety of activities throughout the year. by the food research coordinator. These have included assisting in the Other activities undertaken included development of the branch Human Resources participation on the Interdepartmental Com- Plan, working on the headquarters Informa- mittee on Food Irradiation, Interdepartmental tion System Committee and responding to High Visibility Committees, the Free Trade branch requests for information on food Exploitation Committee, and the Emergency irradiation. Preparedness Committee.
18 Research Branch Report 1987 Finance, Ottawa, Ontario
PROFESffiONALSTAFF
J .E. Renaud, C.D. Director K. Archer, C.M.A. Chief, Financial Planning and Analysis A.L. Dignard Adviser, Eastern Region G. McKane, B.A., C.M.A. Adviser, Western Region J.B. Moran Adviser, Central Region
Finance 19 INTRODUCTION
The Finance Division is a service organization. It has four major functions: (1) to provide all the financial inputs required by the central agencies, (2) to direct the budgeting of person-years and dollars, (3) to foster the economic, effective, and efficient use of those resources, and (4) to provide financial guidance and advice to all levels of management, from the staff of responsibility centres to the level of the Assistant Deputy Minister. These functions are carried out by a core financial planning and analysis group and teams of financial advisers assigned to the three regional directors general. The advisers are members of the regional management committees and the director is a member ofthe branch management committee.
J.E. Renaud Director
ACHIEVEMENTS Parliament, and other government depart- ments, i.e., the fall Multi-Year Operational This year the Finance Division was re- Plan (MYOP), Main Estimates, Supple- united with the Research Branch after having mentary Estimates, Science Addendum, and been part of the Corporate Management other submissions and reports. Branch for 6 years. The division has been Guidelines and assistance were provided to completely reorganized, with emphasis on the managers at all levels for the preparation and delivery of services to line managers. This, validation of annual resource plans and costed along with the return of directors general to work plans. Ottawa, has served to reestablish the close communication links with responsibility Budgets totaling 3481 person years and centres that existed prior to decentralization in $221.5 million were monitored and controlled 1978. throughout the year. This involved the devel- A good start was made in laying a solid opment of alternatives for decisions on resource foundation for cooperation and collaboration allocations, reallocations, and reductions; and by having the regional financial advisers visit subsequent adjustments to budgets and allot- each responsibility centre early in the fiscal ments, as well as the arrangement of transfers year. Follow-up, on-site consultations occur- among regions and other branches as needed. red later in the year, as well as participation in Reports, schedules, briefings, and regional meetings between directors general correspondence for the Minister, Deputy and directors. Minister, and the Branch Executive were The Finance Division prepared the prepared on financial and related matters. financial input for Research Branch's portion Various cyclical reports such as the variance of departmental reports to Treasury Board, reports and cash forecasts were prepared.
20 Research Branch Report 1987 Industry Relations, Ottawa, Ontario
PROFESSION AL STAFF
G.M. Weaver, B.Sc., Ph.D. Acting Director K.W. Lievers, B.Sc., M.Sc. Industry relations J.S. McKenzie, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Industry relations
Industry Relations 21 INTRODUCTION
The Industry Relations Office was organized in August 1987 to develop enabling mechanisms to conduct research in collaboration with other organizations including industry, universities, and provincial agencies and to promote technology transfer. Achievements include completing the first cycle of releasing the department's corn inbred and hybrid lines and establishing with the industry, agreements to cover royalties both in Canada and abroad. Means have also been developed to accept and administer funds from external agencies to conduct collaborative research under partnership agreements.
P.W. Voisey Acting Executive Director
ACHIEVEMENTS technologies and to increase joint venture R&D activities with the private sector. An Industry During 1987, industry relations was Relations Advisory Board has been appointed studied in depth by four working groups on the to establish policy, priorities, and directions for following topics: (l) mechanisms for receiving the office and to review progress. industry funds, (2) government policy on tech- A policy for the release of corn hybrids and nology centres, (3) principles for collaborative inbred lines from all Agriculture Canada research and contracting-in, and (4) advisory research stations was developed with the full boards on research priorities. The final report cooperation and support of the Canadian Seed blended the specific recommendations on each Trade Association. The policy establishes a of the four areas, forming one report. In mechanism for the release of inbred lines to addition, recommendations on implementation research organizations worldwide and hybrids were made. to Canadian seed corn companies exclusively. As the first step in implementation, the Companies must sign a contract that estab- Industry Relations Office was established. Its lishes Agriculture Canada's proprietary own- role is to facilitate commercialization of new ership and pay royalties when commercialized.
22 Research Branch Report 1987 Management Services, Ottawa, Ontario
PROFESSIONAL STAFF
LM. Wood Director s.c. Cassidy Planning and systems M.Craib Contracts and agreements D.W. Friel Head, Assets Management J. Homewood Administrative services
Management Services 23 INTRODUCTION
The Management Services Division provides administrative services and advice to branch management both at the headquarters level and at the responsibility centre level. These responsibilities are fulfilled through a group of officers and support staff with expertise in the areas of contracts and agreements, general administration, assets management, text revision, and special projects. Some of the senior members of the staff act as liaison officers with the regional directors general and participate as members of the regional management committees. The division also provides support to the branch headquarters staff in such areas as word processing, materiel management, and accounts processing.
l.M. Wood Director
ACHIEVEMENTS The main objective of the division in its 1st year was to promote communication with the The Management Services Division was responsibility centres and establish lines of established as a result of a reorganization of responsibility. This was achieved through the branch management structure. In addition regional administrative meetings held in to the reduction in the number of regions and Ottawa, Sainte-Foy, and Saskatoon. the directors general returning to Ottawa, the Throughout the year, the division per- regional administration offices ceased to exist formed its role in liaising with other branches and their responsibilities were transferred to of the department on behalf of establishments headquarters. across the country concerning the various re- sponsibilities associated with administration.
24 Research Branch Report 1987 Policy and Client Relations Ottawa, Ontario
PROFESSIONAL STAFF
D.F. Kirkland Director G.W. Andrews, B.Se.F., M.Se. Policy and planning A.M. Cooper, B.Sc. Policy Analyst E.K. Endemann, B.A. International programs W.L. Fettes Branch Liaison - international J.P. Hayes, B.Sc., M.Sc. Policy M.K. John, B.Se.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Special Adviser, resources J .A. Perrin, B.Sc. Operations processes
Policy and Client Relations 25 INTRODUCTION
The Policy and Client Relations Division was formed in 1987 to provide a focal point for directing the policy initiatives undertaken by the branch in support of the department's role in science and technology. The division directs the corporate relations of the branch with its clients inside and outside the federal government and internationally. Research programs developed along both commodity and discipline lines must conform to broad government economic development as well as to science and technology policies. One of the division's tasks is to analyze and provide guidance on the implementation of policies that will assist the branch to perform its R&D activities. In 1987, the Policy and Client Relations Division also was charged with the development and implementation of mechanisms to permit use of automated, fully costed work plans. Changes were made to the Branch Head Plan and the Multi-Year Operational Plan in order to reflect the realign- ment of branch activities and priorities, and to raise the profile of the policy issues addressed in research activities. Other activities undertaken by the division were as follows: (1) preparing the branch's long-term strategic plan and performing a variety offunctions associated with this initiative; and (2) developing a database on branch international R&Dactivities and policies.
D.F. Kirkland Director
POLICY Development of research policies and practices Response to government issues The Research Branch, as one of the federal Since its inception in mid-1987, the Policy government's science and technology and Client Relations Division has undertaken performers, is affected by government-wide activities in a variety of policy areas. One S&T policies and directives. Several current focus has been the active liaison with central policies are being reviewed to determine their agencies to provide input for the development potential impact on branch operations. The and interpretation offederal science and tech- government's decision framework for science nology-related policies and policy instruments. and technology provides for the assessment of the management of S&T programs within a Input to federal science and technology government-wide context. These directions policies mesh with the directions that the Research Branch and the department are taking re- The latter part of 1987 was a particularly garding market-oriented strategies, increased active period in terms of development of new client involvement in decision making through federal science and technology (S&T) policies consultation and advisory committees, and a and programs. The Ministry of State for focus on long-term S&T to meet the needs of Science and Technology (MOSST) drafted a the agri-food sector. variety of new policy instruments that may have significant implications for research and Secondments development (R&D)activities in the public and private sectors. These initiatives, which On behalf of the branch, the Policy and formed a second phase of the government's Client Relations Division is responsible for S&T strategy called InnovAction, received coordinating an active interchange program in-depth analysis and response by the division. with the Food Production and Inspection The new policies are now awaiting government Branch. This program is designed to provide approval. exposure to the operation of research and
26 Research Branch Report 1987 regulatory programs. In 1987, Dr. W.A. information base of scientist activities, and are Charnetski was seconded to the Pesticides subject to management control. Directorate, Mrs. A. Ferguson returned to the Operational and work planning. Planning Agriculture Inspection Directorate after a for 1988-1989 is following the format I-year assignment, and Mr. J.P. Hayes joined established for the 1987-1988 process. The the Policy and Client Relations Division. departmental document Strategic directions to 1990 sets out the long-term priorities for all PLANNING branches. The Branch Head Plan, in response to these directions, was completed at the end of Strategic planning December 1987. This plan also identifies realigned branch activities and priorities, The branch has made excellent progress incorporates policy issues affecting research toward the development of a comprehensive activities, and provides guidance for the strategic plan to establish national direction preparation of regional and establishment for research and technology transfer. Three work plans. An automated system has been parts of a five-part series of working papers developed so that the plans will be available on were completed and presented to Ministers in AgriNet for searching and copying. July 1987: Part 1. Future directions -an The following operational planning frame- overview, Part 2. Research Branch strategy, work is being used by the branch for planning and Part 3. Provincial perspectives. in 1988-1989: The division participated in discussions held by the Assistant Deputy Minister with 1.0 Scientific research and development various interest groups from the private sector. 1.1 Management and administration Consultations took place with industry and 1.2 Resource research with provincial government representatives in 1.3 Animal research each province during October and November, 1.4 Crops research and Part 4 in the series of working papers, 1.5 Food research Industry perspectives, is in preparation. The result has been a better understanding across These simplified titles allow for research the country of the direction of future research emphasis on marketability in planning for endeavors. 1988-1989 and beyond. The need for partnerships has been Full costing of work plans. A system has accepted as well as the understanding that the been implemented to determine the full cost of branch can no longer be all things to all people. commodity research programs, as background It was agreed that the principal role for the information for program rationalization and branch is long-term research, leadership, and resource realignments in response to the coordination, and that technology transfer is a agricultural research strategy consultations provincial responsibility which requires an in- with industry and the provinces. For display depth review on effectiveness of current purposes, overhead and indirect costs are delivery mechanisms and systems. The con- allocated to commodity projects in order to solidation of programs and the better use of obtain a truer picture of the "cost of doing existing capabilities were accepted in prin- business." Budgeting and control continue to ciple, with specifics to be outlined in a future be structured according to the operational document on Research Branch proposals for planning framework. action.
Operational planning REPORTING AND CONTROL Terminology. To improve the linkage between scientist activities and branch Study selection and assessment programs, modifications were made to the planning and control terminology in the In response to Auditor General concerns, a branch. Branch operations are fully resourced system was deve loped fo r se Ie cti ng, down to the "establishment project," which is monitoring, and assessing research studies. the lowest resource accountability level in the The resulting Guidelines and instructions for departmental reporting system. "Studies," study selection and assessment document previously known as projects, provide an provides standard guidance to assist managers
Policy and Client Relations 27 in selecting research studies that will respond supports departmental objectives in the to the needs of clients as well as relate directly development, maintenance, and expansion of to establishment, branch, and department export markets by providing technical priorities and objectives. The guidelines will expertise to other branches and agencies. The also provide a much-needed standard across branch contributes to technological advance- the branch for the assessment ofstudies. ment in less developed countries through participation in official development assistance Reporting to Treasury Board and programs as both managers and researchers, Parliament and by training foreign scientists in research stations. All these activities were coordinated The Policy and Client Relations Division within the Priorities and Strategies Direc- prepared the Research Branch sections in torate. Bilateral and multilateral projects and three departmental reports to Treasury Board relations were coordinated with some 55 and Parliament: the Multi-Year Operational countries and international agencies in order Plan, the Main Estimates Part Ill, and the to enhance our domestic research capability Annual Report of the Minister. These reports and to ensure that Canadian government provide an opportunity for the branch to policies on agricultural science and technology clearly outline its concerns, opportunities, and were supported and encouraged inter- resource needs for the upcoming fiscal year, nationally. and to describe its achievements of the The branch was responsible for the manage- previous year. ment of 10 Official Development Assistance (ODA) projects in six countries, funded by the Quarterly reporting Canadian International Development Agency The quarterly operational variance reports (CIDA), and seven ODA projects in six continued to be the main mechanisms for countries funded by the International Develop- reporting major achievements, major ment Research Centre (IDRC). Branch variances against plans, and factors that may scientists also provided scientific expertise for impact on future progress across the branch. a wide range of other international activities For the 3rd and 4th quarters the Branch Head for CIDA and IDRC. Report has proved to be a useful document, In 1987, approximately 100 foreign especially for recording major management scientists visited branch establishments for and operational achievements, as well as the training in techniques directly applicable to resulting client benefits and program effects. their country's agricultural development. Branch specialists continued throughout the year to investigate and resolve technical INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH issues related to the international marketing AND DEVELOPMENT of Canadian agricultural products. Scientific and technical assistance was provided by the Research Branch scientists maintain a branch in support of Canadian promotional vigorous program of international science and activities, such as technical seminars and trade technology exchanges with agricultural expositions aimed at expanding foreign researchers around the world. The branch also markets for Canadian agricultural products.
28 Research Branch Report 1987 Research Program Service Ottawa, Ontario
PROFESSION AL STAFF
Administration Y. Belanger, B.Sc. Director H. Pitt,! B.A. Administration and awards W.L. Fettes2 Branch liaison
Art and Design C.N. Halchuk Head of Section
Audiovisual W.G. Wilson Head of Section
Scientific Editing S.M. Rudnitski, B.Sc. Acting Head of Section S.V. Balchin Editing N. Rousseau, B.A., M.A. Editing D.R. Sabourin, B.A. Editing F. Smith, B.A. Editing
Scientific Information Retrieval J. Taky,3 B.A., B.Sc., M.P.A. Head of Section H.S. Krehm, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Chief, Pest management unit C.D. Laing, B.Sc., M.Sc. Chief, Inventory and systems P. Beauchamp, B.Sc., M.Sc. Herbicides J.R. Kennett, B.Sc. Inventory and systems E.K. McMillan, B.Sc. Inventory and systems R. McNeil, B.Sc. Inventory and systems
Research Program Service 29 Departures J .A. Perrin, B.Sc. Head of Section On special assignment with Branch Headquarters from May 1987 D.W.Friel Administration and awards Appointed to Management Services Division, 1 October 1987 A.Severn Administration and awards, acting Appointed to Management Services Division, 13 October 1987 R. Makowski, B.Sc., M.Sc. Scientific information Educational lea ve, September 1983
1 Appointed October 1987. 2 Seconded 1 June 1987to Policy and Client Relations Division. 3 On Career Assignment Program (CAP) from 1 June 1987.
30 Research Branch Report 1987 INTRODUCTION
Research Program Service (RPS) supports research and development in the branch as well as technology transfer and scientific knowledge diffusion by maintaining computerized scientific and technical information systems, providing publication services, providing audiovisual and art services, and administering branch awards and international scientific exchange programs. During 1987, RPS staff started several integrated computer systems aimed at improving turn- around time and reducing the cost of art production and desktop publishing as well as improving existing equipment in the area of slide production. The Art and Design, Audiovisual, and Scientific Editing sections combined their efforts to maintain a suitable quality of production for the dozen or so different types of publications and support material they produce. These materials are designed to ensure an effective transfer of technology and knowledge to the scientific community and the agri-food sector. This year staff began to use new technology to reduce turn- around time and cut production costs, with considerable success. A new database management system (DBMS) was acquired to enable the expansion of existing databases on pest management and the establishment of a new database on current research activities within the branch. The new DBMS is located on Vax B and is therefore accessible to all research establishments. Further information can be obtained from the Director, Research Program Service, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. K1A OC6;Tel. (613) 995-7084.
Yves Belanger Director
ADMINISTRATION will realize substantial savings in both time and money. Research Program Service continued to administer the operating grants and visiting fellowships during 1987. Operating grants ART AND DESIGN were awarded to individual researchers at Canadian universities as contributions toward The Art and Design Section continued to the costs of proposed research projects that will provide a wide variety of art and related benefit the agricultural industry. Three repre- services to the branch and other departmental sentatives from Agriculture Canada, seven agencies. representatives from faculties of agriculture Art production and printing of 83 publica- and veterinary science, and one representative tion projects, 54 seminar display projects, 565 from the Canadian Agricultural Research jobs requiring research graphics illustration Council made up the selection committee. In work, and more than 2000 photomechanical 1987 the committee received 289 applications transfer (PMT) prints for art purposes and for operating grants. reproduction were completed during the past The visiting fellowship program gives year. promising young scientists from all over the The section was also involved in the assess- world an opportunity to work with distin- ment of several computer equipment packages guished researchers in their respective fields that will play an important role in future art before embarking on careers in scientific re- services. search. The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council administers the program on behalf of Canadian government departments AUDIOVISUAL and agencies. Research Program Service acts as liaison between the council and Agriculture The Audiovisual Section continued to pro- Canada. In 1987 RPS received 280 applica- vide a wide variety of photographic, computer tions for fellowships in this department. graphic, and audiovisual services to the The Text Processing Unit has tested branch. Production levels throughout the several desktop publishing systems over the section were much the same as the previous past year. This new technology, when adopted, year; however, field photography decreased
Research Program Service 31 27% and micro/macro photography increased • The Metallic Wood-boring Beetles of 23%, to a total of7359 photographs taken. Canada and Alaska, Part 15 of the Insects Dynophot, a highly sophisticated macro and Arachnids of Canada series photographic lighting system, was acquired in • the second edition of The Canadian System 1987. It gives a much greater depth of sharp of Soil Classification and Le systeme focus when photographing insects and other canadien de classification des sols macroscopic subjects. With this lighting • a revision of the popular Budd's Flora of the system the photographer can achieve depths of Canadian Prairie Provinces field two or three times that of a standard • Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Volume 2, the lighting system. second in an internationally recognized High-resolution, full-color, computer series of three references on the two-winged graphic slides continued to be the fastest flies of North America growing product in the section. • Common Weeds of Canada and Weeds of Canada, a companion duo aimed at the amateur naturalist and the more serious SCIENTIFIC EDITING SECTION student of botany ,co-published by NC Press Limited in Toronto; and the French counterpart Les plantes nuisibles communes For the first time this year Research du Canada, co-published by Editions Program Service achieved success with Marcel Broquet in Quebec desktop publishing. Using the Communica- • the long-awaited Compendium of Plant tions Branch system, the editors worked with Disease and Decay Fungi in Canada, which word-processing personnel to revise, format, replaces Conners' An Annotated Index of typeset, and layout automatically in pages the Plant Diseases in Canada published in 1967 annual Research Branch Report, without • a reprint of the useful Prairie Grasses resorting to the use of outside typesetting Identified by Vegetative Characters. professionals. The savings in typesetting and layout costs on this project alone amounted to The following were among the shorter, free $12000. Since then, editors have developed departmental publications released in 1987: procedures for processing all free departmental • Alsike Clover publications on this equipment. Besides the • Le trefle d'alsike savings in typesetting costs, the new • Aphids Infesting Potatoes in Canada: A technology has reduced the production time for Field Guide short, typeset documents by 3 months. • Growing and Managing Alfalfa in Canada. Research Program Service issued 19 A total of 60 branch publications were pro- departmental publications during the year for duced during the year. Of the 11 reports issued national or international distribution, of which by Agriculture Canada's expert committees 14 were priced books of high quality. The and 38 technical bulletins, one, Pesticide Scientific Editing Section began negotiations Research Report 1986, was offered for sale for with Supply and Services Canada this year to the first time through Supply and Services have the government publisher provide better Canada. All other branch publications were publicity and promotion for the priced publica- printed in small quantities for free distribution tions written by branch scientists, and the by the authoring establishment to local or following books published for sale to the agri- specialized audiences. food sector were among the first to enjoy the benefits of wider promotion: Solar Green- houses for Commercial Growers, Serres solaires SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION commerciales, Energy-conserving Urban Greenhouses for Canada, and Les economies RETRIEVAL d'energie dans les serres urbaines au Canada. Within the year the English and French The Inventory of Canadian Agri-food publications on energy-conserving urban Research (lCAR) was updated in the course of greenhouses were into a second printing. the year. Additional information was collected Several important reference books of on behalf of the Dairy Farmers of Canada prestige quality were made available for sale (DFC) to assist in the compilation of the DFC in bookstores across Canada this year, annual report. The Scientific Information including the following: Retrieval Section (SIRS) continued to provide
32 Research Branch Report 1987 access to this computerized database across The section continued to administer the Canada to the whole research community and minor use of pesticides program and to to Research Branch personnel. The 1987 coordinate the activities of the various version of ICAR provides information on over agencies concerned. In 1987,26 submissions to 4500 agri-food research projects. The distribu- the program were received and 25 new uses tion of research effort by commodity and accepted for registration. This program has discipline was tabulated in the ICAR summary improved Canada's production capability on a tables, which were widely distributed. In wide range of crops and brought about sub- addition, an Inventory of Biotechnology was stantial gains for producers. Furthermore, it is generated from ICAR on behalf of the an important production tool in the area of new Canadian Agricultural Research Council crop development programs. Reports on the (CARC) and was well received across Canada. minor use program are disseminated through Visiting delegations were welcomed from the quarterly newsletter Pesticide Information Malaysia, and information about the section's to members of the agricultural industry, current databases was made available to them. growers, scientists, and provincial extension Following a recommendation of the Re- specialists. search Branch Decision Information Systems Research Program Service, in collaboration Planning (DISP) report, the study database is with the Canadian Phytopathological Society, being developed for all branch establishments plans to publish a report of disease highlights and is expected to become operational next of the previous year in each spring issue of The year. It is primarily a scientific reporting and Canadian Plant Disease Survey. Each report retrieval system that contains information on will cover the main horticultural and cereal studies done at research establishments. The crops, and it is hoped that this effort will study database is intended to provide greatly enhance early reporting of the onset information needed at both the establishment and spread of the more important disease and headquarters level. pathogens affecting Canadian crops in time to All components of the Pesticide Manage- take remedial action. ment Research Information System (PRIS) In addition to their regular activities, were updated and maintained. PRIS continues section staff supported the Expert Committee to provide to subscribers across Canada on-line on Pesticide Use in Agriculture, the Expert access to current pest management research Committee on Weeds, the Western Expert information. Studies are under way on the Committee on Grain Diseases, the Eastern addition of several new components to PRIS, Expert Committee on Grains and Oilseeds, the stressing the newer trends of biological Canada Committee on Crop Production, the control, biotechnology, integrated pest Canada Committee on Food, the Canadian management, and non-pesticidal research to Horticultural Council, and the Canadian control plant and animal pests in agri-food Standards Association. production systems.
Research Program Service 33
Eastern Region Region de ['Est
Y.A. Martel W.B. Collins
D. Demars A. Dignard
Director General Directeur general Y.A. Martel, B.A., B.Sc.(Agr.), Ph.D. Regional Program Director Directeur W.B. Collins, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. regional des programmes Regional Executive Director Directeur D. Demars, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. exec utif regional Financial Officer Agent de finances A.Dignard
Eastern Region 35 PREFACE specific to various crops; livestock research, designed to improve feeding and management The Eastern Region, with headquarters in systems for beef cattle, dairy cattle, and sheep; Ottawa, consists of 10 research stations, two cereals research, to develop and identify research centres, eight experimental farms, superior cultivars that meet the needs of and several substations. These research Eastern Canada; forage research, developing establishments serve the agricultural commu- new varieties and improved crop management nities in six provinces, namely Newfoundland, techniques; horticultural research, focusing on Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New various types of vegetables, orchard fruits, Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario. In 1987, the aromatic plants, and ornamentals; food region managed a budget of about $73 million processing research, using biotechnology and and employed some 360 professionals to carry food engineering to develop new technology out its programs. for processing dairy, meat, and plant products Effective 1 April 1987 a major reorganiza- and extending storage life. The new tion took place in the Research Branch, which Saint-Hyacinthe Food Research Centre was brought about important changes in the inaugurated inJune 1987. organization. The former Atlantic, Quebec, Ontario: multidisciplinary field crops and Ontario regions were merged into one research and development, aimed toward under the leadership of Dr. Y. Martel, who had developing new varieties and generating previously been director general of the appropriate crop husbandry practices for corn, Atlantic Region. Mr. J .-J. Jasmin, former soybeans, winter wheat, field beans, and horti- director general of the Quebec Region, retired cultural crops; sandy soil research on tobacco in 1987. Dr. J.J. Cartier of the Ontario Region and tobacco alternate crops; pest management had been named director general of the for orchard and vegetable crops; animal and Central Experimental Farm Directorate in plant research, developing improved beef 1986. Research programs in 1987 production systems for northern Ontario and encompassed the following in the three areas. western Quebec; pest management and envi- Atlantic Provinces: soil management, ronmental toxicology and quality research, which includes the development of practical involved with reducing the dependence of the technology to cope with erosion, drainage, and agri-food industry on pesticides; research on the physical constraints related to food processes, improving the quality, safety, impermeable subsoils; livestock and livestock and nutritive value offood. feeds research, to develop improved feeding Staff changes in 1987 included the and management systems with particular following. Dr. Ken Proudfoot has been acting emphasis on the utilization oflocally produced as director at St. John's West; Dr. Doug feedstuffs for beef and dairy cattle, swine, and McBeath was appointed director at poultry operations; cereal research, concerned Fredericton; and Dr. Paul Burgess was with developing and identifying superior appointed superintendent at Nappan, cereal cultivars meeting regional require- replacing Frank Calder who retired. ments for yield, disease, cold tolerance, and Further information about our programs climatic adaptability; forage crop research, to may be obtained by contacting directly the develop superior forage management establishment concerned or by directing techniques and the breeding and testing of new inquiries to Eastern Region Headquarters, cultivars; and horticultural crops research on Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 930 potatoes, other vegetables, tree fruits, berries, Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Onto K1A OC5; Tel. and ornamentals. (613)995-7084. Quebec: soil conservation and improve- ment, to establish optimum fertilization rates for various crops and continued studies to obtain strains of Rhizobium more resistant to Y. Martel low temperatures and endomycorrhizae Director General
36 Research Branch Report 1987 PREFACE boucherie, les bovins laitiers et les ovins; Ie programme de recherches sur les cereales a La Region de l'Est, situee Ii Ottawa, com- pour objet de develop per et d'identifier les prend dix stations de recherches, deux centres cultivars superieurs capables de satisfaire les de recherches, huit fermes experimentales et besoins de l'est du Canada; Ie programme de quelques stations satellites. Les etablisse- recherches sur les plantes fourrageres vise Ii ments de recherches dispensent leurs services mettre au point des techniques superieures de aux collectivites agr:icoles dans si~ provinces, gestion des cultures; les recherches en cultures soit Terre-Neuve, l'Ile-du-Prince-Edouard la horticoles portent sur diverses especes de Nouvelle-Ecosse, Ie Nouveau-Brunswick: Ie legumes, les fruits de vergers, les plantes Quebec et I'Ontario. En 1987,Ia Region a gere aromatiques et les plantes ornementales; la un budget de 73 millions de dollars et a recherche sur la commercialisation des employe quelque 360 professionnels pour aliments fait appel Ii la biotechnologie et au mener Ii bien ses programmes. genie alimentaire pour developper de nouvelles Le 1er avril 1987, on a effectue une impor- technologies et procedes de transformation de tante reorganisation de la Direction generale produits laitiers, carnes et veg€taux. Le de la recherche. Les regions de l'Atlantique, nouveau Centre de recherches alimentaires de du Quebec et de l'Ontario ont ete fusionnees Saint-Hyacinthe a €te inaugure enjuin 1987. sous la direction du Dr Y. Martel qui €tait L'Ontario: les activites pluridisciplinaires auparavant directeur general de la Region de de recherches et de developpement sont axees l'Atlantique. Monsieur J.-J. Jasmin, alors sur la creation de nouveaux cultivars, la mise directeur general de la Region du Quebec, a au point de pratiques culturales appropriees pris sa retraite en 1987. Dr J.J. Cartier, pour Ie mais, Ie soja, Ie ble d'hiver et Ie haricot directeur de la Region de l'Ontario, a ete ainsi que sur des cultures horticoles; la nomme, en 1986, directeur general de la recherche sur sol sablonneux de tabac et d'une Direction de la Ferme experimentale centrale. culture de remplacement; les etudes sur la Les programmes de recherches en 1987 lutte integree contre les ravageurs des cultures comprenaient ces trois regions. de vergers et des productions maraicheres L'Atlantique : l'amenagement des sols tentent de reduire l'epandage de pesticides comprend Ie developpement de technologies chimiques; Ie programme de recherches sur les pratiques destinees Ii resoudre les problemes animaux et sur les plantes vise la mise au point d'erosion, de drainage ainsi que des de systemes ameliores d'elevage de bovins de contraintes physiques liees aux sous-sols boucherie pour Ie nord de I'Ontario et l'ouest du impermeables; les recherches sur les bestiaux Quebec; les recherches sur la lutte integree et leur alimentation mettent au point des contre les ravageurs, sur la toxicologie et la regimes d'alimentation et des pratiques qualite de l'environnement visent Ii diminuer d'elevage susceptibles d'accroitre I'utilisation les pesticides; les recherches sur les aliments du fourrage produit localement pour les bovins s'efforcent d'ameliorer la qualite, l'innocuite et de boucherie et les bovins laitiers, les porcs et la valeur nutritive des aliments. la volaille; les recherches sur les cereales sont En 1987, il y a eu certains changements axees sur la creation et I'identification de dans Ie personnel: Dr Ken Proudfoot a ete cultivars superieurs susceptibles de repondre nomme par interim directeur Ii St. John's West; aux besoins regionaux; les recherches sur les Dr Doug McBeath a ete nomme directeur Ii fourrages ameliorent les techniques cultur- Fredericton et Dr Paul Burgess a remplace ales, selectionnent et essaient de nouveaux comme surintendant Ii Nappan M. Frank cultivars; les recherches horticoles incluent la Calder qui a pris sa retraite. pomme de terre, d'autres legumes, les fruits de Pour obtenir de plus am pies verger, les petits fruits et les plantes renseignements sur nos programmes, il faut orne mentales. ecrire aux etablissements concernes ou Le Quebec: Ie programme de conservation adresser les demandes Ii l'Administration et d'amelioration des sols vise Ii €tablir des centrale de la Region de l'Est, Direction taux optimums de fertilisation pour differentes generale de la recherche, Agriculture Canada, cultures ainsi que pour obtenir des souches de 930 avenue Carling, Ottawa (Ont.) KIA OC5; Rhizobium plus resistantes a ux basses Tel. (613)995-7084. temperatures et d'endomycorhizes specifiques Ii plusieurs cultures; les recherches sur Ie betail ont pour objet d'ameliorer les systemes Y. Martel d'alimentation et de conduite des bovins de Directeur general
Eastern Region 37
Research Station St. John's West, Newfoundland
PROFESSIONAL STAFF
K.G. Proudfoot, B.Agr., M.Agr. Acting Director
Horticulture B.G. Penney, B.Sc., M.Sc. Vegetable crops Plant Breeding and Pathology K.G. Proudfoot, B.Agr., M.Agr. Program Leader; Plant breeding M.e. Hampson, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant diseases Agricultural Engineering G.A. Bishop, B.Eng., M.A.Sc. Agricultural machinery Entomology (Vacant)
Agronomy (Vacant)
Research Station, St. John's West, Nfld. 39 INTRODUCTION
The research station located at St. John's West is responsible for agricultural research in Newfoundland and Labrador. Plant breeding includes the development of potato cultivars resistant to cyst, or golden, nematode and potato wart disease, and rutabagas resistant to clubroot disease. The plant pathology program concentrates on studies of the potato wart disease organism. The entomology program has investigated insect pests of horticultural and forage crops, and maintains an extensive collection of Newfoundland insects. Research is conducted on the development and utilization of peat soils for horticultural and forage production at the Peat Research Substation, Colinet, and on the management of lowbush blueberry stands at the Avondale Substation. This report provides brief summaries of some of the results obtained in 1987. Further information, reprints oflisted publications, and copies of previous reports can be obtained from the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 7098, St. John's, Nfld. AlE 3Y3; TeI.(709)772-4619.
K.G. Proudfoot Acting Director
HORTICULTURE Nand K. At the lowest N rate of 350 kglha, marketable yield increased steadily with increases in the K rate from 290.5 to 581.1 Peat soil kglha. However, as the N rate was increased further, the increase in yield became less In 1987, replicated trials were conducted at pronounced with increases in the K rate. At the Peat Research Substation, Colinet, to the highest N rate of 700 kg/ha, yields determine (1) the fertilizer requirements for decreased with increases in the K rate. celery (cultivar Stokes Improved Utah 52-70), Increasing the N rate from 350 to 700 kglha and (2) the fertilizer and spacing requirements and decreasing plant density from 92 593 for mid-season cabbage (cultivar Stonehead). (36-cm spacing) to 59524 (56-cm spacing) Treatments evaluated for celery were as plants per hectare significantly increased follows: factorial combinations of N at 250, marketable head weight. 350,450, and 550 kglha; P at 43.6,87.3,130.9, and 174.6 kglha; and K at 207.5, 290.5, 373.6, Cabbage root maggot control. Rutabaga and 456.6 kglha. Treatments evaluated for transplants treated with a 20 mL drench per cabbage were as follows: factorial combina- plant of either Chlorfenvinphos (1.0 g Birlane tions ofN at 350, 500, 600, and 700 kglha; Kat 25 WP in 1 L water) or fensulfothion (2.0 mL 290.5,415.1,498.1, and 581.1 kglha; and row Dasanit 720 EC in 1 L water) 1 week prior to spacings of 36, 46, and 56 cm. Vegetable field planting were effectively protected from transplants were used in both experiments and damage by the cabbage root maggot. Yields of weeds were controlled with black plastic marketable roots from four replicate 10-m mulch. single-row treated plots averaged 49.9 kg at St. John's compared to 12.5 kg from untreated Celery. No response was obtained with plots, and 17.5 kg at Wooddale compared to phosphorus, but N produced significantly 0.0 kg from untreated plots. In plots that were higher yields at 250 kglha than at the higher given a second drench of insecticide 6 weeks rates evaluated. Yields were also increased as after field planting, the infestation index was levels of K were raised from 207.5 to reduced but there was no increase in yield of 456.6 kglha. marketable roots. Initially, treatments with Cabbage. Neither plant density nor rate of Dasanit caused some leaf distortion and a N affected marketable yields, but there was a paling of the leaves, but these symptoms had highly significant interaction between rate of disappeared by midsummer.
40 Research Branch Report 1987 PLANT BREEDING AND resistance and for color and shape of roots. In PATHOLOGY comparison to these lines, Kingston was equal in club root resistance but was much superior in appearance. Potato breeding In the continuing program to develop culti- Plant pathology vars resistant to both cyst nematode and wart Soil amendments. In the greenhouse, it was disease, a blue-skinned late-maturing selec- found that chitosan reduced the incidence of tion NI051-1 has been identified as having potato wart disease. Its influence in suppres- considerable commercial potential. Yields sing the disease was erratic, however, and not have been similar to those of Blue Mac but the as predictable as that of crab meal. Tests to dry matter content has been higher. Seed of reexamine the influence of the various chemi- this selection is being increased and additional cals previously tested for wart suppression are trials on commercial farms are being under- continuing but under increasingly rigorous taken in 1988. Selection NI051-1 resulted conditions. In the field, potato wart disease from a cross of the wart resistant cultivar Blue was suppressed successfully when crab meal Mac with a wart and nematode resistant selec- was applied either in the drill or as a broadcast tion N491-2. Cultivars and selections with material. resistance to wart, nematode, scab, viruses, and greening on exposure to light were used in Germination. Germination conditions in the breeding program. In single hill plots, vitro are being evaluated. Of the many buffer attractive tubers were produced from crosses systems assayed, only citrate-phosphate with the cultivar Redsen, particularly between allows germination. Solution molarity is also Mirton Pearl and Redsen. At the wart evalua- influential, 10 mM being optimum; pH values tion trial site at Avondale, less wart than usual for germination are at ca. 5. The aim of this was observed due to below average rainfall work is to develop an optimum culture solution during the summer months. However, in the using cations, antibiotics, and other additives. NEI07 trials the following cultivars and selec- Bioassay. The nodal cutting assay system tions were found to be fully susceptible: NY71; reported previously has demonstrated success- NY76; NY79; CS7635-4; A465-2; A7411-2; fully the presence of one resting spore of A72685-2; Coastal Russet. Trace infections Synchytrium endobioticum in 2 g infested soil. were found on W572 and NY72, whereas NY81 This system is being developed to provide a tool was free from infection, although in a previous for testing suspect soils within the framework test both NY72 and NY81 had been suscep- of quarantine legislation, and modified for the tible. Hampton was again found to be resistant axenic production of S. endobioticum for basic to both cyst nematode and wart disease, but it studies on the biology of the fungus. was susceptible to scab disease.
Rutabaga breeding AGRICULTURAL Seed stocks of the cultivar Kingston were ENGINEERING produced at the research station, and seed plots were grown for multiplication oftwo lines During 1987, a modified carrot harvester resistant to cabbage root maggot-one with a was tested on organic soil. Improvements in green-topped root and the other with a purple- control systems and machine flotation topped root. An intercrossing block of roots effectively improved the ability of the machine that had been selected from several crosses to pull and top carrots. A plow point installed aimed at combining resistance to both insect to loosen the carrots in the soil was found to be pests and diseases with desirable horticultural too large and lifted an excessive amount of soil characteristics was also established. The roots with the carrots. The gathering points of the of plants from cabbage root maggot resistant machine tended to plug with soil when carrots lines were much less severely damaged than that had been planted on flat ground were roots from unselected lines, and this material harvested. Further testing will be performed appears to have good commercial potential. in 1988. Plots of earlier generation lines from which the Field conditions have been improved by a cultivar Kingston had been developed were combination of draining and leveling. A newly grown. Plants were reevaluated for disease purchased tractor modified for use on peat soils
Research Station, St. John's West, Nfld. 41 will be used for further evaluation of a cultivar trials were maintained at St. John's chain-type trencher used for drainage work. and Colinet during 1987. Four new trials were Cleaning teeth have been installed on the seeded, but because of dry weather seed trencher to improve its performance in wet establishment has been erratic and reseeding peat and a pipe chute for simultaneous laying will be necessary. Herbage yields in all trials of plastic drainage tubing has been designed were lower than normal, but the meadow for testing in 1988. fescue cultivar Trailer and the meadow fescue perennial rye grass hybrid Prior were less affected by the weather conditions than AGRONOMY cultivars of other species. As a result of these cooperative trials, the red clover cultivars Forages. As part of the Atlantic Canada Marino and Jubilatka have been recommended cooperative forage evaluation program, five for registration for use in Canada.
42 Research Branch Report 1987 Research Station, Charlottetown Prince Edward Island
PROFESSIONAL STAFF
L.B. MacLeod, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D., Director F.C.S.S.S. L.S. Thompson, B.Sc.(Agr.), Ph.D. Assistant Director B. Stanfield,l B.S.A., M.S.A., M.L.S. Librarian M.B. Bourdon, D.Journ. Industry Relations Information Officer B.L. McFarlane, B.SdBio1.), M.Sc. Technology Development Program (ERDA) Projects Officer B.J. Murray Administration Officer
Cereals and Soils J.A. MacLeod, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Cereal and forage nutrition A.J. Campbell, B.Eng., M.Phil. Agricultural engineering M.R. Carter, B.Sc.(Agr.l, M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil tillage T.M. Choo, B.Sc., Ph.D. Barley breeding L.M. Edwards, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil management U.C. Gupta, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc.(Agr.l, Soil and plant micro nutrients Ph.D., F.C.S.S.S., F.A.S.A., F.S.S.S.A. H.W. Johnston, B.Sc.IAgr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal diseases R.A. Martin, B.Sc., B.Sc.IAgr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal diseases H.G. N ass, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Wheat breeding, cereal physiology
Forage and Livestock L.S. Thompson, B.SdAgr.l, Ph.D. Assistant Director; Forage and potato insects H.T. Kunelius, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Forage management R.G. Andrew, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Agricultural economics Vacant Red clover breeding L.J. Halliday,2 B.Sc., Ph.D. Forage degradation and quality P.R. Narasimhalu, B.Sc., B.V.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Forage conservation and utilization M. Suzuki, B.Sc., Ph.D. Forage and cereal biochemistry and physiology K.A. Winter, B.SdAgr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Animal nutrition Horticulture J.A. Cutcliffe, B.Sc.IAgr.l, M.Sc. Head of Section; Vegetable nutrition and management W.J. Arsenault, B.Sc.(Agr.) Tobacco and potato variety evaluation J.A. Ivany, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.S., Ph.D. Weed control J. Kimpinski, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Nematology H.W. Platt, B.Sc., Ph.D. Potato diseases J.B. Sanderson, B.Sc.(Agr.l, M.Sc. Potato management and fertility J.G. Stewart,3 B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Entomology R.P. White, B.S.IEd.), M.S., Ph.D. Potato and corn nutrition and management
Research Station, Charlottetown, P.E.!. 43 Departure D.C. Read, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide degradation, vegetable insects
1 Seconded from Libraries Division, Corporate Management Branch. 2 Economic Regional Development Agreement (ERDA) project to December 1987. 3 Joined staff April 1987.
44 Research Branch Report 1987 INTRODUCTION
The research station at Charlottetown has Atlantic Region responsibility for research on the production and utilization of livestock feed crops (forages, cereals, protein), tobacco, and certain vegetable crops (cole, peas) grown for processing. Emphasis on potato research is in the areas of nutrition and management for processing and table potatoes, and for small whole-seed potato production. Research is also conducted on disease evaluation and weed and pest control. In November, Dr. Pushpal Narasimhalu completed a I-year transfer of work to the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, where he worked on using plant growth regulators to modify forage crop quality (6 months) and to the Universite Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, where he studied the effect of newer forms of enzyme additives on silage fermentation and quality. Rollin Andrew, research economist, completed an M.Sc. program in production economics at the University ofAlberta, Edmonton. Dr. Jeff Stewart completed his Ph.D. program in integrated pest management (lPM) at the University of Guelph and initiated a research program in potato and cole crop IPM. Dr. Dean C. Read retired in June following 36 years of service, and his research program on pesticide degradation was terminated. In 1987 the tobacco research program was reduced by 50% and these resources were diverted to the forage and potato programs. This report includes brief summaries of some of the research completed in 1986. More detailed information may be obtained by referring to the station's research summary, which is published annually, or by contacting the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 1210, Charlottetown, P.E.1.CIA 7M8; Tel. (902) 566.6800.
L.B. MacLeod Director
CEREAL CROPS hybrids were added to the regional recommended lists for corn. Based on these trials, the Atlantic Advisory Committee on Breeding and testing Corn submitted licensing support data for seven new corn hybrids. Four of these were Spring barley. A new barley (Hordeum developed by the Ottawa Research Station and vulgare L.) variety, Albany, was released by two were the earliest grain corn hybrids in the the Charlottetown Research Station in 1987. trials, giving grain yields over 5.3 and 5.4 Uha Albany is a two-row, spring feed barley. It was (based on 15.5% moisture grain) with derived from a Summit X I.B.6-3 (rh) cross. at-harvest grain moisture contents of 23.6 and I.B.6-3 (rh) is a scald-resistant line developed 25.2% averaged over all trial locations. by the Lethbridge Research Station. Albany Corn emergence rates differ under Maritime has high yield, good kernel weight, and resistance to powdery mildew and smuts. It is conditions. Emergence data from the Atlantic corn hybrid evaluation program field trials susceptible to net blotch, scald, and barley over 4 years indicated some hybrids exhibit jointworm. Albany is well adapted to eastern poor emergence characteristics under Mari- Canada. time conditions. Emergence rates as low as New early-maturing corn hybrids recom- 65% of seeds planted occurred consistently mended for Atlantic Region. Each year new with some hybrids. Six hybrids currently commercial early-maturing corn hybrids are recommended for the region were found to give evaluated for silage and/or grain production at less than 90% emergence in 75% of the trials seven locations in Nova Scotia, New Bruns- over the 4-year period. Emergence rate has wick, and Prince Edward Island to support the been added to the criteria evaluated in the licensing and/or recommendation of hybrids. recommending of new corn hybrids for the Four new grain hybrids and five new silage region.
Research Station, Charlottetown, P.E.1. 45 Diseases and pests Metsulfuron use in barley and residual effect on succeeding crops. Experiments conducted Fusarium infection of wheat and barley over 4 years (1982-1985) determined the heads. Small blocks of wheat (cultivar efficacy of metsulfuron for use in spring barley Vernon), and of barley (cultivar Birka) were Hordeum vulgare L. 'Voila' and effects of resi- sampled throughout the 1986 and 1987 dues on crops grown the next season. Barley seasons and the heads tested for infection by tolerated metsulfuron with a.i. at rates up to Fusarium species. The four species of 72 glha with no significant effects on yield but Fusarium that predominated were F. gra- 1000-kernel weight was reduced in two of the minearum, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichiodes, barley crops grown. Controloflamb's-quarters andF. poae. In 1985, cool wet weather favored and low cudweed was acceptable and that of infection by F. graminearum, whereas in 1986 corn spurry and shepherd's-purse better than F. poae was favored, possibly as a result of the with the standard 4-chloro-2-methylphen- warm and dry weather conditions in that year. oxyacetic acid (MCPA) amine treatment. Results of sequential sampling indicated that There was no significant effect on marketable there was continual Fusarium infection of the and total yield of rutabaga (Brassica napobras- heads taking place from head emergence to sica Mill.) or potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) shortly prior to harvest. There were, however, and none on yield of silage corn (Zea mays L.l noticeable shifts in the relative predominance when each was grown the season after metsul- ofthe various Fusarium spp. recovered. furon use. Reductions in corn root growth were noted in bioassay tests as late as 120 days after Net blotch and yield response to propicon- metribuzin application, but the lack of effects azole application in barley. Single applications on yields of succeeding crops would indicate of the foliar fungicide propiconazole (Tilt) to that the remaining residues were broken down barley resulted in a 7-year mean yield increase or diluted by plowing and working the soil. of 660 kglha (22.9%) over untreated controls. Net blotch control in excess of 80% was observed in some years, with a significant negative correlation between net blotch and SOIL MANAGEMENT AND yield in 6 of7 years. A separate 2-year test on CONSERVATION number of applications indicated a yield benefit of 715 kg/ha (23%) from single Management applications of propiconazole and 1075 kglha (34.6%)from double applications. Soil erosion losses under freeze/thaw and winter ground cover. A laboratory rainfall Chlorsulfuron use in barley and residual simulator was used to test three Prince Edward effect on potato and rutabaga grown in rotation. Island agricultural soils (varying in soil Experiments were conducted over 4 years texture) for runoff, splash volume, and (1980-1983) to determine the efficacy of sediment loss under varying conditions of chlorsulfuron for use on spring barley freeze/thaw, ground cover, and erosivity. (Hordeum vulgare L.), and the effects of Wooden soil boxes and ancillary collection herbicide residue on crops grown in rotation. frames (termed cassettes) were designed to fit Barley cultivar Voila tolerated chlorsulfuron four at a time under the rainfall simulator. with active ingredient (a.i.) at rates up to With bare soil, freeze/thaw conditions 72 glha with no significant yield reductions significantly increased sediment loss by about being noted. Lamb's-quarters and corn spurry 90%. In addition, sediment in runoff varied were controlled with a.i. at applied rates of significantly with soil type and, for a loam soil, 9-18 glha, but a.i. at a rate of 36 g/ha was was 15 and 31%, respectively, of the amounts needed to control wild buckwheat. Rotation for a fine sandy loam and a sandy loam. Where crops of rutabaga and potato, grown the season the soil was seeded to a winter rye cover, after chlorsulfuron use, showed no adverse sediment loss was reduced by 70-80% with no effects on marketable or total yield. It was significant effect of soil type or freeze/thaw. estimated from corn root bioassay studies that However, where the erosive force was chlorsulfuron with a.i. at applied rates of up to increased by adding overland flow to simulated 10 glha would not carryover into the next rainfall, there was a significant increase in season under Prince Edward Island conditions. sediment loss, even with ground cover.
46 Research Branch Report 1987 Sediment splash was sampled for all tests, and soil structure. Soil limitations for direct only ground cover indicated a significant drilling were mainly low resistance to effect. compaction combined with low potential for Biological properties and the relationship regeneration of soil structure. The possible between microbial biomass nitrogen (N) and implications of the soil physical properties are mineralizable N. The mineral N flush, a discussed in relation to the use of direct measure of microbial biomass N, and the N drilling within the short-term rotational mixed mineralization potential (No)were determined farming systems of Prince Edward Island. in eight representative agricultural soils (Humo-Ferric Podzols and Gray Luvisols) of Prince Edward Island. The acidic (pH 5.0-5.8) FORAGE AND LIVESTOCK soils, varying in texture from loam to loamy sand, had an organic C range of 0.75-2.74%. Forage management and physiology Both mineral N flush (4-38 lIg N g-l soil) and Water soluble carbohydrates (WSC). Water the percentage of soil organic N in the mineral soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in herbage are N flush (0.4-2.0%) were relatively low com- known to have beneficial effects on silage pared to other studies. This observation was quality and nutritive value. It is difficult to related to the generally low pH range of these make a low WSC forage into quality silage, and soils. Potentially mineralizable soil N (No) 7% of dry matter at the initial time of silage ranged from 44 to 2471Ig N g-l and accounted making is considered to be a critical level. A for 4.5-13.3% of the total soil organic N. The survey with various forage crops grown in No was closely related to the mineral N flush Ontario, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward (r2 0.94) but poorly related to the percentage = Island indicated a wide range of variation in of organic matter (r2 0.26) or organic N (r2 = = WSC concentration, from 1 to 20% of dry 0.38). The results indicate that for these soils matter, depending upon crop species, location, of similar properties, with low levels of climate, and management practices. Most of residual mineral N, the mineral N flush could the samples showed a lower concentration than be utilized as an indirect measure of the soil N the critical level, and it appeared that forage mineralization potential. crops grown in eastern Canada were generally low in WSC. A field experiment with timothy Tillage showed that increasing the rate of N lowered .soil tillage requirement and suitability for the WSC, and this trend was more pronounced direct drilling. Studies were conducted to when insufficient K was applied. Application assess the tillage requirement of some well. of K generally increased WSC, but when N rate drained Podzolic and Luvisolic soils in Prince was low, the K treatment resulted in a lower Edward Island and their suitability for direct WSC. This influence of P was less than the drilling. Relatively high amounts of silt and effects of N or K. To increase WSC content of fine sand indicated that the soils were timothy, it was necessary to apply a balanced structurally unstable with a propensity for fertilizer, such as those with a N-P20S-K20 compaction. Compactability was inversely ratio of3:1:3. related (r2 0.90) to concentrations of soil = Nematode survey under sod-seeded alfalfa. organic carbon over a range of0.2-2.0%. In the The predominant nematode species recovered Ap horizons, where organic carbon exceeded from experimental sites of sod.seeded alfalfa 1.6%, the level of macroporosity (equivalent was the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus pore diam. >50 lIm) was generally greater penetrans. Foliage yields in aldicarb-treated than 10%. The B horizon and lower level of the plots were 25% greater than in untreated check Ap horizon, generally, had low porosity and plots, and this response was evident even when organic matter, although pore continuity was the active ingredient (a.iJ application rate was adequate. Macroporosity was closely related to only one-tenth of the recommended rate of soil bulk density (r2 = 0.81). Penetrometer 2.24 kg.ha -1. resistance down the soil profile indicated a relatively shallow rooting depth potential of Direct drilling of alfalfa. Direct drilling of 25-40 cm. A 3-year direct drilling study with forage species is a fast method of grassland spring cereals illustrated that some degree of renovation, but the establishment of newly soil loosening is required to maintain optimum seeded legumes may be adversely influenced
Research Station, Charlottetown, P.E.I. 47 by pests. The effects of fenamiphos, POTATOES heptachlor, benomyl, and methiocarb on the establishment and growth of direct-drilled Management and nutrition alfalfa were studied in two 2-year field Urea uersus ammonium nitrate for potato experiments. In experiment I, alfalfa yields production. Urea is increasingly replacing were more than tripled when treated with ammonium nitrate in mixed fertilizers due to fenamiphos, and alfalfa density was also its lower cost per unit of nitrogen (N) and less increased. Fenamiphos reduced the numbers restrictive shipping safety requirements. A of root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus 4-year study evaluating the implications ofre- penetrans) in the soil and alfalfa rootlets as placing ammonium nitrate with urea for potato well as infection of alfalfa tap roots by production was conducted at Charlottetown. Fusarium spp. In experiment 2, dry matter When N as urea at 200 kglha was banded at yields, alfalfa densities, and nematode planting, urea reduced total tuber yield by 10% numbers varied significantly between the two in six out of 12 experiments. However, when N sites. Broadcasting fenamiphos increased total was banded at 150 kglha, the recommended N dry matter production and reduced nematodes rate for potatoes, total yield was reduced in in the soil more than did a band application. only two of the 12 experiments. Potato growers Alfalfa yield was increased by fenamiphos in applying high rates of mixed fertilizers the post-seeding year at one site. Compared containing urea should consider alternative with fenamiphos, benefits from heptachlor, methods of application for at least a portion of benomyl, and methiocarb in direct drilling of the fertilizer applied, such as broadcasting a alfalfa were not of practical significance. portion before planting and banding the remainder. LIVESTOCK Bed planting of Kennebec potatoes improues seed production. Maximum production of small Improuing the selenium status of grazing whole seed potatoes (under 60 mm diameter) animals. Selenium (Se), in the form of calcium requires high plant populations, which under selenite, applied to pastures at 0, 10, 20, and normal 90-cm row widths means crowding 30 glha increased the Se content of both the plants in the row. Poor utilization of sunlight forage and the blood of grazing steers. An Se occurs until plants expand to fill between the application rate of 30 g/ha was required to rows. Narrower rows would require extensive increase the forage Se and blood Se contents to replacement of current field equipment adequate levels. designed for 90-cm rows. Planting an extra row between every other pair of rows to form Supplemental protein for steers fed alfalfa three-row beds between 180-cm wheel tracks silage. Alfalfa silage diets were supplemented would permit higher plant populations with with either soybean meal, fishmeal, or no sup- more even spacing of plants in all directions, plement. Growth rate, feed intake, and feed and still permit use of sprayers and harvesters conversion efficiency of heavy Holstein steers with 180-cm wheel track widths. Commercial were not affected by these treatments. planters for such three-row beds are now Pasture uersus feedlot for Holstein steers. available. Such alternating three-row beds Intensively grazed steers on permanent pas- were compared with normal rows for Kennebec ture plus annual ryegrass outgained steers on potatoes at Charlottetown over 4 years at two silage plus barley at 2 kg/day in the feedlot (1.3 plant populations. The yields of tubers under versus 1.0 kg/day) during the late May to mid- 60 mm in these hand-planted plots were September period. An extended grazing period increased by 2.0 t/ha at 63000 plants per based on fodder beets or kale produced gains of hectare and by 3.2 tlha at 94000 plants per 1.0 and 0.8 kg/day and permitted pasture hectare by using the three-row beds, with no management of the animals until 1 December change in yields of tubers over 60 mm. The net on the beets and 15 December on the kale. seed yields (weight of seed produced minus Total period daily gains per steer averaged weight of seed planted) were increased by 1.8 1.1 kg/day for feedlot, 1.1 kgfor pasture-fodder and 3.4 tlha with the three-row beds at the low beets, and 1.0 kg for pasture-kale. and high populations, respectively.
48 Research Branch Report 1987 Effect of daminozide on Kennebec and Red after planting. Averaged over the 2 years, Pontiac seed production. Daminozide is known three cultivars, and seed treatments, the later to increase the yield of small whole seed tubers top desiccation resulted in a slight reduction in of some European cultivars. However, it is not the under-60-mm yield, from 14.4 to 12.2 tlha. registered for use on potatoes in Canada. Dif- Chitting increased the yield from 12.6 to ferent rates of daminozide were foliar-applied 14.0 tlha when averaged over the years, desic- at different tuber growth stages to field grown cation dates, and the three cultivars. Yields of seed crops of Kennebec and Red Pontiac tubers over 60 mm increased from 17.5 to potatoes over 3 years. Best results were found 26.7 tlha with delayed top desiccation, whereas when daminozide was foliar-applied at chitting did not significantly affect yield in this 1.0 kglha when the larger tubers had reached tuber size range. Over all, chitting increased about 3 cm in diameter. Daminozide signifi- total yield from 34.3 to 36.5 tlha. In this study cantly increased both the yield and the number there were significant differences in the of tubers up to 55 mm in diameter by about magnitude of the responses to chitting among 20% (from 10.5 to 12.7 tlha and from 146000 to the three cultivars. For example, responses 172 000 tubers per hectare, respectively, for differed between years and differences in Kennebecs, and from 12.7 to 15.2 tlha and from responses occurred between cultivars and top 199000 to 236000 tubers per hectare, respec- desiccation dates. Sebago gave the best tively, for Red Pontiacs). Total yields were not response to chitting over all. The response to affected significantly by daminozide, whereas chitting is greatest early in the season and total tuber numbers were slightly increased. diminishes as the tubers enlarge and the crop Earlier applications were less effective. approaches maturity. Thus, chitting may be Chitting (greensprouting) of seed potatoes useful to seed growers who use early top advances maturity and increases production. desiccating or to growers trying to get potatoes Chitting of potatoes is the sprouting of seed early onto the table market. tubers under warm conditions in the presence of light. Contrary to the long white succulent Pests and diseases sprouts produced by tubers kept in the dark, Effect of insecticides on beneficial insects on the rather firm green sprouts produced by potatoes. Results of a 3-year field study chitting remain very short (5-15 mm), and indicated that foliar sprays of fenvalerate on compact. Greensprouts better withstand the potatoes did not affect beneficial insects rigors of planting and in warm soil im- collected in ground traps, when compared with mediately initiate roots and start to elongate. those collected in untreated plots. Likewise, Chitting of seed is routinely practiced in many fenvalerate had no more effect on foliage- European countries to increase the numbers of collected beneficial arthropods than did several small tubers in seed production and to advance other carbamate and phosphate insecticides. the maturity ofearly table market crops. Therefore, a buildup of green peach aphids Field trials compared seed of Kennebec, frequently evidenced in plots sprayed with Sebago, and Red Pontiac cultivars chitted at fenvalerate is not likely due to the reduction of over 15°Cfor 3 weeks or more with non-chitted beneficial insects. Reproduction of green peach seed planted directly from cool (5-6°C) storage. aphids may be stimulated by fenvalerate Chitted seed reached 50% emergence 6 days sprays; however, greenhouse studies have not earlier in four experiments over the 3-year substantiated this theory. period. Averaged over two planting dates (9 May and 22 May) over 2 years, chitting Nematode survey. Numbers ofPratylenchus increased total yields from 19.4 to 24.0 tlha. spp. (primarily P. penetrans) were recorded at Seed size yields (under 60 mm) at 11.0 versus planting in experimental potato plots over a 11. 7 tlha for the chitted seed were not 9-year period at one location on Prince Edward significantly different, but tuber yields (over Island. Tuber yields of Superior and Russet 60 mm) were significantly increased from 8.4 Burbank potatoes in plots treated with aldi- to 12.2 tlha by chitting, averaged over the carb were compared with yields in correspond- three cultivars. There were no significant ing untreated plots. There was a significant interactions between cultivars and chitting. linear relationship between the number of root In a 2-year top desiccation study, chitted lesion nematodes at planting and tuber yield and non-chitted tubers were planted in May increases after treatment for Superior potatoes and top desiccated at either 86 days or 99 days but not for Russet Burbank potatoes. However,
Research Station, Charlottetown, P.E.I. 49 when counts were greater than 500 root lesion four consecutive growing seasons indicate that nematodes per kilogram of dry soil, the tuber several cultivars are suitable for production in yields of Russet Burbank increased in treated Prince Edward Island. Captain Marvel plots. Additional trials at other locations and consistently produced the greatest yield of the inclusion of other cultivars are needed to marketable sprouts and had a low incidence of make numerical relationships of this type internal browning. Acropolis also performed available to a nematode advisory service. well. Although Valiant ranked sixth in yield, a high percentage of the sprouts were in the most Potato diseases. Field studies in 1987 in- desirable small to medium size range and it cluded research investigations on cultural and was the only cultivar that did not show chemical disease resistance aspects of control internal browning. Cultivars Boxer, Mallard, of fungal pathogens of potatoes. Planting of Promethar, and Lunet had the highest whole seed resulted in reductions in Fusarium incidence of internal browning (0.5-2.2%1; solani and F. sambucinum damage as com- therefore they are not recommended for pared to use of cut seed. Two potato breeding commercial production in Prince Edward selections (F79055 and AM66421and two culti- Island. In 1985and 1986,when the plants were vars IBrador and Dorita) were highly resistant grown in seedling trays and transplanted on II to foliar late blight caused by Phytophthora and 13 June, yields were considerably higher infestans, whereas F7I086 was moderately than those obtained in 1983and 1984,when the resistant in disease response studies of more plants were field-grown and transplanted on 28 than 30 entries. Five treatments of foliar and 29June. fungicide 50 Research Branch Report 1987 Cultivars with a keeping quality of 2 Celetti, M.J.; Platt, H.W. 1987. A new cause months or longer contained an additional for an old disease: Verticillium dahliae series of fructan with a DP varying up to 8. found on Prince Edward Island. Am. Potato Cultivar Buffalo that was storable for less than J.64:209-212. 2 months contained little or no fructan with a DP of 4 or higher. A high correlation was found Choo, T.M.; Reinbergs, E. 1987. Doubled hap- between the keeping quality and the loids for detecting pleiotropy and linkage of concentration of fructan with a DP of 4 or genes controlling two characters. Genome higher. 29:584-587. Lowbush blueberry cultivar trial. Sixteen Cutcliffe, J .A.; Gupta, V.C. 1987. Effect offoli- superselect lowbush blueberry clones were set ar sprays of boron applied at different out in 1981. The third harvest was taken in stages of growth on incidence of brown- 1987 when yields of Augusta and selections heart in rutabagas. Can. J. Soil Sci. 70-27 and 70-28 were greater than 10 t/ha. 67:705-708. Augusta produced the largest fruit. Edwards, L.M.; Burney, J.R. 1987. Soil ero- sion losses under freeze/thaw and winter PUBLICATIONS ground cover using a laboratory rainfall simulator. Can. Agric. Eng. 29:109-115. Research Gupta, V.C.; Cormier, R.; Cutcliffe, J.A. 1987. Arsenault, W.J.; Gupta, V.C. 1986. Micro- and Tolerance of Brussels sprouts to high boron secondary nutrition status of tobacco grown levels. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67:205-207. in Prince Edward Island. Tob. Res. 12(1):9-15. Ivany, J.A. 1987. Chlorsulfuron use in barley and residual effect on potato and rutabaga Baron, V.S.; Daynard, T.E.; Dupuis, G.; Fairey, grown in rotation. Can. J. Plant Sci. N.A.; Major, D.J.; Muldoon, J.F.; White, 67:337--341. R.P. 1987. Evaluation of early maturing European and Canadian corn hybrids for Ivany, J.A. 1987. Metsulfuron use in barley grain and forage production in Canada. and residual effect on succeeding crops. Maydica 32:33--48. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:1083-1088. Carter, M.R. 1987. Physical properties of Kimpinski, J. 1987. Nematodes associated Prince Edward Island soils in relation to with potato in Prince Edward Island and their tillage requirement and suitability for New Brunswick. Ann. App!. Nemato!. direct drilling. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67:473--487. 1:17-19. Carter, M.R. 1987. Seedling growth and min- Kimpinski, J.; Johnston, H.W.; Martin, R.A. eral nutrition of Scots pine under acidic to 1987. Influence of aldicarb on root lesion calcareous soil conditions. Soil Sci. nematodes, leaf disease and root rot in 144:175-180. wheat and barley. Plant Pathol. Carter, M.R.; MacLeod, J.A. 1987. Biological 36:333--338. properties of some Prince Edward Island Kunelius, H.T.; Campbell, A.J. 1986. Effect of soils: Relationship between microbial bio- mass nitrogen and mineralizable nitrogen. seeding date on the growth of sod-seeded lucerne. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 157:273-280. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67:333-340. Carter, M.R.; Pearen, J.R.; Karkanis, P.G.; Kunelius, H.T.; MacLeod, J.A.; McRae, K.E. Cairns, R.R.; McAndrew, D.W. 1986. Im- 1986. Effect of urea and ammonium nitrate provement of soil properties and plant on yields and nitrogen concentration of tim- growth on a Brown Solonetzic soil using ir- othy and bromegrass and loss of ammonia rigation, calcium amendment and nitrogen. from urea surface applications. Can. J. Can. J. Soil Sci. 66:581-589. Plant Sci. 67:185-192. Carter, M.R.; Rennie, D.A. 1987. Effects of Kunelius, H.T.; Sanderson, J.B.; Narasimhalu, tillage on deposition and utilization of 15N P.R. 1987. Effect of seeding date on yields residual fertilizer. Soil Tillage Res. and quality of green forage crops. Can. J. 9:33--43. Plant Sci. 67:1045-1050. Research Station, Charlottetown, P.E.I. 51 Kunelius, H.T.; Willis, C.B.; Kimpinski, J.; Miscellaneous Thompson, L.S. 1987. Effect of pesticides Burney, J.R; Edwards, L.M. 1987. Soil ero- on the performance of direct-drilled sion under freeze-thaw conditions. Am. lucerne. Crop Prot. 6:326-328. Soc. Agric. Eng. Paper 87-2601. 13 pp. McRae, K.B.; Platt, H.W. 1987. An index for Cutcliffe, J.A.; Gupta, V.C. 1987. Effect of fo- cultivar resistance based on disease liar sprays of boron applied at different progress curves. Phytopathology stages of growth on incidence of brown- 77:1181-1186. heart in rutabagas. Canadex 258.532. Narasimhalu, P.; McRae, K.B.; Quinton, D. Cutcliffe, J.A.; Gupta, V.C. 1987. The inci- 1986. Disposition of hair minerals at four dence of brown-heart in rutabagas as the different body sites of Hereford cows. Can. roots develop in the absence of added boron. J.Anim. Sci. 66:1141-1144. Canadex 163.635. Nass, H.G. 1987. Selection for grain yield of Gupta, V.C. 1987. Effectiveness of liming in spring wheat utilizing seed size and other overcoming molybdenum deficiency in selection criteria. Can. J. Plant Sci. crops. Canadex 100.534. 67:605-610. Gupta, V.C. 1987. Manganese status of crops Nass, H.G.; Jones, R.; Bubar, J.S.; Belanger, grown in Prince Edward Island. Canadex G.; Fillmore, A.; Langille, J.E.; Dupuis, B. 100.34. 1987. Beaguelita spring triticale. Can. J. Ivany, J.A. 1987. Effect of quackgrass compe- Plant Sci. 67:495-497. tition on potato yield. Canadex 161.642. Nass, H.G.; Jones, R.; Bubar, J.S.; Walton, Kimpinski, J. 1987. Effect of aldicarb and ox- R.B.; Langille, J .E.; Dupuis, B. 1987. amyl on root lesion nematodes and potato Belvedere spring wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. yields. Canadex 258.628. 67:253-254. Kimpinski, J.; Arsenault, W.J. 1986. Nema- Patel,J.D.; Reinbergs, E.; Mather, D.E.; Choo, todes in flue-cured tobacco grown on Prince T.M.; Sterling, J.D.E. 1987. Natural selec- Edward Island in 1985. The Lighter tion in a doubled-haploid mixture and a 57:13-15. composite cross of barley. Crop Sci. Kimpinski, J.; Kunelius, H.T. 1987. Develop- 27:474-479. ment of root lesion nematode species in Platt, H.W.; Sanderson, J.B. 1987. Compari. forage and catch crop species. Forage Notes son of inoculation methods for field studies 31:14-16. on varietal response to Verticillium wilt of Kimpinski, J.; Kunelius, H.T. 1987. Effects of potatoes. Am. Potato J. 64:87-92. aldicarb on root lesion nematode popula- Read, D.C. 1987. Greatly accelerated micro- tions and yields of sod-seeded alfalfa. bial degradation of aldicarb in re-treated Forage Notes31 :82-84. field soil, in flooded soil, and in water. J. Kimpinski, J.; McRae, K.B. 1986. Relation- Econ. Entomo1.80:156-163. ship between root lesion nematodes and po- Sanderson, J.B.; White, R.P. 1987. Compari- tato yields. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 66:33-34. son of urea and ammonium nitrate as MacMillan, J.K.; Suzuki, M. 1987. Soil capa- nitrogen sources for potatoes. Am. Potato J. bility map for forage legume production in 64:165-176. the Maritime provinces. Canadex 524.125. White, RP.; Gupta, V.C.; Pridham, E.; Sander- Martin, RA.; Arsenault, W.J. 1987. Preva- son, J.B. 1987. Effect of zinc applications lence and severity of sclerotinia stalk rot of on corn at two sites exhibiting low plant tobacco on Prince Edward Island, 1985 and tissue zinc concentrations in Prince Edward 1986. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 67:41-43. Island. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67:973-977. Suzuki, M. 1987. Directory of fructan re- Winter, K.A.; Collins, D.P. 1987. Fibrosity in- searchers. Agric. Can. Res. Branch, Tech. dex as an estimate of forage digestibility. Bull. 1987-13E. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:445-449. Stevenson, RC.; Cutcliffe, J.A. 1987. Onion Winter, K.A.; Gupta, V.C. 1987. Mineral ele- variety trials, Charlottetown, P.E.I. ments in cereal grains and legumes grown Canadex 258.34. in Prince Edward Island. Can. J. Anim. Thompson, L.S.; Harris, P. 1987. Biological Sci. 67:569-572. control oftansy ragwort. Canadex 641. 52 Research Branch Report 1987 Research Station Kentville, Nova Scotia PROFESSIONAL STAFF Administration G.M. Weaver, B.Sc., Ph.D. Director G.P. Shortt Administrative Officer C.L. Lockhart, B.SdAgr.), M.Sc. Project Manager, Technology development, Agri-food Development Agreement (AFDA) S.P. Sarich,l B.Sc.(Agr.J Executive Assistant, Special projects K.B. McRae, B.Ed., M.S., Ph.D. Regional Statistician J.R. Miner,2 B.A., M.L.S. Librarian W.O. Regan, B.Math. Computer Systems Manager H. Myer, B.Sc. Computer Systems Programmer Crop Production C.R. Blatt, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Leader; Agronomy project, physiology and nutrition A.D. Crowe, B.SdAgr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Tree fruit breeding and physiology C.G. Embree, B.SdAgr.), M.Sc. Leader; Tree fruits project, physiology and management P.R. Hicklenton, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Leader; Ornamentals project, physiology and management A.R. Jamieson, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Leader; Berry crops project, berry crops breeding C.L. Ricketson, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Leader; Vegetable project, physiology and management D.H. Webster, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soils management and nutrition Crop Protection KJ.N. Jensen, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Leader; Crop protection project, weed physiology M.G. Anderson, B.Sc.' Ph.D. Vegetable storage and cereal diseases P.G. Braun, B.SdAgr.), Ph.D. Orchard crop diseases S.O. Gaul, B.Sc.' M.Sc. Toxicology J .M. Hardman, B.Sc.' M.Sc., D.LC., Ph.D. Insect ecology, orchard pests P.O. Hildebrand, B.Sc., Ph.D. Berry crops and vegetable diseases E.R. Kimball, B.Sc. Residue chemistry W.T.A. Neilson, B.Sc., M.Sc. Blueberry insects N.L. Nickerson, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Berry crop diseases M.T.H. Ragab, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Residue chemistry H.B. Specht, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Field crops and vegetable insects Food Processing R. Stark, B.Sc., Ph.D. Leader; Food processing project, food science Research Station, Kentville, N.S. 53 E.D. Jackson, B.Tech., M.Sc., Ph.D. Food microbiology RA. Lawrence, B.Sc. Fruit and Vegetable Storage P.D. Lidster, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Leader; Storage project, fruit storage physiology RK. Prange, 8.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Berry and vegetable storage physiology Poultry H.W. Hulan, B.Sc. Nappan Experimental Farm, Nappan, N.S. P.L. Burgess,3 B.Sc.(Agr.J, M.Sc., Ph.D. Superintendent A.E. Foster Administrative Officer N.R. Fulton, B.Sc.(Agr.) Sheep management and nutrition L.F. Laflamme, B.Sc.(Agr.J, M.Sc., Ph.D. Ruminant nutrition Y.A. Papadopoulos,4 B.Sc.(Agr.l, M.Sc., Ph.D. Forage breeding and agronomy A.V. Rodd,5 B.Sc.(Bio.l, M.Sc. Soil and cereal management T.A. Van Lunen, B.Sc.(Agr.J, M.Sc. Swine management and nutrition Departures LV. Hall, 8.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Leader; Berry crops project Retired 24 August 1987 RW. Jones, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Leader; Agronomy project Resigned 20 March 1987 K.H. Sanford, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Integrated control of orchard insects Retired 30 January 1987 R.F. Kelly, B.Sc. Food technology End of specified term employment 30 September 1987 F.W. Calder, B.Sc.(Agr.l, M.Sc. Superintendent; Forage crops Retired 15 January 1987 1 Seconded from Policy Branch. 2 Seconded from Libraries Division, Corporate Management Branch. 3 Appointed 21 September 1987. 4 Appointed 1 September 1987. 5 Appointed 1 April 1987. 54 Research Branch Report 1987 INTRODUCTION The Kentville Research Station conducts a comprehensive research and development program, which is focused on the horticultural, poultry, and cereal additives of the agricultural industry in Atlantic Canada. The research is multidisciplinary and encompasses genetic improvement, nutrition, and management as well as the protection of economic crops from insects, diseases, and weeds. Increasing emphasis is being placed on the research and development needs of the food processing industry through development of innovative technologies to extend the shelf life of products as well as improvements in process technology. The extension of the effective marketing season for domestic fruit and vegetable produce is also being stressed through innovative storage research. Management of livestock and their related feed crop requirements are studied extensively at the Nappan Experimental Farm. Emphasis is on the beef cow-ealf, sheep, and swine production systems. The research results reported herein are intended to provide an overview ofcurrent studies and progress achieved. More complete information may be obtained in the annual research reports of the two establishments by writing to the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Kentville, N.S. B4N IJ5, Tel. (902) 678-2171; or the Experimental Farm, Nappan, N.S. BOLlCO, Tel. (902) 667-3826. G.M. Weaver Director BERRY CROPS ranked first in fruit size and second in yield after Kent. K83-4 was mid-season in ripening New lowbush blueberry cultiuar introduc- and sustained less post-harvest fruit rot than tions. Two new cultivars were named in 1987: Kent. Extensive testing of K83-4 is under way Fundy (tested as 69-1) and Cumberland (tested throughout the Atlantic region. as 510). Fundy is a vigorous cultivar with strong, erect sprouts reaching up to 40 cm in height. Yield is medium to high and fruit is TREE FRUITS very large, with the largest berries exceeding 1 g. Fruit has a heavy bloom, and fresh flavor New tree fruit cultivars is rated as good. The fruit of Fundy is borne Korona apple. Bred in 1952, Korona has high on upright stems, making hand- been released after second testing since 1976 as harvesting efficient. Cumberland exhibits a a mid-early season cultivar of the Mcintosh moderate sprout growth of up to 25 cm. Yield type, particularly suited to the V-pick trade is medium to high, similar to Augusta and and for home gardeners. The fruit is of good Chignecto. Fruit size is medium, larger than size, is a bright attractive red, and has good Chignecto but smaller than Augusta, with a flavor and texture. Because the tree is only light bloom. Fresh and frozen flavor is rated as moderately vigorous and crops well and very good. regularly, Korona will be especially adapted to Strawberry breeding. Twenty-four straw- situations where these attributes are berry seedlings were selected for further important. testing from 3200 seedlings that had been Oberle apple. Received in 1974, Oberle has screened for resistance to Phytophthora fra- been released after second testing since 1981 as gariae Hickman, before planting in 1986. The a very early, attractive apple of exceptional cross K80-23 X Allstar was notable in that it size and quality for its season. The tree is produced seven selections with very large fruit somewhat compact, is precocious, and sets a that were mid-season to late in ripening. In good crop annually. Oberle was bred by the 1987, selection K83-4 (Glooscap X Annapolis) late Dr. George Oberle of Virginia Polytechnic performed very well in a trial containing seven Institute (VPIl, Blackenburg, Va. It is a joint clones, when compared to the red-stele- release with VPI and is named in honor of its resistant standard cultivar, Cornwallis. K83-4 originator. Research Station, Kentville, N.S. 55 Dave's Delight pear. Bred in 1962, Dave's paclobutrazol. The growth regulators did not Delight has been released after observation affect flesh firmness, soluble solids, or yield. since 1973 as an early season, attractive, high- quality pear, which stores well for its season and is relatively free from core breakdown. PROTECTION OF CROPS The tree is moderately vigorous, relatively AGAINST PESTS precocious, and productive. Although the fruit tends to be relatively small, the high-quality, Insect pests attractive appearance, and good handling Control of corn borer and corn earworm. characteristics of Dave's Delight will give Granular Dipel reduced European corn borer another type of snack fruit to complement populations 50%, but it had no significant plums, peaches, and early apples in late effect on the yield of grain corn. Corn earworm summer. adults have been discovered in large numbers feeding on the nectar of cruciferous plants. By Development of new apple rootstocks placing attractant traps in these areas, corn Progress toward the introduction ofthe new growers can apply insecticides more effectively KSC apple rootstock candidates has been for better control with less material. achieved through a long-term field study and Blueberry maggot inspection method. The laboratory evaluation of root hardiness with presence of maggots in shipments of lowbush Mcintosh and Red Delicious. At 9 years of age, blueberries for fresh fruit markets can easily Mcintosh trees on some of the selections ex- be determined by the immersion of crushed ceeded yields of 220 kg per tree (84 t/ha). Red berries in a 17.5% brown sugar solution; the Delicious yields were much lower regardless of maggots float to the surface. This method of the rootstock, and the three highest-yielding examination requires about 20 min for a 0.57.L rootstocks averaged 132 kg per tree (50 t/hal. (I-pint) sample and 30 min for a 1.14-L (2-pint) Vigor differences between the stocks are sample, and takes less time than the current extensive. Selection KSC-28 is one of the most method of stewing, sieving, and diluting the dwarfing at approximately 55% of the largest. juice with water. This stock has also exhibited superior preco- Advantages and biological costs of using city with both cultivars. In a separate trial, synthetic pyrethroids in Nova Scotia apple root hardiness of KSC-3 was compared with 19 orchards. A 4-year (1980-1983) study of other apple rootstocks and found to be more 132-175 orchard blocks in the Annapolis hardy than most mailing stocks. Further root Valley indicated the advantages of using hardiness evaluation studies are under way synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) compared with con- and positive results are needed prior to release ventional organophosphate (OP) insecticides. ofthis material to commercial orchardists. Injury by winter moth and fruit-stinging mirids was lower in SP blocks than non-SP Growth regulators' effect on Clapp's blocks and SP blocks had fewer second genera- Favourite pears tion mines of the spotted tentiform leafminer Daminozide, chlormequat, and paclobutra- (STLM). In 1980 and 1983, the percentage of zol were compared for their effectiveness on fruit injured by insects was lower in the SP growth and fruiting of Clapp's Favourite pears. blocks than in the non-SP blocks. Blocks The paclobutrazol was applied to the soil in a treated with SPs in 1980 needed fewer insecti- water drench in November 1983; the other two cide applications in 1981 than blocks that had growth regulators were applied to the foliage not received SPs in 1980. SP use also had in the spring of 1984. Terminal growth was biological costs. Higher counts ofSTLM mines reduced by daminozide and chlormequat in the were sometimes associated with use of the SP, year of treatment and suppressed by chlor- fenvalerate, or multiple SP applications the mequat and increased by paclobutrazol the previous year. SP use was also associated with following year. The number of flower clusters increased densities of the European red mite per limb was increased by daminozide. All (ERM) and apple rust mite (ARM), increased growth regulators reduced average leaf area leaf bronzing by ERM and ARM, and more fre- and fruit stem length. Fruit length was quent miticide applications by growers. Fen- reduced by paclobutrazol and average fruit valerate was more frequently implicated than weight was reduced by daminozide and permethrin because fenvalerate is more toxic 56 Research Branch Report 1987 to the predatory mite, Typhlodromus pyri Atlantic coast, and I. dam mini is present from Scheutem, and it has longer residual activity New Jersey to Massachusetts. Both species are in orchards. carried by northward spring-migrating birds. I. seapularis has been found on the eastern end North American distribution of Coccinella of Long Island, N.Y., and I. dam mini has been septempunctata (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: found in western Nova Scotia, although there Coccinellidae) is no indication of an established population in The Palaearctic sevenspotted lady beetle, Nova Scotia. In the south, I. seapularis has had Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, well an annual generation. I. dammini in the north established in North America, has now spread has a generation time of 1.5 years. The through parts of five Canadian provinces and nymphal stage of I. dam mini is 50% longer 34 contiguous eastern states of the United than that ofI. seapularis. The difference in the States. In southern coastal Delaware in June nymphal molting time and in the presence of a 1984, a mass appearance of C. septempunctata spring breeding period can serve as geographic occurred where wind systems dropped them and temporal isolating mechanisms between these species. into seawater. Large numbers washed up onto beaches, and some surviving beetles annoyed vacationers; a few inflicted bites on people. Regulation of Dermacentor variabilis (Say) Similar occurrences have been observed on by limited dispersion of larvae from the marsh and beach areas in Prince Edward egg mass (Acari: Ixodidae) Island and northern Nova Scotia. It is believed Dermacentor variabilis larvae are unable to young maturing adults become airborne move more than 2.5 cm from site of egg mass shortly after nightfall and are carried by low- deposition. Because the gravid female is level nocturnal winds for short distances over immobile at the time eggs are produced, the bodies of water, ocean, or large lakes where newly emerging larvae are highly dependent they are deposited when the winds slacken. on a small mammal passing through the Origin of the North American establish- limited area for a blood meal and survival. ment. In considering the locations of the first Age effect analysis of Dermacentor variabilis known discoveries of C. septempunctata (Say) adult populations during seasonal Linnaeus, in North America, that is, New activity (Acari: Ixodidae). The age effect, as Jersey and the southern St. Lawrence River, measured by survival under modest water one hypothesis is that there were transoceanic deficit stress of adult Dermacentor variabilis, freighter movements in both areas. A second reveals the history of previous questing hypothesis is the liberation of adults from activity. This method can be used for an age Nova Scotia to Florida beginning in 1958 analysis of the population where low density through 1969. Both hypotheses are plausible prevents the use of the mark and recapture and neither one is testable. Once established technique for population estimation. in the two areas, masses of adults were moved by low-level winds, generally northeastward. Plant pathology Sixth ins tar larvae of Noctua pronuba Resistance of Venturia inaequalis (Cke) (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Wint., in sterol inhibitors. The efficacies of sterol biosynthesis inhibiting (SB!) fungicides The sixth instar larvae of Noctua pronuba have been evaluated for the control of apple (Linnaeus), although similar to the other scab at the Kentville Research Station for nuctuinae genera, can be distinguished by the several years. The SBI fungicide, bitertanol, hypopharyngeal complex and mandible was first introduced in a test orchard in 1978 morphology. Life history notes based on larvae and tested each year thereafter. Efficacy of and adults collected in Nova Scotia are also bitertanol began to decline in 1984 and by given. 1987, complete loss in disease control occurred with this fungicide. Isolates of Venturia An isolating mechanism between Ixodes inaequalis were assayed against increasing dammini Spielman and I. seapularis concentration of bitertanol in agar media, Linnaeus beginning in 1984. The minimal concentration Ixodes seapularis, the dominant pest tick in necessary to inhibit mycelial growth of Florida, is present north to Maryland along the sensitive isolates was < 1.0 Ilg/mL, but Research Station, Kentville, N.S. 57 minimal inhibitory concentrations ranged Pesticide chemistry - insects and weeds from 3.0 to 5.0, 1.2 to 9.8,1.0 to 13.0, and 6.0 to Pyrethroid insecticide. The broad spectrum 12.0 llg/mL for isolates obtained in 1984, 1985, pyrethroid insecticide, permethrin, when 1986, and 1987, respectively. Resistant applied to apple trees in July for codling moth, isolates also showed cross-resistance to other Laspeyresia pomonella Linnaeus, control also sterol inhibitors. This is the first occurrence of resulted in control of winter moth, Operophtera complete loss in apple scab control resulting brumata Linnaeus. Permethrin residues from resistance to an SBI fungicide. persisted throughout the growing season on Effect of applying fungicides for scab control leaf, bark, and orchard soil under the tree after a frost. Spartan and Mcintosh apple trees canopy. Fall emergence of adult winter moth that had been sprayed with Phygon on the day from the soil was reduced, consistent with of a frost were significantly more russetted control due to the presence of soil, soil litter, than those sprayed with Captan. The results and/or bark permethrin residues. indicated that Phygon should not be applied to Guthion residues and blueberry maggot apple trees on the day of a frost and that the control. Variation in residues of Guthion present recommendation to delay Phygon obtained in lowbush blueberry fields following applications for 5 days after a frost is sound. aerial spray of the organophosphate soil Apple replant disease. Treating apple insecticide, phorate, and the triazinone replant problem soil with baking soda herbicide, metribuzin, which resulted in increased the growth of Beautiful Arcade increased phytotoxicity in soybean, indicated seedlings in soil from between trees, but increased soil phorate residues when both decreased growth in soil from old tree sites in a chemicals were applied. greenhouse pot trial. Mixing the site soil prior An interaction between the triazinone to planting, and soil treatments of Captan, herbicide, metribuzin, and the herbicide Manzate 200, Basamid, or the Vydate L synergist, tridiphane, was demonstrated in annual treatment at petal fall gave the metribuzin tolerant and susceptible cultivars greatest trunk cross.sectional area of Mcintosh of soybean and tomato. apple trees planted in a replant problem site. Frost injury of vegetative buds of lowbush blueberry. A condition of lowbush blueberry STORAGE has been observed periodically in which the apical meristem and innermost leaves of Effects of storage atmosphere and vegetative buds turn dark brown and die. Sub- humidity on McIntosh fruit quality sequent growth results in a rosette consisting Storage of Mcintosh apples in high of the blackened centre surrounded by a few humidity in 0.5% CO2 plus 1.0% O2 (low expanded leaves that previously were the oxygen (LO), 3°C) atmospheres decreased outermost leaves of the bud. This type of epidermal resistance to ethane diffusion but growth is in contrast to that from unaffected did not affect internal ethanol content. Storage buds, which develop normally into long of fruit in LO decreased internal CO2 and (6-10 cm) shoots consisting of8-14 leaves. The increased O2 levels as compared to fruit held in consequence of this disorder is that there is less 5.0% CO2 plus 3.0% O2 standard controlled vegetative growth to support fruit production. atmosphere (SCA). Fruit firmness of Mcintosh Based on field observations, it was suspected apples stored in either SCA or LO determined that this disorder was related to frost. When after storage for 7 days at 20°C,increased with blueberry plants with expanding buds were storage humidity over three crop years. LO subject to - 2.0°C for 0.5 h or longer in a atmospheres consistently resulted in fruit controlled environment, identical symptoms to firmer than that from SCA over the three crop those in the field were induced. Differences years. Titratable acids were higher in fruit were not observed among seven clones tested. stored in LO as compared to similar fruit stored Blueberry plants are usually considered to be in SCA, but they were not affected by storage sensitive to frost during bloom, but these humidity over the 3-year study. The incidence observations indicate that injury may also of senescent disorders in SCA was eliminated occur prior to bloom during early stages of by storage in LO. High storage humidity in development in spring .. SCA (98-100% relative humidity (RH») 58 Research Branch Report 1987 increased the incidence of senescent disorders manufacturing practices, and attention to and decreased the incidence of low oxygen not temperature control during storage and generally affected by storage atmosphere or distribution if any benefits of MAP are to be humidity. fully realized. Effects of storage temperature, humidity, and duration on the quality of ostrich fern, Fruit juice processing Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tad. Storage of Three methods of improving juice extrac- ostrich fern at temperatures above or below tion efficiencies were investigated including O°Cdecreased storage life and marketable modification ofcheese depth, use of hard apples quality. Relative moisture content, weight as press aids, and the use of macerating en- loss, ascorbic acid content, bacterial load, zymes. Decreasing the cheese depth increased yeast, and mold loads generally increased the yield but lowered the overall capacity ofthe proportionately with increased storage press unit. The addition of hard apples to soft temperature above O°C and duration. Ostrich apples had an interactive synergystic effect on fern absolute moisture contents decreased with the total juice yield, provided the hard apple extended storage at lower storage humidities. proportion exceeded 50%. The results of tests Marketable yields decreased with higher on the effect of three pectic enzyme types on storage temperature, lower storage humidity, juice yield from air-stored McIntosh apples, and extended storage duration. Optimum under varying conditions of process time and storage conditions of O°C and 100% RH temperature, enzyme concentration, and mass provided marketable yields of 94.9% and aeration are being analyzed and are expected 76.2% after 16 and 32 days, respectively. to eventually define the optimum extraction regimens in relation to initial apple quality. Trials have also been conducted on a small FOOD TECHNOLOGY industrial-scale continuous centrifugation system to determine the predominant factors Modified-atmosphere packaging in the raw fruit material, which subsequently A preliminary assessment of modified- affects the rate and efficacy of juice atmosphere packaging (MAP) technology for clarification. Increased times of air storage for the maintenance of quality of tray-packed McIntosh apples reduced clarification fresh wild blueberries identified two efficiencies with a concomitant increase in packaging films of moderate permeability to sediment volumes. However, enzyme treatment of either the pre-press mash or the CO2 and O2 as being suitable for preventing off-odor and off-flavor development and post-press juice removed these difficulties and, preserving high yields of percent marketable in the case of mash treatment, actually product. This result was, however, dependent improved the final clarified juice yields. The upon the maintenance of low temperatures, effects of an additional pretreatment with O°Cbeing superior to 5°C, and high quality in flocculating agents on clarification efficiency the initial berries. Adequacy of packaging are under investigation. equipment to ensure complete flushing of packages with the selected gas mixtures was Cider fermentation also an essential prerequisite for successful Over the past two seasons, laboratory-scale MAP application. fermentation trials have been conducted on a With regard to nonrespiring food products, total of 57 varieties of apples (34 names, 23 the shelf life of refrigerated fresh pasta was experimental) to test their suitability for extended from a 21-day maximum for the producing high-quality ciders and to define the conventionally packaged product to 45 days for processing conditions most suited to locally MAP (50-75% CO2:balance N2 within DuPont grown produce. Overall, the most consistently Sclairfilm LP 920) product held at 5°C. If the acceptable cider quality was achieved from storage temperature was further reduced to sulfited and depectinized juices that were O°C,a shelf life of 60 + days became possible. ameliorated with cane sugar to 16° Brix and Simulated temperature abuse (lO°C) negated fermented to 6_8° Brix at 18-20°C with Sac- any benefit from MAP. charomyces uvarum. Subsequent treatment Both studies have emphasized the require- included sterilizing filtration, mild bulk ments for high quality in raw materials, good carbonation using a 150-kPa overpressure CO2 Research Station, KentviIIe, N.S. 59 at 0-2°C, and aging for 6-9 months at 15°C. ORNAMENTALS Taste panel evaluation, even using a simple hedonistic technique, proved difficult due to Growth regulator and lighting effects on the wide variety of sensory characteristics hybrid lilies among the ciders and the general present-day The effects of A-Rest and Paclobutrazol unfamiliarity and inexperience with cider (Bonzi) on height control, growth, and flower evaluation among panelists. However, a formation in hybrid lilies grown as pot plants general preference for ciders displaying a clean were investigated. A secondary objective ofthe and fruity but unobtrusive flavor was work was to determine the effect of declining or apparent, with marked acidity, astringency, or increasing light levels on growth. Cultivars bitterness resulting in inferior scores. investigated were Enchantment, Prominence, and Connecticut King. Paclobutrazol proved Sensory evaluation unsatisfactory for height control in Enchant- An essential component of a food research ment and Prominence. A-Rest spray (with program is the continuous availability of a active ingredient (a.i.) of 0.25 mg per pot) group of trained sensory panelists. Such a provided the best compromise between height permanent sensory panel was established at control and lack of lower leaf senescence in Kentville during 1987. Eighty persons were those cultivars. Connecticut King proved to be recruited from the surrounding community the cultivar most suitable for pot plant produc- through newspaper advertisements, and inter- tion. In this case, effective height control and views were subsequently conducted to deter- good plant quality were obtained with A-Rest mine their frequency of availability, previous spray or pot drench (with a.i. of 0.33 mg per sensory experience, dietary restrictions, and 10-cm pot). All plants grown in declining light adventurous spirit in eating habits. Individual levels produced fewer flowers, lower flower abilities were further screened using tests for weights, and longer stems than those grown keenness of perception of basic taste sensa- under increasing light levels; however, these tions, multiple comparison trials, product differences were not sufficient to seriously attitude tests, and color aptitude and color jeopardize production under late fall and blindness evaluations. Sixteen persons were winter conditions. eventually selected to form a pool of sensory panelists. Influence of root and shoot zone The sensory panel has subsequently been temperature on growth, flowering, and involved in initiating definition of the quality 14-carbon assimilate partitioning in criteria offresh produce having significance in chrysanthemums grown in nutrient film determining the acceptability of a particular Flowering chrysanthemum cultivar Polaris product to the consumer. For example, using was delayed at 12°C as compared with 16°C 29 varieties of strawberries, the following set night air temperature (constant day tempera- ofdescriptors were developed: external appear- ture: 21°C) irrespective of root temperature. ance of soft to firm, light to dark red, dull to Increasing root temperature from 12 to 20°C bright, flat to glossy, uniform to nonuniform in improved plant and flower weight at both night color, and slightly to extremely seedy; internal air temperatures, but a further increment to appearance of light to dark red and visible to 28°C had less effect. Night air temperature non-visible core; flavor of slight to extremely had a significant effect on stem length with sweet, tart, astringent, melon-like, apple-like, plants grown at the lower temperature show- honey-like, musty, and bitter; and texture of ing the greatest stem growth. Stem length was uniform to nonuniform, soft to firm, dry to seriously restricted at 12°C root temperature. juicy, slightly to extremely seedy, and soft to Carbon partitioning to developing further firm core. Definitions of these descriptive flower buds was not signficantly affected by terms were developed and sample preparation root or shoot temperature, whereas parti- methods and reference materials selected. tioning to the roots was slightly retarded at 60 Research Branch Report 1987 12°C root temperature. Raising root zone ANIMAL SCIENCE temperature in chrysanthemum does not mitigate the effects of suboptimal air Poultry temperatures on growth and development. Effects oflight source, ambient temperature, and dietary energy source on the general Top and capillary irrigation: Effect of performance and incidence of leg abnormalities controlled release fertilizer placement in of roaster chickens. Light source (incandescent Andorrajuniper versus fluorescent) had no significant effect on Andorra juniper (Juniperus horizontalis mortality, body weight, or feed conversion of 'Plumosa compacta') plants in 4.5-L containers roasters. Incidence of angular deformity (AD) gained more dry weight and showed greater and total leg abnormalities (TLA) was lower seasonal branch growth when a slow-release and tibial dyschondroplasia (TO) was higher fertilizer (Nuticote 16-10-10 type 100) was for roasters reared under fluorescent as incorporated into the medium at a rate of opposed to incandescent light. Lower ambient 5 kg/m3 than when an equivalent quantity of rearing temperatures (4.5, 3.0, or 1.5°C) fertilizer was applied to the surface of the increased the incidence of mortality, curly toes containers. Plants growing in fertilizer- (CT), AD, enlarged hocks (EH), and TLA but incorporated media, maintained on a gravel resulted in a decrease in TD and had a detri- standing ground and top irrigated (8 L of water mental effect on feed conversion. Increasing per week; GlNC), showed greater dry weight dietary energy resulted in a linear improve- gain than those in similar media on a sand ment in feed conversion. Increasing dietary capillary bed (CINC). Capillary-irrigated energy resulted in a linear increase in plants with surface-applied fertilizer and monetary returns. hand-irrigated plants with surface-applied Interrelationships among lighting, ambient fertilizer showed less seasonal branch growth temperature, and dietary energy and broiler and less dry and fresh weight gain than the chicken performance. Lighting (green plants growing in the fertilizer-incorporated fluorescent versus incandescent) and ambient media. Plants irrigated with 8 L of liquid temperature (4.5, 3.5, and 2.0°C) treatments fertilizer (15-15-18 Plant Products Ltd., had no significant effects on mortality, feed Bramalea, Ont.) with N at 200 ppm showed conversion, body weight, or monetary returns. similar growth to the CINC treatment and The highest dietary energy regimens resulted slightly inferior growth to the GINC in the heaviest body weights, best feed treatment. conversion ratios, and the highest monetary Tissue nitrogen concentration (determined on samples of green, nonwoody tissue returns. Low temperatures had a depressing effect on broiler chickens fed low energy diets. harvested at planting in late May and again in late June, July, August, and September) The effect of adding white fish meal varied with treatment. A composite sample containing enzyme digested or untreated taken from 12 plants at the time of planting stick water solids to diets for broiler chickens. revealed an N concentration of 1.18%. Diets containing white fish meal (FM) with Concentration had increased in all plants by stickwater solids that had or had not been the sampling date in late June, but the digested with the proteolytic enzyme Alkalase greatest increase was observed in plants given had no effect on the incidence of mortality, the GINC treatment. By late July, N 42-day feed conversion, or percentage of Grade concentrations had risen in all treatments. A carcasses. Except for the weight of males at Concentrations remained stable through 21 days, the addition of enzyme-treated August, but by late September they had risen stickwater concentrate tended to reduce live to seasonal maxima in all treatments except weights for males at 42 days and monetary GlNC. There was a significant, positive returns, but the addition of enzyme-treated correlation between late June tissue N stickwater concentrate improved 21-day feed concentration and total seasonal growth. conversion. Research Station, Kentville, N.S. 61 Effects of altering the calcium, phosphorus, overall mortality, and higher incidence and sodium, potassium, and chloride content of severity of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) and diets for broiler chickens. High dietary K total leg abnormalities. Roasters fed pelleted (1.23%) increased mortality (22-42 days), high grower and finisher diets were not only heavier available phosphorus (aP) (0.57%) increased (at 51 days only), but they had a higher weight gain between 0 and 21 days, and high incidence and severity of TD and a mortality dietary calcium (Ca) and high dietary K both due to sudden death syndrome (SDS)compared reduced overall (0-42 days) feed conversion. In with mash-fed birds. general, high levels of all cations and anions in Parental effects on performance of broiler combination gave extremely wet excreta. chicken progenies. Mortality among broiler Feeding high levels of dietary Ca or K reduced progeny from a meat-type parent population the incidence of mild dyschondroplasia of the consisting of four maternal genotypes (two metatarsus and mild tibial dyschondroplasia normal and two dwarf) mated with two normal (TD), but high dietary chlorine (CI) increased paternal genotypes and fed three different the incidence of severe TD. breeder diets was not affected by genotypes or Effect of dietary cation-anion balance and parental dietary treatments. The progeny calcium content on general performance and from normal hens were heavier, had a better incidence of leg abnormalities of broiler feed conversion to 21 days, and yielded higher chickens. Body weight gain and feed conver- monetary returns than those from dwarf hens. sion were affected by the dietary content of K, Parental diets had no effect on progeny Ca, and Na and also by their interaction. weights, feed conversion, or monetary returns. Increasing dietary K or Na increased litter The effect of feeding a diet containing canola moisture, whereas CI moderated the effect of meal on the incidence of fatty liver syndrome Ca. The incidence of TD was reduced by among four maternal poultry meat breeder increasing dietary Ca, Na, or K, but their genotypes to 266 days of age. Performance data effects are interdependent on each other and revealed that adult maternal meat breeders on the level of dietary Cl. Dietary Ca level fed diets incorporating 15% canola meal changed both the pattern and response of birds experienced a significant increase in mortality for growth and feed utilization, suggesting attributed to fatty liver syndrome (FLS) that the term meq kg-1 (Na + K - CI) is an compared with maternal breeders receiving inadequate measure of dietary cation-anion diets without canola meal. Dietary protein balance. levels per se had no significant effect on the Effect of dietary cation-anion balance on incidence ofFLS. acid-base status and incidence of tibial Effect on shell strength of feeding supple- dyschondroplasia of broiler chickens. The mental sources of calcium to adult laying hens cation-anion balance of the diet fed affected given insoluble grit during the rearing period. the acid-base balance of the blood - the effect An experiment was conducted to determine the of K on POz and HC03 of venous blood was separate and combined effects of giving interdependent of the dietary level of Ca and insoluble grit during the rearing period and Cl. The incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia small or large particle size (0.3 mm and (TD) decreased with increases in dietary Na 3-8 mm in diameter) limestone or oyster shell, and K. Increasing dietary Ca to 1.38 reduced as extra sources of calcium during the laying TD but the effect was interdependent upon the period. The extra sources of calcium resulted dietary level of Na, K, and Cl. Metabolic in improved shell strength but, overall, grit- acidosis produced by manipulation of the supplements during the rearing period did not cation-anion balance (Na + K - Cll of the diet affect either eggshell strength during the last increased, whereas metabolic alkalosis quarter ofthe laying period. decreased with incidence ofTD. Effect of dibasic calcium phosphate (ad Beef libitum) and feed texture on the general Cow-ealf management systems. A 3-year performance and incidence of leg abnormalities experiment has been completed where systems of roaster chickens. Dibasic calcium phosphate were compared to more efficiently produce ad libitum resulted in increased Ca and weaned calves. Using 84 cows, we evaluated phosphorus (P) intake, reduced Ca to P ratio, the effects of calving season (November, reduced body weights (at 21 days only), higher March, June), summer pastures, and winter 62 Research Branch Report 1987 feeds on the productivity of these systems. supplemental protein to produce a 15% protein Based on the conditions and limitations of our grain ration. Our data showed a small study, we concluded that the best system used advantage in using fish meal up to 180 g/day. cows calving in late spring, grazing well- Higher intakes of fish meal were still managed permanent pastures, and fed economical but did not result in better growth adequate but low-cost winter silages. performances compared to soybean meal. Fish November-born calves were the heaviest at meal did not cause any problems in intake and weaning, but the June calves were finished at was readily accepted at all levels. the earliest age. Culled cows. A 2-year study was initiated Sheep to study the effects of grain feeding of 48 culled Maedi-visna. Promising results have been cows. Young (30 months or less), intermediate, achieved in the two control programs that were and old (5 years or more) cows were fed 0, 28, undertaken to regulate the transmission of the 56,84 days on a high barley ration and forage. maedi-visna virus. Over the 4-year period, the Our results showed no economical advantage flock that was established by artificially in feeding culled cows, as the feeding costs rearing ovine colostrum-deprived lambs has exceeded the extra revenues. The young cows continually tested negative for the antibodies tended to grow, whereas the older ones became to the maedi-visna virus. Ewes on the "test and fatter. Age was a detrimental factor for remove" program, which involved routine carcass and meat characteristics. Grain serologically blood testing and the removal of feeding had no significant effect on the carcass positive maedi-visna reactors and their quality ofthe beefproduced. progeny, have not had a positive maedi-visna Pasture. A 3-year comparison was reactor detected for the past 18 months. Blood completed on three pasture species mixtures of samples were analyzed by the agar gel white clover-red fescue, Kenhy tall fescue- immunodiffusion test at the Animal Pathology white clover, and Kenhy tall fescue-birdsfoot Laboratory in Sackville, N.B. trefoil. Our results were excellent with Fecundin. A field trial was done to evaluate average gains of over 1 kg/day, gains per the use of the sheep twinning vaccine Fecundin hectare of 800 kg, and over 600 animal-grazing (androstenedione 7-HSA in a deae-dextran days per hectare. The white clover pastures adjuvant) as a method of improving prolificacy resulted in the best animal gains, whereas the in a commercial crossbred flock. A 13% Kenhy tall fescue brought about more total improvement in prolificacy occurred among the grazing days due to more dry matter per hec- Fecundin-vaccinated ewes. The improvement tare. The hand separation of the dry matter in in prolificacy was primarily achieved by the 1987 pointed out that species changes had increased incidence oftriplet births. occurred when compared to seeding rates. Alfalfa silage. In 1987 we harvested silages Swine made from an alfalfa-brome mixture, a weeds-alfalfa crop, a mature alfalfa stand, and Fish silage on meat quality of pork. Diets silage corn. These silages with or without containing 10% low fat fish silage must be barley at 1 kg/day were fed to 40 steers. Our removed from the diet of pigs 20 days prior to data showed that overly mature alfalfa is not slaughter to avoid off-flavors in pork. Long- productive, resulting in reduced gains, silage term frozen storage of fish silage-fed pork dry matter intakes, and poor digestibility resulted in no premature oxidation as coefficients. The weeds-alfalfa brought about compared to control samples. as good performances as the alfalfa-brome but Short-term feed restriction on age at still less than the silage corn. Grain feeding puberty and ovulation rate at first, second, and was beneficial in all cases, as the gains were third heat in gilts. Short-term (4 days) severe only adequate <0.8 kg/day) on silage alone. feed restriction of gilts beginning at age 165 Fish meal. Forty-five crossbred replace- days had no effect on age at puberty. Ovulation ment heifers were fed hay plus 2 kg/day of one rate appears unaffected by cycle number in of five grain mixtures composed of barley, soy- gilts. Litter size ofgilts bred at first, second, or bean, and fish meal. The proportion of soybean third heat appears to be affected by uterine and fish meal varied from zero to 100% of the capacity or maturity. Research Station, Kentville, N.S. 63 Hull-less oats good feed source for pigs. Embree, C.G.;Craig, W.E.; Forsyth, F.R. 1987. Levels as high as 97% hull-less oats in diets for Effect of daminozide, chlormequat, and pac- growing-finishing pigs result in growth lobutrazol on growth and fruiting of Clapp's performance and feed conversion better than Favorite pears. HortScience 22:55-56. conventional diets. Problems with overfat Grindley, T.B.; Reimer, G.J.; Kralovec, J.; carcasses at slaughter from pigs fed high levels Brown, RG.; Anderson, M. 1987. Syn- of hull-less oats may be caused by the high theses of 3-deoxy-3-substituted-d-glucose energy ofthe product. derivatives. 1. Improvements in prepara- Canola meal in corn-based diets. Levels as tion of and nucleophilic additions to 1,6-2,3- high as 30% canola meal in growing pig diets dianhydro-4-0- benzy1-beta- D-allopyranose. containing National Research Council energy Can. J. Chern. 65:1065-1071. levels have no detrimental effects on growth Hardman, J.M.; Rogers, R.E.L.; MacLellan, performance, feed consumption, and carcass C.R. 1987. Pesticide use and levels of quality. Levels of canola 20% and above insect and scab injury on fruit in Nova appear to hinder feed conversion in low energy, Scotia apple orchards. J. Econ. Entomol. corn-based diets. 80:979-984. Cereal cultivar testing. There were 60 Hicklenton, P.R.; Blatt, C.R; O'Regan, R.J. cultivars of barley tested at Nappan in 1987. 1987. Hydroponic production of cut Helena, a German cultivar, and Albany, a Chrysanthemums - a commercial trial. recently released Charlottetown cultivar, were HortScience 22:287-289. the two top performers in the two-row test. In Hicklenton, P.R; Wolynetz, M.S. 1987. Influ- the six-row test, there were a few promising ence of light- and dark-period air temp- cultivars but none ready for licensing as yet. eratures and root temperature on growth of There were 53 cultivars of spring wheat tested lettuce in nutrient flow systems. J. Am. at Nappan in 1987. The cultivar Messier was Soc.Hortic. Sci. 112:932-935. the highest yielding at Nappan but did not perform well at other test sites. Some newer Hulan, H.W.; Hall, LV.; Nash, D.M.; Proudfoot, lines of oats were better yielding than F.G. 1987. Composition of native evening Laurient; however, this was the 1st year they primrose seeds collected from western Nova were tested and hence need further evaluation Scotia. Crop Res. 27:1-9. (60 oat cultivars were tested). Of the 20 Hulan, H.W.; Proudfoot, F.G. 1987. Effect of cultivars of winter wheat-winter triticales dibasic calcium-phosphate (ad-libitum) and tested at Nappan, the winter triticales OAC feed texture on the general performance Trillium and GWT 85-21 were far superior in and incidence of leg abnormalities of yield to the winter wheats; however, they were roaster chickens. Can. J. Anim. Sci. more susceptible to lodging. Newer lines of 67:103-112. spring triticales were superior with regard to yield to currently licensed cultivars. Maturity Hulan, H.W.; Proudfoot, F.G. 1987. Effects of and fusarium are still the biggest problems light-source, ambient-temperature and with the spring triticales. dietary energy-source on the general performance and incidence of leg abnormalities of roaster chickens. Poult. PUBLICATIONS Sci. 66:645-651. Hulan, H.W.; Proudfoot, F.G.; Zarkadas, C.G. Research 1987. The effect of adding white fish-meal containing enzyme digested or untreated Brown, RG.; Grindley, T.B.; Reimer, G.; Kra- stickwater solids to diets for broiler lovec, J.; Anderson, M. 1987. Effect of chickens. Anim. Feed Sci. Techno!. 3-substituted D-glucoseand D-allosederiva- 16:253-259. tives on growth of Botrytis cinerea. Can. J. Hulan, H.W.; Simons, P.C.M.; VanSchagen, Microbiol. 33:525-527. P.J.W.; McRae, K.B.; Proudfoot, F.G. 1987. Dick, A.J.; Redden, P.R; DeMarco, A.C.; Effect of dietary cation-anion balance and Lidster, P.D.; Grindley, T.B. 1987. calcium content on general performance Flavonoid glycosides of Spartan apple peel. and incidence ofleg abnormalities of broiler J. Agric. Food Chern. 35:529-531. chickens. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:165-177. 64 Research Branch Report 1987 Hulan, H.W.; Simons, P.C.M.; Vereijken, P. Nass, H.G.; Jones, D.; Bubar, J.S.; Belanger, 1987. Effects of altering the calcium, phos- G.; Fillmore, A.; Langille, J.E.; Dupuis, B. phorus, sodium, potassium and chloride 1987. Max spring wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. content of the diet on general performance 67:249-251. and incidence of dyschondroplasia of the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus of broiler Nass, H.G.; Jones, D.; Bubar, J.S.; Walton, R.B.; Langille, J.E.; Dupuis, B. 1987. chickens. Nutr. Rep. Int. 35:889-899. Belvedere spring wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. Jensen, K.I.N.; Kimball, E.R. 1987. Persis- 67:253-254. tence and degradation of the herbicide, hexazinone, in soils of lowbush blueberry Neil, K.A.;Specht, H.B. 1987. Sixth instar lar- fields in Nova Scotia, Canada. Bull. vae of Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus) Environ. Contam. Toxico!.38:232-239. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Can. Entomo!. 119:209-214. Jensen, KJ.N.; North, L.H. 1987. Control of speckled alder in lowbush blueberry with Poapst, P.A.; Anderson, M.G.; McRae, K.B. selective fall herbicide treatments. Can. J. 1987. Synergistic defoliation in rutabaga Plant Sci. 67:369-372. with mixtures of ethephon and ammonium peroxydisulfate. HortScience 22:583-584. Kunelius, H.T.; MacLeod, J.A.; McRae, K.B. 1987. Effect of urea and ammonium- Proudfoot, F.G.; Hulan, H.W. 1987. Effect on nitrate on yields and nitrogen concentra- shell strength of feeding supplemental tion of timothy and bromegrass and loss of sources of calcium to adult laying hens ammonia from urea surface applications. given insoluble grit during the rearing Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:185-192. period. Br. Poult. Sci. 28:381-386. Lidster, P.D.; Lougheed, E.C.; McRae, K.B. Proudfoot, F.G.; Hulan, H.W. 1987. Interrela- 1987. Effects of sequential low-oxygen and tionships among lighting, ambient standard controlled atmosphere storage temperature and dietary energy and broiler regimens on apple quality. J. Am. Soc. chicken perfo rma nce. Po ul t. Sci. Hortic. Sci. 112:787-793. 66:1744-1749. MacLean, A.A.; McRae, K.B. 1987. Rate ofhy- Proudfoot, F.G.; Hulan, H.W. 1987. Parental drolysis and nitrification of urea and impli- effects on performance of broiler chicken cations of its use in potato production. Can. progenies. Poult. Sci. 66:1119-1122. J. Soil Sci. 67:679-686. McEnroe, W.D.; Specht, H.B. 1987. Age effect Proudfoot, F.G.; Hulan, H.W. 1987. The effect analysis of Dermacentor variabilis (Say) of feeding a diet containing canola meal on adult populations during seasonal activity the incidence offatty liver syndrome among (Acari: Ixodidae). Can. J. Zoo!.65:455-457. four maternal poultry meat breeder genotypes to 266 days of age. Can. J. Anim. McEnroe, W.D.; Specht, H.B. 1987. Regula- Sci. 67:127-132. tion of Dermacentor variabilis by limited dispersion of larvae from the egg mass Schaefer, P.W.; Dysart, R.J.; Specht, H.B. (Acari: Ixodidae). Folia Parasito!. (Prague) 1987. North American distribution of 34:309-310. Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus) McRae, K.B.; Platt, H.W. 1987. An index for (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its mass cultivar resistance based on disease appearance in coastal Delaware. Environ. progress curves. Phytopathology Entomo!.16:368-373. 77:1181-1186. Simons, P.C.M.; Hulan, H.W.; Teunis, G.P.; Nass, H.G.; Johnston, H.W.; Caldwell, C.; Van Schagen, P.J.W. 1987. Effect of Langille, J.E.; Jones, R.W.; Lockhart, C.L.; dietary cation-anion balance on acid-base Belanger, G. 1987. Absolvent winter status and incidence of tibial dyschon- wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:1093-1096. droplasia of broiler chickens. Nutr. Rep. Int. 35:591-600. Nass, H.G. ; Jones, D.; Bubar, J.S.; Belanger, G.; Fillmore, A.; Langille, J.E.; Dupuis, B. Van Lunen, T.A.;Aherne, F.X. 1987. Effect of 1987. Beaguelita spring triticale. Can. J. long-term feed restriction on age at puberty Plant Sci. 67:495-497. of gilts. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:797-801. Research Station, Kentville, N.S. 65 Van Lunen, T.A.; Aherne, F.X. 1987. Influ- Jamieson, A.R. 1987. Strawberry home gar- ence of method of boar exposure on age at den cultural guide (revised). ACC-1000, puberty of gilts. Can. J. Anim. Sci. Agdex 232/12. 67:553--556. Kimpinski, J.; McRae, K.B. 1986. Relation- ship between root lesion nematodes and potato yields. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 66:2. Miscellaneous Ricketson, C.L. 1987. Row tunnels for early Jamieson, A.R. 1987. Raspberry home garden tomato production in Nova Scotia. Proceed- cultural guide (revised). ACC-1002, Agdex ings 20th National Agricultural Plastics 237/12. Congress, Portland, Oreg. pp. 214-219. 66 Research Branch Report 1987 Research Station Fredericton, New Brunswick PROFESSIONAL STAFF D.K. McBeath, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director G.C. Misener, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Assistant Director R.S. Bush, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Coordinator L.W. Garber, B.A., M.Ed. Administrative Officer T.R. Tarn, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head, Benton Ridge Scientific Support D.B. Gammon,l M.A. Area Coordinator, Library R.M. Anderson,l M.L.S. Librarian Potato Breeding T.R. Tarn, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Section Head; Breeding and cytogenetics R.H. Coffin, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Breeding and evaluation H. De Jong, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Diploid breeding and genetics A.M. Murphy, B.Sc., M.Sc. Disease screening J.E.A. Seabrook, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Propagation methods G.C.C. Tai, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Quantitative genetics Potato Pest Management R.P. Singh, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Section Head; Virus diseases, viroids R.H. Bagnall, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Virus epidemiology and resistance G. Boiteau, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Insect ecology M.C. Clark, B.Sc., Ph.D. Biochemistry of disease resistance W.K. Coleman, B.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology R.R. King, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Analytical organic chemistry A.R. McKenzie, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Tuber-borne pathogens Y. Pelletier,2 B.Sc., M.Sc. Insect-plant relationships Animal and Crops J.W.G. Nicholson, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Section Head; Meat animal nutrition G. Belanger,a B.Sc., M.Sc. Forage crops R.S. Bush, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Calf nutrition C. Esau,4 B.Sc. Forage engineering A.E. Fillmore,4 B.Sc., M.Sc. Cereals R.E. McQueen, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Rumen microbiology A.M. St-Laurent,4 B.Sc., .'vf.Sc. Livestock nutrition Engineering, Horticulture, Soils C.D. McLeod, B.A.Sc., M.A.Sc. Section Head; Agricultural mechanization engineering T.L. Chow, B.Sc., Ph.D. Soil hydrology E.N. Estabrooks, B.Sc., M.Sc. Tree fruits and berry crops Research Station, Fredericton, N.B. 6'7 P.H. Milburn, B.Sc., M.Sc. Soils engineering G.C. Misener, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Harvesting and storage engineering G.T. Owen,4 B.Sc., M.Sc. Soils engineering J.E. Richards, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil fertility E.M. Tremblay-Deveau,4 B.Sc., M.Sc. Postharvest handling offruit L. Woodrow,5 B.Sc., M.Sc. Physiology winterhardiness Senator Herve J. Michaud Experimental Farm, Bouctouche, N.B. G.L. Rousselle, B.A., B.SdAgr.), Superintendent; Cereal and forage crops M.Sc.(Agr.), Ph.D. P.Y. LeBlanc, B.Sc., B.S.A. Yegetables M. Luffman,6 B.Sc.(Agr.) Fruits Departures P.L. Burgess, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Dairy cattle nutrition Appointed Superintendent, Nappan Experimental Farm, September 1987 G. Farrell, B.Sc., Ph.D. Potato tissue culture Completed National Research Council visiting fellowship April 1987 VISITING SCIENTIST H. Owen, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Potato tissue culture National Research Council visiting fellow 1 Seconded from Libraries Division, Corporate Management Branch. 2 On educational leave at Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Penn., from June 1985. 3 On educational leave at Universite de Paris XI, France, from December 1987. 4 Appointed under Canada-New Brunswick agri-food subsidiary agreement 1984-1989. 5 On educational leave at University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., from May 1983. 6 On educational leave at Macdonald College, Sainte. Anne-de. Bellevue, Que., from September 1986. 68 Research Branch Report 1987 INTRODUCTION Fredericton Research Station conducts research on potato breeding, potato pest management, animal and crops, engineering, horticulture, and soils. Research at Senator Herve J. Michaud Experimental Farm serves the horticultural industry of the southeast coastal region, conducting experiments on cultivar evaluation and management practices for vegetables, berry and tree fruits, cereals, and forage crops. The potato breeding program at Fredericton serves as the national breeding program for Canada, and focuses on the production of improved parental lines that can pass to their progeny superior quality for the production of french fries and chips as well as for the fresh market. Ancient Andean potato varieties and wild potato species from central and south America are used to create parents with high levels of resistance to diseases. Research in the Potato Pest Management Section includes the identification and management of potato diseases, the production of antiserum and the development of serological methods for detecting viral and bacterial disease, and the development of disease-forecasting models. Research on insects includes ecology and control of potato pests, insect-plant interactions, and evaluation ofthe effectiveness of insecticides. Research in the Animal and Crops Section is directed toward the nutrition and management of dairy and beef cattle. Researchers at Fredericton also evaluate cereal, forage, and corn cultivars to make efficient use of locally produced feeds. Under the agri-food sub-agreement of the economic regional development agreement (ERDA), a technology development program has been undertaken that focuses on livestock feed, the livestock industry, and horticulture. Soil research is aimed at improving the agricultural land base through finding solutions for soil-related problems in the region. Research is directed to the development of technology to improve drainage and to prevent erosion. Horticultural research involves the evaluation of apple and strawberry cultivars, management of these crops, and studies on winter hardiness. The Agricultural Engineering Section deals with the development and improvement of agricultural machinery and more efficient on-farm storage ofproduce. Although not described in detail in the following pages, professional staff are also involved in cooperative research and development, technical assistance, and technical training on the international scene. During the past year, staff have participated in these kinds of activities in Brazil, Peru, and China, as well as in training activities within Canada for professional and technical staff from many countries. Fredericton staff also assisted in maintaining phytosanitary standards to ensure the export marketability ofCanadian-grown potatoes. The results reported herein provide an overview of continuing research programs. More complete information can be obtained from the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 20280, Fredericton, N.B. E3B 4Z7; Tel. (506) 452-3260. D.K. McBeath Director POTATO BREEDING and rhizoctonia, and slight to moderate resistance to potato leaf-roll virus. It has short Potato breeding and variety development. tuber dormancy and potential in off-shore seed Following the completion of full evaluation, markets in the southern hemisphere. The two advanced selections from the Fredericton second selection, F72090, is recommended for potato breeding program have been recom- registration as Chaleur. It is also a second mended for registration in Canada. F70021, early variety and produces a high set of recommended under the name Belmont, is a round-oval, slightly blocky, buff-skinned second early variety that produces round--oval, tubers with whiter than average flesh color and bright white-skinned, white-fleshed tubers good table quality. Chaleur has resistance to with good table quality. It has high resistance potato virus Y, moderate resistance to common to Verlicillium albo-atrum, moderate resis- scab, and slight resistance to Verticillium tance to potato virus Y, Fusarium coeruleum, albo-atrum. Research Station, Fredericton, N.B. 69 Another advanced selection, F77087, tested In collaboration with Atomic Energy in block trials in the Maritime Provinces, Commission Ltd. and the Ontario Potato shows considerable promise as a chipping Marketing Board, trials are being conducted to potato with moderate resistance to virus Y and assess the effects of gamma irradiation on common scab. This selection was also among sprout control and tuber quality of a fresh the top entries in a trial of 15 Canadian and market cultivar (Superior) and processing American varieties and advanced selections selections (Norchip, ND860-2). with potential for the chipping industry grown Irradiation of tubers at 7-9 krad induced in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. higher concentrations of sucrose, glucose, and In replicated maincrop yield trials fructose within 1 week after treatments, long- conducted in 1987 at two locations in New term storage of treated tubers produced Brunswick and one location each in Nova excellent sprout control and no difference in Scotia and Prince Edward Island, 13 the amount ofbruising or breakdown oftreated Fredericton selections were evaluated and tubers compared to controls. Irradiation led to three were advanced for further testing. Seven darkening of chip color in Norchip and Fredericton selections, considered to have selection ND860-2. Some improvement in chip potential in the seed export market, were color was noted several months after evaluated for their ability to produce a good irradiation due to decreasing sugar content. yield of small whole seed in trials in New Large culture vessel developed for in vitro Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. propagation. Petawawa germination boxes Twenty-seven entries, including 11 russet used by forest tree nurseries to test seed seedlings, were compared in a New Brunswick viability were adapted for use in plant tissue trial that is part of a cooperative United States culture. These polycarbonate plastic boxes project for the breeding and evaluation of new have interlocking and interchangeable tops potato clones for the northeast (NE-I07). This and bottoms. The new culture vessel is trial provides a valuable association with autoclavable, and when used with sterile breeding programs in the eastern United techniques does not introduce contamination States. problems. Sealing of the interlocking edges Shipping in vitro potato plantlets. To mini- with either filtering or sealing tapes, which mize the risk of loss when shipping valuable permit gaseous exchange, further reduces tissue cultures, guidelines were developed to contamination. The culture vessel provides assist laboratories in the preparation and more head space for cultures than conventional packaging of cultures. About 3-4 weeks prior vessels and its large size (approximately 28 X to shipment, cultures should be transferred to 24 cm) can accommodate up to 100 apple shoots 15-20 mL of fresh, firmly solidified media in or 60 potato single-node cuttings. 25 X 150 mL test tubes. Parafilm should not The genetic consequence of 2n gametes in be used to wrap cultures, since gaseous 2 X-2 X crosses. The genetic consequence of2n exchange would be inhibited, but filtering and gametes produced by diploid parents in the sealing tapes may be used to wrap the closures progenies of diploid-diploid (2 X-2 X) crosses on test tubes. Shipping boxes should be well was studied, using theoretical models. Two packed with styrofoam chips to protect the con- alleles per locus (A and a) are considered and tents from physical shock, and labeled "Frag- an additive-dominance genetical model is im- ile" in appropriate languages. Shipments posed on the five possible tetraploid genotypes must be timed to avoid weekends and holidays, (AAAA, AAAa, AAaa, Aaaa, and aaaa), while arrangements for phytosanitary certificates calculating means and variances of the and quarantine requirements completed in progenies for the comparison of corresponding advance, and the recipient notified regarding 2X-2X,4X-2X,and4X-4X crosses. There is the carrier and expected arrival time. no difference between crosses of various ploidy Irradiation for control of sprouting in levels when the parents are homozygous (i.e., potatoes. Several options exist for control of AA, aa, AAAA, and aaaa). The performance of sprouting in potatoes - the use of cultivars 2x-2x crosses of the type AA*Aa and aa*Aa with a long dormancy, storage of tubers at low is identical to the corresponding 4 X-2 X ones temperatures (2-4°C), the use of chemical AAAA*Aa and aaaa*Aa, respectively. The sprout inhibitors CIPCtm and MHtm,or the use hybrids of Aa*Aa crosses, however, behave of gamma irradiation. differently from AAaa*Aa and AAaa*AAaa 70 Research Branch Report 1987 crosses. Computer simulation results are performance over all environments and sensi- obtained by assuming an additive or tivity in responding to the environments. An- dominance (overdominance) model on the five alysis ofyield data collected from NE-l 07 trials tetraploid genotypes. in 1985-1986 indicated wide variation of envi- The first division restitution (FOR) ronmental effects. The cultivars and breeding gametes tend to give better mean performance lines showed differences in both mean per- in 2x-2x and 4X-2X hybrids than the formance and sensitivity to the environments. corresponding 4 x-4 X ones under the The results provide a means to evaluate the dominance model when a gene is located close cultivars and breeding lines in terms of their to the centromere, whereas the reverse is true adaptability to the environments. for the second division restitution (SOR) gametes. The advantage of FOR gametes over SOR ones is gradually moved to the opposite POTATO PEST MANAGEMENT direction when a gene is located toward the end of a chromosome. The effects of FOR and Separation of viroid strains by electro- SOR gametes on variances of tetraploid phoresis. When nucleic acid extracts from progenies is opposite to those observed above. leaves infected with various strains of potato The 2n gametes appear to exert stronger spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) were electro- influence on the variation of sizes of means and phoresed by return-polyacrylamide gel electro- variances of tetraploid progenies of 2 X-2 X phoresis (R-PAGE), viroid rubonucleic acid crosses than those of corresponding 4 X-2 X (RNA) migrated more slowly than other crosses. Progenies ofSOR gametes show more nucleic acids in the extract. Electrophoretic drastic changes in means and variances than mobility of viroid bands from samples corresponding ones of FOR gametes when a containing severe strain (S-PSTV) was 3-4 mm locus of the concerned gene is moved from close slower in the return direction than from to the centromere toward the end of a samples containing mild strains (M-PSTV). chromosome. The means and variances of Mixed preparations of severe and various mild tetraploid progenies of FOR"'SOR crosses lie strains separated into well-defined bands, somewhere between those of corresponding which verified the differential migration of FOR"'FOR and SOR"'SOR crosses. It is S-PSTV from M-PSTV strains. The origin of expected, however, that the means are higher extracts from different organs of the potato and variances lower than those of corre- (sprout, tuber, stolon, and leaf) or different sponding 4x-4x hybrids for a gene located plant species (tomato, potato, and Scopolia anywhere in the chromosome under the sinensis) did not affect the migration pattern of complete dominance model. viroid strains. This method permits separation Evaluation of cultivars and breeding lines and identification of mild and severe strains of in collaborative trials. One feature of PSTV within a few hours, compared with collaborative regional trials is that each of the several weeks required for the standard participants agrees to conduct a trial with a biological cross-protection test. common experimental design. The cultivars Detection of M -PSTV from the dormant and breeding lines entered in the trials are tubers. Using a modified procedure of return- based on recommendations of individual par- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (R-PAGE), ticipants. For various practical reasons, not all mild strains of potato spindle tuber viroid entries are tested at all sites. This causes the (M-PSTV) were detected reliably from dormant resulting cultivar-breeding line X environ- tubers of 18 field-grown cultivars. The ment tables for such important traits as yield sensitivity of R-PAGE detection of M-PSTV and specific gravity to be incomplete and, was equivalent to that of nucleic acid consequently, difficult to analyze to provide hybridization. Both methods detected M-PSTV performance evaluations of the cultivars and when infected tissue was mixed with healthy breeding lines over all test environments. A tissue in a ratio of 1:100. When extracted statistical method that assumes a linear re- nucleic acid was diluted with buffer, R-PAGE gression model ofeach ofthe cultivar-breeding detected PSTV at a dilution of 1:256, whereas lines in responding to the environments is used nucleic acid hybridization detected only up to a for investigating such data. Two parameters dilution of 1:64. PSTV was readily detected are measured to evaluate the merits of the from all 18 cultivars containing mild, cultivars and breeding lines: they are mean intermediate, or severe strains ofPSTV. Research Station, Fredericton, N.B. 71 Detection of M-PSTV from single true sufficient by itself to provide whitefly control. potato seed. Mild strains of PSTV from single Nevertheless, it opens new alternatives for true potato seed (TPS) were detected by the Integrated Pest Management, especially in modified R-PAGE. TPS lots obtained from tropical countries where the whitefly can be a field-grown PSTV -infected potato plants major potato pest outdoors. varied in their PSTV content. Viroid was Colorado potato beetle: Reproductive detected in both dormant and germinated strategy. The guarding behavior of the female individual TPS. Dormant TPS contained by the male after a first mating was studied by approximately 0.8-10 ng of viroid RNA per crossing white and black color morphs of the seed. PSTV was detected by R-PAGE in Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decem- nucleic acid extracts of single TPS, diluted to lineata (Say), used as genetic markers. Results 1:16 (about 500 pg). Germinated seed and TPS from multiple matings showed that sperm seedlings grown in vitro at 19°C, showed mixing occurs in the spermatheca, providing similar rates of seed transmission. There was only partial sperm precedence. Also, three no change in PSTV detection in TPS seedlings copulations are required to fill the grown for 4-10 weeks. In composite samples of spermatheca; therefore, it is advantageous for infected and healthy TPS, PSTV was detected the first male to remain with the female and when one infected TPS was combined with guard her until a minimum of three 90-100 healthy seeds. Detection of PSTV by copulations ha ve been achieved. R-PAGE was comparable or superior to that The data support the competitive mate- obtained by nucleic acid hybridization. searching theory where the male must decide Loss of PSTV from tubers after repeated between mating with an occupied female or freezing. Foliage and tubers infected with with other females to maximize the progeny he PSTV, when exposed to repeated freezing and produces. The male remaining with and thawing under controlled conditions, lost guarding a female to prevent her from PSTV more rapidly from tubers than from copulating again until her spermatheca has foliage. In 7 of the 17 cultivars, PSTV was been filled with his sperm, maximizes his significantly reduced after one cycle of freezing progeny and minimizes the number of eggs and thawing, and in 6 of the 17 cultivars, that future mates will be able to fertilize. infectious PSTV was still recoverable after Tuber age as a contributory factor in the exposure to four cycles. Exposure of PSTV- water relations of potato. During a slow-drying infected tubers to outdoor temperature cycle of approximately 2 weeks duration, fluctuations (13.1°C to -15.1°C) resulted in young expanding leaves on potato plants complete loss of PSTV from tubers. Hence, grown from young or old seed tubers of cultivar PSTV-infected tubers remaining in the soil Alpha showed no evidence of osmotic adjust- may not serve as sources of contamination for a ment, and prestressing the plants had no effect. succeeding potato crop under Canadian winter Prestressed plants from young and old tubers conditions. possessed a higher relative water content at a zero turgor potential than unstressed plants. Glandular trichomes and whiteflies. A However, tuber age did not significantly affect clone of the wild potato, Solanum berthaultii the relative water content at zero water Hawkes, was found to trap the adult green- potentia!. Plants derived from young seed house whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum tubers exhibited improved drought resistance, (Westwood), in the exudate from its glandular such as reduced water loss from mature leaves, trichomes. In a comparative test with the a larger root-shoot dry weight ratio, and commercial potato, Solanum tuberosum L. possibly effects on root distribution in soil. 'Red Pontiac', over a period of 48 days, the Since drought stress is known to directly affect population of adults was 51% lower on the wild tuber development, any adverse factors potato. No differences in oviposition affecting the ability of the plant to cope with preference, developmental period, or sex ratio drought stress (e.g., an unfavorable seed tuber could be found between populations reared on age) would be expected to have an additional the two plants. This suggests that the negative effect on tuber quality and yield. resistance of S. berthaultii to whiteflies is mostly through physical entrapment. Variation in carbohydrate esters from the The degree of resistance to whiteflies glandular trichomes of certain Solanaceae reported here is significant, but it is not species. Pest deterrent mucilages from the type 72 Research Branch Report 1987 B glandular trichomes of certain wild potato years were nearly coincident, and near the species were found to be composed primarily of minima of each third sunspot cycle. The epi- complex mixtures of sucrose esters. Sucrose demics coincided also with the onset phase of substitution patterns varied substantially (i.e., periodic droughts in the western Sahel ofN orth from 3,4,6-tri-O- and 3,3',4,6-tetra-O-acylated Africa, one of the major climatic anomalies of in Solanum berthaultii to 2,3,3',4-tetra-O- the past century. PLRV is relatively common acylated in Solanum neocardenasii acces- in the regions south of the major potato seed- sions). The identity of the acyl substituents growing areas, where warmer climate en- differed somewhat for each particular substitu- hances the overwintering of M. persicae. If the tion pattern. For nine of 10 nontuberous northern hemisphere temperature continues to Solanum species examined, 3,4-di-O- and increase as it has in recent years, the fringes of 2,3,4-tri-O-acylated glucose esters constituted such regions could shift northward and a major portion of the trichome exudate. epidemics of PLRV in the seed-growing areas Further diversity in the makeup of could be more freq uent or prolonged. carbohydrate esters present in trichome exudate was found in other Solanaceae. For example, 2,3-di-O- and 1,2,3-tri-O-acylated ANIMAL AND CROPS glucose esters were identified in Datura metel, 2,3,6-tri-O-acylated sucrose esters in Effect of protein on forage intake. Feeding a Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum, and protein supplement will frequently result in an 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acylated sucrose esters in increase in daily dry matter consumption by Petunia multiflora nana trichome exudates. ruminant animals fed a low-protein forage or Because ofthe possibility that variations in an ensiled forage containing a high proportion trichome carbohydrate esters have adaptive of nonprotein nitrogen. The reason for the significance, these investigations should pro- response in intake is not well understood and vide impetus for associated physiological and does not occur with all forages. phytochemical studies. In addition, the knowl- No significant differences were found in edge already garnered provides some valuable voluntary intake by sheep of timothy silages monitoring tools for breeding programs aimed made in Ag-Bag silos using techniques at developing related pest resistant varieties designed to induce good and poor fermentation and for further establishing taxonomic patterns. The highest daily dry matter relationships within the Solanaceae family. consumption (65.8 :t 1.22 glkgW-O.75)was for Epidemics of potato leaf roll in North silage made from timothy grown with extra America and Europe linked to drought and nitrogen fertilization and made in the normal sunspot cycles. Three major epidemics of manner. The lowest intake (58.4 :t potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) have occurred at 4.62 glkgW-O.75) was for timothy, with the approximately 32-year intervals in the control level offertilization made using normal northern seed-growing areas of eastern North procedures. Silages made with the addition of America and western Europe during the 20th a 10:1 barley-malt mixture added at 3% of the century, and they continue the cyclical pattern forage dry matter and silages made to of earlier outbreaks of "the curl" in Europe, encourage air infiltration were consumed at dating back to 1775-1784. Each epidemic rates between these two extremes. The lasted 5-10 years during a period of warm, dry differences in intake were not significant (P > climate that was favorable to the aphid vector, 0.05). Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and served to extend Dry matter digestibilities did not differ its range northward. The epidemics could significantly among treatments and ranged erupt sharply in a single season or intensify from a low of 66.7 :t 1.8% for the control gradually over several, but typically there was fertilization, normal ensiling procedure to a a final flare-up, or climax, during an exception- high of 69.6 :t 0.7% for the high-nitrogen ally warm summer. Termination was often fertilization, normal ensiling procedure. abrupt, following one or more severe winters The addition of white fish meal at 50 g/day and a shift to cooler climate. The climax years, did not have a significant effect on intake or approximately 1784, 1812, 1846, 1878, 1912, dry matter digestibility of the silages but did 1944, and 1976, at least through the last four increase protein digestibility of the diet from cycles, occurred when the minima of several 67.8 :t 1.1% to 73.6 :t 0.8% (P < 0.05). The concurrent rainfall cycles of 6-7, 11, and 16 crude protein content of the high-nitrogen Research Station, Fredericton, N.B. 73 fertilized silage was not as high as expected prediction errors that reflected the greater (13.6% of dry matter) and compared with variance in the spectra of those samples. The 11.2% for the control level offertilization. prediction equations from samples selected by The differences in cOlpposition among these the PICKS@ procedure gave lower standard high-quality silages were not large enough to errors of prediction for most constituents when result in an effect on intake or digestibility by applied to the remaining 187 samples, the sheep. especially for TO and CWO. Using the PICKS@ Sheep fed a mature timothy hay (5.8% algorithm to select calibration samples gave crude protein) and 100 g/day of a,barley-based prediction equations that accounted for more of supplement consumed 55.1 :t 6.2 glkgW-O.75 the variation that occurred in the NIR spectra of dry matter. Replacing part of the barley in the remaining samples. An additional ad- with corn gluten meal, urea, or a mixture of vantage is that because the sample selection is the two did not result in a significant increase based on spectral properties, chemical analyses in dry matter intake or dry matter digestibility need to be conducted on a minimum number of by the sheep. The dry matter digestibilities samples. ranged from 56.5 :t 1.5% for the diet with the urea-{;orn gluten supplement to 58.1 :t 0.8% Effect of plant growth regulators on the with the corn gluten supplement. composition and yield of alfalfa. Treatment of It was concluded that the mature timothy regrowth alfalfa with mefluidide or UC, a hay met the requirements of the mature Union Carbide product, retarded development wethers used in this trial. The protein of the plants. After 22 days of regrowth, the supplements supplied did not result in the leaf-to-stem ratios of plants treated with physiological response frequently seen when mefluid ide and UC were 30 and 12% higher low-protein forages are offered to younger, than controls. The contents of acid detergent growing animals. Decisions on the need to add fiber and cellulose were reduced, whereas the a high level of by-pass protein source to the content of crude protein increased by applying diet must be based both on the type of animal the growth regulators. These differences in being fed and the characteristics of the forage composition due to the treatments were re- being offered. flected in higher rumen in vitro digestibilities of dry matter and plant cell wall. The yields of Using variation of near-infrared spectra to forage dry matter for 22 days growth were less select forages for prediction equations. A from plants treated with either growth statistical procedure that ranks the near- regulator, but this variance was partially infrared reflectance (NIR) spectra of samples compensated for by the retention of higher according to the magnitude of their variance crude protein contents and digestibilities in the from the mean spectrum of all samples more juvenile plants. (PICKS@ algorithm, Technicon Instrument Corp.) provided a better selection of samples Calf growth and rumen development when for deriving equations to predict some fed different forages. Forage consumption by chemical constituents of forages than when calves during the first 2 months of life was not selecting them randomly (R). The prediction great. However, by the 4th month, those calves sets consisted of 42 samples selected by either fed either grass silage (S) or a mixture of two procedure from 229 forages that included nine parts grass silage to one part alfalfa hay (8) timothy cultivars cut weekly from late in May consumed those forages more readily than to mid-August over 6 years. The chemical con- those fed timothy hay (T) (P < O.Oll, whereas stituents related to nutritive quality analyzed those fed alfalfa hay (A)were not different from were crude protein (CP), acid-detergent fiber, any of the other groups. The mixed forage B neutral-detergent fiber, lignin (L), in vitro true was consistently consumed most readily in digestibility (TO), and in vitro cell wall digesti- months 2, 3, and 4. There were no differences bility (CWO). For the two calibration sets in starter consumption that was fed ad libitum selected by either R or PICKS@, the multiple to a maximum daily allotmentof2000 g. correlation coefficients of prediction equations There were no significant differences in using three wavelengths were similar for all weight gain during any of the I-month time constituents, ranging from 0.95 for L (PICKS@) periods for this experiment. However, total to 0.98 for CP (R). However, the prediction gain for the Sand B groups over the total equations derived from the samples selected by 4 months of the test was greater than that of PICKS@ had slightly larger estimated the T group (P < 0.05). The A group was 74 Research Branch Report 1987 intermediate to the other treatments and not treatment. The transmitter has switch- different from any of them. Therefore, the S selectable coding to uniquely identify its and B groups consumed more of their output to the receiver and to set its respective forages and responded with transmissions from once per hour to once per increased weight gains. 24 h. To conserve power, a maximum As the animals grew older, regardless ofthe transmission time of 1 s is used with the forage fed, their rumen fluid acetate content transmitter remaining in a sleep, or stand-by, increased and the propionate content mode for a large portion of the time. The decreased. Also, the pH of the rumen fluid was receiver is capable of receiving the coded most acidic at 2 months of age and 0.3-0.4 unit transmissions from 20 transmitters. greater at 3 and 4 months. All ofthese changes are probably related to forage becoming a Lowbush blueberry plant response to varia- greater percentage ofthe dry feed consumed by tions in pruning for whole crop harvesting. calves. The rate ofin vitro methane production Pruning lowbush blueberry plants in the (llmoles per minute) from rumen fluid collected dormant season at heights greater than 25 mm at the end of months 2, 3, and 4 and incubated produced multiple lateral shoots emerging with ground alfalfa hay was greatest for the T from nodes distributed the entire length of the group. Methane production from the A and S remaining stem. During the next harvest groups was significantly less (P < 0.05) than season, the fruit clusters near the end of the from the T group. The B group was not shoots were too close to the ground to facilitate different from any of the others. mechanical harvesting. Young calves can consume as much forage When the lowbush blueberry plants were dry matter from silage as from hay. Timothy cut during the fruit harvesting season, the did not increase the rate of gas production from plants that regrew during the next vegetative ground alfalfa, but the amount of methane period were shorter and thinner, and produced was greater than from the other established a less dense stand than plants that forages. Therefore, the type of forage fed to a were fire-pruned in the dormant season. How- young calf can have an influence on the ever, when this treatment was supplemented development of the rumen population and the with a dormant season fire-pruning, then plant animal's growth in response to its diet. morphology and yield were similar to those pruned only in the dormant season. It appears possible to introduce a whole crop ENGINEERING, harvesting system for lowbush blueberries HORTICULTURE, AND SOILS without lowering crop potentials. Rootstocks and training systems effect apple Development of a remote temperature moni- yields. Research with the McIntosh apple scion toring system for bulk vegetable storages. A on six rootstocks in three different training prototype device was developed for monitoring systems during the first 13 years, including 8 temperatures in bulk vegetable storages. years with crop, has shown that rootstocks When the durable remote temperature trans- were a significant factor in the yield of mitter is placed in a storage facility it senses high-quality fruit. Yields were effected by the the temperature and sends a signal to a training system but varied over the fruiting receiver located outside the facility. The years, resulting in no significant difference .in receiver then converts the signal into a accumulated production. Summerland strain temperature readout. McIntosh trees on rootstocks M.M. 106 and The system utilizes microprocessor tech- Beautiful Arcade, as well as Greenslade spur nology for timing the actuation of data sensing McIntosh on B.A., were larger and generally and transmission, linearizing and digitizing produced higher yields per tree than those on the data, generating the identifier, and trans- M26, Ottawa 31B.A;~and B.A.1M26. At the tree mitting the data to the base station receiver. spacing of 1.8 m X 4.0 m (1380 trees per Two custom-designed microprocessor boards hectare) the quality of the fruit on the smaller and a commercially available receiver and trees was higher, resulting in better grades. transmitter were incorporated in the design. The hedgerow training system was most The temperature transmitter is a com- productive in the first years of fruiting, but by pletely self-contained unit enclosed in the 4th year of production the spindlebush protective plastic tubing to withstand harsh system gave the highest yields. By the 7th Research Station, Fredericton, N.B. 75 year of production the trellis system was applied P, Bray-! P concentrations were producing the greatest yields and this significantly increased in the 15-30 and continued during the final year ofobservation. 30-45-cm depth increments. At the highest rate of applied P, Bray-! P concentrations were Control of blueberry maggot in New significantly increased (P 0.05) (40%) in the Brunswick. In 1987 one spray of dimethoate = 45-60-cm depth increment. It should be insecticide applied to lowbush blueberry remembered that all P was surface applied in sprout fields provided good control of blueberry this field trial. maggot in adjacent fruiting fields, whereas in These results clearly indicate that applied P 1986 one or two sprays of dimethoate to sprout was leached out of the zone of application into or crop fields provided effective seasonal con- the subsoil of this mineral soil. In other work trol. This method of blueberry maggot control conducted on similar soils in New Brunswick, appears possible when used in conjuction with there was no leaching of applied P when a monitoring program for the adult maggot fly, potatoes were grown on the same plots for 26 insecticides being applied only when trap years. catches indicate a need to control the flies. It is postulated that the discrepancy This method of control appears to be most between the results of the two studies is due to effective when maggot populations are low or changes imposed on the soil by the cropping moderate. practices. The soils were not plowed when Performance of strawberry cultivars. The timothy was grown. Undoubtedly, the chemi- strawberry cultivars Kent and Glooscap both cal composition of the soil surface changed as it produced high marketable yields and were accumulated organic debris; hence, fertilizer P rated among the top four cultivars during 5 was applied to an organic rather than an years of testing. inorganic layer. It could be that due to the When the strawberries were renovated and highly acidic nature of the surface layer P was carried over for a second fruiting year, the chela ted by an aluminum-humic acid complex Kent and Glooscap cultivars ranked among the mobile in this soil. top four cultivars in 3 out of 4 years. Other promising cultivars included Honeoye, Ground-penetrating radar (GPR). Drain- K80-15, Blomidon, and Cornwallis. age tiles installed between 1 and 50 years ago In 1987, in a second crop trial, the cultivars in fluvial, till, and marine deposits were Bounty, K80-15, Honeoye, Kent, and Glooscap located by GPR with 100% accuracy. A method all produced greater marketable yields than to eliminate interference signatures caused by Redcoat, Micmac, and K81-12. buried stones or by bore holes of mammals was developed, using graphic outputs of two nearby Leaching of applied phosphorus (P) into the traverses. Ground-penetrating radar also subsoil of soils cropped to timothy. The shows promise for determination ofthe depth of concentration of Bray-l P in the 0-15-cm depth tile drains below the surface ofthe ground. layer of soils cropped to timothy for 26 years increased progressively with increasing rates Subsurface drainage and land use in New of applied P. Even the lowest yearly rate of P Brunswick. A general description of New application (47 kglha) significantly increased Brunswick subsurface drainage activity and Bray-l P concentrations in the 0-15-cm depth associated agricultural effects was generated layer. The amount of applied P required based on historical records and a farmer survey annually to raise Bray-l P concentrations by that encompassed 83 farmers and 50% of the 1 mg/kg soil decreased from 64.2 kglha in the subsurface drainage installed (1600 km) plots that received P at 47 kglha to 41.8 kglha during the period 1978-1984. The survey in the plots that received P at 140 kg/ha. results are not specific to soil type and can not Usually the quantity of applied P required to be used to identify or solve specific soil-water raise soil test P concentrations by 1 mg/kg soil problems. However, the character of the increases as the rate ofP application increases. interrelationships among subsurface drainage, The trend that occurred here could be due to a land use, and agricultural productivity is greater proportion of the fertilizer P being illustrated, and farmer opinions on various taken up by timothy at the 47 kglha rate than aspects of subsurface drainage are revealed. at the 140 kglha rate. These factors should be considered when There was considerable leaching of applied formulating future land-related research or P into subsoil. Even at the lowest rate of extension programs. 76 Research Branch Report 1987 The following observations were drawn over a range of heads easily detectable with from the data collected: common stage-recording devices such as • The availability of private drainage float-pulley systems, bubblers, or pressure contractor services, together with transducers. appropriate government-sponsored cost- Construction drawings and calibration sharing programs, increases the results were developed for two non-90° sharp quantities of subsurface drainage crested V-notch weir boxes designed to installed. discharge a maximum of 10 and 20 LIs at • Dairy producers are currently the 300 mm of head. The completed structures largest user group of subsurface were lightweight, durable, compact, simple to drainage in New Brunswick, accounting construct, and baffled to reduce turbulence in for approximately 50% of the total the approach section to the notch. Standard subdrain installation over the period 10 X 20 em (4 X 8 in.) sheets of 3-mm alumi- 1978-1986. num were the primary building materials. • Most subsurface drainage in New Brunswick is being employed to rectify Nuclear and core methods for the measure- obvious wet conditions rather than to ment of soil bulk density and moisture content. fine tune already aggressive crop Field comparisons using clay loam, sandy management systems. Only 10% of loam, and silt loam soils between a single- those surveyed reported that their land probe nuclear method and a core-sampling was cropped regularly prior to drainage method for wet and dry soil bulk density and improvement. for moisture content indicated the need for • Most producers feel that subsurface careful calibration of the nuclear unit. drainage is having a positive effect on Significant differences between methods their farming operations. Ninety-nine appeared in the measurement of volumetric percent indicated that production moisture content in the sandy loam and silt efficiency on their farm was either loam at depths of 280 and 530 mm. This greatly improved (59%) or improved suggests that the probe should not be used to (40%) because of the investment in measure soil moisture at depths greater than subsurface drainage. 150 mm. Significant differences between the • Future drain spacings should be similar probe and core methods were found in the wet to or narrower than those already bulk density and dry bulk density installed. (This assumes no use of measurements in the clay loam and sandy secondary drainage treatments,) loam. The results in the silt loam were not • A large portion of the farmers inter- revealing about density measurement due to a viewed are producing alfalfa on at least uniform density with depth in that soil. some of their subdrained land. Subsoiling and speed in compact soils. The • There is more land requiring drainage speed of subsoiler tool movement through improvement in New Brunswick. Only pedogenetically compacted clay loam and 4% of those interviewed felt that sandy loam soils had a highly significant linear drainage improvements on their farms effect on the measured vertical force. Speed were now completed. had a highly significant quadratic effect on the V -notch weir boxes for measurement of horizontal force, total force, moment, and subsurface drainage system discharges. Case specific resistance. In all instances, however, studies or field experiments that assess the the contribution of speed or speed squared was performance of subsurface drainage systems small, indicating little variation in the force often require the accurate determination of with tool speed. Soil type also had a highly drainage system outflow on a periodic or significant effect on the forces, the moment, continuous basis. Maximum flows ofl0-20 Us and the specific resistance resulting in higher may be encountered at a single outlet, depend- draft forces in the clay loam soil. No inter- ing on drain depth and spacing, soil-saturated actions between soil and speed or between soil hydraulic conductivity, the number and length and speed squared were observed, indicating a of drain laterals in the system, and the similar response in both soil types, even though capacity of the collector or main line. Accurate these soils have vastly different mechanical measurement of these flows requires a dis- properties and strengths. Neither soil type nor charge measurement structure that operates speed had significant effects on the soil areas Research Station, Fredericton, N.B. 77 heaved or disturbed, total area, width of tandis que Ie Barkant et Ie Marco sont des disturbance, or swell factor. cultivars a proportions egales de racines et de feuilles. Ces cultivars ont realise des Soil disturbance in compact soils. An rendements moyens en matiere seche de experiment to compare the soil disturbance produced by a deep-operating subsoiler share 10200 kglha en 1987,8950 kglha en 1986 et 15500 kg/ha en 1985. La moyenne des 3 with or without wings confirmed the existence annees est de 11 550 kglha de matiere seche. of a critical depth below which little soil loosening occurs in both a compact clay loam Regie intensive de l'orge. Au cours d'un and a compact sandy loam. A difference in the essai de 2 ans a Bouctouche, nous avons critical depths in the two soils was observed. effectue cinq niveaux de regie sur Ie cultivar The results also show that the 26-cm wide Leger. Les traitements portaient sur l'applica- wings had no advantage over the 7.5-cm share tion supplementaire d'azote, des traitements de in terms of area of soil disturbed when fongicide (Tilt) et des traitements de operating above the critical depth. The wings regulateurs de croissance (Cerone) au stade de did, however, significantly increase the critical croissance approprie pour chaque traitement. depth in both soils. The wings also Des rendements de 4,7 et 4,8 t/ha ont He significantly improved the reduction in the dry realises en 1986 et de 4,2 a5,! t/ha en 1987. bulk density of the clay soil. The results Framboisiers. En 1981, 1983 et 1984, nous demonstrated the value of wings on simple avons etabli des parcelles d'essais pour tillage tools operating in compactsoils. l'evaluation de cultivars de framboisiers. Les trois plantations sont des haies fruitieres de 60 cm de largeur. Le cultivar Festival est FERME EXPERIMENT ALE commun aux trois essais qui comptent respec- SENATEUR HERVE J. tivement chacun 4, 4, et 7 cultivars et lignees. MICHAUD Le cultivar standard Festival a obtenu un BOUCTOUCHE, N.-B. niveau de productivite comparable dans les trois essais a la troisieme fructification, soit 7314,7454,7693 kglha. Dans l'essai 1981, Ie Carotte. Vne etude faite sur sol organique Festival a une production egale ou superieure en 1987 a demontre que l'apport de molybdEme au Boyne et au Carnival depuis 6 ans. Dans augmentait considerablement Ie rendement de I'essai 1983, Ie Festival a eu une production la carotte. Le traitement molybdene plus inferieure au Nova mais superieure au chaux et Ie traitement molybdene sans chaux Matsqui et au K65-12 pendant les premieres ont donne les meilleurs rendements en carottes saisons de fructification, mais a de passe Ie vendables (22,8 t/ha et 20,0 t/ha). Les traite- Nova en 1987. Enfin, dans l'essai 1984, les ments avec cuivre et avec bore, incluant I'addi- cultivars Newburg, Titan et K74-1 ont un tion de chaux, ont produit significativement rendement egal ou superieur a celui du plus 00,4 t/ha, 9,1 t/ha) que Ie traitement Festival apres 2 annees de production. Les temoin (4,6 t/ha) mais non significativement cultivars Nova, Titan et K74-1 ont chacun un plus que Ie traitement temoin plus chaux niveau de productivite qui pourrait permettre (7,5 kglha). de les utiliser en remplacement du cultivar Chaux. Douze cultivars de choux recoltes Festival, la ou la rouille jaune tardive l'affecte en novembre 1986 ont ete mis en entrepot particulierement. Le cultivar Nova en refrigere pour une periode de 4 mois. Le particulier semble offrir une immunite a cette Jupiter a eu Ie plus haut pourcentage de choux maladie. Cependant, cette maladie n'a pas ete vendables avec de tres bonnes caracteristiques importante en 1987 en raison d'un climat non de qualite telles que la couleur exterieure et favorable a son developpement. interieure. Les cultivars Lennox, Bartolo, Groseilles. Vingt-trois cultivars et lignees Bislet, Polinius et Slawdena se sont egalement de groseilles ont He plantes au cours des tres bien entre poses. saisons 1984 et 1985. Des fruits ont pu etre Navet fourrager. Quatre cultivars de recoltes sur tous les cultivars des 1986. Les navets fourragers ont He identifies superieurs deux cultivars les plus productifs en 1986 et dans un essai qui s'est echelonne sur 3 annees 1987 sont Ie Hinnonmake (jaune) avec 5,3 et a Bouctouche. Le Buro et Ie Appin sont des 7,4 kg par buisson et Ie Pixwell (rouge) avec 5,8 cultivars feuillus et resistants aux maladies et 8,0 kg par buisson. En plus du niveau de 78 Research Branch Report 1987 productivite, tous les buissons sont evalues Holley, J.D.; King, R.R.; Singh, R.P. 1987. pour leur resistance aux maladies et aux Glandular trichomes and the resistance of conditions climatiques. Solanum berthaultii Hawkes (PI473340) to Sureaux. Huit cultivars de sureaux ont lite infection from Phytophthora infestans. Can. litablis dans une parcelle d'essai replique. Les J. Plant Path. 9:291-294. cultivars Adams, Johns, Maxima, Nova et King, R.R.; Greenhalgh, R. 1987. Structural York ont ete plantes en 1984 et Ie Kent, Ie New elucidation of a novel deoxynivalenol York et Ie Victoria en 1985. Une premiere analogue. J. Org. Chem. 52:1605-1606. recolte a ete pre levee en 1986 et une seconde en King, R.R.; Singh, R.P.; Boucher, A. 1987. 1987. La periode de production de tous les Variation in sucrose esters from the type B cultivars semble convenir au climat de cette glandular trichomes of certain wild potato region, saufpour Ie Maxima, dont la periode de species. Am. Potato J. 64:529-534. maturite semble trop tardive. La survie a long terme et la productivite reelle en fruits de King, R.R.; Singh, R.P.; Calhoun, L.A. 1987. qualite restent cependant a evaluer sous les Elucidation of structures for a unique class conditions du sud-est du Nouveau-Brunswick. of 2,3,3',4-tetra-O-acylated sucrose esters from the type B glandular trichomes of Solanum neocardenassii Hawkes & Hjerting (PI 498129). Carbohydro. Res. PUBLICATIONS 171:1-7. King, R.R.; Singh, R.P.; Calhoun, L.A. 1987. Research Isolation and characterization of 3,3',4,6- Belanger, G.; St-Laurent, A.-M.; Esau, C.A.; tetra-O-acylated sucrose esters from the Nicholson, J.W.G.; McQueen, R.E. 1987. type B glandular trichomes of S. berthaultii Urea for the preservation of moist hay in Hawkes (PI 265857). Carbohydr. Res. big round bales. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 166:113-121. 67:1043-1053. LeBlanc, P.V.; Desjardins, Y.; Bedard, R. 1987. Boiteau, G. 1987. A red color morph of the Co- Outside long-term storage of strawberry lorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decem- plants in eastern Quebec. Adv. Strawberry lineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Prod. 6:32-35. Can. EntomoI.I19:957-958. Lynch, D.R.; Schaalje, G.V.; Tai, G.C.C.; Boiteau, G.; Parry, R.H.; Harris, C.R. 1987. Young, D.A. 1987. Use of canonical dis- Insecticide resistance in New Brunswick crimination analysis in assessing the merit populations of the Colorado potato beetle of crosses in terms of breeding goals. Am. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidael. Can. PotatoJ.64:385-396. EntomoI.119:459-463. McQueen, R.E. 1987. Acid insoluble lignin Bush, R.S.; Nicholson, J.W.G. 1987. Effect of determination of forages using ceramic two acids and formalin in calves milk on fiber as a filter aid. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. feed consumption and performance. Can. J. Chern. 70:423-425. Anim. Sci. 67:1129-1131. Misener, G.C.; McLeod, C.D. 1987. A bulk Coffin, R.H.; Yada, R.Y.; Parkin, K.L.; Grod- potato trailer for research plots. Am. Potato zinski, B.; Stanley, D.W. 1987. Effect of J.64(8):403-407. low temperature storage on sugar concen- Misener, G.C.; McLeod, C.D. 1987. A model to trations and chip color of certain processing facilitate farm machinery use and cost data potato cultivars and selections. J. Food Sci. collection. Agric. Syst. 24:149-157. 52(3):639~45. Misener, G.C.; McLeod, C.D. 1987. Evaluation Coleman, W.K. 1987. Dormancy release in of potato-stone-clod separation mecha- potato tubers: A review. Am. Potato J. nisms. Can. Agric. Eng. 29(2):169-171. 64:57-68. Nass, H.G.; Jones, D.; Bubar, J.S.; Belanger, De Jong, H. 1987. Inheritance of pigmented G.; Fillmore, A.; Langille, J.E.; Dupuis, B. tuber flesh in cultivated diploid potatoes. 1987. Beaguelita spring triticale. Can. J. Am. PotatoJ. 64:337-343. Plant Sci. 67:495-497. Research Station, Fredericton, N.B. 79 Nass, H.G.; Jones, D.; Bubar, J.S.; Belanger, McKeown, A.; Coffin, R.; Squire, S. 1987. G.; Fillmore, A.; Langille, J.E.; Dupuis, B. Shepody potato, management profile. Onto 1987. Max spring wheat. Can. J. Plant. Minist. Agric. Food Factsheet 87-059. Sci. 67:249-251. Agdex 257/13. Seabrook, J.E.A. 1987. Changing the growth Murphy, A.M. 1987. Control of other bacterial and morphology of potato plantlets in vitro diseases. Pages 254-270 in Boiteau, G.; by varying the illumination source. Acta Singh, RP.; Parry, R.H., eds. Potato pest Hortic. 212(11):401-410. management in Canada. Proceedings of a Symposium on Improving Potato Pest Pro- Singh, R.P.; Boucher, A. 1987. Electrophoretic tection, Fredericton, N.B. 27-29 January. separation of a severe from mild strains of potato spindle tuber viroid. Phytopatho- Pelletier, Y.; King, RR. 1987. Semiochemi-. logy77:1588-1591. cals and potato pests: Review and perspec- tive for crop protection. Pages 146-172 in Singh, R.P.; Somerville, T.H. 1987. New di- Boiteau, G.; Singh, RP.; Parry, R.H., eds. sease symptoms observed on field-grown potato plants with potato spindle tuber Potato pest management in Canada. Proceedings of a Symposium on Improving viroid and potato virus Y infections. Potato Potato Pest Protection, Fredericton, N.B. Res.30:127-133. 27-29 January. Singh, R.P.; Somerville, T.H. 1987. Relation- Porter, G.A.; Park, J.D.; Thompson, D.C.; ship of virus concentration with the field Tarn, T.R. 1987. Performance evaluations resistance to potato virus Y in potatoes. of potato clones and varieties in the Am. Potato J. 64:69-80. northeastern States - 1986. Maine Agric. Exp. Stn Bull. 695. Miscellaneous Singh, R.P. 1987. Control ofviroid and contact Bagnall, RH. 1987. Role of plant resistance in transmitted virus diseases. Pages 309-324 control of the potato viruses. Pages 70-76 in Boiteau, G.; Singh, R.P.; Parry, R.H., eds. in Boiteau, G.;Singh, R.P.; Parry, R.H., eds. Potato pest management in Canada. Potato pest management in Canada. Proceedings of a Symposium on Improving Proceedings of a Symposium on Improving Potato Pest Protection, Fredericton, N.B. Potato Pest Protection, Fredericton, N.B. 27-29 January. 27-29 January. Singh, RP. 1987. Role of weeds in potato virus Boiteau, G. 1987. The significance of preda- spread. Pages 355-362 in Boiteau, G.; tors and cultural methods. Pages 201-223 Singh, R.P.; Parry, RH., eds. Potato pest in Boiteau, G.;Singh, R.P.; Parry, RH., eds. management in Canada. Proceedings of a Potato pest management in Canada. Pro- Symposium on Improving Potato Pest Pro- ceedings of a Symposium on Improving tection, Fredericton, N.B. 27-29 January. Potato Pest Protection, Fredericton, N.B. Singh, R.P.; Boiteau, G. 1987. Control of 27-29 January. aphid borne diseases: Nonpersistent Choo, T.M.; Connolly, B.J.; Langille, J.E.; viruses. Pages 30-53 in Boiteau, G.; Singh, Drapeau, R.; Coulman, B.; Walton, R.B.; R.P.; Parry, RH., eds. Potato pest manage- Bubar, J.S.; Goguen, B.; Madill, J.; Proulx, ment in Canada. Proceedings of a Sympo- J.G.; Fairey, D.T. 1987. Marino red clover. sium on Improving Potato Pest Protection, Forage Notes 331:64-65. Fredericton, N.B. 27-29 January. Holley, J.D. 1987. DAYCAST: A late blight Souza-Machado, V.; Coffin, R. 1987. In vitro forecasting program designed for Canada's microtuberization of new potatoes. Notes Atlantic provinces - successes and failures. Agric.2l(1 ):15-16. Pages 287-297 in Boiteau, G.; Singh, R.P.; Tarn, T.R.; De Jong, H. 1987. New Brunswick Parry, R.H., eds. Potato pest management variety trial report on performance in Canada. Proceedings of a Symposium on evaluation of potato clones and varieties in Improving Potato Pest Protection, the northeastern States - 1986. Maine Fredericton, N.B. 27-29 January. Agric. Exp. Stn Bull. 695. 80 Research Branch Report 1987 Yada, R.; Coffin, R. 1987. Crispy, crunchy and Young, D.A.; Bagnall, R.H.; Nicholson, J.W.G.; nutritious; improving cultivars for potato Misener, G.C.; McLeod, C.D.; Chow, T.L.; chips. Highlights Agric. Res. Onto Wood, G.W. 1987. Fredericton Research 10(3):21-23. Station 1912-1987. Res. Branch Agric. Can. Hist. Ser. 35. 29 pp. Research Station, Fredericton, N.B. 81 Centre de recherches alimentaires Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec PERSONNEL PROFESSIONNEL Administration R.R. Riel, B.Sc.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Directeur J. Bechard, B.Sc. Services administratifs R.Labelle Dossiers speciaux Usines pilotes M. Tanguayll Gerant Services industriels P.A. Huot, B.Sc.(Vivres) Chef de section S. Bittner, B.Sc.A., M.Sc. Agent de transfert technologique D. Richard, B.Sc. lnformaticien J. Fortin,ll 8.Sc.(Vivres) Evaluation sensorielle F. Bernard,9 8.Soc., M.B.S.1. Bibliothecaire Biotechnologie B. Lee, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chef de section; genie genetique et enzymologie F. Cormier, B.Sc., Ph.D. Culture de cellules vegHales A. Morin, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Enzymologie C. Champagne, B.Sc., Ph.D. Microbiologie Industrie laitiere D. Roy, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chef de section; bioreacteur D. St-Gelais,l B.Sc., M.Sc. Produits laitiers M. Britten,Z,ll B.Sc. Physico-chimie Industrie carnee P. Delaquis,3 8.Sc., M.Sc. Microbiologie J.P. Piette,4 lng., M.Sc. Produits carnes C. Zarkadas,7 8.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biochimie musculaire Industrie vegetale G. Doyon,S 8.Sc.(Vivres), M.Sc. Chef de section; conservation et emballage A. Begin,S B.Sc. Centre de recherches alimentaires, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec 83 Genie alimentaire C. Passey, RE.(Hons.), M.E., M.B.A., D.Sc. Chef de section; genie alimentaire Aromes et extraction J .R.J. Pare, B.Sc., Ph.D., C.Chem., M.R.S.C. Chef de section; spectrometrie de masse J. Belanger, B.Sc., REd., M.Sc., Ph.D. Extraction Departs S. Gauthier, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Proteines J. Rolland, RSc.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Ingredients laitiers CHERCHEURS INVITES P. Chevalier, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Bioreacteur M. Dardiri,lO B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Irradiation B. Kalman,lO Chern. Eng., Ph.D. Irradiation J.H. Kwon,lO RSc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Irradiation N.D. Pati!, B.Tech., M.Tech., Ph.D. Extraction supercritique - blanchiment N. Ramarathnam, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Produits nature Is Etudiants a la maitrise M.I. Barriga Atmosphere controIee - tomate responsable, C. Wille mot C. Brossard Culture de cellules vegetaIes responsable, F. Cormier N.Daly PotentieI d'entreposage responsable, C. Wille mot J.D'Amour Irradiation des fraises responsable, C. Willemot M.L. Desjardins Produits Iaitiers fermentes responsable, D. Roy S. Jacquemin EnzymoIogie responsable, A. Morin A. Lopez-Dominguez Irradiation - brocoli responsable, C. Wille mot R. Laing Hydrates de carbone responsable, J .R.J. Pare Y.Raymond Enzymologie responsable, A. Morin Etudiants au doctorat M. Akier Assanta Listeria responsable, D. Roy G.Arora EnzymoIogie responsable, B. Lee 84 Rapport de la Direction generaIe de Ia recherche, 1987 J. Berger Enzymologie responsable, B. Lee F. Cheour Conservation des fraises responsable, C. Wille mot R. Couture Irradiation des fraises responsable, C. Wille mot G.Doyon Atmosphere modifiee responsable, C. Wille mot J. Fichtali Extrusion responsable, C. Toupin M. Lamontaghe Genetique lactique responsable, B. Lee J. Makhlouf Atmosphere contr6lee - brocoli responsable, C. Wille mot K.S. Pannu Sterilisation responsable, C. Passey L.Romo Atmosphere contr6Iee responsable, C. Wille mot P. Verret Produits laitiers responsable, C. Toupin 1 En conge d'etudes de doctor at, Universite Laval, Quebec, 1985-1988. 2 En conge d'etudes de doctorat, Universite Laval, Quebec,1987-1988. 3 En conge d'etudes de doctorat, Universite de Ia Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 1984-1987. 4 En conge d'etudes de doctorat, Universite McGill, Quebec, 1985-1988. 5 En conge d'etudes de doctorat, Universite Laval, Quebec, 1984-1987. 6 En conge d'etudes de doctorat, Ecole polytechnique fMerale, Zurich, 1985-1988. 7 Affecte a l'Universite McGill. 8 Affecte a l'Universite Laval. 9 Detachee de la Direction generale de la gestion integree, Division des bibliotheques. 10 Boursier de l'Agence internationale d'energie atomique (Vienne, Autriche). 11 Recrute en 1987. Centre de recherches alimentaires, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec 85 INTRODUCTION Le Centre de recherches alimentaires de Saint-Hyacinthe est Ie plus recent des etablissements de recherches d'Agriculture Canada. II est situe au coeur de la deuxieme concentration d'industries alimentaires au Canada. Inaugure officiellement Ie 5 juin 1987 par I'honorabIe John Wise, Ie Centre a connu une premiere annee intense de mise en operation et de rodage. Par la creation de ce centre, Ie gouvernement veut contribuer au developpement economique de l'industrie agro-alimentaire de la region et du Canada. Son programme comporte trois volets majeurs: l'aide a l'industrie, la recherche en collaboration et la recherche thematique. Dans son volet d'aide a l'industrie, Ie Centre met a Ia disposition du secteur industriel ses installations, ses services et ses experts pour lui permettre d'effectuer sa propre recherche-developpement d'une maniere tres confidentielle. Des services de recherches bibliographiques, d'anaIyse sensorielle, de formation en operation d'equipements et d'instruments et de traitement des donnees sont egalement offerts a l'industrie. La recherche en collaboration opere sur Ie principe du partenariat ou Ie Centre met des ressources en commun avec un autre intervenant pour accelerer Ie developpement de nouvelles technologies. Les chercheurs federaux du Centre poursuivent un programme de recherches thematiques sur des themes plus generiques destines a preparer les technologies de demain. L'accent est mis sur les industries du lait, de la viande et volaille, de la boulangerie, des fruits et legumes, d'additifs alimentaires et de genie alimentaire (nouveaux procedes et prototypes d'equipement). Le Centre de Saint-Hyacinthe compte jouer un role de leadership a I'interieur du Ministere dans les domaines suivants: lait, biotechnologie appliquee a l'alimentation, technologies d'extraction, technologies d'emballage et de conservation et application de l'irradiation en industrie alimentaire. Au cours de la premiere annee d'operation du Centre, la reponse de I'industrie a depasse les previsions. Quelque 69 projets industriels ont He enregistres dont 21 ont He acheves, 16 sont en voie d'execution et 40 sont en attente, fin decembre 1987. II est a prevoir que Ie Centre ne pourra plus bientot accueillir d'autres clients du secteur industriel tellement la demande est grande. Les retombees ne tarderont pas a se faire sentir, etant donne que cinq nouvelles compagnies alimentaires ont deja acquis des lots dans Ie voisinage du Centre et qu'on est en train de planifier la construction d'un condominium. Des groupes de recherches multidisciplinaires et interinstitutionnels ont He formes avec dix organismes externes (industries, universites, instituts). Trois universites ont octroye a six de nos chercheurs Ie statut de professeur auxiliaire. Le transfert technologique a ete une de nos principales activites en 1987 puisque les membres du personnel du Centre ont participe a 67 entrevues, 22 conferences, 77 publications, 68 communications et 3 declarations d'invention. De plus, Ie Centre a accueilli 10300 visiteurs et des delegations en provenance de 15 pays etrangers. II a aussi participe au prestigieux Sammet de la francophonie en prenant part a l'organisation et au programme de la Conference sur la conservation des aliments. On peut obtenir des renseignements additionnels sur les activites du Centre en s'adressant au Centre de recherches alimentaires, 3600, boul. Casavant ouest, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 8E3; Tel. (514)773-1105;FAX(514) 773-8461. Rene R.Riel Directeur ATMOSPHERECONTROLEE d'02 et 8,5 % de CO2 retarde la maturation du brocoli, si on tient compte des criteres (En collaboration avec suivants: couleur, perte de chlorophylle, l'Universite Laval) apparition de pourriture et de moisissure, et mauvaises odeurs. La conservation du brocoli a He prolongee jusqu'a 7 semaines a 1°C. De Conservation du brocoli et du chou-fleur plus, Ie cultivar Green Valiant s'est revele plus sous atmosphere contr6lee. On a observe resistant aux maladies et sa conservation a He qu'une atmosphere contr61ee contenant 2,50/0 superieure aux autres cultivars ducommerce. 86 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 Une atmosphere de 3 % d'02 a prolonge la un outil visuel permettant une classification conservation du choufleur a 1°C. Le traite- homogene des caracteristiques physiques des ment a reduit Ie taux respiratoire, ralenti Ie asperges. II s'agit d'une serie de sept tableaux jaunissement et retarde I'apparition de points qui permettent de visualiser un nombre de noirs et de micro-organismes. Une concentra- facteurs ou de criteres de qualite comme la tion de 2,5 a 5 % de CO2a eu un effet benetique longueur, Ie diametre et Ie degre de courbure additionnel et a perm is une conservation des asperges fraiches ou transformees. Ces allantjusqu'a 7 semaines. tableaux peuvent egalement servir a la classi- Toutefois, la conservation a 10 % de CO2ou fication du celeri, des' carottes ou tout autre bien un pretraitement dans une atmosphere a produit vegetal qui est relativement droit ou 15 % de CO2 ont au contra ire accelere la avec un angle de courbure maximal de 24°. degradation du chou-fleur et cause Ie Ces feuilles d'examen peuvent egalement ramollissement des tissus. servir a la formation uniforme et rapide du Effet de ['ethylene sur la senescence du personnel d'une entreprise, soit aux champs brocoli. On a trouve que I'ethylene exogene soit a l'usine. De plus, ces tableaux peuvent accelere la senescence du brocoli causee par aider les geneticiens et les agronomes dans une augmentation de la respiration et une leurs travaux de selection des legumes et perte de chlorophylle plus rapide, ceci meme d'identification des criteres de qualite, avec des au niveau de 1 ppm d'ethylene. L'ethylene tolerances respectives. Meme Ie commen;ant, exogene semble donc stimuler la biosynthese Ie grossiste ou l'acheteur peuvent les apprecier de l'ethylene au niveau du EFE (< PHYSIOLOGIE VEGETALE FROMAGES Methode de caracterisation. Dans Ie but Rendements fromagers. Dans des travaux d'etudier et d'analyser Ie comportement bio- faits en collaboration avec I'Universite Laval, chimique des tissus vegetaux, on a cree et mis a il a ete possible d'ameliorer les rendements l'epreuve une methode par chromatographie fromagers en enrichissant du lait frais avec des liquide a haute performance (C.L.H.P.>. Notre solides de lait ultrafiltre. On a obtenu des aug- but eta it d'obtenir une bonne separation des mentations de rendement allant jusqu'a 13 % acides organiques carboxyliques, sucres et sans modifier Ie mode usuel de fabrication simples et alcools. du fromage (temps de cuisson, temps de souti- On a utilise une colonne a interaction rage, etc). Le changement a porte seulement ionique avec phase mobile 0.005 N (H S0 ), a sur Ie phenomene de la coagulation. Pour 2 4 une temperature de 25°C, couplee a deux evaluer ce phenomene, nous avons mis au detecteurs en series (U.V. et LR.) pour la detec- point une methode de me sure objective tion et la quantification. Les essais de mise au (Instron) qui nous a permis de constater que la point ont permis d'identifier et de separer pres coagulation etait plus rapide lorsque Ie lait de soixante (60) composes d'interet en eta it enrichi en proteines, etcela en correlation physiologie vegetale (respiration), physiologie directe avec Ie taux d'enrichissement. microbienne et maturation de produits laitiers. On a presente sous la forme pratique de ASPERGES tableau les facteurs ou parametres chromatographiques suivants: Ie temps de Classification. Dans Ie but d'uniformiser Ie retention (tr)' Ie facteur de capacite (K'), Ie contr61e de la qualite des legumes lors de la facteur de selectivite (0) et Ie minimum cueillette aux champs, nous avons developpe detectable (D). Centre de recherches alimentaires, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec 87 Caracterisation biochimique des {raises. On IRRADIATION a applique la chromatographie liquide a haute performance (C.L.H.P.) a la caracterisation des E{{ets des rayons gamma sur la conservation acides organiques carboxyliques, sucres des {raises et du brocoli (En collaboration avec simples et alcools pour diverses varietes de I'Universite Lava]). L'irradiation a une dose de fraises. Des mesures avec celles de l'humidite 2 kGy retarde de fac;ontres marquee l'appari- et du pH sont proposees comme base de tion de la moisissure grise (Botrysis cinerea) au caracterisation des fraises. coms de I'entreposage des fraises a 4.C. Le L'etude a porte sur cinq (5) cultivars: trois murissement des fraises implique certains du type conventionnel (Kent, Redcoat et changements au niveau des lip ides mem- Veestar) et deux autres moins courants branaires: la proportion des lipides polaires (Tribute et Tristar). augmente, ainsi que Ie pourcentage des acides Pour I'ensemble de ces cultivars, I'humidite stearique et oleique. Le pourcentage des acides a varie de 88,6 a 90,7 % et Ie pH de 3,2 a 3,4. La palmitique et linoleique diminue. L'irradia- teneur des sucres et des acides carboxyliques tion n'a pas semble affecter ces lipides. totaux mesurees ont varie de 4,2 a 7,0 % et 0,81 Des resultats preliminaires indiquent qu'au a 1,06 % respectivement. cours de l'entreposage des fraises la com- L'acide citrique vient en tete des acides binaison d'une atmosphere contrOlee (5 % d'02' organiques avec des valeurs extremes de 0,52 10 % de CO2) pour inhiber les moisissures, et pour Ie Kent et 0,67 pour Ie Redcoat. L'acide d'une tres faible dose d'irradiation <0,3kGy) malique vient ensuite avec 0,21 % pour Ie pour retarder Ie taux de murissement, pourrait Veestar et 0,47 % pour Ie Tribute. Le rapport etre preferable a une dose d'irradiation de citrique : malique a ete de 1,2 a 1,7 pour Ie 2 kGy. Celle-ci peut fort bien contr61er les Tribute, Ie Kent et Ie Tristar; par contre, ce micro-organismes et Ie taux de murissement, rapport a ete nettement plus eleve chez les mais c'est au detriment de I'integrite des tis- cultivars Redcoat(2,2) et Veestar (3,0). Le sus. En effet, on a demontre que I'irradiation rapport glucose: fructose a ete de 0,75 et 0,78 peut affecter legerement les parois cellulaires respectivement pour Ie Redcoat et Ie Tribute, avec liberation de pectines solubles. par contre, Ie Kent, Ie Tristar et Ie Veestar ont Le brocoli est tres sensible aux rayons eu des rapports de I'ordre de 0,81 a 0,84. Les gamma, meme a une dose de 1 kGy. Cette dose autres acides quantifies ont ete l'acide suc- est celie requise generalement pour contr61er cinique <0,01-0,04 %) et l'acide phospho-enol- les micro-organismes au cours de I'entre- pyruvique <0,001-0,009 %). La quantite de posage. On a observe que l'irradiation stimule methanol determinee dans ces cultivars de la respiration et accelere Ie jaunissement et la fraise a ete de l'ordre de 0,10 %. perte de chlorophylle, particulierement dans II est propose que Ie rapport critique: les tiges, ainsi que la degradation de malique soit considere a I'avenir comme l'apparence generale. parametre d'activite metabolique et d'activite Aliments pour animaux. A la demande de respiratoire, pour la selection des cultivars de l'industrie et en collaboration avec elle, Ie fraises destines a l'entreposage. Centre poursuit des travaux sur I'irradiation Ralentissement du murissement des {raises d'aliments destines au vison. Aucune observa- apres recolte par traitement prerecolte au tion negative n'a ete rapportee jusqu'ici sur les calcium. Un traitement au CaCI2 (10-20 parametres de sante, croissance, reproduction kg/ha) a retarde Ie murissement des fraises et qualite de la fourrure chez Ie vison nourri (sucres libres, acidite titrable, anthocyanes, aux aliments irradies. fermete, moisissures) au cours de l'entreposage a 4.C. La teneur en calcium a augmente dans les feuilles et les fruits en etroite correlation. BIOTECHNOLOGIE Le traitement a eu plus d'effet dans une fraisiere dont Ie sol contenait peu de calcium Production de Leuconostoc oenos sur le jus que dans une autre dont Ie sol etait plus riche de pomme. La production de Leuconostoc oenos en cet element. sur Ie jus de pomme est faite dans Ie but 88 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 d'obtenir des biomasses qui seront lyophilisees traitement inferieure a 1 h, il n'y a pas de perte et ajoutees aux mouts afin d'induire ou de d'infectivite significative. Les essais de hater la fermentation malolactique des vins. fermentation et de concentration a l'echelle On a etudie plusieurs parametres de produc- pilote ont confirme les resultats obtenus a tion. On a obtenu les meilleurs rendements I'echelle du laboratoire. avec les conditions generales suivantes: Bioreacteur. On a mis au point un bioreac- 2,5-5 % de solides de pomme, 0,5-1 % d'ex- teur pour la production de precurseurs d'acides traits de levure et de peptone (soja), 25-30 °C. amines en faisant appel a une souche de Compte tenu des grandes variations qui ont ete Pseudomonas produisant une D-hydantoinase. observees entre les souches, il devient La production de ces precurseurs par des necessaire d'etablir les conditions optimales de bacteries libres est facilement realisable mais croissance de chacune d'elles pour en adapter la biomasse bacterienne peut gener la la production en consequence. recuperation de n-carbamyl. Grace a notre Psychrotrophes dans le lait. La croissance competence dans Ie domaine de l'immobilisa- de psychrotrophes dans Ie lait est a l'origine de tion cellulaire, nous avons choisi cette defauts importants dans les produits laitiers. approche. L'immobilisation du pseudomonas Nous avons etudie l'effet de l'inoculation de avec utilisation d'alginate a demontre que des bacteries lactiques au lait cru refrigere sur la cellules immobilisees peuvent produire autant croissance des psychrotrophes. L'addition de d'hydantoinase que des cellules libres. Ceci ferments produits sur Ie lait n'a pas donne de peut se faire avec des bacteries immobilisees en bons resultats, la croissance des psychro- lit fixe ainsi qu'en utilisant un reacteur trophes etant parfois stimulee. Par contre, membrana ire de type fibres creuses. l'addition de suspensions concentrees a ete Bi[idobacteries. On a obtenu des resultats plus efficace. 11est donc recommande a l'in- interessants dans une etude en collaboration dustrie de ne pas utiliser ses propres ferments avec l'Universite Laval, sur la cinetique de lactiques comme inoculants mais d'avoir plutot croissance des bifidobacteries. Nous avons recours aux ferments concentres des fournis- etudie 21 souches du point de vue de leur seurs specialises. On a observe une forte performance de croissance, de leur pouvoir correlation (0,90) entre la production d'acides acidifiant et de leur production d'acides dans Ie butyrique et caproique et la croissance des lait. Selon ces criteres, les bifidobacteries ont psychrotrophes dans Ielait. pu etre classees comme rapides ou lentes en Genie genetique. Nos travaux en genie termes d'activite. Le rapport acide lactique : genetique ont permis d'exprimer avec succes Ie acide acetique produit au cours de la fermenta- clone de la lactase de S. thermophilus afin de Ie tion a varie de 1:3 a 1:5, s'ecartantappreciable- transferer dans un organisme hote S. ment du rapport theorique de 2:3. 11nous a ete cereuisiae. possible d'obtenir jusqu'a 10 milliards de Bioprocedes. Des travaux menes en colla- cellules viables par millilitre au cours de la fermentation d'un lait ecreme sous controle de boration avec l'industrie privee ont porte sur la concentration d'un champignon filamenteux, pH. Cette technologie ouvre la voie a de produit en culture submergee, par microfiltra- multiples applications interessantes dans tion tangentielle sous conditions aseptiques, l'industrie. tout en voulant maintenir sa viabilite et son Culture de tissus. Parmi les principaux infectivite. Nous avons compare deux problemes rencontres lors de la bioconversion configurations de systemes de microfiltration des monoterpenes par des suspensions de sterilisables a la vapeur (tubulaire et plane). cellules vegetales, il y a la toxicite de certains Nos resultats demontrent que la composition substrats ou produits a faible concentration, du milieu de culture a un effet sur les l'etat transitoire des produits naissants et Ie performances de filtration. Pour des taux de temps requis pour obtenir la suspension cisaillement inferieurs ou comparables, la cellulaire. Pour contourner ces difficultes, on a configuration tubulaire per met d'obtenir des mis au point une technique de bioconversion debits de filtration moyens plus eleves. extractive qui fait appel a un systeme Considerant Ie fait que les propagules se biphasique consistant en une phase nutritive brisent et ameliorent ainsi dans une certaine aqueuse surmontee d'une phase lipidique. Ce mesure la viabilite et l'infectivite, nos systeme a permis d'augmenter de cinq fois la resultats ont demontre que pour nne duree de capacite des cellules vegetales a convertir des Centre de recherches alimentaires, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec 89 monoterpenes et il permet de recycler ou qua lites organoleptiques, nutritionnelles et reutiliser les cellules vegetales dans Ie procede bacteriologiques des legumes. Nous avons de bioconversion. realise l'ingenierie des principales Polysaccharides. Certains polysaccharides composantes de cet appareil. microbiens sont d'interet alimentaire a cause Supercritique. Nous avons pu extraire de leurs proprietes epaississantes, gelifiantes l'huile d'un lot d'arachides sans que ces ou emulsifiantes. De plus, certains d'entre eux dernieres ne soient brisees. Des travaux sont representent une source interessante de presentement en cours afin de definir les para- monosaccharides qui sont recherches pour la metres de l'extraction supercritique dans Ie but synthese de composes aromatiques. A cette fin, d'obtenir un produit a faible teneur en calories. on a selectionne des lignees microbiennes pour Cristalliseur. Avec l'aide de notre leur capacite a produire des polysaccharides ingenierie, I'Universite Laval a mis au point contenant du rhamnose. Nous avons mis au un prototype de colonne a fractionnement par point une technologie de production qui a per- cristallisation de la matiere grasse laitiere. mis d'augmenter Ie rendement par un facteur de 25. On a mis au point egalement une Sterilisateur. On a mis au point, au Centre, procedure de separation des polysaccharides un nouveau procede pour la sterilisation de sui vie de leur conversion en monosaccharides produits alimentaires comme les pois, les cubes et la separation de ces derniers. de carottes et les pommes de terre afin de creer un sterilisateur prototype. L'Universite Laval a construit un simulateur afin d'etudier les pro- LES VIANDES prietes thermophysiques et hydrodynamiques des produits mentionnes plus haut ce qui a Les nouvelles methodes chromatogra- permis de mieux definir les parametres phiques qui ont ete creees dans les laboratoires necessaires a la conception de l'equipement et de biochimie musculaire du Ministere au du procede. College Macdonald permettent de quantifier Le trait particulier de ce nouveau procede 50 acides amines dont les acides amines est la sterilisation des aliments sans qu'ils uniques "L-methylhistidine, 4-hydroxyproline, soient submerges dans un liquide. Etant donne 5-hydroxylysine et desmosine presents dans qu'ils sont sterilises par de la vapeur surchauffee, les aliments ainsi traites certaines proteines musculaires. Nous avons applique avec succes ces conservent leurs qualites nutritionnelles et methodes a la determination quantitative des organoleptiques tres proches de celles du produit frais. De plus, cette technologie tissus myofribrillaires et conjonctifs dans une permettra de faire d'importantes economies serie d'echantillons de muscles et de tissus. Ces tissus sont precisement a la base de d'emballage et de distribution, et de reduire l'evaluation de la qualite proteique des l'espace d'entreposage. produits de viande et de volaille. Les travaux ont demontre que les additifs et ingredients proteiques non carnes qui pourraient PUBLICATIONS communement etre utilises pour allonger les viandes ne contiennent pas de a-methyl- histidine, de 5-hydroxylysine ni de desmosine. Recherche Voila pourquoi la quantification de ces trois acides amines uniques dans des hydrolysats de Ambia, K.M.D.; Goad, L.J.; Hrycko, S.; viande peuvent nous permettre d'evaluer la Garneau, F.-X.; Belanger, J.; ApSimon, qualite des proteines des produits carnes. J.W. 1987. The sterols of the sea cucumber Psolus Phantapus. CompoBiochem. Physiol. 86b(l ):191. GENIE DES PROCEDES Bourque, D.; Bisaillon, J.-G.; Beaudet, R.; Sylvestre, M.;Ishaque, M.; Morin, A. 1987. Blancheur. On a mis au point un nouveau Microbial degradation of malodorous procede de blanchiment, Ie HTST. Celui-ci substance of swine waste under aerobic permet d'une part d'eliminer les pertes par conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53: entrainement et d'autre part d'ameliorer les 137-141. 90 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 Champagne, C.P.; Cote, C.B. 1987. Cream fer- Characte,'ization of digoxin and related mentation by immobilized lactic acid cardiac glycoxides by fast atom bombard- bacteria. Biotechno!. Lett. 9(5):329-332. ment mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Champagne, C.P.; Gagne, D. 1987. Activite Biomed. Ana!. 5:131-140. acidifiante de trois souches de Streptococcus Roy, D.; Goulet, J.; LeDuy, A. 1987. Contin- thermophil us cultivees sur milieux uous production of lactic acid from whey tamponnes commerciaux. J. Inst. Can. Sci. permeate by free and Ca-alginate Techno!. Aliment. 20(1):34-37. entrapped Lactobacillus helueticus. J. Cormier, F.; Ambid, C. 1987. Extractive bio- Dairy Sci. 70:506-513. conversion of geraniol by Vitis vinifera cell Roy, D.; LeDuy, A.; Goulet, J. 1987. Kinetics suspension employing a two phase system. of growth and lactic acid production from Plant Cell Rep. 6(6):427-430. whey permeate by Lactobacillus helueticus. Hulan, H.W.; Proudfoot, F.G.; Zarkadas, C.G. Can. J. Chern. Eng. 65:597-603. 1987. The nutritive value and quality of Willemot, C.; Fillion-Delorme, N.; Wood, D.F. white fish meal containing enzyme digested 1987. Effect of nitrite on lipid degradation or untreated stickwater solids. CRASH during storage of cooked pork meat. Can. Contribution No. 13. Anim. Feed Sci. Inst. Food Sci. Techno!. J. 20:70-74. Techno!. 16:253-259. Zarkadas, C.G.; Marshall, W.D.; Khalili, A.D.; Jolicoeur, P.; Morin, A. 1987. Degradation of Nguyen, Q.; Zarkadas, G.C.; Karatzas, volatile fatty acids in swine wastes by C.N.; Khanizadeh, S. 1987. Mineral compo- Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. BioI. Wastes sition of selected bovine, porcine and avian 17:133-140. muscles and meat products. CRASH Con- Laleye, L.C.; Simard, RE.; Lee, B.H.; Giroux, tribution No. 26. J. Food Sci. 52:520-525. R.N.; Holley, R.A. 1987. Assessment of Zarkadas, C.G.; Rochemont, J.A.; Zarkadas, cheddar cheese quality by chromatographic G.C.; Karatzas, C.N.; Khalili, A.D. 1987. analysis of free amino acids and biogenic Determination of methylated basic 5-hydro- amines. J. Food Sci. 303-307,311. xylysine, elastin crosslinks, other amino Laleye, L.C.; Simard, RE.; Lee, B.H.; Giroux, acids, and the amino sugars in proteins and R.N.; Holley, R.A. 1987. Involvement of tissues. CRASH Contribution No. 20. heterofermentative lactobacilli in develop- Ana!. Biochem.160:251-266. ment of open texture in cheeses. J. Food Prot.50:1009-1012. Divers Morin, A.; Duchiron, F.; Monsan, P.F. 1987. Cormier, F.; Do, C.B. 1987. Selection of mono- Production and recovery of rhamnose- terpene producing Mentha piperita cell containing poly sacca rides from lines. Proceedings of the conference Bio- Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strains. J. flavor 87. Wurzburg, Republique federale Biotechno!. 6:293-306. allemande. Morin, A.; Hummel, W.; Kula, M.-R 1987. Doyon, G. 1987. La conservation des aliments: Enrichment and selection of hydantoinase- Emballages et atmospheres modifiees pour producing microorganisms. J. Gen. fruits et legumes frais. Sammet de Quebec. Microbio!.133:1201-1207. Le Carrefour. Agriculture Canada, CRASH Pare, J.R.J.; Jankowski, K.; ApSimon, J.W. Contribution No. 064:34-64. 1987. Mass spectral techniques in hetero- Morin, A.; Hummel, W.; Kula, M.-R 1987. cyclic chemistry: Applications and stereo- Screening of hydantoinase-prod ucing chemical considerations in carbohydrate microorganisms. Pages 156-159 dans and other oxygen heterocycles. Adv. Proceedings 4th European Congress on Hetero. Chern. 42:335-410 (chapitre). Biotechnology 2: Neijssel; Van der Meer, Pare, J.RJ.; Lafontaine, P.; Belanger, J.; Sy, R.R.; Luyben, K. Ch. A.M., editeurs. W.-W.; Jordan, N.; Loo, J.C.K. 1987. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Centre de recherches alimentaires, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec 91 Station de recherches Lennoxville, Quebec PERSONNEL PROFESSIONNEL Administration J.C. St-Pierre, B.Sc.(Agr.J, M.Sc., Ph.D. Directeur J. de Leseleuc Services administratifs Soutien scientifique A.Belieau Informatique S. Gagne-Giguere,l B.A., M.A., M.Bibl. Bibliotheque D. Savage, B.SdAgr.) Gerant de ferme Animaux d'abattage J.J. Matte, B.Sc.(Agr.l, M.Sc., Ph.D. Chef de section; nutrition - porcs A.M. B. de Passille,2 B.Sc., M.Sc. Ethologie - porcs M.H. Fahmy, B.Sc.(Agr.J, M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetique - porcs C. Farmer, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Regie - porcs J.G. Lussier,3 B.Sc., D.M.V., M.Sc. Sante et reproduction animales G. Pelletier, B.Sc.(Agr.l, M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiologie de la digestion - bovins S.A. Pommier, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Qualite des viandes - bovins, porcs S. Robert,4 D.M.V., Ph.D. Ethologie et physiologie Production laitiere L.A. Guilbault, B.Sc., M.Sc., Chef de section; physiologie de D.E.A.(Nutr.), Ph.D. reproduction - bovins C.L. Girard, B.Sc.(Agr.l, M.Sc., Ph.D. Nutrition - jeunes ruminants B. Lachance, B.Sc.(Agr.l, M.Sc. Nutrition - jeunes ruminants H. Lapierre,5 B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiologie et nutrition D. Petitclerc, B.Sc., B.Sc.(Agr.l, M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiologie de la lactation - bovins G.L. Roy, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetique - bovins C.M. Vinet, B.Sc. Exploitation des plantes fourrageres J.L. Dionne, B.A., B.Sc.(Agr.l, Ph.D. Chef de section; fertilite des sols G.M. Barnett, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Regie et environnement J. Chiquette, B.Sc.(Agr.l, M.Sc. Microbiologie du rumen C. Fernet, B.Sc. Amelioration des plantes P.M. Flipot, B.SdAgr.l, M.Sc., Ph.D. Nutrition - bovins de boucherie A.R. Pesant, B.Sc.(Agr.l, M.Sc. Physique des sols H.V. Petit,6 B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiologie de la digestion - bovins P. Savoie,7 B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Genie des plantes fourrageres Station de recherches, Lennoxville, Quebec 93 Departs W.N. Mason, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Regie et qualite des plantes fourrageres N.R. St-Pierre, B.Sc.(AgrJ, M.Sc., Ph.D. Analyse de systemes R. Simard, B.Sc.(Agr,), M.Sc., Ph.D. Fertilite des sols Etudiants ala maitrise S. Beauregard Genie rural responsable, P. Savoie P. Bilodeau Physiologie de la lactation responsable, D. Petitclerc R. Bilodeau Nutrition - porcs responsable, J.J. Matte P. Dumoulin Nutrition - jeunes ruminants responsable, C.L. Girard G.Guertin Nutrition - jeunes ruminants responsables, B. Lachance et D. Petitclerc D. Jannini Nutrition - bovins de boucherie responsable, P.M. Flipot P. Lacasse Physiologie de la lactation responsables, D. Petitclerc et G. Pelletier M.A. Lalime Physique des sols responsable, A.R. Pesant S. Lapierre Physiologie de la reproduction responsable, L.A. Guilbault D.M. Marchand Genetique - bovins laitiers responsable, G.L. Roy A. Marcoux Genie rural responsable, P. Savoie H. Ringuet Physiologie de la lactation responsables, D. Petitclerc et G. Pelletier S.Sarhad Physique des sols responsable, A.R. Pesant G. Thibault Genie rural responsable, P. Savoie D. Tremblay Genie rural responsable, P. Savoie J. Vigneux Physique des sols responsable, A.R. Pesant P. Villeneuve Physiologie de la reproduction responsable, L.A. Guilbault Etudiants au doctorat P. Dubreuil Endocrinologie - porcs responsables, G. Pelletier et D. Petitclerc C. Pomar Zootechnie responsable, P. Savoie 94 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 S.P. Wang Genetique - bovins laitiers responsable, G.L. Roy 1 Detachee de la Direction generale de Ia gestion integree, Division des bibliotheques. 2 En detachement au pres de 18 Direction de Ia coordination des programmes. 3 En conge d'etudes de doctorst, Universite de Saskatchewan. 4 Poste determine. 5 En conge d'etudes post. doctorates, USDA, Ruminant Nutrition Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. 6 Sejoint au personnelle ler avril 1987. 7 Sejoint au personnel Ie ler avri11987. Station de recherches, Lennoxville, Quebec 95 INTRODUCTION L'annee 1987 a la Station de Lennoxville a €te marquee par Ie retour des €tudes et l'arrivee de nouveaux membres du personnel scientifique qui sont venus compl€ter les equipes de recherches. II y a eu une restructuration des sections de recherche afin de mieux refleter I'approche par denree qu'a adopte Ie Ministere. On a aussi procede a une reorganisation du centre laitier suite a l'entree en fonction d'une salle de traite moderne. La recherche de la Station porte sur cinq programmes principaux: les bovins laitiers, les bovins de boucherie, les pores, les plantes fourrageres et les sols. Des equipes pluridisciplinaires, comportant des specialistes en genetique, nutrition, physiologie, comportement et regie, travaillent a augmenter l'efficacite des principales productions animales du Quebec. Parmi les domaines de pointe dans lesquels oeuvrent les chercheur(e)s de la Station, on retrouve les manipulations hormonales et Ie transfert d'embryon, deux domaines qui auront un impact certain sur I'industrie anima Ie. La recherche en plantes fourrageres vise a augmenter la consommation par Ie ruminant de cette denree si abondante au Quebec. Des travaux sur la regie des fumiers, la fertilite et l'erosion ont pour objectifs d'augmenter la productivite des sols et d'en empecher la degradation. On peut obtenir des renseignements plus complets en ecrivant directement aux chercheur(e)s a l'adresse suivante: Station de recherches, Direction genera Ie de la recherche, Agriculture Canada, C.P. 90, 2000 route 108 Est, Lennoxville, Quebec, JIM 1Z3;Tel. (819) 565-9171. J.C. St-Pierre Directeur ANIMAUX D'ABATTAGE presente en quantite equivalente dans les deux traitements et se situait a un niveau sept a huit Hovins de boueherie fois superieur a la mesure prise a 30 min post mortem. L'autre bande, proximale a la TN-I Effet de la stimulation electrique et du (bande P), €tait presente en quantite equiva- temps de vieillissement sur la degradation des lente chez les T et les ES a 30 min post mortem. proteines myofibrilla ires de la viande de veau. Ces proteines ont subi une degradation La degradation des proteines myofibrillaires d'environ 50 % apres 6 jours de vieillissement de la viande de veau a €te evaluee en fonction et ce, independamment de la ES. Les traite- du temps de vieillissement en chambre froide ments post mortem ont donc influence la (4°C) sur 12 carcasses temoins (T) et 12 car- vitesse de degradation de ces proteines, casses soumises au traitement de stimulation specialement celie de la TN-T. Cependant, au electrique (ES). Les differentes proteines ont jour 6, l'etat de degradation proteique €tait €te mesurees par densitom€trie sur des gels de similaire selon les traitements. polyacrilamide en milieu denaturant. Les resultats demontrent que, avec Ie temps, la Pores troponine- T (TN-T) se degrade et disparait eventuellement; de plus la vitesse de degrada- Importance de l'acide folique dans la tion de cette proteine est ralentie par la nutrition de la truie en lactation. Ce travail stimulation electrique (P < 0,05). Deux autres avait pour but de determiner l'effet d'injections proteines (bandes D et P) caracterisees par des intramusculaires d'acide folique administrees bandes plus lourdes que la troponine-I (TN-!), pendant la lactation sur l'evolution de la con- dans la region de 25-30 kdaltons, sont centration en folates seriques des truies et des influencees par Ie temps de vieillissement. porcelets, sur les folates du lait ainsi que sur la Une bande distale a la TN-I (bande D) qui etait croissance des porcelets. Chez les truies, un pratiquement absente a 30 min post mortem accroissement graduel des folates seriques est apparue un peu plus rapidement dans la pendant la lactation a ete observe mais cet viande des carcasses soumises a la SE; la accroissement a €te plus pro nonce (p < 0,01) difference n'etait cependant pas significative. suite a i'administration d'acide folique. La Au jour 6 post mortem, la bande D etait concentration en folates du lait a diminue 96 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 (F < 0,01) entre Ie jour 7 et Ie jour 21 de gestation. Le sexe du porcelet n'a pas influence lactation mais elle s'est maintenue a un niveau Ie taux d'estrone. II n'existait aucune plus eleve (P < 0,01) chez les truies recevant correlation (P > 0,05) entre l'estrone et Ie poids un supplement d'acide folique. Chez les des porcelets a 3 et 5 semaines d'age. Dans la porcelets dont les meres n'avaient pas rec;u deuxieme etude, la moitie des porcelets de d'acide folique, la concentration en folates chaque portee ont rec;uun implant d'estradiol a seriques s'est accrue de la naissance jusqu'a la naissance. Les concentrations d'estrone l'age de 2 semaines; par la suite, il y eut une etaient significativement plus hautes chez les diminution graduelle jusqu'au moment du porcelets ayant rec;uun implant mais ni Ie gain sevrage, 4 semaines apres la parturition. Chez de poids corpore I ni Ie taux de survie n'ont ete les porcelets dont les meres avaient rec;u de ameliores par ce traitement. II semble donc l'acide folique, l'evolution de la concentration que la concentration endogene d'estrone chez en folates seriques etait similaire rnais les va- les porcelets naissants n'est pas reliee a la leurs etaient superieures (P < 0,01) d'environ croissance ou a la survie des porcelets; de 15 %. Le taux de croissance des porcelets, de la meme, l'insertion d'un implant d'estradiol a la naissance jusqu'a l'age de 8 semaines, etait naissance n'a pas eu d'effet sur ces deux semblable (P > 0,47) selon les traitements. criteres de productivite de l'elevage. Facteurs de croissance chez Ie porco Nous Effet d'injections sous-cutanees repet€es sur avons effectue des travaux sur la manipulation la secretion de cortisol serique chez les truies en de l'hormone de croissance ou somatotropine lactation. Nous avons utilise onze truies (ST) au moyen de facteurs hypothalamiques primipares Yorkshire pour evaluer si des telles la somatocrinine (GRF), la thyreo- injections sous-cutanees repetees constituent liberine (TRF) et la somatostatine (SRIF) dans un stress pour l'anima!. Ces animaux ont rec;u Ie but d'ameliorer l'efficacite alimentaire et la une injection sous-cutanee de saline (derriere qualite des carcasses des porcs d'engraisse- Ie coude) deux fois par jour (10 h 00 et 16 h 00) ment. Les doses de GRF et de TRF qui per- de 5 a 25 jours post-partum. Des echantillons mettent une liberation optimale d'hormones sanguins ont ete preleves aux 20 min a l'aide ont ete de 27 et 9 Ilg.kg-1 de poids corporel, d'une canule intra-jugulaire pendant 4 h respectivement. Les concentrations sanguines (8 h 00 a 12 h 00) aux jours 5, 15 et 25 pour Ie de ST de meme que la reponse stimulee au dosage ulterieur du cortisol serique, qui est un GRF ont diminue avec l'age. La castration indicateur de stress physiologique et psycho- logique chez Ie porco L'injection sous-cutanee a diminue egalement les niveaux sanguins de ST et sa reponse stimulee au GRF. L'immunisa- provoque un relachement sanguin de cortisol tion active contre la somatostatine a perm is de aux jours 5 et 15, rnais aucune augmentation doubler les niveaux de base ainsi que les n'a ete observee aujour 25. Nous avons egale- reponses de ST stimulees au GRF en com- ment mesure des concentrations elevees de paraison des animaux temoins. Les resultats cortisol des Ie premier prelevement sanguin du indiquent que les manipulations hormonales jour 5. Cet effet n'a pas ete note lors des 2jours au moyen de facteurs hypothalamiq ues subsequents de prelevement. Ces resultats pourraient etre efficaces pour ameliorer indiquent, qu'au premier jour d'experience, la l'efficacite de la production porcine. manipulation du catheter a elle seule a He suffisante pour dec1encher un relachement de Effet de l'estrogene sur la croissance et la cortisol sanguin. Cependant, les truies se sont suruie des porcelets. La relation entre la rapidement habituees a cette manipulation concentration d'estrone chez les porcelets puisqu'aux jours 15 et 25, les taux de cortisol naissants et leur performance pre-sevrage a n'ont pas augmente suite aux premiers preleve- ete etudiee avec 10 (etude 1) ou 7 (etude 2) ments. Par contre, les truies se sont habituees portees de porcelets Yorkshire. Dans les deux moins rapidement aux injections puisqu'une etudes, nous avons preleve des echantillons diminution de la reponse du cortisol n'est sanguins sur les porcelets a la naissance et a apparue qu'aujour 25. Ces resultats suggerent chaque heure pendant les 12 h suivantes. Les que toute nouvelle manipulation, meme si elle premieres heures qui suivent la naissance est indolore, pourrait engendrer chez l'animal etaient caracterisees par une chute de la un certain stress. Cette reaction ne per. concentration d'estrone. Cette diminution est sisterait que dans les cas OU les manipulations attribuee a la perte du placenta qui est une causent un certain inconfort physique a source importante d'estrogene pendant la l'animal, comme c'est Ie cas avec les injections. Station de recherches, Lennoxville, Quebec 97 Developpement du comportement a la tetee. production laitiere corrigee a 4 % de matiere Durant les trois premiers jours qui suivent la grasse sans affecter la composition du lait et la naissance, les porcelets etablissent une consommation d'aliment. Par consequent, preference pour une paire de mamelles. Par la I'efficacite alimentaire brute a He amelioree de suite, ils deviennent de plus en plus fideles a 9,5 %. Durant la periode d'injection, tous les cette paire de mamelles preferees tout en parametres du profil mHabolique des vaches diminuant la frequence des tetees manquees et injectees au GRF(1-29)NH2 ont He normaux a des disputes aux tetines. Les porcelets qui ne l'exception d'une baisse des taux sanguins de suivent pas ce developpement du comporte- calcium et de cholesterol et d'une augmenta- ment a la tetee ont un faible taux de tion des acides gras libres. Ces vaches ont eu croissance. La frequence des disputes aux subsequemment une lactation norma Ie apres mamelles apres Ie troisieme jour suivant la avoir donne naissance a des veaux en sante. naissance pourrait servir a identifier Un traitement a long terme avec la somato- precocement les porcelets ou les portees qui crinine (l-29)NH2 en injection quotidienne risquent de montrer un retard de croissance. permet donc d'augmenter la production laitiere Cet outil de regie permettrait au producteur de et d'ameliorer I'efficacite alimentaire sans porter une attention particuliere aces modifier la composition du lait. porcelets ou leur mere afin de maximiser la a Surovulation par infusion continue productivite de l'eleveur. d'hormone folliculo-stimulante (FSH-P) chez le bovin. Aujour 10 du cycleoestral, des vaches laitieres ont He reparties en deux traitements. PRODUCTION LAITIERE Les vaches d'un traitement (n = 6) ont He surovulees selon la methode conventionnelle, La somatocrinine, la production de lait et c'est-a-dire que la FSH-P (32,7 mg) eta it in- l'efficacite alimentaire. Nous avons etudie jectee deux fois par jour en doses decroissantes l'augmentation des secretions endogenes de pendant 4,5 jours. Les vaches de l'autre traite- l'hormone de croissance ou somatotropine par ment (n = 6) ont d'abord re~u deux injections l'apport exogene de somatocrinine (GRF) chez de FSH-P (5,3 et 4,6 mg) a 12 h d'intervalle. la vache laitiere. II a ete demontre que Par la suite, la FSH-P a ete infusee de fa~on l'activite biologique du GRF de 44 acides continue (441,7Ilglh) pendant 84 h directement amines etait comparable a son fragment amide dans l'aorte dorsale via un catheter insere dans de 29 acides amines en terme de liberation de l'artere caudale. L'oestrus a ete induit dans les la somatotropine et de stimulation de la deux groupes par une injection de cloprostenol production laitiere. En effet, six injections (625 Ilg) 3,5 jours apres Ie debut du traitement intraveineuses par jour pendant 10 jours du de surovulation et les vaches ont He GRF0-44)NH2 ou (1-29)NH2 humains a une inseminees artificiellement. Les embryons ont dose par injection de 0,2 nmol.kg-1 ont He recueillis par lavage uterin 7 jours apres augmente la production laitiere de 3,1 et I'oestrus et la reponse ovulatoire a He evaluee 2,9 kg.j-1, respectivement (18,6 et 14,6 %). par echographie. Les concentrations de L'effet d'une injection sous-cutanee quoti- progesterone ont ete determinees a partir dienne pendant 10 jours de GRF(1-29)NH2 d'echantillons de sang preleves pendant la (10 mg) a provoque une augmentation de la phase experimentale. Le nombre d'ovulations production laitiere de 3 kg.j-1 (14,3 %). Lors 03,3 :t 1,8 vs 8,3 :t 1,9 ) et d'embryons ou de ces deux experiences, il n'y a eu aucun effet d'ovules non fecondes (13,8 :t 2,9 vs 6,2 :t 2,1) des traitements sur la consommation des ainsi que les concentrations maximales de aliments, ce qui s'est traduit par une augmen- progesterone entre l'oestrus et Ie jour de la tation de l'efficacite alimentaire brute 09 et recolte des embryons (37,4 vs 18,0 ng.mL-l) 24 %, experience 1; 8 %, experience 2). Nous Haient inferieurs pour les vaches infusees que avons note une augmentation du pourcentage pour celles injectees. Par contre, l'examen de gras et une baisse de pourcentage de la pro- echographique a demontre que la proportion de teine dans Ie lait lors de ces deux experiences follicules non ovules au jour 7 apres l'oestrus de courte duree (10jours d'injections). L'injec- Hait plus elevee sur les ovaires des vaches tion de GRF(1-29)NH2 humain (10 Ilg.kg-1 infusees que sur les ova ires de celles qui poids vif) par voie sous-cutanee au cours des avaient He injectees. Donc, par rapport a la deux derniers mois de la lactation a permis methode conventionnelle par injection, la recemment d'augmenter de 2,0 kg-j -1 la surovulation par infusion continue de FSH-P 98 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 diminue la production d'embryons et cet effet elevees (P < 0,01) apres que les veaux aient negatif est associe a la presence d'une re<;uIe lactoremplaceur non-coagulable compa- proportion elevee de follicules non ovules. Ces rativement au lactoremplaceur coagulable. resultats suggerent qu'une relache lente et Les concentrations d'acides amines essentiels prolongee de FSH n'assure pas necessairement et d'uree plasmatiques ont He plus elevees Ie succes de la surovulation. Des travaux pour Ie lactoremplaceur non-coagulable portant sur Ie mode d'administration de la (P < 0,01). La digestibilite de la matiere seche, FSH seraient encore necessaires avant d'en- de l'azote et des lipides a ete semblable visager la mise au point d'un implant de FSH. (P > 0,05) pour les deux groupes. Nous avons emis l'hypothese que la coagulation du lait Profil des concentrations de folates seriques influence les concentrations plasmatiques de pendant la periode d'elevage des veaux de lait. triglycerides, d'acides amines essentiels et Soixante-deux veaux ont He utilises pour d'uree sans modifier la digestibilite du regime. etudier !'evolution du profil des folates seriques pendant la croissance de veaux de lait nourris exclusivement de lactoremplaceurs EXPLOITATION DES PLANTES commerciaux contenant 1,1 mg d'acide folique par kilogramme de lactoremplaceur. Lors de FOURRAGERES cette etude, effectuee dans une ferme commerciale, des prelevements sanguins ont Ingestion volontaire et digestibilite de la ete effectues chez tous les veaux, a toutes les 2 (leole. Nous avons mesure l'ingestion volon- semaines, de I'entree a l'etable a l'age de 5 a 10 taire et la digestibilite de la matiere seche de jours,jusqu'a l'abattage, 110jours plus tard. II cinq cultivars de fMole (Clair, Champ, Milton, y a eu des variations significatives Climax et Bounty) a la suite d'une experience (P < 0,0001) de la concentration des folates sur cinq jeunes beliers. Les cinq cultivars ont seriques pendant cette periode. La concentra- He recoltes au stade de premiere floraison et a tion de folates seriques a diminue pendant les la repousse. L'ingestion volontaire du cultivar 3 premieres semaines d'elevage, passant de Champ, un cultivar hatif, a ete superieure de 11,3 a 5,1 ng.mL-l, a augmente ensuite a 10 % a celie du cultivar Climax, un cultivar 23,8 ng.mL-l a 5 semaines, puis s'est semi-tardif. L'inverse a He note avec la stabilisee a environ 14 ng.mL-l jusqu'a la fin repousse. Nous n'avons observe aucune de la periode d'elevage. II semble donc que la difference significative de digestibilite entre concentration de 1,1 mg d'acide folique par les cultivars au stade de premiere floraison. kilogramme de lactoremplaceur a He Les cultivars Champ, Milton et Bounty suffisante, sauf en debut d'elevage, pour contenaient plus de proteines que les cultivars maintenir la concentration des folates seriques Climax et Clair. Le cultivar Champ contenait des veaux de lait au meme niveau que celie des moins de lignocellulose (ADF) que les cultivars bovins adultes, generalement consideres Milton et Climax; il contenait aussi moins de comme n'ayant aucun besoin en acide folique constituants de parois cellula ires (NDF) que les provenant de la diete. cultivars Milton, Clair et Climax. Digestibilite et parametres sanguins chez Ie Effet des additifs alimentaires sur l'activite veau preruminant recevant un lactoremplaceur phosphatasique. Des travaux sur la minerali- coagulable ou non-coagulable. Huit veaux sation du phosphore organique contenu dans Ie males Holstein ages de 7 a 10jours ont re<;uun fumier ont demontre que les additifs des lactoremplaceur contenant ou non une solution aliments du betail peuvent produire des effets tampon oxalate-N aOH qui previent la coagula- significatifs sur l'activite phosphatasique. Les tion du lait. Ces veaux ont ete repartis au reponses aux doses employees dans les moulees hasard en deux groupes afin d'etudier l'effet de ont ete complexes : la bacitracine et la la coagulation du lait sur la digestibilite et les penicilline de sodium ont augmente I'activite parametres sanguins. Les concentrations phytasique sur la mineralisation de l'inositol plasmatiques de glucose et d'insuline ont ete hexaphosphate (un des phosphores organiques dans Ie fumier) tandis que la lincomycine et la semblables (P > 0,05) pour les deux groupes. Dans les deux cas, les concentrations de neomycine ont inhibe cette activite. glucose et d'insuline ont atteint un maximum Erosion du sol et des elements fertilisants 2 h apres Ie repas (P < 0,05). Les concentra- sur quatre systemes de culture. Nous avons tions plasmatiques de triglycerides ont He plus compare les quantites de sol erode et Station de recherches, Lennoxville, Quebec 99 d'elements fertilisants (nitrates, phosphore et PUBLICATIONS potassium) entralnees au bas d'une pente de 9 % sur quatre systemes de culture pratiques Recherche au Quebec: une prairie permanente de luzerne-mil; une jachere traitee l'atrazine a Batra, T.R.; Lin, C.Y.; McAllister, A.J.; Lee, pour contr61er les mauvaises herbes; un champ A.J.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; Wauthy, J.M.; de mais ensilage seme apres un labour Winter, K.A. 1987. Multitrait estimation d'automne et un hersage printanier; un of genetic parameters of lactation curves in ensemencement de mais sur une prairie sans Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. travail du sol OU toute vegetation avait ete 70:2105-2111. detruite par une application d'atrazine a la dose de 4,5 kg.ha-1. Nous avons note des Bernier, J.F.; Calvert, C.C. 1987. Effect of a differences significatives (P < O,Oll entre les major gene for growth on protein synthesis quatre systemes de culture pour la perte de sol in mice. J. Anim. Sci. 65:982-995. et l'eau ruisselee. L'erosion a ete plus elevee Bernier, J.F.; Calvert, C.C.; Baldwin, RL. sur la jachere que sur Ie champ de mais 1987. Energetics of protein synthesis in ensilage, la culture de mais sans travail du sol mice with a major gene for growth. J. Nutr. et la prairie permanente puisque l'eau de pluie 117:2036-2045. perdue par ruissellement a ete de 19, 10,3,5 et 2,3 % respectivement. La quantite de sol erode Bernier, J.F.; Calvert, C.C.; Famula, T.R; a ete la plus faible sur la prairie permanente Baldwin, R.L. 1987. Energetic efficiency of avec un facteur recolte (Facteur-C) de moins de protein and fat deposition in mice with a 1 % comparativement Ii 3 % pour Ie mais cul- major gene for rapid postweaning gain. J. tive sans travail du sol et Ii 40 % pour Ie mais Nutr.117:539-548. cultive de fa~on conventionnelle. Les pertes en Dionne, J.L.; Pesant, A.R 1987. Effets de la N-N03, P et K ont ete reduites selon I'ordre fumure potassique et des regimes hydriques decroissant qui suit: mais conventionnel > sur la reponse au potassium de la luzerne et jachere mais sans travail du sol prairie > > de la fleole des pres. Can. J. Soil Sci. permanente. 67:811-823. Les films de polyethylene a. ensilage. La Dubreuil, P.; Pelletier, G.; Petitc1erc, D.; qualite des films de polyethylene pour Lapierre, H.; Couture, Y.; Morisset, J.; recouvrir I'ensilage se deteriore avec Ie temps. Gaudreau, P.; Brazeau, P. 1987. Effect of Nous avons observe que la resistance a growth hormone-releasing factor I'impact diminuait de 2 a 3 % par mois U-29)NH and thyrotropin-releasing factor d'exposition aux intemperies. Le plastique z on growth hormone release in lactating usage avait tendance a etre plus cassant que Ie sows. Reprod. Nutr. Develop. 27:601-603. plastique neuf. Une perforation de 1 cm de diametre a la surface du polyethylene Dubreuil, P.; Pelletier, G.; Petitc1erc, D.; occasionnait Ie developpement de moisissures Lapierre, H.; Couture, Y.; Brazeau, P.; dans l'ensilage sur un rayon de 30 cm apres 4 Gaudreau, R; Morisset, J. 1987. Influence mois. Un modele theorique decrivant of age and sex on basal secretion of growth l'infiltration d'air a ete mis au point pour hormone (GH) and on GH-induced release optimiser Ie cout du plastique et Ie cou.t des by porcine GH-releasing factor pGRF pertes d'ensilage. D'apres Ie modele, les U-29NHz) in growing pigs. Domest. Anim. epaisseurs disponibles sur Ie marche de 100, Endocrinol. 4:299-307. 150 et 200 11m(4, 6 et 8 milliemes de pouce) Fahmy, M.H. 1987. The accumulative effect of sont optimales pour recouvrir des silos-meules Finnsheep breeding in crossbreeding durant 3, 7 et 12 mois, respectivement. Pour schemes: wool production and fleece des durees d'entreposage intermediaires, il characteristics. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:1-11. serait souhaitable de choisir l'epaisseur plus elevee que l'epaisseur optimale afin de tirer Farmer, C.; Houtz, S.K.; Hagen, D.R 1987. avantage de la plus grande resistance au Estrone concentration in sow milk during dechirement et Ii la perforation des films plus and after parturition. J. Anim. Sci. epais. 64:1086-1089. 100 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 Farmer, C.; Kensinger, R.S.; Hagen, D.R. Lussier, J.G.; Matton, P.; Dufour, J.J. 1987. 1987. Relationship of estrone and prolactin Growth rates of follicles in the ovary of the with growth and survival of piglets to 350 cow. J. Reprod. Fert. 81:301-307. ofage. J. Anim. Sci. 65:1034-1041. McAllister, A.J.; Chesnais, J.P.; Batra, T.R.; Girard, V.; Pelletier, G. 1987. Interpretation Lee, A.J.; Lin, C.Y.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; of nonsteady state rumen liquid marker Wauthy, J.M.; Winter, K.A. 1987. Herdlife dilution curves. Can. J. Anim. Sci. lactation yield, herdlife and survival of 67:563-567. Holstein and Ayrshire-based lines of dairy Guilbault, L.A.; Thatcher, W.W.; Drost, M.; cattle. J. Dairy Sci.70:1442-1451. Haibel, G.K. 1987. Influence ofa physiolo- Partridge,I.G.; Low, A.G.; Matte, J.J. 1987. gical infusion of prostaglandin F20 into Double-low rapeseed meal for pigs: Ileal postpartum cows with partially suppressed apparent digestibility of amino acids in endogenous production of prostaglandins. diets containing various proportions of 1. Uterine and ovarian morphological rapeseed meal, fish meal and soya-bean responses. Theriogenology 27:931-946. meal. Anim. Prod. 44:415-420. Guilbault, L.A.; Thatcher, W.W.; Wilcox, C.J. Pelletier, G.; B. de Passille, A.M.; Bernier- 1987. Influence of a physiological infusion Cardou, M.;Morisset, J. 1987. Influence of of prostaglandin F20 into postpartum cows pregnancy, lactation, litter size and diet with partially suppressed endogenous pro- energy density on the stomach and duction of prostaglandins. 2. Interrelation. intestine ofsows. J. Nutr.117:1759-1766. ships of hormonal, ovarian and uterine responses. Theriogenology 27:947-957. Pelletier, G.; Petitclerc, D.; Lapierre, H.; Lapierre, H.; Petitclerc, D.; Dubreuil, P.; Bernier-Cardou, M.; Morisset, J.; Pelletier, G.; Gaudreau, P.; Morisset, J.; Gaudreau, P.; Couture, Y.; Brazeau, P. Couture, Y.; Brazeau, P. 1987. Synergism 1987. Injection of synthetic human growth between a human growth hormone- hormone-releasing factors in dairy cows. 1. releasing factor and thyrotropin-releasing Effect on feed intake and milk yield and factor on growth hormone release in rela- composition. J. Dairy Sci. 70:2511-2517. tion with the stage of lactation of Holstein Pesant, A.R. 1987. Snowmobiling impact on dairy cows. Reprod. Nutr. Develop. snow and soil properties and on winter 27:605~07. cereals. Can. Field-Nat. 101:22-32. Lapierre, H.; Petitclerc, D.; Pelletier, G.; Pesant, A.R.; Dionne, J.L.; Genest, J. 1987. Dubreuil, P.; Morisset, J.; Gaudreau, P.; Couture, Y.; Brazeau, P. 1987. Synergism Soil and nutrient losses in surface runoff from conventional and no-till corn systems. and diurnal variations of a human growth Can. J. Soil Sci. 67:835-843. hormone-releasing factor (1-29)NH2 and thyrotropin. releasing factor on growth Petit, H.V.; Ivan, M.;Brisson, G.J. 1987. Com- hormone release in dairy calves. Domest. parison of polyethylene glycol markers and Anim. Endocrinol. 4:207-214. chromium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid Lin, C.Y.; Lee, A.J.; McAllister, A.J.; Batra, as markers for measuring ileal flow in the T.R.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; Wauthy, J.M.; preruminant calf. Can. J. Anim. Sci. Winter, K.A. 1987. Intercorrelations 67:1155-1158. among milk production traits and body and udder measurements in Holstein heifers. J. Petit, H.V.; Ivan, M.; Brisson, G.J. 1987. Duo- denal flow of digesta in pre ruminant calves Dairy Sci.70:2385-2393. fed clotting or nonclotting milk replacer. J. Lin, C.Y.; McAllister, A.J.; Ng-Kwai-Hang, Dairy Sci.70:2570-2576. K.F.; Hayes, J.F.; Batra, T.R.; Lee, A.J.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; Wauthy, J.M.; Petit, H.V.; Ivan, M.;Brisson, G.J. 1987. An Winter, K.A. 1987. Association of milk oxalate-sodium hydroxide buffer to study protein types with growth and reproductive the role of milk replacer coagulation in performance of dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. preruminant calves. J. Dairy Sci. 70:29-39. 70:2565-2569. Station de recherches, Lennoxville, Quebec 101 Petitclerc, D.; Pelletier, G.; Lapierre, H.; IX. University of Nebraska, Institute of Gaudreau, P.; Couture, Y.; Dubreuil, P.; Agriculture and Natural Resources. 721 pp. Morisset, J.; Brazeau, P. 1987. Dose Fahmy, M.H.; Trottier, L.; Gagne-Giguere, S. response of two synthetic human growth 1987. Les croisements dans I'amelioration hormone-releasing factors on growth des porcs au Canada. Agriculture Canada, hormone release in heifers and pigs. J. Direction generale de la recherche, bull. Anim. Sci. 65:996-1005. tech. 1987-6F. 20 pp. I The use of cross- Pommier, S.A.; Flipot, P.M.; Lalande, G. 1987. breeding to improve swine production in Qualite des carcasses des taurillons Canada. Agric. Can., Tech. Bull. 1987.6E. Holstein alimentes a deux niveaux d'orge 19 pp. en periode de finition. Can. J. Anim. Sci. Lemelin, M.; Champagne, D.; Farmer, C.; 67:855-858. Richard, Y. 1987. De la naissance a 48 Robert, S.; Dancosse, J.; Dallaire, A. 1987. heures: une periode critique pour Ie Some observations on the role of environ- porcelet. Pages 15-40 dans Colloque sur la ment and genetics in behaviour of wild and production porcine, Centre culturel de domestic forms of Sus scrofa (European Drummondville, 26 mai 1987. Ministere de wild boars and domestic pigs). Appl. Anim. I'Agriculture, des Pecheries et de Behav. Sci. 17:253-262. l'Alimentation du Quebec, Conseil des St-Pierre, N.R.; Bouchard, R.; St-Laurent, G.; productions animales du Quebec. 158 pp. Roy, G.L.; Vinet, C. 1987. Performance of Rioux, R.; Barnett, G.; Comeau, J.E. 1987. Mo- lactating dairy cows fed silage from corn of noculture et developpement des graminees varying maturities. J. Dairy Sci. adventices dans les cereales. Continuous 70:108-115. cropping and grassy weeds in grain. St-Pierre, N.R.; Scobie, G.M. 1987. The com- Canadex 110.21. ponent pricing of milk revisited. Am. J. St.Pierre, J.C., ed. 1987. Faits saillants des Agric. Econ. 69:693-696. travaux de la Station de recherches de St-Pierre, N.R.; Thraen, C.S.; Harvey, W.R. Lennoxville 1987. Agriculture Canada, 1987. Minimum cost nutrient Direction genera Ie de la recherche, bull. 10. requirements from a growth response 81 pp. function. J. Anim. Sci. 64:312-327. Savoie, P. 1987. Optimization of plastic cover Savoie, P. 1987. Physical alterations of poly- for stack silos. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng. ethylene film used to cover silage. Appl. (CSAE),Paper87.115.14pp. Eng. Agric. 3:145-147. Savoie, P.; Tremblay, D.; Theriault, R.; Stanisiewski, E.P.; Chapin, L.T.; Petitclerc, D.; Wauthy, J.M.; Vigneault, C. 1987. Forage Tucker, H.A. 1987. Effect of photoperiod chopping energy versus length of cut. Am. and castration on prolactin, test-osterone Soc. Agric. Eng. (ASAE), Paper 87.1546. and luteinizing hormone concentrations in 17 pp. male calves. J. Anim. Sci. 65:1306-1311. Vaillancourt, D.; Guilbault, L.A.; Guay, P.; Lamothe, P.; Tremblay, A. 1987. Reproduc. tion et fertilite: endocrinologie en periode Divers post-partum. Pages 75-93 dans Au carre. [Barette, D.; Boyaud, D.; Flipot, P.M.; Matte, four du progres: Symposium sur les bovins J.J~l. 1987. Nutrition et alimentation. laitiers, Centre municipal des congres de Pages 111-146 dans Porco Ministere de Quebec, 5 novembre 1987. Ministere de l'Agriculture, des pecheries et de l'alimen. l'Agriculture, des Pecheries et de l'Alimen- tation du Quebec, Conseil des productions tation du Quebec, Conseil des productions animales du Quebec, Agdex 440. 302 pp. animales du Quebec. 133 pp. Fahmy, M.H. 1986. Preliminary results on Vigneault, C.; St-Amour, C.; Buckley, D.J.; fertility, prolificacy, lamb production and Masse, DJ.; Savoie, P.; Tremblay, D. 1987. carcass traits of Romanov sheep in Canada. A trailer-mounted torquemeter system for Pages 559-564 dans 3rd World Congress on measuring torque and power delivered by Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, tractor power take-off drives. Can. Soc. Lincoln, Nebraska, 16-22 July 1986. Vol. Agric. Eng. (CSAE), Paper87-208. 6 pp. 102 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 Station de recherches Sainte-Foy, Quebec PERSONNEL PROFESSIONNEL Administration S.J. Bourget, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.S., Ph.D. Directeur C. Gagnon, B.A., B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Directeur adjoint T. Nadeau Services administratifs Soutien scientifique M. Bernier-Cardou, B.Sc., M.Sc. Statistiques M. Germain, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Agent de transfert de technologie P. Venne,l B.Bibl., M.L.S. Bibliotheque Amelioration et gestion des sols et des plantes R. Michaud, B.Sc,(Agr.l, M.Sc., Ph.D. Chef de section; genHique des legumineuses fourrageres D. Angers,2 B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Physique et conservation des sols M.R. Bul1en,3 B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetique des plantes J ..P. Dubuc, B.Sc.(Agr.), Ph.D. Genetique des cere ales A. Legere, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Malherbologie C. Lemieux, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Malherbologie D. Isfan, B.Sc., Ph.D. Chimie et fertilite des sols R. Simard,4 B.Sc.(Agr.l, M.Sc., Ph.D. Chimie et fertilite des sols J. Surprenant, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetique des graminees fourrageres J. Zizka, B.A., B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Fertilite des sols Phytoprotection et physiologie C. Gagnon, B.A., B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Chef de section; pathologie des Ph.D. legumineuses fourrageres N. Bissonnette, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Microbiologie R. Bolduc, B.A., B.Sc.(Agr.), Ph.D. Resistance au froid - physiologie L. Bordeleau, B.Sc.(Agr.l, M.Sc., Ph.D. Microbiologie Y. Castonguay,S B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. AgromHeorologie Y. Cloutier, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Resistance au froid - physiologie A. Comeau, B.Sc., Ph.D. Entomologie L. Couture, B.A., B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Pathologie des cere ales V. Furlan, B.Sc., Ph.D. Endomycorhizes R. Lalande, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Microbiologie P. Nadeau, B.Sc., Ph.D. Resistance au froid - biochimie D. Prevost, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Microbiologie C. Richard, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pathologie des legumineuses fourrageres L. Vezina, B.Sc.(Agr.J, M.Sc., Ph.D. Metabolisme azote Station de recherches, Sainte-Foy, Quebec 103 Ferme experimentale, La Pocatiere J.E. Comeau, B.Se.(Agr.l, M.S. Surintendant L. Belzile, B.Se.(Agr.l, M.Sc. Plantes fourrageres A. Fn'lve, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Pommes de terre R. Rioux, B.A., B.Se.(Agr.J, M.Sc. Herbicides et malherbologie Ferme experimentale, Normandin J.-M. Wauthy, B.Se.(Agr.) Surintendant; fertilite des sols D. Pageau, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Regie et genetique des cere ales R. Drapeau, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Plantes fourrageres et horticoles G. Tremblay,6 B.Sc.(Agr.), Ph.D. Nutrition et alimentation des bovins Departs C. Lafreniere, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Regie des plantes fourrageres Mute a la station de recherches d'Agriculture Canada a Kapuskasing, Ontario, mai 1987 D. Ouellet, B.Sc.(Agr.J Regie des cereales et des plantes Mute a la station de recherches horticoles d'Agriculture Canada a Kapuskasing, Ontario, mai 1987 P. Savoie, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Genie des plantes fourrageres Mute a la station de recherches d'Agriculture Canada a Lennoxville, Quebec,juin 1987 CHERCHEUR ASSOCIE R. Paquin, B.A., B.Se.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Survie a l'hiver des plantes PROFESSIONNELS AUXILIAIRES Chercheurs au post-doctorat I. Cserni, Ph.D. Fertilite des sols Entraide universitaire mondiale du Canada, responsable, D. Isfan W.N. Ghobrial, Ph.D. Technologie des inoculants Projet CEMARP, Soils and water research institute, Giza, Egypte, responsable, L. Bordeleau F.M. Hammouda, Ph.D. Technologie des inoculants Projet CEMARP, Soils and water research institute, Giza, Egypte, responsable, L. Bordeleau 104 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 D.D. Jain, Ph.D. Microbiologie Conseil national de la recherche du Canada, responsable, L. Bordeleau S.A. Saleh, Ph.D. Technologie des inoculants Projet CEMARP, Soils and water research institute, Giza, Egypte, responsable, L. Bordeleau Etudiants it la maitrise F. Belanger Physiologie vegetale responsable, J.-P. Dubuc G.Charron Endomycorhizes responsable, V. Furlan F. Cheour Pathologie des cereales responsable, A. Comeau R. Cote Biologie vegetale responsable, L. Bordeleau S. Delaney Biochimie vegetale responsable, P. Nadeau S. Despatie Endomycorhizes responsable, V. Furlan L. Diaz del Castillo Biochimie bacterienne responsable, L. Bordeleau J.Durand Amelioration des graminees responsable, J. Surprenant fourrageres A. Grenier Endomycorhizes responsable, V. Furlan A. Ould El Ghaouth Pathologie des cereales responsable, L. Couture T. Pare Symbiose vegetale responsable, R. Lalande K.Phambu Endomycorhizes responsable, V. Furlan S. Pouleur Pathologie des cereales responsable, L. Couture P. Renaud Science et technologie des aliments responsable,J.Surprenant N.Samson Malherbologie responsable, C. Lemieux C. Tremblay Entomologie responsable, A. Comeau F. Voisine Biochimie vegetale responsable, P. Nadeau Etudiants au doctor at F. Bigras Physiologie vegetale responsable, R. Paquin Station de recherches, Sainte-Foy, Quebec 105 P.-C. Bigwaneza Biochimie bacterienne responsable, L. Bordeleau J. Collin Amelioration des cereales responsable, A. Comeau I. Drabo Amelioration de la luzerne responsable, R. Michaud S.Gagne Rhizobacteries responsable, C. Richard J. Grandmaison Endomycorhizes responsable, V. Furlan C. Hamel Endomycorhizes responsable, V. Furlan S. Laberge? Genetique bacterienne responsable, L. Bordeleau C. Nkongolo Amelioration des cereales responsable, A. Comeau A. Plourde Amelioration des cereales responsable, A. Comeau S. Rioux Pathologie des cereales responsable, L. Couture C. Theriault Amelioration des cereales responsable, A. Comeau 1 Detache de la Direction generale de la gestion integree, Division des bibliotheques. 2 En conge d'etudes de doctor at, College Macdonald, Universite McGill 3 Prete, College Macdonald, Universite McGilL 4 Mute a la station en juin 1987; oeuvrant anterieurement a 13 station de recherches de Lennoxville. 5 En conge d'etude de doctor at, Universite du Minnesota. 6 Recrute en juin 1987. 7 Lie au programme de formation de chercheur. 106 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 INTRODUCTION En 1987, la Station de recherches de Sainte-Foy a poursuivi ses efforts vers la consolidation des travaux de recherches afin d'en accroitre I'efficacite. Ainsi, plusieurs experiences effectuees aux fermes experimentales de La Pocatiere et de Normandin, sous la direction de chercheurs de la Station, ont ete transferees pres des lieux d'affectation des responsables. Nous avons loue quelque 30 ha de terrain a Levis en plus de continuer I'amenagement de la ferme Jean-Charles Chapais a Saint-David. La deuxieme phase des travaux de construction a La Pocatiere est terminee et la construction d'une nouvelle bergerie a debute. Les travaux de recherches sont orientes vers les productions fourrageres, cerealieres, ovines, bovines, horticoles dont la pomme de terre, ainsi que les sols. Pour de plus amples renseignements, s'adresser a : Station de recherches, Agriculture Canada, 2560 boul. Hochelaga, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, G1V 2J3; TeU418)657-7980. S.J. Bourget Directeur LESPLANTESFOURRAGERES Resistance a la verticilliose. Nous avons accelere la selection de luzernes au champ et en Amelioration genHique des legumineuses laboratoire afin de developper des populations de cette plante resistantes a la verticilliose. On Amelioration du trefle rouge. Nous avons a produit de la semence de generation syn-1 a experimente a Sainte-Foy et au college partir de quatre populations dont Ie niveau de Macdonald un nombre important de cultivars resistance varie de moderement sensible a europeens et nord-americains. La croissance resistant. de chaque cultivar a varie grandement durant l'annee d'implantation. Les cultivars nord- Amelioration genetique des graminees americains ont montre beaucoup plus de vigueur et de resistance aux maladies foliaires Parois cellulaires de l'alpiste roseau. La et aux insectes. selection pour une faible teneur en parois cellu- laires (NDF) chez I'alpiste roseau (Phalaris Resistance a la pourriture du collet. Nous arundinacea L.) est associee a une epiaison avons obtenu d'excellents resultats avec deux tardive, tandis que la selection pour un NDF nouvelles lignees de luzerne et de tretle rouge eleve est fonction de I'hativite de I'epiaison. selectionnees pour leur resistance a la pourri- Dans l'ensemble, il n'y a pas de relation entre ture du collet au cours d'essais en parcelles. La la selection pour Ie rendement en matiere seche lignee de luzerne est presentement integree et la selection pour Ie NDF chez cette espece; la dans Ie programme general d'amelioration a la selection pour ces deux criteres permet de creer Station. La lignee de trefle rouge sera soumise des populations divergentes. II faut plus d'un a l'evaluation comparative au champ dans les cycle de selection pour obtenir des populations essais reguliers de cultivars du Conseil des d'alpiste roseau dont Ie rendement en matiere productions vegetales du Quebec. seche et en NDF soit superieur a la population Cultivar experimental de luzerne. A Indian initiale. Head, en Saskatchewan, nous avons etabli une Proprietes physiques du fourrage de la parcelle de semence provenant de selection- fleole. L'ingestibilite d'un fourrage par les neur afin de proceder a la multiplication du ruminants est reliee a la retention d'eau, la cultivar experimental de luzerne SF-800l. Ce solubilite a l'eau et au volume compacte du cultivar cree a Sainte-Foy est de type semi- fourrage. Une etude effectuee avec quatre hatif et possede un meilleur rendement et une populations de fleole des pres montre des vari- persistance superieure au cultivar Saranac. abilites genetiques pour ces trois proprietes Une demande d'enregistrement pour ce physiques lorsque les plants de fleole sont cultivar sera effectuee lorsque la semence de recoltes au debut de l'epiaison et a la floraison. selectionneur sera disponible en quantite Ces trois proprietes s'ameliorent a mesure que suffisante. la fleole prend de la maturite. Etant donne que Station de recherches, Sainte-Foy, Quebec 107 les interactions entre les genotypes, les annees multiflo:'um Lam.) pour Ie Quebec s'est pour- de recolte et les stades de maturite, sont suivie en 1987 avec l'aide des stations coope- importantes, il nous faudra utiliser differentes rantes. Les cultivars de luzerne Ambassador, strategies pour evaluer ces parametres dans Minto, Mohawk, Oneida VR, Spectrum, WL un programme d'amelioration genetique de la 316, 5444 et 88 et Ie cultivar de ray-grass fleole. annuel Bartolini ont ete ajoutes a la liste des cultivars recommandes pour Ie Quebec en Malherbologie 1988. Demographie du chiendent. En collabora- tion avec d'autres centres de recherches, nous avons entrepris un projet qui a pour but de LES CEREALES mettre au point un modele demographique du chiendent (Agropyron repens L.). Ce modele permettra de mieux comprendre la dynamique Pathologie de population de cette espece et de mieux guider les interventions de desherbage. Fusariose. La croissance in vitro du Fusarium graminearum, agent de la fusariose, Competition spargoute-luzerne. Nous a ete nettement stimulee par des extraits avons identifie les mecanismes de competition d'antheres de la lignee de ble resistante entre la spargoute des champs (Spergula Nobeoka Bozu. Toutefois, il n'y avait aucune arvensis L.) et la luzerne au cours des premiers croissance du champignon pathogene en pre- stades de leur croissance. On a mene cette sence d'extraits d'antheres du cultivar sensible etude en serre a l'aide de boltes de competition Laval 19. La receptivite particuliere du ble au qui permettaient de distinguer les phenomenes F. graminearum lors de la floraison serait donc de competition aerienne et souterraine. Apres liee a des facteurs autres que les antheres. 26 jours de croissance, la spargoute etait deja affectee par la presence de la luzerne. II n'a pas Moisissures niveales. La production in vitro ete possible d'identifier quelles etaient les de sclerotes du Typhula ishikariensis, un agent ressources impliquees puisque des densites de des moisissures niveales, est directement mauvaises herbes atteignant 600 plants/m2 proportionnelle a l'epaisseur du milieu de n'ont pas eu d'effet sur la culture. Cependant, culture dans les boltes de Petri alors que la l'experience a ete de courte duree et, comme la vitesse de croissance du champignon reste a spargoute des champs peut affecter sensible- peu pres inchangee. De plus, nous a vons ment la croissance de la luzerne, I'effet negatif constate la presence au Quebec d'un autre de la spargo ute des champs ne survient agent des moisissures niveales chez les cereales qu'apres cette periode de 26 jours. II est donc d'automne, Ie Typhula incarnata. possible d'attendre 4 semaines avant d'effectuer une intervention de desherbage. Epidemie de VJNO. Pour la seconde annee consecutive, les cere ales de printemps ont ete Exploitation affectees par Ie virus de la jaunisse nanisante de I'orge (VJNO) au Quebec. Les deux Repos automnale de la luzerne. Les cultivars d'avoine Nova et Capital, crees a la resultats preliminaires d'un essai de regie Station, ont prouve leur excellente resistance automnale de la luzerne mene a cinq sites au champ, tandis que les cultivars sensibles ont indiquent que la periode de repos automnale subi des pertes atteignant 50 % dans la region deb ute environ 10 jours plus tot que celle de Quebec. Nous avons observe une mauvaise decrite actuellement pour la region; la date tolerance au VJNO chez Ie cultivar d'orge cible sera it Ie 15 aout pour la region de Quebec, Birka ainsi que chez les cultivars de ble avec des ecarts de plus ou moins 10 jours pour panifiable Columbus, Max et Katepwa. Chez Ie les regions nordiques de la province et pour la ble d'automne, l'epidemie de VJNO est region de Montreal respectivement. apparue a la fin du printemps, ce qui est inhabituel; l'infection survient normalement a Evaluation de cultivars l'automne. Les epis de ble infectes de VJNO Essais de cultivars de luzerne et de ray- etaient predisposes a une forte contamination grass annuel. L'evaluation de cultivars de de champignons pathogenes et les grains de ces luzerne et de ray-grass annuel (Lolium epis etaient de pietre qualite. 108 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 Amelioration genetique LES SYMBIOSES VEGET ALES Programme d'amelioration. En 1987, nous avons ralenti Ie cours de recherches sur Endomycorhizes l'amelioration de l'avoine et du triticale ce qui Inoculation de plants de poireau. Une Hude nous a permis d'augmenter les travaux a He entreprise afin d'evaluer les effets de d'amelioration du ble panifiable et de l'orge de doses croissantes de phosphore sur la physiolo- printemps. Toutefois, les travaux relies a gie des champignons endomycorhiziens et sur l'evaluation, a l'enregistrement et a la la croissance des plants de poireau (Allium recommandation de nouveaux cultivars de ces porrum L.). A la recolte, les plants de poireau quatre especes cerealieres se pour suivent. inocules avaient une taille superieure a celie Le cultivar d'avoine Capital. Le nouveau des plants temoins non mycorhizes, et cela cultivar d'avoine Capital, cree a la Station de quelles que soient les doses de phosphore qui Sainte-Foy, est enregistre au Canada depuis variaient de 0 % a 150 % selon les recom- 1987. Ce cultivar, de maturite moyenne, est mandations provinciales. Parallelement, sur tres bien ada pte au Quebec, produit les plus une exploitation agricole a Saint-Hyacinthe, hauts rendements en grains et a une tolerance nous avons effectue au champ un essai de superieure au VJNO. transplantation de plants de poireau endo- Orge. Les recherches sur la lignee d'orge mycorhizes sur une superficie de 0,5 ha, une Q.B.198.27, creee a Sainte-Foy, se poursuivent premiere canadienne. Bien que l'evaluation de en vue de son enregistrement par la Comite la rentabilite d'une telle pratique soit en cours, des cereales du Conseil des productions vege- nous avons constate qu'en plus d'avoir une tales du Quebec et par Ie Comite d'experts de croissance accrue, les plants de poireau endo- l'Est sur les cereales et les oleagineuses. Cette mycorhizes entreposes a basse temperature se lignee prometteuse est caracterisee par une conservent mieux que les plants temoins. productivite tres elevee, une courte paille de force superieure, de gros grains et une Fixation d'azote tolerance elevee au VJNO. De plus, cette lignee est tres tolerante a I'acidite des sols ce Survie du rhizobium produit avec le qui permettra de l'incorporer dans une rotation lactoserum. Suite a l'utilisation d'un milieu de avec les pommes de terre. culture a base de lactose rum pour la production massive de Rhizobium meliloti, les recherches Ble panifiable. Plus de 11 000 lignees de ble subsequentes ont permis d'etablir que les potentiel panifiable ont ete selectionnees a cellules de Rhizobium developpees sur Ie parmi 490 croisements realises depuis 1982. lactoserum avaient un taux de survie de 85 %, Une de ces lignees precoces qui demontre une lorsque congeIees a -18°C, comparativement bonne performance dans les essais d'enregis- a 35 % et 2 % pour les cellules developpees sur trement laisse presager I'inscription d'un culti- Ie sucrose et Ie mannitol. Apres avoir employe var de ble panifiable adapte pour les regions des solutions protectrices, nous avons constate peripheriq ues. que Ie lactose rum constituait une excellente Triticale. La maturite tardive du triticale solution protectrice puisque les cellules de demeure un probleme. Toutefois, les lignees Rhizobium developpees sur Ie mannitol et hiitives de triticale selectionnees a la Station ayant un taux de survie a Ia congelation de 2 % offrent des rendements superieurs au ble et voyaient ce taux augmenter a 94 % si ces demontrent une precocite egale. cellules lavees Haient resuspendues dans Ie Croisements intergeneriques. Deux nou- lactose rum. Toutefois, les cellules developpees velles especes ont He croisees au ble : Leymus sur Ie lactoserum et resuspendues dans du innovatus et Psathyrostachys juncea. Nous mannitol avaient un taux de survie de 61 %. avons mis au point une nouvelle technologie Sachant que Ie Rhizobium est vendu sur Ie permettant la culture de pro-embryons. Le ble marche sous forme d'inoculants commerciaux, a He retrocroise avec I'hybride T. aestivum X une etude similaire a He entreprise avec des L. innovatus. Ces hybrides demontrent une cellules ensachetees soumises a des stress vigueur et une rhizogenese exceptionnelles. hydriques et de temperature. Les resultats Des etudes sont en cours pour mesurer l'ex- demontrent que les cellules de Rhizobium pression des genes de resistance aux maladies, developpees sur Ie lactoserum ont un taux de aux virus, au froid et a la salinite chez les survie superieur aux cellules developpees sur hybrides et les retrocroisements. Ie mannitol. Apres 23 semaines d'entreposage, Station de recherches, Sainte-Foy, Quebec 109 la population finale de bacteries infectives de a la Station de Swift Current, en plants de luzerne etait trois fois superieure Saskatchewan, afin d'evaluer si elles peuvent dans les sachets contenant les cellules etre utilisees comme inoculants avec Ie develop pees sur Ie lactoserum. sainfoin. Rhizobacteries PHYSIOLOGIE ET BIOCHIMIE Rhizosphere du matS. Nous avons entrepris DESPLANTES cette annee des etudes sur I'interaction de la microflore rhizospherique dans la production Mecanismes de resistance au froid des cere ales. Nous avons isole plus de 600 bacteries des racines de plus de 20 cultivars de Regulation des niveaux de polyamines. Les mais et, de ce nombre, 15 % ont ete des polyamines sont des molecules impliquees dans bacteries endoracinaires. Des etudes menees la synthese de proteines et d'acides nucleiques en serres ont perm is de determiner des isolats ainsi que dans la stabilisation des membranes qui peuvent augmenter Ie rendement du mais plasmiques. Nous avons emis l'hypothese que apres 6 semaines de croissance. ces composes soient des regulateurs de crois- sance endogenes dont Ie metabolisme est tres Fixation d'azote a basse temperature. Des affecte par les conditions environnementales. souches de Rhizobium isolees des nodosites de Une etude a permis de determiner les varia- trois legumineuses arctiques indigenes a la tions des niveaux de polyamines chez Ie ble, Ie Peninsule de Melville, dans les Territoires du seigle, la fleole des pres et la luzerne lors de Nord-Ouest, nodulent efficacement une l'endurcissement au froid dans deux regions legumineuse fourragere temperee, Ie sainfoin differentes par leur climat, soit a Saint- 110 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 performance (HPLC) et la mesure de l'amidon apres la secheresse qu'apres l'acclimatation au par colorimetrie chez la luzerne, Ie ble, Ie froid. Les proteines et les lipides augmentent seigle, l'avoine et la fMole des pres. Apres 4 d'une fa<;ongenerale chez un grand nombre de jours d'exposition au froid ( + 2°C), il y a une plants apres un stress. Dans cette etude, nous accumulation majeure de sucrose dans les avons observe des augmentations de lip ides, couronnes de luzerne qui atteint 6 a 7 fois Ie mais elles n'etaient pas en relation avec Ie niveau initial pour se stabiliser par la suite; degre de tolerance au gel. Quelques-unes des peu de variations sont observables pour les fractions proteiques chez l'orge ont augmente teneurs en fructose et en glucose. Par contre, durant l'acclimatation au froid et Ie stress de chez les cereales et la fleole, les niveaux de secheresse, mais elles n'etaient pas reliees glucose et de fructose augmentent de 2 a 4 fois systematiquement a la tolerance au gel; une ou au cours de l'endurcissement au froid; quoique peut-etre deux proteines semblaient etre faible, la teneur en sucrose augmente legere- rehees a la secheresse chez l'orge seulement. ment, notamment chez Ie seigle et I'avoine. Ce resultat indique un comportement particu- Chez toutes les especes etudiees, l'amidon her de I'orge en ce qui concerne la secheresse. presente une baisse entre Ie quatrieme et Ie Par contre, nous n'avons pas observe des dixie me jour de traitement au froid pour aug- changements biochimiques semblables pour Ie menter progressivement par la suite. Bien que seigle et l'avoine. les sucres solubles et l'amidon s'accumulent chez toutes les especes etudiees durant une Metabolisme azote exposition au froid, il n'est pas certain que les Efficacite de ['utilisation de ['azote chez la niveaux de ces composes puissent etre utilises rUole. Une etude a ete entreprise recemment comme indicateur d'endurcissement au froid afin d'etudier l'effet des doses d'azote mineral ou comme marqueur de rusticite. sur la distribution de l'activite enzymatique de la nitrate reductase dans diverses parties de Test sur la tolerance au gel plants de fleole de maturite differente. Ces Evaluation en serre de la rusticite des travaux permettront d'identifier les tissus qui plantes. Une methode d'evaluation en serre de peuvent indiquer Ie potentiel d'utilisation de la rusticite des cereales d'automne a ete mise l'azote dans les cycles de selection d'un pro- au point afin de reproduire en tout temps les gramme d'amelioration genetique. Un grand conditions nature lies d'evaluation au champ. interet est aussi porte a la mise au point d'un Les plants croissent dans des pots disposes sur systeme rapide, peu couteux et fiable permet- une table a temperatures contr6lees. Cinq tant l'evaluation de l'activite de cette enzyme cycles successifs de gel et de degel sont dans les tissus vegetaux preleves au champ. appliques pendant 10 semaines au cours des mois de janvier, fevrier et mars; chaque cycle comprend une semaine de gel (- 3°C a -7°Cl LESSOLS suivie d'une semaine de degel (l °C a 3°Cl. En plus d'etre economiquement avantageuse, Fertilisation cette methode permet d'evaluer de grandes Dynamique du K et du Mg dans les sols du populations de plants, peu importe les Quebec. L'horizon de surface (couche de conditions climatiques hivernales. labour) de 30 sols les plus representatifs de Comportement des plantules de cereales. chaque region agricole du Quebec ont He Dans Ie but d'etudier les mecanismes de echantillonnes dans Ie but de determiner leur I'endurcissement au froid, nous avons soumis capacite a fournir a long terme les quantites de des plantules d'orge, de ble et de seigle a des K et de Mg necessaires au maintien des rende- traitements d'endurcissement au froid et a la ments de luzerne. Les resultats preliminaires secheresse. Nous avons note des changements montrent des differences tres marquees entre provoques par ces traitements au niveau des les sols en ce qui a trait a leurs teneurs en K et lipides et des proteines dans les plantules. Les Mg assimilables par les plants. De plus, des jeunes feuilles primaires de seigle sont differences de teneurs en K et Mg sous forme capables d'acquerir de la tolerance au gel aussi non echangeable ont ete notees entre les sols en bien a la suite d'une secheresse que d'une fonction de leur origine geomorphologique. Un exposition au froid, mais l'orge et I'avoine essai en milieu contr61e ainsi que d'autres acquierent beaucoup moins de tolerance au gel analyses chimiques et mineralogiques seront Station de recherches, Sainte-Foy, Quebec 111 entrepris afin de mieux caracteriser la effet positif de la fleole sur la survie hivernale dynamique de la liberation du K et du Mg dans du trefle rouge. Lorsque l'hiver est propice a la les sols de la province. survie des legumineuses, la densite de plants de tref1e rouge est plus elevee dans une Phosphore et potassium chez le bU. Nous population pure de trefle. Toutefois, quand avons etudie en serres les effets de quatre l'hiver est rigoureux, la population de trefle doses de phosphore (0-60 mg/kg de sol) et de rouge est plus elevee en presence de la fleole. potassium (0-150 mg/kg de sol) sur les rende- ments des cultivars de ble Casavant, Messier, Importance du pissenlit dans les prairies. Mondor et Laval 19 recoltes a deux reprises. Les resultats de l'inventaire des mauvaises Dans l'ensemble, tous les cultivars de ble ont herbes au Quebec montrent que Ie pissenlit mieux repondu aux apports croissants de P (Taraxacum officinale Weber) est present dans qu'aux apports croissants de K, surtout a la plus de 80 % des prairies. Les infestations dans premiere recolte de grains. En absence de P ou les prairies etablies ne sont graves que dans de K, Ie cultivar Casavant s'est mieux com- 24 % des cas; ces infestations se retrouvent porte que les autres cultivars. Les rendements surtout dans les prairies de plus de 2 ans. La moyens des cultivars de ble ont varie d'une densite est a son maximum a la fin aout et recolte a l'autre. Le cultivar Messier a donne diminue par la suite; dans un des champs Ie meilleur rendement (9,0 g par pot) a la inventories, jusqu'a 2 134 plantules par metre premiere recolte tandis que Ie cultivar carre ont ete denombrees_ Au debut d'octobre, Casavant a ete Ie plus productif (6,1 g par pot) il ne reste que 22 % de la population de la fin a la seconde recolte; Ie cultivar Mondor a ete Ie aout. moins productif (7,2 g par pot) a la premiere Essais de cultivars de dactyle. L'evaluation recolte et Ie Messier (4,7 g par pot) a la de cultivars de dactyle pour Ie Quebec s'est deuxieme recolte. poursuivie en 1987 avec l'aide des stations cooperantes. II n'y a pas eu d'ajout a la liste des Physique et conservation cultivars recommandes de dactyle pour Ie Stabilite structurale des sols en fonction des Quebec en 1988. cultures exploiUes. L'etude visant a deter- miner les effets de la culture de l'orge, du mats Horticulture et de la luzerne sur la structure de l'argile Amelioration de la pomme de terre. L'evalu- Kamouraska, un sol susceptible a la degrada- ation de 14000 lignees de pomme de terre pro- tion, a permis de constater qu'apres une duites en 1984 et en 1985 a ete effectuee au deuxieme saison d'exploitation, les cultures champ cette annee, et 8 % de celles-ci ont ete d'orge et de luzerne ont ameliore considerable- selectionnees. L'evaluation au stade de quatre ment la stabilite structurale du sol en buttes des lignees selectionnees anterieure- comparaison avec Ie sol retenu pour la culture ment a Fredericton et a La Pocatiere a permis du mats et Ie sol maintenu en jachere. De plus, de retenir 16,5 % et 21,0 % des lignees respec- nous avons enregistre des augmentations de la tivement pour les evaluations de rendement, teneur en polysaccharides du sol lorsque nous teneur en matiere seche, cuisson a l'eau et avons cultive l'orge ou la luzerne; nous avons croustille. Toutes les lignees produites a la note une correlation significative entre la Ferme experimentale et nommees LP87 sont stabilite structurale du sol et sa teneur en actuellement en epuration au Centre de certifi- polysaccharides. Cette etude se poursuit afin cation et d'epuration des pommes de terre a La de caracteriser cette relation entre la stabilite Pocatiere. Les lignees LP8047, LP8058 et structurale du sol et sa teneur en LP8120 ont He multipliees au Centre polysaccharides. provincial de multiplication de semence de Manicouagan. FERME EXPERIMENTALE, Cultures fruitieres et ornementales LA POCATIERE Arbres fruitiers. Les cultivars de prunier Peach Plum et Victoria produisent mieux sur Les plantes fourrageres un sollourd tandis que Ie cultivar Mont-Royal Survie ii l'hiver. Vne etude entreprise sur rend plus sur un loam graveleux. Le cultivar la productivite des mono cultures et des de prunier Reine-Claude continue a donner de melanges fourragers a permis de constater un bons rendements alors que la productivite du 112 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 cultivar Veeblue tend a diminuer. Les culti- cultivars d'orge a I'ergot et I'influence de la vars de poirier Clapps, Menie et Phileson ont date et du taux de semis sur Ie developpement donne de bons rendements comparativement de l'agent pathogene. au cultivar Miney dont la productivite a ete moyenne. La nutrition animale Arbres et arbustes ornementaux. Pres de Longueur de hachage de ['ensilage d'herbe. 3100 arb res et arbustes sont eva lues pour leur Nous avons amorce cette annee une etude dans adaptation et leur resistance aux maladies; Ie but de verifier si les performances de la nous avons transplante 840 nouveaux speci- vache laitiere sont differentes lorsqu'elle re<;oit mens en 1987. Bien que les arbres et arbustes un regime alimentaire a base d'ensilage transplantes en 1986 aient souffert d'un d'herbe coupe a 6,3, 12,7,25,4 ou 38,1 mm de drainage inapproprie, les plantations ante- longueur. rieures ont demontre une bonne croissance. PUBLICATIONS FERME EXPERIMENTALE, NORMANDIN Recherche Angers, D.A.; Kay, B.D.; Groenevelt, P.H. Les plantes fourrageres 1987. Compaction characteristics of a soil Essais de cultivars de tre{les. L'evaluation cropped to corn and bromegrass. Soil Sci. de cultivars de tretle rouge et de trefle blanc Soc.Am. J. 51:779-783. s'est poursuivie en 1987. Le cultivar de trefle Batra, T.R.; Lin, C.Y.; McAllister, A.J.; Lee, rouge Persist a ete ajoute tandis que Ie cultivar A.J.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely,J.A.; Wauthy,J.-M.; Dollard a ete retire de la liste des cultivars Winter, K.A. 1987. Multitrait estimation recommandes pour Ie Quebec en 1988; la liste of genetic parameters of lactation curves in des cultivars recommandes de trefle blanc est Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. demeuree inchangee. 70:2105-2111. Belzile, L. 1987. Effet de la presence de la Les cereales f1eoledes pres sur la survie a l'hiver du tre- Amelioration du bU. La poursuite du pro- fle rouge. Can.J. Plant Sci. 67:1101-1103. gramme d'amelioration du ble de printemps Benoit, D.L.; Lemieux,C. 1987. Ladynamique vise Ie developpement de lignees hll.tives des populations de mauvaises herbes. possedant un potentiel de rendement eleve. En Phytoprotection 68:1-15. 1987, 19 lignees ont He evaluees en preliminaire tandis que 10 et 5 lignees etaient Bolduc, R.; Paquin, R. 1987. Comparaison de evaluees respectivement en tamisage et en deux methodes d'evaluation de la tolerance essai cooperatif de l'Est. au gel du fraisier preleve dans un sol gele. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:343-348. Regie. De nouvelles etudes sur la regie des Cloutier, Y. 1987. Lipid and protein changes cereales ont deb ute afin de determiner la in cold- and drought-hardened cereals. productivite de differents melanges d'orge et Phytoprotection 68:87-96. d'avoine et l'influence des especes fourrageres sur Ie rendement de I'orge utilisee comme Comeau, A. 1987. Effects of BYDV inocula- plante-abri. La regie intensive de l'orge est tions at various dates in oats, barley, wheat, egalement etudiee. Ainsi, I'utilisation d'un rye, and triticale. Phytoprotection regulateur de croissance, d'un fongicide, d'un 68:97-109. ecartement reduit entre les rangs et des tanx Comeau, A.; Plourde, A. 1987. Cell, tissue cul- de semis eleves sont autant de facteurs qui ture and intergeneric hybridization for sont presentementevalues. barley yellow dwarf virus resistance in Ergot des cereales. Cette maladie fongique wheat. Can.J. PlantPathol. 9:188-192. prend de I'ampleur dans la region du Dejou, J.; De Kimpe, C.R. 1984. Comparaison Saguenay-Lac Saint-Jean. Afin de mieux des sols developpes sur roches-meres comprendre les facteurs qui favorisent cette basiques eruptives et volcaniques dans Ie maladie, on a entrepris des travaux afin de massif central fran<;ais. Rev. Sci. Nat. determiner la susceptibilite des differents Auvergne 50:45-50. Station de recherches, Sainte-Foy, Quebec 113 Dejou, J.; De Kimpe, C.R.; Larroque, P.; during establishment and during Mayenobe, C.; Moynac, P. 1984. Caracteri- subsequent production years. Can. J. Plant sation d'un niveau argileux surmontant Sci.67:1019-1033. une arene granitique et fossilisee par les breches volcaniques pres du Falgoux, Lemieux, C.; Watson, A.K.; Deschenes, J.-M. Cantal. Rev. Sci. Nat. Auvergne 50:33-44. 1987. Weed population dynamics in re- cently established timothy stands: growth Dejou, J.; Guyot, J.; De Kimpe, C.R. 1985. and physionomy of the weed components. Etude de smectites dioctaedriques dans Ie Can. J. Plant Sci.67:1035-1044. niveau argileux sommital du plateau de Gergovie, pres de Clermont-Ferrand (Puy- Lin, C.Y.; McAllister, A.J.; Ng-Kwai-Hang, de-Dome). Leur caracterisation et origine. K.F.; Hayes, J.F.; Batra, T.R.; Lee, A.J.; Rev. Sci. Nat. Auvergne 51:43-50. Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; Wauthy, J.-M.; Winter, K.A. 1987. Association of milk De Kimpe, C.R.; Dejou, J.; Chevalier, Y. 1987. protein types with growth and reproductive Evolution geochimique superficielle des performance of dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. pyroxenites ignees du Mont Saint-Bruno, 70:29-39. Quebec. Can. J. Earth Sci. 24:760-770. McAllister, A.J.; Chesnais, J.P.; Batra, T.R.; De Kimpe, C.R.; Miles, N.; Kodama, H.; Dejou, J. 1987. Alteration ofphlogopite to corren- Lee, A.J.; Lin, C.Y.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; site at Sharbot Lake, Ontario. Clays Clay Wauthy, J.-M.; Winter, K.A. 1987. Herd- life lactation yield, herdlife, and survival of Miner. 35:150-158. Holstein and Ayrshire-based lines of dairy De Kimpe, C.R.; Rivard, R. 1987. Effect of cattle. J. Dairy Sci.70:1442-1451. shale fragments on alfalfa growth under controlled conditions. Commun. Soil Sci. Nadeau, P.; Delaney, S.; Chouinard, L. 1987. Plant Anal. 18:803-814. Effects of cold hardening on the regulation of polyamine levels in wheat (Triticum Dostaler, D.; Couture, L.; Pelletier, G.J. 1987. aestivum L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa Etude de la tolerance de cultivars d'orge a L.l. Plant Physiol. 84:73-77. la tache helminthosporienne. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:153-157. Pageau, D.; Leroux, G.D. 1987. Duree d'inter- ference du chiendent, Agropyron repens (L.) Gagne, S.; Richard, C.; Rousseau, H.; Antoun, A. 1987. Xylem-residing bacteria in alfalfa Beauv., dans la luzerne, Medicago sativa L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:451-456. roots. Can. J. Microbiol. 33:996-1000. Lalande, R.; Antoun, A.; Pare, T.; Joyal, P. Paquin, R.; Bernier-Cardou, M.; Castonguay, 1986. Effets de l'inoculation avec des Y. 1987. Influence de I'humidite du sol, de souches du Rhizobium leguminosarum la temperature et de la duree du gel sur la biovar phaseoli sur Ie rendement et la survie de la luzerne. Can. J. Plant Sci. teneur en azote du haricot (Phaseolus 67:765-775. vulgaris). Nat. Can. (Qc) 113:337-346. Paquin, R.; Pelletier, G. 1987. Influence de Lalande, R.; Knowles, R. 1987. Cytochrome l'age des plantes sur la tolerance au gel et la content in Azospirillum brasilense Sp 7 teneur en proline et en matiere seche de la grown under aerobic and denitrifying luzerne (Medicago media Pers.). Acta conditions. Can. J. Microbiol. 33:151-156. Oecol. Oecol. Plant. 8:69-80. Lafreniere, C.; Lafontaine, P.; Marion, C.; Pelletier, G.; De Passille, A.-M.; Bernier- Antoun, A. 1987. Oxydation of substrates Cardou, M.;Morrisset, J. 1987. Influence of in organic acids utilization negative pregnancy, lactation, litter size and diet mutants and the wild type Rhizobium energy density on the stomach and meliloti strain S'14. Plant Soil 101:73-78. intestine ofsows. J. Nutr.117:1759-1766. Lemieux, C.; Watson, A.K.; Deschenes, J.-M. Prevost, D.; Antoun, A.; Bordeleau, L. 1987. 1987. Factors affecting timothy yield loss Effects of low temperatures on nitrogenase due to weeds. Weed Sci. 35:654-662. activity in sainfoin 114 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 Prevost, D.; Bordeleau, L.; Antoun, A. 1987. dans la lutte contre Ie chiendent. Canadex Symbiotic effectiveness of indigenous arctic 641. rhizobia on a temperate forage legume: Choo, T.M.; Connolly, B.J.; Langille, J.E.; Sainfoin Wnobrychis uieiifolia). Plant Soil Drapeau, R.; Coulman, B.; Walton, R.B.; 104:63-69. Bubar, J.S.; Goguen, B.; Madill, J.; Proulx, Prevost, D.; Bordeleau, L.M.; Caudry-Reznick, J.G.; Fairey, D.T. 1987. Marino red clover. S.; Schulman, H.M. 1987. Characteristics Forage Notes 31:64. of rhizobia isolated from three legumes Comeau, A. 1987. L'avenir des cereaIes et la indigenous to the Canadian high arctic: recherche scientifique. Pages 131-135 dans Astragalus alpinus, Oxytropis maydelliana, Le defi cerealier. Ministere de l'Agricul- and Oxytropis arctobia. Plant Soil ture, des Pikheries et de I'Alimentation du 98:313-324. Quebec. Conseil des productions vegHales Richard, C. 1987. Outbreak of Verticillium du Quebec. 136 pp. wilt of alfalfa in Quebec. Plant Dis. 71:761. Comeau, A.; St-Pierre, C.-A. 1987. Essais sur Richard, C.; Gagne, S.; Antoun, A. 1987. A la resistance des cereales au virus de la note on the presence of ice nucleation-active jaunisse nanisante de I'orge (VJNO). Agric. bacteria in roots of alfalfa grown in Quebec. Can. (Sainte-Foy). Rapport no 8. 184 pp. Phytoprotection 68:127 -129. De Kimpe, C.R. 1986. Matiere organique vs Savoie, P. 1987. Physical alterations of poly- compaction et tassement des sols. Pages ethylene film used to cover silage. Appl. 49-68 dans La compaction du sol: Pro- Eng. Agric. 3:145-147. bleme, correction et prevention. Theriault, Savoie, P.; Fortin, J.-M.; Wauthy, J.-M. 1986. R., ed. 13" coIl. genie rural, Universite Conservation of grass silage in stack silos Laval, Quebec. and utilization by sheep and dairy cows. Drapeau, R.; Laliberte, C. 1987. Resultats Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 29:1784-1789. d'essais en plantes fourrageres et horticoles. Tremblay, G.F.; Matte, J.J.; Lemieux, L.; Resultats 1986. Agric. Can. (Normandin). Brisson, G.J. 1986. Serum folates in Rapport no 7. 79 pp. gestating swine after folic acid addition to Drapeau, R.; Laliberte, C. 1987. Evaluation diet. J. Anim. Sci. 63:1173-1178. des cultivars de trefle rouge et de trefle blanc pour Ie Quebec. Resultats 1986. Vezina,L.-P.;Hope,H.J.;Joy,K.W. 1987. Iso- Ministere de l'Agriculture, des Pecheries et enzymes of glutamine synthetase in roots of pea (Pisum satiuum L. cv Little Marvel) de I'Alimentation du Quebec. Conseil des productions vegHales du Quebec. Comite and alfalfa (Medicago media Pers. cv des plantes fourrageres. 39 pp. Saranac). Plant Physiol. 83:58-62. Dubuc, J.-P. 1987. Rapport d'amelioration de Divers l'orge. Groupe du Quebec. Resultats 1986. Agric. Can. (Sainte-Foy). Vol. 29.138 pp. Belzile, L.; Grondin, G. 1987. Evaluation des cultivars de dactyle pour Ie Quebec. Dubuc, J.-P. 1987. Rapport d'amelioration de Resultats 1986. Ministere de l'Agriculture, l'avoine. Groupe du Quebec. Resultats des Pecheries et de l'Alimentation du 1986. Agric. Can. (Sainte-Foy>' Vol. 29. Quebec. Conseil des productions vegHales 133 pp. du Quebec. Comite des plantes fourrageres. Dubuc, J.-P. 1987. Rapport d'amelioration du 19 pp. ble. Groupe du Quebec. Resultats 1986. Belzile, L.; Michaud, R.; Dupuis, G.; Genest, J.; Agric. Can. (Sainte-Foy). Vol. 4. 155 pp. Jacob, J.-P.; Mason, W. 1987. Les dom- Dubuc, J.-P. 1987. Rapport d'amelioration du mages d'hiver aux luzernieres; comment les triticale. Groupe du Quebec. Resultats attenuer. Agriculture Canada. Station de 1986. Agric. Can. (Sainte-Foy). Vol. 4. recherches, Sainte-Foy (Qcl. Bulletin 93 pp. d'extension no 1. 20 pp. Germain, M. 1987. Evaluation des melanges Belzile, L.; Rioux, R.; Dube, Y. 1987. Influence fourragers bispecifiques et des semis purs de la periode d'application du glyphosate pour Ie Quebec. Resultats 1986. Ministere Station de recherches, Sainte-Foy, Quebec 115 de I'Agriculture, des Pecheries et de Nicholls, H.; Richard, C.; Martin, J ..G. 1987. I'Alimentation du Quebec. Conseil des Verticillium wilt of alfalfa in Quebec. Can. productions vegetales du Quebec. Comite Plant Dis. Surv. 67:17-21. des plantes fourrageres. 51 pp. Pageau, D. 1987. Evaluation des cultivars et Legere, A.; Leroux, G.; Lemieux, C. 1987. Re- des lignees de cereales. Resultats 1986. pression des mauvaises herbes feuilles a Agric. Can. (Normandin). Rapport no 1. larges dans les cere ales paille et Ie mais. a 88 pp. Pages 99-105 dans Journee d'information sur la malherbologie; cahier de conferences. Rioux, R. 1987. Cinq ans d'experience sur les Ministere de l'Agriculture, des Pecheries et relations irrigation-regie des pommes de de l'Alimentation du Quebec. Conseil des terre. Pages 55-76 dans La culture inten- productions vegetales du Quebec. Agdex sive de la pomme de terre, une approche 120/20. 105 pp. raisonnee. Symposium sur la pomme de Michaud, R.; Chabot, A. 1987. Evaluation de terre. Ministere de I'Agriculture, des cultivars de luzerne pour Ie Quebec. Resul- Pecheries et de I'Alimentation du Quebec. tats 1986. Ministere de I'Agriculture, des Conseil des productions vegetales d u Pecheries et de I'Alimentation du Quebec. Quebec. Agdex 161. 127 pp. Conseil des productions vegetales du Que- Rioux, R.; Barnett, G.; Comeau, J.E. 1987. bec. Comite des plantes fourrageres. 53 pp. Monoculture et developpement des Michaud, R.; Chabot, A. 1987. Evaluation de graminees adventices dans les cereales. cultivars de raygrass annuel pour Ie Canadex 110.21. Quebec. Resultats 1986. Ministere de l'Agriculture, des Pecheries et de Surprenant, J.; Michaud, R. 1987. Gains in l'Alimentation du Quebec. Conseil des productivity associated with plant quality productions vegHales du Quebec. Comite analysis by near infrared reflectance spec- des plantes fourrageres. 13 pp. troscopy (NIRS). Forage Notes 31:69-79. 116 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 Station de recherches Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec CADRES PROFESSIONNELS Administration C.B. Aube, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Directeur R. Crete, L.S.A., M.Sc. Directeur adjoint T. Otis, B.Sc.(Agr.) Agente d'information Soutien scientifique R. Messier lnformatique I. Wallace,l B.A., MLS Bibliotheque Fruits R. Granger, B.A., L.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chef de section; physiologie N.J. Bostanian, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Acarologie - entomologie M.J. Lareau, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Gestion des cultures J.R. Pelletier,2 B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Phytopathologie C. Vincent, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Entomologie Legumes P. Martel, B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. Chef de section; toxicologie G. Belair, B.Sc., M.Sc. Nematologie J. Belcourt, B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Sc. Entomologie D.L. Benoit, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Malherbologie L.S. Berard, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiologie de la senescence G. Boivin, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Entomologie M.S. Chiang, B.Sc.(Agr.l, M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetique J.C. Cote,3 B.Sc., M.Sc. Genie genetique M. Hudon, L.S.A., M.Sc. Entomologie B. Landry,2 B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetique moleculaire M. Senecal, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Gestion des cultures B. Vigier, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Gestion des cultures; plantes oleagineuses Genie et sols R. Chagnon, B.Sc.Ing. Chef de section; mecanisation B. Panneton,3 B.Sc.lng., M.Sc. Pulverisations C. Vigneault,3 B.Sc.lng., M.Sc. Entreposage des legumes A. Belanger, B.Sc., Ph.D. Chimie des pesticides G. Bourgeois,3 B.Sc., M.Sc. Modelisation E. Grunfeld, B.Sc., M.Sc. Chimie J.A. Millette,4 B.Sc. (Agr. lng.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Hydrologie N. Tremblay, B.Sc., Ph.D. Fertilite des sols Station de recherches, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec 117 Ferme experimentale, L'Assomption F. Darisse, B.A., B.Sc.(Agr.> Surintendant N. Arnold, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiologie D. Cloutier, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Malherbologie M. Lamarre, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Phytotechnie I.S. Ogilvie, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetique C. Richer-Leclerc, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Gestion des plantes ornementales Departs Y.Bonneau Services administratifs Retraite, decembre 87 G. Rousselle Genetique Transfert, decembre 86 1 Detache de la Direction gE'meralede la gestion integree, Division des bibliotheques. 2 S'estjoint au personnel en 1987. 3 Presentement aux etudes pour l'obtention d'un doctor at (Ph.D.). 4 Affecte au programme de recherches de l'ACDI sur les sols arides au Pakistan. 118 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 INTRODUCTION La Station de recherches de Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu sert I'industrie horticole en recherche sur la production et la protection regroupees en programmes multidisciplinaires: arbres fruitiers, petits fruits, legumes, fines herbes et oleagineux. Les disciplines scientifiques representees a la Station sont: I'entomologie, I'acarologie, la phytopathologie, la nematologie, la chimie des pesticides, la toxicologie,Ie genie genetique, la fertilite, Ie genie aeronautique et la mecanique. La Ferme experimentale de l'Assomption est reliee administrativement a la Station et poursuit des travaux sur l'amelioration, sur la selection de cultivars et la gestion de la culture du tabac et de la rose, sur la gestion des plantes ornementales et aussi sur la gestion de plantes de remplacement du tabac. Ce rapport resume quelques-unes des realisations de la Station en 1987 dont on trouvera les experiences plus detaillees dans les articles publies durant l'annee. Pour plus d'informations, veuillez vous adresser a : Station de recherches, Direction generale de la recherche, Agriculture Canada, C.P. 457, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QuebecJ3B 6Z8;Tel. (514) 346-4494. C.B.Aube Directeur CULTURES FRUITIERES teur modifie. Le nouvel appareil permet a un seul operateur d'effectuer plus rapidement un Nouvelles pratiques culturales pour la travail qui necessitait avant deux operateurs production de la fraise. L'utilisation des paillis avec l'ancien appareil. plastiques de differentes couleurs et des baches Nous avons effectue des mesures de temps a eu des effets neglige abies sur la productivite d'execution avec Ie nouvel appareil. II faut en et la periode de fructification des cultivars moyenne 3 min pour arroser une parcelle Tristar a production continue. Seule la fertili- experimentale et 5,4 min pour arroser quatre sation azotee via l'uree enrobee a apporte des parcelles avec Ie meme melange soit 1,35 min augmentations de rendements appreciables par parcelle. Ces resultats incluent les temps par rapport a la fertilisation au nitrate de melange, d'arrosage et de de placement d'ammoniaque et ce, seulement en sols legers. entre les parcelles. Nous avons effectue des Les fruits ont ete recoltes durant les mois essais de rin<;age avec une suspension et une d'aout et septembre. poudre d'atrazine pour les deux pulverisateurs. Les plantations differees de gros plants de Le nouvel appareil effectue un meilleur fraisier dans Ie but d'obtenir nne production rin<;age lorsque que nous utilisons la programmee 10 semaines apres la plantation suspension mais un moins bon rin<;age lorsque n'ont pas donne les resultats escomptes. nous utilisons la poudre. Seulement la plantation du debut juin a donne Influence de la composition de la solution de suffisamment de fruits de qualite pour etre "fertigation» sur le celeri cultive en multi- consideree comme interessante. La chaleur cellules. La preparation de transplants de intense de juillet a ete en grande partie celeri en plateaux multicellulaires est une responsable d'un manque de fertilisation des operation delicate dont les modalites ont des !leurs. repercussions jusqu'a la recolte. En serre, les problemes de croissance lies a la nutrition sont plus susceptibles de se presenter avec les tres CULTURES MARAICHERES jeunes plants qui sont davantage sensibles que les plus ages aux differents engrais. Les Design, construction et efficacite d'un transplants de celeri absorbent de preference appareil de dosage et de melange de pesticides. l'azote sous forme de NH4 ce qui a pour effet L'appareil de dosage et de melange a ete d'acidifier Ie pH du milieu racinaire. Pour assemble sur un pulverisateur au printemps assurer des conditions nutritives appropriees 1987. Cette annee, nous avons fait toutes les pendant la periode passee en serre, un ratio pulverisations d'herbicides avec ce pulverisa- N03-N: NH4-N de 2:1 est approprie dans la Station de recherches, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec 119 solution de "fertigation». Au dehi de ce ratio, inconnue. Le present projet a pour but de Ie pourcentage de matiere seche dans la partie permettre d'identifier de fac;on infaillible aerienne diminue, rendant les plants fragiles chacun des cultivars d'ail au moyen d'ADN et cassants. marqueurs. Cette etude permettra aussi de L'utilisation d'une solution ii.forte teneur mesurer la variation genetique de cette espece. azotee pendant la production de transplants Nous avons clone des sequences d'ADN est preferable pour maximiser les rendements provenant des chromosomes de I'ail et nous vendables. De plus, la presence d'uree dans la avons analyse plusieurs centaines de clones. solution de "fertigation» ii.raison de 50 % de la Ils seront utilises comme sonde ADN pour dose d'azote s'avere benefique mais seulement detecter les variations genetiques entre 120 ii.condition que la dose utilisee soit de l'ordre lignees differentes d'ai1. Ces lignees d'ail de 350 ppm N. En effet, les rendements yen. proviennent des centres de ressources dables sont alors augmentes de 7 % grace ii.la genetiques internationales et representent une presence d'une tige vendable supplementaire. grande partie de la variation genetique de l'espece. Nous avons isole I'ADN de ces 120 Construction d'une carte gemitique detaillee lignees et la detection de polymorphismes de Brassica oieracea au moyen des ADN mar- debutera en mars 1988. queurs. L'analyse genetique des caracteres agronomiques importants (gene de resistance, facteurs de rendements, etc.) necessite la disponibilite d'une carte genetique detaillee. CULTURES Presentement, Ie moyen Ie plus rapide OLEO-PROTEIQUES d'obtenir une carte genetique d'une espece est d'utiliser des ADN marqueurs. L'obtention de Evaluation de cultivars marqueurs distribues ii.travers Ie genome de Essais de cuitivars de soja. L'evaluation de Brassica oieracea permettra la localisation cultivars de soja pour Ie Quebec s'est rapide de genes importants comme la poursuivie en 1987 avec l'aide des stations resistance ii.la hernie des cruciferes. De tels cooperantes. Les cultivars Apache et OAC marqueurs permettront l'identification de Libra ont ete ajoutes ii.la liste des cultivars plants resistants dans les populations issues recommandes pour 1988. Ce test a contribue ii. du croisement entre varietes resistantes et l'enregistrement des cultivars OT.85-1 et sensibles. Ces marqueurs ADN lies ii. des OT-85-5 au Comite d'experts des cereales et des genes de resistance seront un outil de selection oleagineuxde l'est(CECOEl. tres utile aux ameliorateurs genetiques. Des lignees de B. oieracea ont ete croisees Essais de cultivars de canoia. Cette evalua- pour faire l'analyse genetique de la segrega- tion s'est poursuivie en 1987 sur Ie canola de tion de certains caracteres. Une des lignees printemps et Ie canola d'hiver avec I'aide des parentales de B. oieracea est une dihaploide stations cooperantes dans Ie cadre des tests resistante a la race 2 de la hernie des cooperatifs avec I'Ontario. Ces tests ont cruciferes. Cette lignee a ete developpee par contribue a l'enregistrement des cultivars de M. Chiang de notre station de recherches. La printemps WW 1447, SV2402 et SV2403 ainsi position chromosomale d'autres caracteres qu'a celui des cultivars de canola d'hiver genetiques sera aussi determinee. Une SV0214 (Crystal), WW-984 et Arabella au librairie de clones representant certaines CECOE. sequences codantes de Brassica a ete obtenue. La detection de polymorphismes entre les Regie et fertilisation lignees parentales de Brassica oieracea NPK sur ie canoia d'hiver. L'application de debutera en mai 1988. Avec ce projet, nous 25 kg/ha d'azote a I'automne a permis une pourrons obtenir la premiere carte genetique augmentation de 20 % de la survie ii.l'hiver par detaillee de cette espece. rapport au temoin. Une dose de 150 kg/ha Identification des cuitivars d'aii au moyen d'azote appliquee au printemps ii.la reprise des des ADN marqueurs. Parce que I'ail est une plants a augmente Ie rendement de 56 % par espece sterile, il est tres difficile de connaitre rapport au temoin mais a retarde la maturite l'etendue de la variation genetique de cette des grains de 3 ii.5 jours. Ces resultats ne sont espece. De plus, la base genetiq ue de la que partiels en raison d'un mauvais drainage difference entre les cultivars existants est de surface qui a detruit 40 % des parcelles. 120 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 Etude de rendement maximum sur le soja. TABAC Un essai preliminaire n'a revele aucune reponse aux traitements NPK avec ou sans Fertilisation du tabac a cigare. Nous avons application de magnesium, de manganese ou etudie l'effet de diverses sources d'azote et de de zinc. L'irrigation n'a eu aucun effet, ni deux phosphore pour caracteriser leur apport aux densites de population. La coupe du bourgeon caracteristiques agronomiques et chimiques du terminal au stade «debut floraison» a revele tabac a cigare. Les resultats ont demontre que qu'un stress semblable a une defoliation par la l'azote sous forme d'uree et Ie phosphore sous grele peut retarder la maturite d'un cultivar forme de superphosphate simple sont les hil.tif (Maple Amber). Toutefois, un cultivar meilleurs elements fertilisants a utiliser pour plus tardif (Bicentennial) n'a pas He retarde cette culture. dans sa maturite. Cet essai demontre la Physiologie nutritionnelle du tabac. Nous facilite d'adaptation du soja dans des avons Habli un lien entre la griselure du tabac conditions de croissance variable. et les caracteristiques suivantes : la toxicite du Diagnostic foliaire (DRIS) sur le soja. fer, du manganese et du chlore, et une carence L'utilisation du systeme integre de diagnostic en azote et en potassium. Ces elements sont et de recommandation (DRIS) developpe sur Ie requis pour la translocation des electrons par soja aux Etats-U nis semble possible au Quebec photosynthese. La perturbation du metabo- mais doit etre adapte. En effet, Ie systeme lisme d'un plan normal, causee par une toxicite americain tend a surestimer les deficiences en ou une carence, peut alterer la translocation azote a partir des analyses foliaires. De des elements selon Ie mode de I'oxydase des nouvelles normes pour Ie Quebec sont a l'etude cytochromes en un mode qui induit la pe- d'apres les releves d'enquete effectues au roxydase, donc des polyphenols, des quinones Quebec. et des composes voisins de la melanine qui sont Evaluation d'herbicides sur le soja. Les a l'origine d'un effet bronze et grise sur les essais d'herbicides en pre-levee et post-levee feuilles de tabac. Selon I'hypothese que Ie sur Ie soja ainsi que les anti-gramines ont mode de translocation des elements est permis d'evaluer les nouveaux herbicides et les perturbe chez differents types de tabac grise, il melanges pour les prochaines recommanda- serait possible de determiner une cause tions au Quebec. En 1987, la combinaison en commune de ce desordre physiologiq ue. pre-levee Galex (metolachlore/linuron) et Tache brune du tabac jaune. Le radio metribuzine a Ie mieux combattu les isotope (Fe55) et I'element fer ont ete utilises mauvaises herbes. Les traitements post. levee pour determiner I'incidence de cet element sur ont ete d'une efficacite equivalente mais Ie l'apparition de la tache brune sur des feuilles meilleur rendement a ete obtenu avec la de tabac grise cultive en serre. La grille de formulation DPXM 6316 + Agral90 et DPXY repartition de Fe55 dans les feuilles a ete 6202-31 + CanPlus 411. comparable a celie des taches brunes et la distribution de l'isotope a suivi un parallele au developpement seq uentiel des taches observees PLANTESORNEMENTALES a la fois sur des plants cultives en serre et en champ. Des plants en culture hydroponique, a Propagation de plantes. Deux cultivars de laquelle on a ajoute de 5 a 35 ppm de fer, ont rosiers crees par Agriculture Canada (Ie montre que l'indice de tabac grise dans les Champlain et IeJohn Franklin), deux hybrides feuilles medianes et superieures etait similaire de the (Ie Landora et Ie Jean-Paul II) et un a la grille de repartition du fer dans les feuilles. cultivar de cerisier, Ie Prunus mack ii, ont ete L'indice Ie plus eleve de tabac grise a ete propages avec succes par culture de tis sus in observe avec l'apport de fer Ie plus eleve vitro. On a egalement identifie Ie type et la (335 ppm). Aucun depot de fer n'a ete retrouve teneur en cytokinine pour leur proliferation, dans les petites nervures des feuilles grisees. ainsi que la concentration en auxine du milieu Ces resultats demontrent clairement la de culture pour partir la rhizogenese. Cette relation entre la presence d'un exces du fer et technique peut etre utilisee par les I'apparition de la bigarrure sur les feuilles de pepinieristes pour produire en tres peu de tabac grise. temps des quantites importantes de plantules Au coms d'une experience comparable a la saines. precedente, des apports de manganese allant Station de recherches, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec 121 de 5 a 65 ppm ont ete compares a des ta ux Chiang, M.S.; Hudon, M.; Devaux, A.; Ogilvie, identiques de fer. Les resultats ont confirme 1. 1987. Inheritance of resistance to que seul l'element Fe est a l'origine de la Gibberella ear rot In maize. bigarrure et de la tache brune associees a la Phytoprotection 68:29-33. manifestation du tabac grise. Kermasha, S.; Barthakur, N.; Mohan, N.; Arnold, N. 1987. Chemical composition and proposed use of two semi-wild fruits. PUBLICATIONS Food Chern. 26:1-7. Lafleur, G.; Hill, S.B.; Vincent, C. 1987. Fall Recherche migration, overwintering site selection and Arnold, N.; Barthakur, N.; Binns, M. 1987. associated winter mortality of plum The relationship of iron to the brown curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in a spotting in grey flue-cured tobacco. Int. J. Quebec apple orchard. J. Econ. Entomol. Radiat.38:513-559. 80:271-314. Arnold, N.; Binns, M. 1987. Fe, Mn and the Lamarre, M. 1987. Etudes des sources d'azote grey effect in hydroponically-cultured flue- et de phosphore et du taux de fertilisation cured tobacco. Plant Soil 101:39-43. sur la production du tabac a cigare. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67:215-219. Berard, L.S. 1987. Effects of harvest dates, field frost, and preservative coating on Landry, B.S.; Kesseli, R.V.; Farrara, B.; storage disorders of cabbage. HortScience Michelmore, R.W. 1987. A genetic map of 22:1140. lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with restriction fragment length polymorphism, isozymes, Berard, L.S.; Dubuc-Lebreux, M.-A.; Vieth, J. disease resistance genes and morphological 1987. Etude histologique de la bigarrure markers. Genetics 116:331-337. nervale, de la grise lure du limbe et de la mediane noire, trois desordres du chou en Landry, B.S.; Kesseli, R.V.; Leung, H.; entrepot. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:321-329. Michelmore, R.W. 1987. Comparison of restriction endonuc1eases and sources of Boivin, G. 1987. Seasonal occurence and geo- probes for their efficiency in detecting graphical distribution of the carrot rust fly Wiptera: Psilidae) in Quebec. Environ. restriction fragment length polymorphisms Entomol.I6:503-506. in lettuce. Theor. Appl. Genet. 74:646-653. Boivin, G.; Benoit, D.L. 1987. Predicting Michelmore, R.W.; Hulbert, S.H.; Landry, B.S.; onion maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Leung, H. 1987. Towards a molecular flights in southwestern Quebec using understanding of lettuce downy mildew. degree-days and common weeds. Phyto- Pages 221-232 in Genetics and plant protection 68:65-70. pathogenesis. Day, P.R.; Jellis, G.J., eds. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. Boivin, G.; Hudon, M.; Ritchot, C.; Martel, P. 1987. Effect of univoltine European corn Senecal, M.; Dansereau, B. 1987. Influence de borer larval feeding on moisture content la temperature nocturne et d'un appoint de and yield of field corn in southwestern lumiere sur la croissance et Ie Quebec. J. Agric. Entomol. 4:297-301. developpement du Gerbera et du Calendula. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:871-879. Chiang, M.S.; Chong, C.; Chevrier, G.; Crete, R. 1987. Inheritance of goitrin, volatile Tremblay, N.; Trudel, M.J.; Gosselin, A. 1987. isothiocyanates and thiocyanate ion in Influence of irradiance-photoperiod combi- cabbage (8rassica oleracea L. spp. capitata nation on tomato mineral nutrition. Can. J. L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:567-574. Plant Sci. 67:559-566. Chiang, M.S.; Crete, R. 1987. Cytoplasmic Tremblay, N.; Yelle, S.; Gosselin, A. 1987. male sterility in Brassica oleracea induced Effects of CO2 Enrichment and nitrogen by B. napus cytoplasm - Female fertility and phosphorus fertilization during and restoration of male fertility. Can. J. transplant production on growth and yield Plant Sci. 67:891-897. ofcelery. HortScience 22:875-876. 122 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche, 1987 Vincent, C.; Boivin, G. 1986. Les relations Lamarre, M.; Payette, S.; Tennier, M. 1987. insectes-plantes : perspectives de Composition chimique des sols cultives en recherches. Rev. Entomol. Que. 31:5-15. tabac a cigarette dans la region de Joliette. Vincent, C.; Boivin, G. 1986. Les relations Le Briquet 57(2):16-18. plantes-hotes. Rev. Entomol. Que. 31:5-15. Landry, B.S.; Michelmore, R.W. 1987. Meth- Vincent, C.; Mailloux, M.; Hagley, E.A.C. ods and applications of restriction fragment 1986. Non-sticky traps to monitor adult length polymorphism analysis to plants. tentiform leaf-miner, Phyllonorycter Pages 25-44 in Tailoring genes for crop blancardella, in apple orchards. J. Econ. improvement: An agricultural perspective. Entomol. 79:1666-1670. Bruening, G.; Harada, J.; Hollaender, A., eds. Plenum Press, New York. Divers Martel, P.; Belcourt,J.; Ritchot, C.; Hudon, M.; Boivin, G. 1986. Les mecanismes necessaires Boivin, G. 1987. Les ravageurs du mats, a l'etablissement de programmes de lutte Quebec 1986. Can. Agric. Insect Pest Rev. integree. Pages 70-73 dans «Vers une 64:21-22. strategie canadienne de lutte integree.» Direct. Gen. Rech. Agric. Can. 223 pp. Martel, P.; Belcourt, J.; Ritchot, C.; Hudon, M.; Boivin, G. 1987. Les ravageurs des Chagnon, R.; Morrissette, P.; Allard, S. 1987. pelouses, des cultures fourrageres et des Mecanisation de lisier dans un digesteur de legumineuses, Quebec 1986. Can. Agric. 50 m3 bacteries fixees, Paper Societe a Insect Pest Rev. 64:26. canadienne de genie rural, Summer Meeting 1987, no. 87.117,23 p. Martel, P.; Belcourt, J.; Ritchot, C.; Hudon, M.; Cournoyer, M.S.; Chagnon, R. 1987. Automa- Boivin, G. 1987. Les ravageurs des tion of an on-farm anaerobic digester. Pro- cultures oleagineuses, Quebec 1986. Can. ceedings Sixth Canadian Bioenergy R&D Agric. Insect Pest Rev. 64:33. Seminar, 16-18 February, VancOllver,3 p. Martel, P.; Belcourt, J.; Ritchot, C.; Hudon, M.; Cournoyer, M.S.; Chagnon, R.; Delisle, U.; Boivin, G. 1987. Les ra vageurs des Ferland, D. 1987. Development of a control legumes, Quebec 1986. Can. Agric. Insect system for a anaerobic digester. Paper Pest Rev. 64:43-44. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. North Atlantic Region, Annual Martel, P.; Belcourt, J.; Ritchot, C.; Hudon, M.; Meeting 1987,no. NAR87-402, 16 pp. Boivin, G. 1987. Les ravageurs domes- Cournoyer, M.S.; Racines, R.; Chagnon, R. tiques, Quebec 1986. Can. Agric. Insect 1987. Testing of five synthetic flexible Pest Rev. 64:76. biogaz storage bags, Paper Canadian Toupin, P.; Chagnon, R.; Morrissette, D.; Society of Agricultural Engineers, Summer Allard, S.; Courcelles, A.; Tse, R. 1987. Meeting 1987, no. 87-109, 16 p. Integrated production of biogaz and treat- Lamarre, M. 1986. Evaluation au champ de ment of pig manure in a 50 m3 fixed film plantules de tabac produites en cellules de digester. Proceedings Sixth Canadian Todd sous differents traitements. Le Bioenergy R&D Seminar, 16-18 fevrier Briquet 56(4):5-17. 1987, Vancouver, 5 pp. Station de recherches, Saint-J ean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec 123 Research Station, Delhi, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF Administration P.W. Johnson, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director E.G. Ashby Administrative Officer P.E. Mills,l B.A., B.Ed., M.L.S. Librarian Tobacco and Alternative Crops H.H. Cheng, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Entomology W.A. Court, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chemistry S.K. Gayed, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant pathology N. Rosa, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant physiology R.C. Roy, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Agronomy B.F. Zilkey, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant physiology EXTENSION SERVICES2 N.W. Sheidow, B.Sc. Tobacco M.C. Watson, B.S.A. Tobacco Departure R.S. Pandeya, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetics and plant breeding Transferred to Plant Research Centre 1 April 1987 1 Seconded from Libraries Division, Corporate Management Branch. 2 Provided by Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Research Station, Delhi, Onto 125 INTRODUCTION The Delhi Research Station has national responsibility for research in support ofthe flue-cured tobacco industry in Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritime Provinces. Increasing importance is also being assigned to our other major program to find alternative crops for the sandy soils of the tobacco area ofOntario. This report provides a brief summary of some of the results obtained in 1987. Further information can be obtained from the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 186, Delhi, Onto N4B 2W9;Tel. (519) 582.1950. P.W.Johnson Director TOBACCO In 1987 Delhi-bred cultivars were grown on 99% of the Ontario hectarage. Delgold was grown on 86% of the farms; Candel on 6%; Production Delliot (registered 1986) on 5%; and Delhi 76, Transplants, affected by partial freezing Newdel, and Nordel collectively on 2%. injury, can be decapitated to encourage an axillary bud to assume extension of the main Chemistry growing axis. This management procedure provided significantly improved crop Shatter resistance ofcured tobacco leaf is an productivity compared with replanting 2 important measure of its physical quality. weeks after normal transplanting. Multilinear regression analysis identified reducing sugars, potassium, uronic acids, malic acid, calcium, iron, and chlorides as having Genetics and plant breeding significant associations, which accounted for A breeding program was initiated in 1982 95% of the variance with measured shatter to incorporate immunity to black root rot into resistance. Reducing sugars and potassium four current cultivars: Delgold, Candel, were the two major chemical constituents of Newdel, and Nordel. Testing and selection tobacco leaf and contributed approximately have been confined to laboratory procedures. 90% to the variance of estimating shatter From the initial six lines selected for their resistance. immunity, crossing, backcrossing, and A xylan of approximately 70% purity was selection have progressed to the final fourth isolated from cured leaves of bright tobacco backcross and two generations of selfing. Of (Nicotiana tabacum L. 'Delhi 76') by sodium the initial 24 lines, there are currently 154 hydroxide extraction and subsequent lines retained for further testing. Fifty-five of fractionation on diethylaminoethylcellulose these lines expressed total immunity, and seed (DEAE). Acid hydrolysis produced arabinose, for the next generation will be harvested and galactose, glucose, mannose, and xylose in field tested in 1988. molar proportions of 1:1.3:3.8:0.2:17.3, and Lines derived from somatic cells from the showed that the xylan was composed ofa linear biotechnology breeding method advanced in chain of ~.(1.4)-linked D-xylopyranosyl units. 1987. One hundred lines were under intensive A rapid quantitative method was developed field investigation for yield, quality, for the analysis of solanesol (a major source of chemistry, and physical qualities compared polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in tobacco with check cultivars. Of these, 10 lines will be smoke) in flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana advanced to the advanced strain test. Fifteen tabacum L.). Tobacco samples were extracted somatic lines were in the advanced strain test with aqueous methanol and fractionated on a in 1987. Nine of these lines will be continued SEP-PAK C18 cartridge. Solanesol was eluted in 1988. Of eight somatic lines in the cultivar from the cartridge with acetone. Separation by registration test, five will be tested again in nonaqueous high-performance reversed-phase 1988, with four of these undergoing regional liquid chromatography was achieved by farm testing. gradient elution employing methanol and 126 Research Branch Report 1987 acetonitrile. The method was reproducible rates used, caused low larval mortality 2 weeks with a relative standard deviation of less than after treatment. A high percentage of the 5%. There was a good agreement between the larvae failed to pupate and eventually died. A results obtained by the liquid chromatographic small number of adults emerged from pupae. procedure and a gas chromatographic The third-instar larvae were more susceptible determination. than the fifth.instar larvae. Some feeding A study was completed of the chemical inhibition was also observed. composition of representative commercial Annual surveys of pesticide applications grades of Ontario flue-cured tobacco selected at and terminal residues on 32-34 Ontario farms random from the three auction exchanges from producing flue-cured tobacco were continued the 1978 tobacco crop. Comparisons were between 1980 and 1985. Applications of made with the grade price using the stalk synthetic pyrethroids increased for cutworm position, color, and quality classification of control, and chlorpyrifos applications each grade. Total alkaloids, reducing sugars, decreased. Acephate was most widely used for neophytadiene, aqueous methanol extracts, foliar insects followed by Bacillus thuringiensis nonvolatile organic acids, phenolic con- Berliner and oxydemeton-methyl. Metalaxyl stituents, fatty acids, and mineral constituents was widely applied following the outbreak of were determined on individual grade samples. blue mold (Peronospora tabacina Adam) in In general, the largest chemical differences 1979 but became insignificant by 1983. were found when comparisons were made on Synthetic pyrethroid residues were absent the basis of the stalk position aspect of the from cured leaf where the label recommen- grade classification; however, chemical differ- dations were followed, but residues were found ences resulting from the color classification of where topical applications were made in mid grades were also often quite large. Except for season. Metalaxyl and diphenamid residues the mahogany grades, differences among the appeared in cured leaf where they were used quality classification of each grade were for disease and weed control, respectively. usually smaller than differences resulting Diphenamid residues were present pre- from stalk position or color. dominantly as the N-methyl metabolite. Minor residues of several organochlorine Protection insecticides were found in both soil and cured leaf 5-15 years after their use was terminated. Severe outbreaks of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (90% red biotype and Organophosphorus insecticide residues were 10% green biotype), occurred on tobacco absent or at trace levels in soils and cured leaf. throughout the tobacco-growing areas of Acephate residues were rarely found, but Ontario from mid July to early September in methamidophos residues were present. These 1987. The population density ranged from 639 residues were found in cured leaf at all stalk to 2864, with an average of 1452 aphids per positions but mainly in sand leaves. leaf. Control measures were employed by all In flue-cured tobacco, fluazifop-butyl has growers, and some fields were sprayed two or been registered for postemergent control of three times. weeds and annual grasses, and napropamide A 2-year greenhouse and field study on the has been registered for preemergence control of residual activity of acephate, azinphos-methyl, broadleaved weeds and annual grasses. These methomyl, oxydemeton-methyl, and pirimi- herbicides will be used by the growers in 1988. carb against aphids on tobacco showed that all insecticides were highly toxic to the aphids immediately after treatment. Acephate and ALTERNATIVE CROPS oxydemeton-methyl proved to be the best and most persistent aphicides, followed by Field crops pirimicarb, azinphos-methyl, and methomyl, Two new peanut cultivars were supported in that order. for interim registration. These cultivars were Two insect growth regulators, triflumuron developed by the University of Guelph and and teflubenzuron, were evaluated on treated field tested in conjunction with the Delhi tobacco leaves in the laboratory against third- Research Station. Line P07082 (546 X chico), and fifth-instar larvae of the darksided with flesh-colored skin, has significantly larger cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris>. Data seed and increased yield over OAC Garroy. indicated that both materials, regardless ofthe Line P89984, a wine-colored seed variety Research Station, Delhi, Onto 127 (355283 x chico), has the same seed size as Horticultural crops OAC Garroy but is superior in yield. These Bare-rooted tomato seedlings produced in lines should be available for commercial muck seedbeds at densities of 800-1400 seeds production in 2-3 years. per square metre were found to produce cropsof Heavy infestations of the two-spotted equal yield and quality when compared with spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, on crops produced by bare-rooted seedlings peanuts in August in 1987 were widespread imported from Georgia or with intact root throughout all peanut-growing areas. This is seedlings produced by two popular plug plant the first economic outbreak of the two-spotted systems. Muck seedbed grown seedlings spider mite on peanuts. matured 5-7 days earlier than did seedlings Six insecticides (acephate, carbaryl, grown by other means. cypermethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, and The 1987 growing season was exceptionally methidathion) were evaluated as foliar sprays dry during July; consequently, the effect of on peanuts against the potato leafhopper, irrigation on the yield of paste tomatoes was Empoasca fabae (Harris). All insecticides sig- greater than previously observed. Three nificantly suppressed leafhopper populations irrigations in July (8, 21, and 27 July) resulted in the field. Results obtained were consistent in an average yield of84.9 Vha compared with over 3 years. Acephate was superior to 36.9 Vha for the nonirrigated check. carbaryl against potato leafhoppers from the Six sweet potato cultivars were evaluated to standpoint of residual toxicity. Sampling data determine their yield potential on former demonstrated that monitoring of nymphs can tobacco soils. Yields ranged from 10.6 Vha to be used successfully to schedule insecticidal 30.6 Vha of U.S. NO.1size table-stock roots. sprays for control of this pest on commercially grown peanuts. Preliminary test plot production of kenaf PUBLICATIONS was 8.0 Vha of dry matter. These results have precipitated interest from the Quebec and Research Ontario Paper Company of Thorold, Onto This company has indicated they would like to Court, W.A.; Binns, M.R.; Hendel, J.G. 1987. establish a limited commercial hectarage in Chemical composition of representative 1988. grades of Ontario flue-cured tobacco. Can. Tarnished plant. bugs, Lygus spp., were J. Plant Sci.67:1203-1219. numerous in evening-primrose plots during Court, W.A.; Hendel, J.G. 1987. Determina- the growing season in 1987. They caused tion of solanesol in flue-cured tobacco by noticeable injuries, not only by direct feeding high-performance liquid chromatography. on the young leaves and buds but also by Tob. Sci. 31:79-81. depositing individual eggs in the young seed Frank, R.; Braun, H.E.; Suda, P.; Ripley, B.D.; pods. Over 50% of the seed pods were found to Clegg, B.S.; Beyaert, R.P.; Zilkey, B.F. bear tarnished plant bug eggs. 1987. Pesticide residues and metal contents Approximately 800 ha of white beans were in flue-cured tobacco and tobacco soils of produced on sandy land in 1987. Severe, dry southern Ontario, Canada, 1980-1985. weather delayed pod set, and August rains Tob. Sci. 31:40-45. produced excessive regrowth. A fall frost on 3 Rosa, N.; Woolard, R.G.; Siddiqui, I.R. 1987. October damaged most of the white beans, and The association of certain chemical they were ploughed down. In plots at Delhi, parameters with shatter resistance of most treatments had 30-40% frozen seed and tobacco lamina. Tob.Sci. 31:76-78. would not be acceptable to the trade. Preliminary meetings to establish a Miscellaneous commercial peppermint hectarage in Ontario have taken place. Test plots at the research Cheng, H.H. 1986. Insect and related pests of station were distilled by Coniferious Oil Ltd., miscellaneous crops (peanuts, winter canola and the oil produced was ofgoodquality. and evening-primrose). Can. Agric. Insect Pest Rev. 64:54-55. 128 Research Branch Report 1987 Cheng, H.H. 1986. Insect and related pests of Walker, E.K.; Stier, D.A. 1987. Curing f1ue- tobacco. Can. Agric. Insect Pest Rev. cured tobacco in Canada/Le sechage du 64:36-37. tabac jaune au Canada. Agric. Can. Publ. 1312-E/1312-F.38/46pp. Court, W.A.; Pocs, R.; Beyaert, R.P. 1987. A Zilkey, B.F. 1986. Annual and perennial weed survey of flue-cured tobacco grown in control in tobacco, winter cereal and Ontario in 1986. Part I: Chemical and ginseng. Proceedings 1986 BASF Canada physical characteristics. The Lighter 57 Inc. Technical Exchange Seminar. (3/4):14-17. Limburgerhof, West Germany. 9 pp. Pandeya, R.S.; Rogers, W.D.; Ankersmit, Zilkey, B.F.; Capell, B.B. 1987. Cigarette J .C.D. 1987. Delliot - a flue-cured tobacco smoke analysis from a farm survey of f1ue- cultivar. The Lighter 57 (3/4):18-22. cured tobacco in 1985. The Lighter 57(1/2):26-28. Rosa, N. 1987. The use of poly covers over Zilkey, B.F.; Capell, B.B. 1987. The effect of greenhouse beds to provide protection from herbicides on agronomic and chemical cold temperatures. The Lighter 57 characteristics. of flue-cured tobacco in (3/4):26-30. Ontario in 1985. The Lighter 57 (3/4):22-26. Research Station, Delhi, Onto 129 Research Station, Harrow, Ontario PROFESSION AL STAFF C.F. Marks, 8.SdAgr.), M.S.A., Ph.D. Director A.S. Hamill, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Assistant Director L.P. Ryan Administrative Officer H.O.Jackson, B.A. Computer Systems Manager E. Champagne,l M.A., M.L.S. Librarian Field Crops T.R. Anderson, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soybean and corn diseases R.I. Buzzell, B.Sc., Ph.D. Soybean breeding B.R. Buttery, B.Sc., Ph.D. Soybean physiology WJ. Findlay,2 B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil fertility J.D. Gaynor, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Environmental chemistry A.S. Hamill, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Weed science S.J. Park, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Field bean breeding J.A. Stone, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Soil physics A.H. Teich, B.A., 8.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Winter wheat breeding J .C. Tu, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. White bean diseases S.E. Weaver, B.A., Ph.D. Weed ecology T.W. Welacky, B.Sc., B.Sc.(Agr.) Agronomy G.H. Whitfield,3 B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Field corn insects Horticultural Crops W.G. Bonn, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Bacterial diseases of fruit B.N. Dhanvantari, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Bacterial diseases of vegetables R.W. Garton,4 B.SdAgr.) Vegetable cultivar evaluation and management D.M. Hunter, B.Sc., M.Sc. Orchard management F. Kappel, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Orchard management R.P. Jaques, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Insect pathology W.R. Jarvis, 8.Sc., Ph.D., DJ.C. Vegetable diseases T.J. Jewett,S B.Sc.Ag.Eng. Greenhouse energy engineering G.J.R. Judd, B.Sc., M.P.M., Ph.D. Field vegetable insects R.E.C. Layne, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Tree fruit breeding A. Liptay, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Vegetable management R. Michelutti, M.Sc. Viticulture A.P. Papadopoulos, M.Sc.(Agr.), Greenhouse management M.Sc.(Hort.), Ph.D. V.W. Poysa, B.Sc.(Agr.), Ph.D. Vegetable breeding J.L. Shipp,6 B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Greenhouse and field vegetable insects C.S. Tan,7 B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil moisture and agrometeorology J.A. Traquair, B.Sc., Ph.D. Tree fruit diseases Research Station, Harrow, Onto 131 Departure D.R. Phillips, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Weed physiology Died 29 October 1987 EXTENSION SERVICES8 J.e. Fisher, B.S.A. Greenhouse and fresh market vegetables L.A. Huffman, B.Sc.(Agr.) Fruit crops and asparagus 1 Seconded from Libraries Division, Corporate Management Branch. 2 Seconded to the Soil and Water Environmental Enhancement Program. 3 Transferred from Research Station, Lethbridge, Alta., on 5 January 1987. 4 On educational leave, Michigan State University, September 1986-. 5 On educational leave, Ohio State University, September 1986-. 6 Transferred from Research Station, Lethbridge, Alta., on 24 August 1987. 7 On postdoctoral transfer of work, Center for Irrigation and Fresh Water Research, Griffith, Australia, and Division of Plant Industry, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Australia, from 23 May 1987to 30 May 1988. 8 Provided by Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. 132 Research Branch Report 1987 INTRODUCTION The Research Station at Harrow serves southwestern Ontario, where favorable soils and climatic conditions permit an intensive and diversified agriculture. The station has 30 researchers working in interdisciplinary research in commodity-oriented programs designed to improve yield, quality, and efficiency of crop production. Crops under study include field and greenhouse vegetables, stone fruits, pome fruits, corn, soybeans, field beans, and winter wheat. Areas of emphasis for applied and basic research relating to the above crops are as follows: crop improvement using breeding and genetics to create new germ plasm and cultivars with improved agronomic or horticultural characteristics, improved resistance to pests, and increased suitability to environmental conditions; crop protection using chemical, biological, and cultural methods to control diseases, insects, and weeds, with emphasis on the management of pest populations, development of integrated crop management systems, and improvement ofenvironmental quality; and crop and soil management using improved cultural practices, cropping systems, fertilizer practices, and tillage systems to improve soil structure and fertility, to reduce soil erosion, and to improve water quality. The report provides brief summaries of results obtained in 1987. Further information can be obtained by writing to the Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Harrow, Onto NOR 1GO;Tel. (519)738-2251. C.F. Marks Director FIELD CROPS Effect of cropping system on soil structure. The upper horizon oflong-term corn plots on a Corn Brookston clay loam soil differed markedly from those of a bluegrass plot and a never- Breeding. CH807 -44, an inbred that cultivated plot by having 6% or fewer macro- requires about 1600 heat units from planting spores compared with 10%, and isolated pores to tasseling and silking, was released to the compared with interconnected pores in the industry through the Industrial Relations latter. The bulk density of the corn plots was Office. It has potential for combining with higher than other plots evaluated, indicating other inbreds to produce commercial hybrids less porosity and more soil per unit area. The with high yield and good standability. plots with oat-alfalfa-alfalfa-corn rotation Compaction and surface structure of a contained many more biospores larger than 0.5 poorly drained soil. The surface structure of mm in diameter than did the continuous corn the poorly drained soils of southwestern plots. Below a depth of 30 cm the soil in all Ontario has deteriorated to a level that is con- plots had a similar structure. Continuous sidered to limit corn and soybean productivity. cropping with corn tended to reduce soil The contribution of vehicle compaction to porosity and the number of interconnected surface soil structural deterioration on these pores in the upper soil profile, thus retarding soils has not been shown. Fall vehicle compac- water infiltration and resulting in conditions tion of the surface soil (at soil moisture content that impeded emergence ofseedlings. suitable for tillage) did not significantly contribute to soil structural deterioration and Soybeans did not limit the productivity of corn and soy- bean grown in a corn-soybean-eorn rotation. Agronomy. Three commonly used soybean However, fall compaction did significantly re- herbicides (metribuzin, trifluralin, and strict early to mid-season plant development. metolachlor) were applied to three soybean cul- Spring compaction generally contributed to tivars grown under stressed and nonstressed soil structure deterioration and limited conditions on a Brookston clay soil in 1985, productivity. There were no cumulative 1986, and 1987. Under stressed conditions, i.e., detrimental effects offall or spring compaction continuous soybeans with minimum tillage to on soil structure, plant development, or yield. favor Phytophthora rot caused by Pmg, the Research Station, Harrow, Onto 133 yields of the Pmg-resistant Corsoy 79 cultivar Phytophthora root rot. A 2-year experiment and the Pmg-tolerant Elgin cultivar were not in which 10 backcross-derived cultivars with a affected. However, the yield ofthe moderately dominant gene 134 Research Branch Report 1987 presence of 10 mM of combined-No The ntsn FIELD VEGETABLES character was inherited as a single recessive gene, and the ntsn mutants ofthe two different Green peas source populations were under the control of the same gene. Root rot. An integrated disease control system was developed that includes planting Halo blight. Among 16 bean cultivars resistant cultivars, using new seed treatments tested in the growth chamber against race 2 of that avoid MCPA/MCPB, reducing soil Pseudomonas syringae pV.phaseoli, G.N. Nebr. compaction, practicing fall chisel plowing or NO.1, selection 27 was resistant; OAC Rico, fall plowing with a raised spring seedbed, OAC Seaforth, OAC 85-2, and Harofleet were using soil disease indexing, and planting green less susceptible. Against race 1 of the manure crops in the intervals between pea pathogen, G.N. Nebr. No.1, selection 27, OAC crops. Pea yield per hectare in 1983 averaged Rico, an OAC Seaforth were among those less 1420 kg in Essex and Kent counties because of susceptible. In field evaluation against race 2, a severe root rot problem; the integrated dis- G.N. Nebr. NO.1, selection 27 were resistant, ease control system now results in 3370 kglha. and OAC Rico, Stinger, and Crestwood were less susceptible. Potatoes Root rot. Soil compaction significantly in- Microbial control of potato beetle. creased root rot severity by 15%and decreased Application of formulations of thuringiensis, photosynthetic rate by 36%. It also reduced the B-exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) nodulation and nodule efficiency as reflected in and formulations of Bt var. san diego (Btsd) the reduced nitrogenase activity and leghema- reduced populations of larvae of the Colorado globin content of nodules. At soil bulk densi- potato beetle on potatoes and resulted in yields ties of 1.2,1.4, and 1.6 g/cm3, the reduction in similar to yields by plots treated with growth was 46, 39, and 71%,respectively. carbofuran. Treatment of tomatoes with Btsd White mold. Of the 12 lines of Phaseolus reduced larvae populations of the Colorado vulgaris resistant to white mold that were potato beetle, compared with the nontreated tested in a field with heavy white mold check, and increased yields of nondamaged infestation, the cultivars and lines that showed fruit. An initial application of carbofuran a high degree of tolerance were as follows: followed by applications of thuringiensis or M0162, XPB-155, Laureat, PII65787, ExRico Btsd protected potatoes or tomatoes as well as 23, A55, 8BP-266, N.Y.-2558, and Rabia de did carbofuran used alone in a treatment Gato. These are gene sources for breeding program, indicating a method for reduction of commercial beans tolerant ofwhite mold. amount of chemical pesticide applied without sacrificing quality or quantity of crop yield. Wheat Control of fusarium scab. Research at Tomatoes Harrow and a study of published research Bacterial canker. In the greenhouse more results have been integrated to produce a than 80% of seeds in intact tomato fruits were guideline for partial control of scab. This infected by inoculating the peduncle with guideline includes use of resistant cultivars, Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis. soil tillage, control of graminaceous weeds and These seeds were used in studies on seed treat- crop rotation to reduce the amount of ments for disinfection and field performance of inoculum, control of nongraminaceous weeds transplants. Seeds soaked in hydrochloric acid to reduce humidity in the crop, use of urea as a (pH 1.0) for 1 min and dried overnight were rid nitrogen fertilizer source, use of no more than of canker bacteria with or without prior extrac- the optimum amount of nitrogen, and storage tion by fermentation for 48 h. In further of the wheat crop at less than 18% moisture. studies, 1 h of acid treatment, followed by Use of this guideline reduces scab severity and rinsing in water, disinfected the seeds without deoxynivalenol accumulation in a wheat crop, adverse effects on germination. Disinfection of thereby increasing yield, profitability, ",nd acid-treated seeds was confirmed by rinsing in marketability ofthe crop. buffer until the seed pH was raised to neutral Research Station, Harrow, Onto 135 and then plating on selective media. Disinfec- experiment was conducted to determine the tion by extracting seed by fermentation at 20, most effective method of storing trays of 25, and 30°C up to 120 h was unreliable. In- high-density tomato seedlings. Six-week-old fected seeds germinated as well as uninfected seedlings were stored in the greenhouse, seeds and produced apparently normal trans- outdoors, or in a barn, the doors of which were plants. Infected seeds treated with acid opened during the day. The condition of the produced plants relatively free from canker in plants from all treatments was surprisingly the field and with higher plant weight and good even after 4-6 weeks. After 3 weeks of yield than those produced from infected but storage (10 June field setting) there was no untreated seeds; the latter had a high difference in early yield, regardless of whether percentage of infected seeds in their fruits, they were stored in the greenhouse, the barn, whereas plants raised from acid-treated seeds or outdoors. Avoiding storage of seedlings had few infected seeds. A complete disease outdoors in wet weather is recommended to cycle was thus established, starting from prevent damage from Sclerotinia white rot. infected seed through transplant to the pro- Survival of the seedlings in the field after duction of a new crop of infected seeds, which transplanting was reduced only if root growth provided a new primary source of infection. of the seedlings was allowed to occur through the drainage holes of the cells, as when the Ice nucleation and leaf spotting. Pseudo- flats were placed on the ground. Dry weights of monas syringae pv. syringae van Hall, which the seedlings were 0.3, 0.8, and 1.7 g on causes leaf-spotting similar to bacterial speck 10June, respectively, for storage in the barn, on Georgian tomato transplants and ice the greenhouse, and outdoors; by 23 July there nucleation in plants when temperatures fall was no weight difference among the plants. It slightly below freezing, survived on appears that tray seedlings can be easily stored transplants shipped north in the spring. The for 3 weeks without any adverse effects. bacterium was responsible for increasing plant loss from 34 to 70% when temperatures dipped Lycopersicon peruuianum. Because of below freezing. The organism survived as long severe incongruity barriers, the extensive as 1 month on tomato foliage in the field genetic variability of L. peruuianum has been without expressing disease symptoms. largely inaccessible for tomato improvement. Integrated crop management. Yield and Using the embryo callus technique, 65 crosses damage by pests of processing tomatoes in involving 11 L. peruuianum accessions were plots planted in 1986 and treated in 1987 with made in 1987. For these crosses, two groups of pesticides by a preestablished schedule were populations were far more responsive than compared with yield and damage in plots others: crosses with LA 1708 or PI 365968 as planted previously to alfalfa or white clover the peruvianum parent and those with a and oats treated in 1987 with pesticides clearly esculentum-like population derived according to action thresholds and environ- from the cross H-2653/Pur-812ILA-1708 as the mental conditions. Plots were replicated in esculentum parent. To facilitate access to three different fields. Fungicides and insec- other peruvianum accessions, 42 successful ticides were applied five and six times, respec- crosses were made between peruvianum tively, to the plots treated by the scheduled crosses and crosses with LA-1708. If these regime. Three applications of fungicides and prove to be fully compatible with esculentum, four or five applications (depending on the efforts will be made to access a much wider replicate) of insecticides were applied to the range of peru vianum materia!. plots according to monitoring of pest occur- Metribuzin resistance. For metribuzin re- rence and environmental conditions. Yield sistance, populations derived from University and quality offruit did not differ substantially. of Georgia releases 1113MT and 1160MT and The data suggest that infestations of diseases from Vision were screened in the greenhouse and insects, particularly the Colorado potato with a.i. at rates of 4 kglha. All the checks and beetle, are favored by repeated cropping to the Vision-derived plants were killed, and tomatoes. This was the 3rd year of a approximately one-quarter of the plants in the multidisciplinary study on the management of 1113MT and 1160MT populations remained this crop. healthy, confirming the reported single gene Temporary storage of high-density, multi- recessive control of this trait. Early, large- celled tray processing tomato seedlings. An fruited selections were backcrossed in the field 136 Research Branch Report 1987 to adapted cultivars to permit generation system that also controls temperatures to advance in the winter and screening next below the optimum for powdery mildew. Very spring. considerable reduction in powdery mildew is also achieved by raising transplants well away Somaclonal variability. An evaluation of from infested main crops. nearly 2000 R-2, calli-derived tomato plants for somaclonal variability resulted in 13% Fruit thinning. Cucumber crops are tetraploids, 2% male steriles, and 8% mutant characterized by an initial period of heavy fruit phenotypes. These mutants fell into 11 production while the main stem fruit is different categories, including dwarf plant harvested, which establishes a 3-week cycle of type, shortened internodes, lack of apical high and low productivity. The resulting dominance, high branching, and nonripening. oscillation in productivity creates problems in An additional 12% varied from the check in a marketing and greenhouse labor management. quantitative trait (maturity, plant Main-stem fruit thinning was evaluated as a morphology, fruit size, fruit load, disease potentially effective tool for balancing vegeta- response). Although the majority of the tive growth with fruit growth. Main-stem fruit identified variant lines were not desirable for load (100%, 75%, and 50% of natural load) had breeding purposes, several potentially significant effects on early marketable yield. beneficial lines were identified and will be Specifically, plants with 100% fruit load had further evaluated. These include some lines the highest early marketable yield but also had with earliness, larger fruit yield, suppressed the lowest percentage ofIarge and medium size apical dominance and slow ripening. The latter fruit as well as the highest percentage of small phenotype had very high Libby's Viscosity fruit. These effects of the main-stem fruit load values (41.0 s versus 29.3 s for Pur-812) treatments on marketable yield were not combined with a moderate reduction in the evident at the end of the season. Furthermore, Hunter's alb ratio (1.815 versus 2.156 for an economic analysis of the early yield results Pur-812). Up to three clearly different variant indicated that the increased productivity with types were found in some lines. 100% main-stem fruit load compensated for the associated loss of revenue because of poorer fruit quality. In light of these findings and in GREENHOUSE VEGETABLES consideration of the extra labor required for main-stem fruit thinning, this practice is not Cucumbers recommended to commercial growers. Biological control of powdery mildew. Two Scanning electron microscopy. A new yeastlike epiphytic fungi killed conidia and technique of growing fungi on human hair was mycelium of Sphaerotheca fuliginea on evolved for the better taxonomic evaluation of cucumber leaves in a few hours in a relative the delicate conidial chains ofSporothrix spp. humidity of more than 95% and at an optimum temperature of 26°C. The antagonists are Tomatoes disposed as Stephanoascus rugulosa sp. nov. (anamorph Sporothrix rugulosus sp. nov.) and Bacterial stem rot. Under nutrient film Stephanoascus flocculosus sp. nov. (anamorph technique as well as in bag culture, stem rot Sporothrix flocculosa sp. nov.). Tilletiopsis spp. induced by Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora also control powdery mildew in a similar way. in tomato cultivar CR-6 was retarded by a Cucumber stem rot. A new and serious higher potassium-to-nitrogen ratio (4:1) in stem rot of cucumbers was shown to be caused fertilizer application than the normal 2:1 ratio by Penicillium crustosum, which, on inocula- or a lower one of 1:1. Therefore, growers with a tion, also caused a rot of cucumber fruit and history of the disease can adjust fertilizer rates apples. In vitro, the pathogen was inhibited by to prevent occurrence ofthe disease. benomyl and vinclozolin. Biological control of Fusarium crown and Cultural control of powdery mildew. It had root rot. A number of fungi and streptomyces been shown previously that water sprays have been isolated that show considerable control powdery mildew; the yeastlike antagonism to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. epiphytes also require high levels of humidity. radicis-lycopersici in vitro and in seedling The humidity is readily supplied by a fogging pathogenicity tests. Research Station, Harrow, Onto 137 Gaseous carbon dioxide injection into the TREE FRUITS irrigation water for pH control. The precipita- tion of various Ca-containing salts and the Apricot resulting clogging of the drip-irrigation emiters are usually minimized by controlling Breeding. Thirteen different hybrid combi. the pH of the fertilizer solution to about 5.5 nations were made, of which 12 were elite X elite crosses and one was an elite X Early with the addition of acids (e.g., H3P04, HN03, Samarkand (a very early season plant intro- H2S04), Although this technique is effective in keeping the irrigation lines clean, it is also duction from the USSR>. Eight new fresh- expensive, dangerous to the operator, and in- market selections were made and propagated compatible with occasional needs to maintain for further trials. Three advanced selections low N, or P, or S04 levels in the fertilizer (HW447, HW448, HW449) will be placed in solution. As an alternative to injecting acid, a regional trials in 1988. These three selections simple technique was developed for the injec- have adequate levels of coldhardiness and disease resistance combined with adequate tion of CO2 into the irrigation line, which was tested over two cropping seasons with favor- productivity, fruit appearance, and quality to able results. The new technique is based on merit testing for regional adaptation in southern Ontario, southern British Columbia, the principle that a certain amount of CO2 (depending on temperature and pressure) is and other regions where apricots are grown capable of reacting with H 0, with the end successfully. 2 Controlled freezing studies were carried out result the formation of H2C03. Under normal on fully acclimated dormant shoots of nine operating conditions, enough H2C03 is formed to reduce the pH of the fertilizer solution from hybrid seedling selections and four commercial standards. Three selections exceeded the a usual 7.5 to at least 5.8. Overdosing of CO2 and dangerously low pH of the fertilizer solu- flower-bud hardiness of Goldcot, the hardy tion, as could be the case with an accidental standard, and four selections exceeded Goldcot overdose of acids, is not a concern since the in xylem hardiness. Only one selection 138 Research Branch Report 1987 differed significantly in terms of total and effects were noted for scion mortality, bloom marketable yields, Canadian Harmony being date, fruit set before thinning, yield, fruit size, the highest yielding. The ground cover and time of defoliation, and tree size. Rootstocks irrigation treatments did not significantly also differed in anchorage ability and degree of influence yields, and there were no treatment suckering. Scion mortality from winter injury, interactions. Bloom intensity was signifi- which was related to a rootstock effect on scion cantly affected by cultivar, ground cover, and acclimation, was unacceptably high for GF677 irrigation treatments but fruit set was not. (78%), GF655-2 (56%), and Lovell (44%). There was a significant cultivar X ground Halford, Siberian C, and Bailey rootstocks cover interaction on canker (Leucostoma spp.) performed well on this soil type in 1987. incidence but not on winter injury. There was a significant cultivar X ground cover interaction affecting tree size and time of PUBLICATIONS defoliation as well as a cultivar effect on defoliation. Soil moisture, soil temperature, Research and photosynthesis were also studied. Bonn, W.G.; Warner, J. 1987. Fire blight sus- Mycorrhizae. Under local field conditions ceptibility of scab resistant apple cultivars. in Fox sand, the receptivity of colonization by Can. J. Plant Pathol. 9:252-254. mixtures of indigenous vesicular-arbuscular Bryant, G.J.; Irwin, R.W.; Stone, J.A. 1987. mycorrhizae was found to be equal for 10 peach Tile drain discharge under different crops. seedling rootstocks. Mycorrhizal fungi Can. Agric. Eng. 29:117-122. identified for the first time in peach soils included Glomus aggregatum, G. mosseae, G. Buttery, B.R. 1987. Some effects of water- tortuosum, Scutellospora colospora, and S. logging and supply of combined nitrogen on aurigloba. soybean growth. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:69-77. Perennial canker. Oxalic acid, a phytotoxic secretion of both the Leucostoma (Cytospora) Buttery, B.R.; Buzzell, R.I. 1987. Leaf traits spp. that cause peach canker, was found to be associated with flavonol glycoside genes in associated with the invasion and early patho- soybean. Plant Physiol. 85:20-21. genesis of bark tissues. Gas chromatography Buttery, B.R.; Dirks, V.A. 1987. The effects of and histochemistry of tissues inoculated with soybean cultivar, rhizobium strain and these pathogens revealed excessive oxalic acid nitrate on plant growth, nodule mass and at the advancing edge of lesions. Similar soft acetylene reduction rate. Plant Soil rot lesions were produced in peach bark by 98:285-293. application of oxalic acid alone. A new Buttery, B.R.; Park, S.J.; Findlay, W.I. 1987. scanning electron microscopy technique for Growth and yield of white bean (Phaseolus locating calcium oxalate was developed based vulgaris L.) in response to nitrogen, on backscattered electron imaging of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and to silver-stained crystals. inoculation with Rhizobium. Can. J. Plant Rootstocks. A peach seedling rootstock Sci. 67:425-432. experiment was established in 1982 on Fox Buzzell, R.I.; Buttery, B.R.; MacTavish, D.C. sand involving nine different rootstocks, with 1987. Biochemical genetics of black Redhaven as the common scion tester. In 1987 pigmentation of soybean bean. J. Hered. the rootstocks differed significantly in their 78:53-54. effect on scion performance for the following traits: total yield, marketable yield, yield of deMan, L.; deMan, J.M.; Buzzell, R.I. 1987. split pits, time of defoliation, and trunk cross- Composition and properties of soymilk and sectional area. Highest yields were obtained tofu made from Ontario light hilum on Halford, Lovell, and Bailey rootstocks, soybeans. Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J. which also produced some ofthe largest trees. 20:363-367. In 1984 an NC-140 peach rootstock Dhanvantari, B.N.; Dirks, V.A. 1987. Bac- experiment was established on tile-drained terial stem rot of greenhouse tomato: Brookston clay loam. Ten different rootstocks Etiology, spatial distribution, and the effect were evaluated, with Redhaven as the common of high humidity. Phytopathology scion tester. In 1987 significant rootstock 77:1457-1463. Research Station, Harrow, Onto 139 Gaynor, J.D.; Stone, J.A.; Vyn, T.J. 1987. Till- test locations for field bean cultivar trials in age systems and atrazine and alachlor Ontario. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:653-659. residues on a poorly drained soil. Can. J. Park, S.J.; Aylesworth, J.W. 1987. Mitchell Soil Sci. 67:959-963. field bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:819-820. Irwin, R.W.; Bryant, C.J.; Toombs, M.R.; Park, S.J.; Dhanvantari, B.N. 1987. Transfer Stone,J.A. 1987. Evaluation of a drainage of common blight (Xanthomonas campestris coefficient for Brookston clay soil. Am. Soc. pv. phaseoli) resistance from Phaseolus Agric. Eng. 30:1343-1346. coccineus Lam. to P. vulgaris L. through Jackson, H.O.; Stone, J.A. 1987. Improved interspecific hybridization. Can. J. Plant data collection program for a notebook-size Sci. 67:685-695. microcomputer. Agron.J. 79:1087-1089. Park, S.J.; Tu,J.C. 1987. Comparison of near- Jaques, R.P.; Laing, J.E.; Laing,D.R.; Yu, isogenic lines for anthracnose Are are genes D.S.K. 1987. Effectiveness and persistence in common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. of the granulosis virus of the codling moth Euphytica 36:251-256. Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Park, S.J.; Tu, J.C.; Aylesworth, J.W. 1987. Olethreutidae) on apple. Can. Entomol. Dresden field bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 119:1063-1067. 67:821-822. Jarvis, W.R.; Berry, J.W. 1986. The attach- Park, S.J.; Tu, J.C.; Aylesworth, J.W.; Buzzell, ment organ of Botryotinia porri. Trans. Br. R.I. 1987. Aresteuben field bean. Can. J. Mycol.Soc.4:543-549. Plant Sci. 67:817-818. Javer, A.; Wynne, A.D.; Borden, J.H.; Judd, Poysa, V.W.; Tan, C.S.; Stone, J.A. 1987. G.J.R. 1987. Pine oil: An oviposition Flooding stress and the root development of deterrent for the onion fly, Delia antiqua several tomato genotypes. HortScience (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Can. 22:24-26. EntomoI.119:605-609. Rennie, B.D.; Beversdorf, W.O.; Buzzell, R.I. Johnson, K.E.; Coston, D.C.; Cain, D.W.; Sites, 1987. Assaying for linkage between Rps P.W.; Layne, R.E.C.; Jackson, H.O. 1987. and isozyme loci in soybeans. Crop Sci. A large chamber for controlled freezing of 27:519-521. container-grown plants. HortScience Rennie, B.D.; Beversdorf, W.O.; Buzzell, R.I. 22:503.,505. 1987. Genetic and linkage analysis of an Kappel, F.; Proctor, J.T.A.; Murr, D.P. 1987. aconitate hydratase variant in the soybean. Effect of spotted tentiform leafminer injury J. Hered. 78:323-326. on ethylene production and ACC content in Rennie, B.D.; Beversdorf, W.O.; Buzzell, R.I. apple leaves. HortScience 22:469-471. 1987. Inheritance and linkage analysis of Liptay, A.; Vandierendonck, P. 1987. Calcium two endopeptidase variants in soybeans. J. retards physiological collapse and subse- Hered.78:327-328. quent microbial degradation of mung bean Stone, J.A. 1987. Compaction and the surface (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) sprouts. Can. structure of a poorly drained soil. Am. Soc. J. Plant Sci. 67:537-548. Agric. Eng. 30:1370-1373. McKeague, J.A.; Fox, C.A.; Stone, J.A.; Protz, Stone, J.A.; Heslop, L.C. 1987. Blade cultiva- R. 1987. Effects of cropping system on tor, ridge, and moldboard plow tillage structure of Brookston clay loam in long- comparison on a poorly drained soil. Am. term experimental plots at Woodslee, Soc. Agric. Eng. 30:61-64. Ontario. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67:571-584. Stone, J.A.; McKeague, J.A.; Protz, R. 1987. Papadopoulos, A.P.; Tiessen, H. 1987. Root Corn root distribution in relation to long- and air temperature effects on the ele- term rotations on a poorly drained clay mental composition of tomato. J. Am. Soc. loam soil. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:231-234. Hortic. Sci. 112:988-993. Teich, A.H. 1987. Less wheat scab with urea Park, S.J. 1987. Cultivar by environment in- than with ammonium nitrate fertilizers. teractions, yield stability and grouping of Cereal Res. Commun. 15:35-38. 140 Research Branch Report 1987 Teich. A.H.; Shugar. L.; Smid. A. 1987. Soft (Solanum spp.) interference. Weed Sci. white winter wheat cultivar field-resist- 35:163-168. ance to scab and deoxynivalenol accumula- tion. Cereal Res. Commun.15:109-114. Weaver, S.E.; Tan, C.S. 1987. Critical period of weed interference in field-seeded Traquair, J.A. 1987. Backscattered electron tomatoes and its relation to water stress imaging as a tool for histochemically and shading. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:575-583. localizing calcium oxalate with the scanning electron microscope. Can. J. Bot. Whitfield, G.H.; Richards, K.W.; Kveder. T.M. 65:888-S92. 1987. Number of instars of larvae of the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata Traquair, J.A. 1987. Mating incompatibility (F.) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Can. and cultural distinctions between Coprinus EntomoI.119:859-865. phaeosporus and C.psychromorbidus. Can. J. Bot. 65:928-930. Whitfield, G.H.; Shipp, J.L.; Harper, R. 1987. Traq uair. J .A. 1987. Oxalic acid and calcium Gonotrophic cycle of sugarbeet root maggot oxalate produced by Leucostoma cincta and (Diptera: Otitidael. Environ. Entomol. L. persoonii in culture and in peach bark 16:129-134. tissues. Can.J. Bot. 65:1952-1956. Woodrow, L.; Grodzinski, B.; Liptay, A. 1986. Traquair, J.A.; Gaudet. D.A.; Kokko, E.G. The effects ofCOz enrichment and ethephon 1987. Ultrastructure and influences of application on the production of tomato temperature on the in vitro production of transplants. Acta Hortic. 201:133-140. Coprinus psychromorbidus sclerotia. Can. J. Bot.65:124-130. Traquair. J.A.; Shaw. L.A.;Jarvis, W.R. 1987. Miscellaneous Scanning electron microscopy of keratinolytic, yeast-like hyphomycetes. Anderson, T.R. 1987. Fungi isolated from Mycologist 2:32. stems and roots ofsoybean in Ontario. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 67:3-5. Tu, J. C. 1987. Integrated control of the peat root rot disease complex in Ontario. Plant Layne, R.E.C. 1987. Peach rootstocks. Pages Dis. 71:9-13. 185-216 in Rom, R.C.; Carlson, R.F., eds. Tu, J.C.; Buzzell. R.I. 1987. Stem-tip necrosis: Roots for fruit crops. John Wiley and Sons. A hypersensitive, temperature dependent Traquair, J.A. 1987. Postharvest rot by Copri- dominant gene reaction of soybean to nus psychromorbidus on apples and pears in infection by soybean mosaic virus. Can. J. cold storage in British Columbia. Can. Plant Sci. 67:661-665. Plant Dis. Surv. 67:47-50. Vernon. R.S.;Judd. G.J .R.; Borden, J .H. 1987. Commercial monitoring program for the Tu, J.C. 1986. Incidence and etiology of pea onion fly, Delia antiqua (Meigen) Research Station, Harrow, Onto 141 Experimental Farm Kapuskasing, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF J.G. Proulx, D.V.M. Superintendent; Beef management Crop Science C. Lafreniere,l B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc. Forage management and physiology D. Ouel!et,2 B.Sc. Cereal management Experimental Farm, Thunder Bay, Ont. J. Wilson Superintendent; Crop management and evaluation 1 Located at Rouyn office. 2 Located at Rouyn office. Experimental Farm, Kapuskasing, ant. 143 INTRODUCTION The Kapuskasing Experimental Farm has a mandate to conduct agricultural research for northern Ontario and northwestern Quebec. The Thunder Bay Experimental Farm reports to Kapuskasing for program orientation and planning. The farm administers a site in northwestern Quebec, from which projects funded by the Entente Canada-Quebec will be conducted. Beef cattle research is conducted in cooperation with scientists from the Animal Research Centre (ARC) in Ottawa. Researchers in ruminant nutrition are currently attempting to determine the influence of the form of protein that is present in forages on ruminant digestion, how it is influenced by cultural practices, and preservation methods. The influence of dietary factors on immune response is also studied in cooperation with the Animal Diseases Research Institute (ADRIl and ARC scientists. Forage crop research supports the Ontario Forage Crop Committee and the Conseil des productions vegetales du Quebec. Forage crop production methods and practices are developed to improve ruminant productivity on high-quality all-forage diets. In cooperation with scientists from Sainte-Foy and the Plant Research Centre (PRCl, factors that affect persistence of legumes and grass are being studied. In cooperation with ARC and PRC, studies are conducted to determine criteria of quality other than crude protein and acid detergent fiber, which are important for ruminant productivity. Cereal crop research supports the committees from Ontario and Quebec. Cultural practices for short-season growing areas have been determined, and resources are being shifted towards forage research. Studies in soil and water management, and research to develop methods to solubilize rock phosphate by composting with local peat, are being conducted in cooperation with scientists from the Land Resource Research Center (LRRC)' Further details can be obtained by directing your enquiries to the Kapuskasing Experimental Farm, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Kapuskasing, Ont. P5N 2X9;Tel. (705) 335-6148. J.G. Proulx Superintendent ANIMAL SCIENCE pregnancy rate of 84% was recorded. In the remaining cows bred to the induced estrus, Beef cattle 81% were confirmed pregnant in the fall. For the six breeding seasons, an average concep- Estrus synchronization for beef A 35-day tion rate of83.3% was observed. breeding system relying on synchronization of Calving was concentrated in the first half of only part of the herd was developed over a the calving season; 70%of the calves were born 6-year period. within a period of 17 days, with the largest Heat detection was conducted morning and percentage born between days 4 and 13 of the evening for the entire breeding season of 35 calving season. days. Cows were bred 12 h after having been observed in standing heat. For the first 6 days of the breeding season, CROP SCIENCE the cows were bred to the naturally occurring estrus. On day 6, all cows not seen in heat were Forage management injected with a prostaglandin product to induce estrus and were bred artificially after Forage mixtures in northern Ontario. A heat detection. total of 21 forage mixtures recommended in Over a 6-year period 1189 breedings were Ontario and Quebec were evaluated under a conducted; 35% of the cows were observed in two-cut hay system from 1982 to 1986. heat during the first 6 days of the breeding Dry-matter yield, crude protein content, season. In cows bred to this natural heat, a and proportion of grass and legumes were 144 Research Branch Report 1987 measured for each year. The persistence ofthe similar results. A third trial was conducted to legume in the alfalfa mixtures went from over determine the effect of inoculation level on 65% of the stand in 1982 to 19% in 1983, 17% fermentation. Increasing the inoculation from in 1984, and 6% in 1985. The only exception to 300000 to 1 million CFU did not influence the this was a mixture with 11 kg/ha of Iroquois rate of acidification or of the NH3N content at and 6 kg/ha of Champ timothy, which still feeding. contained over 43% legumes in the 3rd year. Silages from the first two trials we!'e fed to Mixtures with trefoil all contained over yearling heifers. At feeding, the dry matter of 65% legumes in the first production year, ex- the silages were 26 and 30%, respectively, for cept when sown with bromegrass at 10 kg/ha. trials 1 and 2, whereas the crude protein was The mixture of trefoil and reed canarygrass 16.9% and 17.4%. The average daily gain of still contained over 70% legumes in 1984. The other yearlings fed these silages was not mixtures with red clover as a base contained different. The trial will be repeated under between 41 and 57% legumes in 1982; this more difficult ensiling conditions. figure decreased to less than 10% of the stand The top-yielding alfalfa cultivars in 1987 in 1983, and the mixtures with Ladino never were Magnum at 5094 kg/ha and OAC Minto at had more then 10% legumes. When Leo trefoil 5007 kg/ha, compared with the check Iroquois was seeded at 9 kg/ha with Climax timothy at at 4968 kg/ha. The top-yielding orchard grass 2 kg/ha (in comparison with Climax at 7 kg/haJ cultivars were S.F.8501 at 5655 kg/ha and Kay no significant difference in dry-matter yield at 5460 kg/ha compared with the check was found; however, the mixture with Climax Hallmark at 3828 kg/ha. The top-yielding at only 2 kg/ha had a significant advantage in meadow foxtail was M38569 at 4327 kg/ha and percentage and yield of crude protein. There G4550 at4163 kg/ha. were no yield differences among mixtures of timothy with alfalfa, red clover, or trefoil. Cereal management However, mixtures with alfalfa or trefoil Barley row spacing and seeding rates. tended to have a slightly higher protein con- Leger barley was sown at four row spacings: tent. The addition of Ladino clovers in small 10, 14, 18, and 22 cm; it was subdivided into quantities to a mixture did not produce any four seeding rates; 200, 300, 400, and 500 seeds advantage in dry-matter yield and protein. per square metre of soil during the period Mixtures with timothy and bromegrass tended 1985-1987. A row spacing of 10 cm produced to have a higher yield and higher crude protein the highest grain yield for all 3 years. Over the content than orchardgrass. 3-year period, a 14.9%grain yield increase was achieved when the row spacing was changed Forage preservation from the conventional 18 cm to the more Influence of a bacterial inoculant on silage intensive 10 cm. The data from 1986, which preservation. A stand of orchardgrass was happened to be the best cereal production year, ensiled with a precision chop silage harvester. showed a yield increase of only 8.9% when the The harvester was adjusted at a theoretical spacing was changed from 18 cm to 10 cm. 8-mm length of cut. Two silos were filled There were no significant differences in simultaneously and alternate loads were lodging, plant height, and weight per hectoliter placed in horizontal silos using 150 11mof as a result ofthe four row spacings. polyethylene film on each wall and a Seeding rates were not responsible for any wide-bottom bale elevator to build the mass. A significant differences in grain yield and straw delivery mechanism was used on the elevator strength. As the seeding rate was increased in one silo to add the bacterial culture from 200 to 500 seeds per square metre, plant (Ecosyl@) at 300000 colony-forming units maturity and height decreased. Tillering in- (CFU) per gram of wet silage. Sealing was creased from 1.63 stems per plant to 2.65 stems done within 8 h. per plant as seeding rates were decreased from In a first trial, 6 days after ensiling, the 500 to 200 seeds per square metre. Increasing temperature was 2° higher in the silage the seeding rate resulted in a decrease in treated with [email protected] corresponded to the weight per 1000 kernels from 34.2 g to 32.3 g. more rapid drop in pH observed until day 14 in The weight per hectolitre was not affected by the silage treated with [email protected] day 51, the the different seeding rates. pH of the silages was not different. A second There was no significant interaction trial conducted in the same manner produced between row spacing and seeding rate for any Experimental Farm, Kapuskasing, Onto 145 of the agronomic characteristics studied. Kingscote, B.F.; Proulx, J. 1986. The success- However, the highest grain yield of8361 kg/ha ful management of Leptospira hardjo was obtained in 1986 under a spacing of 10 cm infection in a beef herd in northern Ontario. and a seeding rate of 400 seeds per square Can. Vet.J. November1986. metre. Cereal tests included the Ontario regional oats and barley trials. The top-yielding barley Miscellaneous cultivars were Sophie at 1821 kg/ha and Albany at 1815 kg/ha. The top-yielding oat Hidiroglou, M.; Proulx, J. 1986. Seasonal cultivars were Dumont at 1648 kg/ha and changes of plasma zinc concentrations in Baldwin at 1544 kg/ha. Yields were severely beef cattle raised in northern Ontario. affected by the lack of precipitation inJune. Pages 480-486 in Proceedings 1986 Inter- national Symposium on Trace Minerals, 17 July 1986, Karl Marx University, Leipzig, PUBLICATIONS Germany. Proulx, J.; Veira, D. 1987. Supplementation Research des ensilages a la farine de poisson pour la Hidiroglou,M.;Proulx,J.;Jolette,J. 1987. Ef- croissance et l'engraissement. Pages 62-80 fect of intraruminally administered in Rapport du Colloque sur la viande selenium soluble-glass boluses on selenium bovine, 4 March 1987, Quebec Ministry of status in cows and their calves. J. Anim. Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Quebec Sci. 65:815-820. City, Que. 146 Research Branch Report 1987 London Research Centre London, Ontario PROFESSION AL STAFF H.V. Morley,B.Sc., Ph.D. Director J .A. Coleman Administrative Officer D.E.H. Drew,l B.Sc., M.L.S. Librarian Mode of Action of Selected and Potential Insect Control Agents w. Chefurka, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Section Head; Insect biochemistry C.J. Bolter ,2 B.Sc., M.Sc. Fumigation - toxicology T. Dumas, D.C.E., M.Sc. Analytical chemistry - fumigants R.M. Krupka, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Biochemistry T.T. Lee, B.Sc., Ph.D. Plant biochemistry and tissue culture E.B. Roslycky, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Microbiology A.N. Starratt, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.I.C. Chemistry - natural products R.W. Steele, B.Sc., Ph.D. Neurochemistry A. Vardanis, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Insect biochemistry Mode of Action of Selected and Potential Plant-Pathogen Control Agents E.W.B. Ward, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Section Head; Plant pathology - phytoalexins D.A. Cup pels, B.A., M.S., Ph.D. Phytobacteriology - molecular genetics G. Lazarovits, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant pathology - soil borne diseases C. Madhosingh, B.S.A., M.A., Ph.D. Microbial biochemistry and pathology A. Stoessl,3 B.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.LC. Chemistry - phytoalexins and mycotoxins G.A. White, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biochemistry - fungicides Soil Pesticides C.R. Harris,4 B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Section Head; Insect toxicology B.T. Bowman, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil physical chemistry R.A. Chapman, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Analytical organic chemistry D.G.R. McLeod, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Insect physiology J.H. Tolman, B.Sc., Ph.D. Applied entomology A.D. Tomlin, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide ecology C.M. Tu, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Microbiology S.A. Turnbull, B.Sc., M.Sc. Insect toxicology Departures E.J. Bond, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D., D.LC. Fumigation - toxicology Retired 10 July 1987 D.M. Miller, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biophysics - fungicide selectivity Retired 31 July 1987 T. Nagai, M.E., M.Sc., D.Sc. Neurophysiology Retired 22 January 1987 London Research Centre, London, Onto 147 VISITING SCIENTIST R.C. Zimmer, B.Sc., Ph.D. Plant diseases Transfer of work from Morden Research Station Visiting fellows M. Butler, B.Sc., Ph.D. Plant pathology D. Cahill, B.Sc., Ph.D. Plant pathology K.R. Hynes, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biotechnology - Plant pathology R.A. Moore, B.Sc., Ph.D. Plant pathology Graduate students K. Lee, B.Sc., M.Sc. Biochemistry - fungicides R. Schwartz, B.Sc. Phytobacteriology 1 Seconded from Libraries Division, Corporate Management Branch. 2 Education leave, University of Western Ontario, London, Onto 3 Transfer of work, August 1986-August 1987, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. 4 Transfer of work, August 1986-August 1987, North Coast Agriculture Institute, CoUongbar, Australia. 148 Research Branch Report 1987 INTRODUCTION This report summarizes highlights of research carried out during 1987 at the London Research Centre in support of departmental objectives in environmental quality and crop protection. The centre was established in 1951 to investigate the problems created by the introduction of synthetic organic pesticides. Present research programs reflect the current concerns about health and the environment regarding the agricultural use of pesticides by concentrating research efforts in integrated pest management (IPM) and environmental toxicology. The IPM objective comprises four research activities. The pest management activity is aimed at developing IPM procedures, including biological control, for agriculturally and economically important insect pests. Research on stored products is directed toward the investigation of environmental and insect resistance problems and the development of more efficient fumigation procedures leading to a minimum of pesticide residues. The third activity concerns research on alternative pest control strategies. Studies on insects are aimed at identifying specific areas for attack so that pest control in the future will not rely upon the use of broad-spectrum toxicants. Research on natural plant defense mechanisms in disease-resistant and susceptible agriculturally important crops has the objective of using natural defense mechanisms by biotechnology, chemical manipulation, or the breeding of resistant cultivars. The last activity under the IPMobjective concerns research on systemic fungicides. Studies are carried out on the efficacy of systemic fungicides and on the plant pathological, biochemical, biophysical, and structural parameters of fungicide activity and resistance. Research on environmental toxicology has three areas of activity. The first deals with the effect of pesticides on nontarget soil invertebrates and agriculturally important soil microorganisms. The second is concerned with the determination of the behavior, persistence, and environmental fate of pesticides and their movement through the environment. The third is concerned with establishing the mode of action of growth regulators and toxicants by carrying out studies on insects and plants related to vital processes ofgrowth and development. July 1987 saw the long-awaited sod-turning ceremony for the new pest management building at Packs Lane. During 1987 three scientists retired with a combined total of 92 years of service with the branch: Dr. E.J. Bond, 36 years in fumigation research; Dr. D.M. Miller, assistant director, 36 years in biophysical chemistry research; and Dr. T. Nagai, 20 years in insect neurophysiology. This report records only the highlights of our accomplishments for 1987; more detailed information can be obtained from the publications listed at the end of this report. Copies of this report, reprints of publications, and further information are available on request from the Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, 1400 Western Road, London, Onto N6G 2V4; Tel. (519) 679-4452. H.V. Morley Director INTEGRATED PEST AB larvae after 8 weeks. Experiments are in MANAGEMENT progress to clarify the means of overwintering by AB and to determine whether diapause AB can survive periods of flooding. At 20°C, post- Control of the onion maggot diapause onion maggot (OM) pupae survived Further progress was made on feasibility flooding for only 2 weeks; at 1°C OM pupae studies aimed at incorporating biological survived at least 10 weeks. Postdiapause control, using parasites and predators, into an larvae of the braconid wasp, Aphaereta pallipes integrated pest management program. (AP), survived flooding for up to 8 weeks at Although Aleochara bilineata (AB) sur- 20°C and at least 12 weeks at 1°C. Should vives the winter in diapause as a first-instar spring flooding become the preferred method of larva within the host puparium, laboratory control for white rot, potentially a very serious studies showed storage at _3°C to be lethal to disease of onions, the above observations will London Research Centre, London, Onto 149 prove useful in developing integrated control colonized. A cell wall formed resulting in a strategies for OM. spherical structure that germinated by the In field microplot tests, release of as few as formation ofa germ tube. 16 AB per square metre significantly increased Assessment of the toxicity of insecticides to parasitism of OM pupae; furrow granular parasites and predators of dipterous insect application ofchlorpyrifos did not significantly pests was continued. Permethrin was 3.8 times reduce OM parasitism by AB. In a large-scale more toxic to OM than to SS. Attempts to field trial to test the effectiveness of released select a diazinon-resistant strain of AB pro- AB for control of second-generation OM, five duced a slight increase in resistance (X 5.6) AB per square metre were regularly released compared with a more susceptible strain. biweekly on the Thedford-Grand Bend Marsh. Field microplot studies verified the effec. At harvest, onion damage was no higher in the tiveness of the organophosphorus insecticides release block than in the remainder of the field chlorpyrifos and fonofos and the growth treated with four foliar insecticide sprays. regulator cyromazine applied as seed dressings Parasitism ofOM pupae also was higher in the for control of first-generation OM. Cyro- release block until onions were pulled for mazine, SD-208304, and SC-0567 also provided harvest; with reduced cover released AB good control of first-generation OM when appeared to disperse further from the study. applied in the seed furrow. Chlorpyrifos, A study was begun to assess the feasibility commercially pelleted around onion seed, also of releasing AB, to suppress root maggots in provided effective control of first-generation home gardens. In all cases, there was less OM, not only in field microplots but also when damage in release gardens than in control planted by growers on the marshes of gardens. It also was shown that AB will move Thedford-Grand Bend, Holland, and Keswick. up to 4-5 km in the urban environment. Increased incidence of onion smut was, Releases of marked Scatophaga stercoraria however, noted on the Keswick Marsh. (SS) parasitoids were monitored at the Pack's Lane Field Station using sweep netting and Monitoring attractant artificial manure pats from May to September. The experiments were designed to The earliest, hottest summer on record in establish adult activity under natural tem- southwestern Ontario was expected to create perature and humidity regimes and to compare problems for the insect pest monitoring activity in woodland with adjacent cultivated program, but prediction ofthe extra generation fields. Results indicate the adults were active ofthe European corn borer was successful. The in woodland for most of the frost. free season, development of aestivation in the late summer but in cultivated fields they were active only at also reduced the number of generations of the air temperatures below 29°C. Marked cabbage maggot (CM). The Pest Alert, pro- recaptures of flies also revealed significant duced cooperatively with the Ontario Ministry movement between field and woodland sites. of Agriculture and Food, successfully alerted In further studies to assess the feasibility of producers to these changes in the likelihood of using the fungus Entomophthora muscae (EM) infestation by the insects, allowing adjustment as a biological control agent for dipterous ofspray schedules. Three commercial prepara- insect pests, success in cultivating EM in an tions of corn borer pheromone were evaluated insect tissue culture medium led to an attempt and compared with the centre's preparation. to grow the culture to determine growth The centre's pheromone traps caught 4 times as characteristics and the formation of conidia or many moths as the best commercial prepara- resting spores. Among 270 media examined, tion. Two commercial pheromone preparations excellent growth ofthe fungus occurred on only worked equally well for monitoring the corn four media. Although the fungus was grown as earworm. Of three commercial pheromone a saprophyte, by periodic transfers it retained preparations available for the cabbage looper, its parasitic potential for more than 2 years. two worked well and the third caught no moths However, on the media tested, the fungus did but smelled wonderful! not produce conidia or resting spores. The The turnip mosaic virus (TUMV) problem most satisfactory temperature for rapid in rutabagas this year was less severe than last development of normal growth and production year. This improvement resulted primarily was 17°C. Microscopic observations suggested from reduced crop areas of winter rapeseed that protoplasts multiplied by budding and caused by heavy winter kill and lower fall 150 Research Branch Report 1987 seeding rates because of reduced price for contents over 12 weeks. Significant moisture- rapeseed and the effect of TUMV on winter dependent differences were observed between rapeseed yield. Monitoring this year the behavior of granular carbofuran and concentrated on flea beetles and aphids. The granular isofenphos in anti-insecticide active ability to identify seven species of aphids found soils. in rutabaga fields has allowed the process of In the second long-term study, compilation establishing the temporal distribution of field efficacy data accumulated over a relationship of aphids with TUMV infection in number of years indicated that CM control by the field to start. Preliminary results indicate carbofuran and fensulfothion in Newfoundland that the three colonizing aphids, Brevicoryne has declined with time. A similar trend was brassicae (cabbage aphid), Myzus persicae apparent in Ontario, with carbofuran used to (green peach aphid), and Lipaphis erysimi control carrot rust fly (CRF) and carrot weevil (turnip aphid) do not occur when the virus is (CW). Laboratory tests conducted with two spread to the turnip fields but could be Newfoundland CM strains and an Ontario CRF responsible for spread within the field. Several strain indicated that declining efficacy could grain aphid species occur at the proper time not be attributed to the development of insect and have been recovered from rutabaga fields. resistance to recommended insecticides. Other Peaks of Rhopalosiphum padi occur as winter tests indicated that the two Newfoundland grain is drying down. There was some soils developed the capacity for rapid degrada- indication last year that flea beetles might be tion of carbofuran or fensulfothion in a single involved in transmission of TUMV, but growing season. In an organic soil used for experiments this year were inconclusive. carrot production in Ontario, anti-carbofuran activity was apparent within 1 week after Enhanced microbial degradation application of granular carbofuran in the seed Previous work has shown that under cer- furrow and was high after 3 weeks. The data tain conditions microbial populations in soils suggest that development in the soil of rapidly acquire the ability to degrade many microbial populations capable of enhanced carbamate and organophosphorus pesticides. degradation of carbofuran and fensulfothion is This enhanced microbial degradation results contributing to the erratic performance ofthese in erratic pest control that may, in fact, be insecticides in CM, CRF, CW, and other root erroneously attributed to development of maggot control programs in Canada. insect resistance. Two studies on enhanced microbial degra- Insect rearing dation of insecticides in soil were completed. A At the present time a total of 41 strains of 3-year study comparing the persistence in a 17 different insect species are being reared in clay loam of single and repeated annual the centre. A total of 18 field cultures were applications of seven granular insecticides received, reared, and increased as necessary for used for corn rootworm control showed that the resistance screening tests; most collections persistence of chlorpyrifos, terbufos, and followed grower inability to control Colorado phorate was relatively constant over the 3 potato beetle (CPB). An effective, efficient years and between plots receiving single and mass-rearing technique for SS is now in multiple treatments. Disulfoton and fonofos operation; many thousands were released in behavior was more variable and that of carbo- dispersal studies during the summer. Quality furan and isofenphos was extremely variable. control tests to evaluate performance of Anti-insecticide activity against carbofuran mass-produced AB are being developed. and isofenphos was detectable 2 weeks after an initial application and was still present the Insecticide resistance following spring. Anti-insecticide activity against fonofos, terbufos sulfoxide, phorate In studies on the development of insecticide sulfone, and disulfoton sulfone also was resistance, CM from an area of Newfoundland generated in this soil. Anti-insecticide activity that had been monitored for many years against chlorpyrifos, disulfoton, terbufos, and showed no indication of resistance to phorate was not present. Carbofuran, carbofuran, fensulfothion, or diazinon. Ten chlorpyrifos, and terbufos, (plus metabolites) collections of CPB from Ontario and eastern present in the upper 5 cm of soil averaged 93, Canada were monitored for resistance to 94, and 94%, respectively, of the total core insecticides. Five cases of more than lOO-fold London Research Centre, London, Onto 151 resistance to carbofuran and several of used to determine the minimum combustible pyrethroid resistance were found. Other CPB- concentration of phosphine in 99.99, 20.99, and insecticide studies involved cross-resistance, 5% oxygen at pressures down to 150 mm Hg. joint action, and knockdown recovery at low The lowest concentration where combustion temperatures. A study ofthe effect of selection occurred at 25°C was found to be 1.67% of resistant house flies with a pyrethroid- phosphine in 5% oxygen at 150 mm Hg. synergist combination was completed when The DNAs of corn and wheat have been resistance levels dropped to less than 10-fold shown to be methylated during treatment with after 32 generations without selection methyl bromide, a fumigant widely used to pressure. The pattern and rate of resistance control insects in foodstuffs and other development were similar to that with the commodities. Using 14C labeling, the N.7 pyrethroid alone. A cross-resistance study position of guanine and the N.1 position of showed intermediate but significant levels of adenine were identified as the major sites of cross-resistance to other pyrethroids. methylation. Alkylation also occurred at N-3 of cytosine, adenine, and guanine. Although Other studies. In collaboration with Vine- less than 1% of the bound radioactivity found land, soil fauna in solarized and unsolarized in the grains was associated with the isolated plots in potato fields in sandy soils at Alliston, DNA, results indicated that 0.5-1 % of the Ont., were compared. These soils were guanine residues in the DNA were methylated exceptionally impoverished of soil arthropods during treatment with methyl bromide at in both solarized and unsolarized conditions, 48 mg/L for 72 h. It seems probable that but highly significant reductions in free-living methylation of nucleic acids is a contributing nematodes in solarized plots were observed. factor to the observed loss of viability of seeds In collaboration with the Soil Survey Unit treated with this fumigant. of Agriculture Canada, Yukon, it was Studies in fumigation of wood chips with determined that large "worms" collected from phosphine and methyl bromide showed that soliflucted soils in the Richardson Mountains the fumigants did not easily penetrate the were Enchytraeid and not Lumbricid earth- mass of material in sufficient quantities to kill worms. These Yukon soils, unlike most other the pinewood nematode. At 21°C the con. Canadian soils, including our best agricultural centrations of the fumigants decreased rapidly soils in southern Ontario, were not glaciated. as the gas diffused through the chips so that for The implications of glaciation for worm the fumigant phosphine the concentration had distributions (Enchytraeid or Lumbricidl in decreased by 50% at 0.7 m from the point of Canada are significant. application, and at 2 m it was less than 5%. No planting treatment alone provided Similarly the fumigant methyl bromide did not commercially acceptable season-long control of penetrate deeply; however, it could be uni- CM attacking rutabagas in microplot studies. formly distributed through the mass of wood A program of three drenches of chlorpyrifos chips if a recirculation procedure was used. provided best control, and two drench Both fumigants were rapidly and irreversibly applications of chlorpyrifos following planting sorbed by the wood chips so that concentrations application of granular terbufos, chlorpyrifos, were reduced to levels below those required to and SD.208304 also gave acceptable control. kill the nematodes. A project on the fumigation of hay with phosphine for control of Hessian fly has been STORED PRODUCTS initiated to comply with quarantine require- ments on hay exports from Canada to Japan. Since phosphine is known to be unstable at Collections of wild Hessian fly were obtained very low pressures and can cause fire and from the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, explosions under some conditions, a study was and Manitoba to establish laboratory culture undertaken to establish explosive limits over a for mass rearing of the insects for toxicity range of pressures and concentrations so that studies. Facilities, equipment, and techniques any hazardous procedures involving excessive for rearing of the insect have been developed pressure changes in practical fumigation and are now in place; although some problems treatments could be avoided. A test method for associated with sex distribution and diapause studying the combustibility ofgases at reduced of the insects have been encountered, a strong pressures has been developed and has been colony of breeding stock has been established. 152 Research Branch Report 1987 With this colony, large numbers of insects can single-site Tn5 insertion mutation. now be produced to carry out the fumigation Subsequent subcloning of this 30 kb fragment experiments necessary to provide the required revealed that the DNA sequence essential for data and to develop the necessary recom- restoration of pathogenicity was approxi- mendations and procedures for commercial mately 4 kb. When the pLAFRI wild-type treatments. library was mated with the Tn5-induced toxin- minus mutant DC3661, one out of 171 trans- conjugants assayed on tomato plants was able ALTERNATIVE PEST to produce the toxin coronatine. The cloned fragment able to restore toxin production to CONTROL STRATEGIES DC3661 was approximately 33 kb. When subcloned, only 7 kb of this fragment proved Research in this area is directed toward essential for toxin synthesis by DC3661. The obtaining an appreciation of the basic pro- larger fragment complemented four of five cesses involved in plant-pathogen interactions other of toxin-minus mutant strains in the in resistant and susceptible crops and the role collection. Thus, segments of the P. syringae of phytotoxins in pathenogenicity. The pv. tomato genome that are essential for tomato potential benefits ofthese studies would be the plant infection and for coronatine synthesis ability to activate the plants' natural defense have been identified and isolated. mechanisms and to provide new methods for Biosynthetic studies on traversianal, a introducing disease resistance into crop plants. recently (1986) discovered metabolite of the plant pathogen Cercospora trauersiana, were Phytoalexins. Research was completed on completed with the demonstration that the the biosynthesis and metabolism of glyceollin I compound is formed on a route that differs in wounded and infected soybeans. The study substantially from those leading to the struc- resolved the problem of whether accumulation turally related phytotoxins and mycotoxins of of glyceollin is due to differences in rates of the fusicoccane and ophiobolane groups. In synthesis and metabolism in resistant and sus- another context, this compound was shown to ceptible plants. Evidence had been presented cause the lysis of plant cells (beet root), but by others that differences in rates of metabo- surprisingly, it was shown to have no other lism could account for differences in accumula- discernible phytotoxic properties. However, it tion. Results obtained here established that lysed human red blood corpuscles and was metabolic rates in all tissues were similar and exceptionally toxic to brine-shrimp larvae and therefore did not differentially affect accum- snails. Therefore, traversianal should ulation. Distinct differences in biosynthetic probably be further examined as a putative rates were demonstrated to develop at the mycotoxin as well as a potential molluscicide. earliest stages following infection, being In related studies, the mutagenic highest in resistant responses. Wounding phytotoxin dothistromin, a metabolite of alone was also demonstrated to stimulate Dothistroma pini and many Cercospora spp., biosynthesis, but metabolic rates are such that was found to exhibit previously unreported glyceollin I does not accumulate. Accumula- antimicrobial and lytic activities that were tion in the resistant response is related to the strongly but not entirely light- and oxygen- enhanced biosynthesis that develops, and this dependent; and to be moderately toxic to brine- is consistent with evidence for gene shrimp larvae in a nonlight- and oxygen- transcription and enzyme activity. dependent manner. Phytotoxins. A 30-kilobases (kb) fragment The effect of tricyclazole, an inhibitor of selected from a cosmid (pLAFRl) library of pentaketide melanin biosynthesis, on three wild-type bacterial speck pathogen Pseudo- isolates of Alternaria solani and Verticillium monas syringae pv. tomato DNA, from the dahliae was investigated. At all tricyclazole laboratory collection, restored pathogenicity to levels tested, Alternaria cultures primarily the Tn5-induced mutant DC3481 but not to accumulated the melanin shunt product any of the other Tn5-induced pathogenicity 2-hydroxyjuglone (2-HJ). The concentrations mutants. In the presence of this fragment the of 2-HJ depended on medium composition, mutant also regained the ability to use citric fungal isolate, culture age, and light exposure. acid cycle intermediates as carbon sources, a With Verticillium, increasing levels of trait that also had been lost as a result of the tricyclazole resulted in progressively London Research Centre, London, Onto 153 decreasing quantities of 2-HJ and increasing overall charge or hydrophobic interaction has quantities of another shunt product, flaviolin. allowed the separation of enzymes and Concentrations of 2-HJ in cultures of both associated particles from each other. The fungi grown on Czapek Dox agar were high results show that specific particles, very much enough to inhibit fungal growth on thin layer the minority with respect to the total chromatograms. In the presence of tricyclaz- population of particles, are the carrier of these ole, the accumulation of the phytotoxin alter- enzymes. It is important now to attempt to solanol A, produced by isolate 83W ofA. solani, investigate the properties of these particles in was reduced by 20-100%, depending on order to understand their interaction with the inhibitor concentration, culture age, and light respective enzymes. The importance of this exposure. Generally, factors which increased work lies in its relationship to the insect molt, the accumulation of 2.HJ suppressed the pro- which is considered to be a likely target site for duction of altersolanol A. The results support future pest control measures. the view that melanin in A. solani is of a In relatively few cases is the cellular target dihydroxynaphthalene origin, and not a mixed site of pesticides known and understood. A polyketide-shikimate origin. The apparent suggested site of action is the cell membrane, inhibition of altersolanol A accumulation by though this is usually hard to prove. No tricyclazole treatment is a separate phenom- simple test system is available to pinpoint enon, not directly linked to melanin bio- pesticide action at this level. An ideal system synthesis, since 1,3,6,8-terahydroxynaphtha- would be a membrane system independent of lene, a key melanin precursor, cannot be an other cellular processes. One possibility would intermediate of altersolanol A biosynthesis. be reconstituted membrane vesicles, but such Nevertheless, it suggests that there are systems are hard to work with and prepare. additional mechanisms whereby tricyclazole Systems have now been developed here having may interfere with factors essential for the advantages ofvesicles, and they are readily pathogenicity. available and easy to assay. These are the glucose and the choline transport systems of Insect pests red cells. The red cell is particularly suitable Research in this area is directed toward because it contains no nucleus and no gaining an understanding of basic life pro- mitochondria, it has an extremely low level of cesses peculiar to the insect so that methods of metabolic activity, and transport is selective, specific control can be developed that independent of energy metabolism. Moreover, do not rely upon broad-spectrum toxicants. knowledge gained in previous studies on this system allows the use of simple techniques to Proctolin. Study of a cockroach body frac- determine whether a pesticide interferes with tion that was retained on a Norganic resin transport by action on the carrier specifically column but not on Sep-Pak C18 cartridges or by generalized effects on the cell membrane. indicated the presence of additional factors capable of inhibiting contractions elicited by proctolin. This material probably has a much lower molecular weight than the neutrolins. ENVIRONMENTAL New HPLC systems have measurably TOXICOLOGY improved yield of myoactive substances, and they show promise in overcoming enzyme Work directed toward determining the stability problems encountered with proctolin movement and persistence of pesticides in the regulatory proteins. environment was continued. Chitin. Work continued on a model system Mobility and persistence studies. Field- aimed at obtaining some general under- based lysimeters packed with Plainfield sand standing of the principles involved in particu- were used to study mobility and persistence late substrate-enzyme complexes. By the use behavior of commercial formulations of the of high performance liquid chromatography, herbicides atrazine, metolachlor, and terbu- those particles that carry the biosynthetic and thylazine under two precipitation regimes: degradative enzymes that act on the polymer natural rainfall and natural rainfall with have been successfully separated. The use of supplementary watering. Ater 21 weeks under various chromatographic media that separate natural rainfall, the maximum movement of on the basis of either molecular weight or atrazine, terbuthylazine, and metolachlor was, 154 Research Branch Report 1987 respectively, 30, 20, and 10 cm; under supple- enzyme. Some compounds were active inhibi- mentary watering it was, respectively, 70, 50, tors of the growth of the pathogen R hizoctonia and 40 cm. With the exception of a single trace solani and could prove potentially useful as of atrazine, no herbicide appeared in the fungicides. effiuent of natural rainfall cores. Both atra- zine and terbuthylazine appeared somewhat susceptible to sudden leaching following heavy PUBLICATIONS precipitation during the week following their soil application. Soil-water partitioning Research coefficients generated for the three herbicides on Plainfield sand decreased in the following Agathos, S.N.; Madhosingh, C.; Marshall, order: terbuthylazine > metolachlor > J.W.; Lee, J. 1987. The fungal production atrazine. of cyclosporine. New York Academy of Sciences, Biochemical Engineering V Impact of pesticides on nontarget 506:657-{)62. organisms. Effects of four experimental Amason, J.T.; Borque, G.; Madhosingh, C.; chemicals - Dowco 429X, SD-208304, teflu- Orr, W. 1986. Disruption in membrane thrin, and trimethacarb -on soil microbial function in Fusarium culmorum by an activities were evaluated. None of the acetylenic allelochemical. Biochem. Syst. chemicals caused effects serious enough to be considered deleterious to microbial activities EcoI.14:569-574. important to soil fertility. Bhattacharyya, M.K.; Ward, E.W.B. 1987. The effect of thiram, captan, and Biosynthesis and metabolism of glyceollin I thiabendazole seed treatments on 16 strains of in soybean hypocotyls following wounding thiram-resistant Rhizobium japonicum was or inoculation with Phytophthora determined. Six isolates were unaffected by megasperma f. sp. glycinea. Physiol. Mol. the fungicide applied singly or in combination Plant Pathol. 31:387-405. at 2000 ppm. Bhattacharyya, M.K.; Ward, E.W.B. 1987. Contrary to published reports, sethoxydim Temperature-induced susceptibility of soy- was shown to have an unexpectedly long beans to Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. residual effect on root growth. Recent studies glycinea: Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase of cellulose hydrolysis in soil over a period of and glyceollin in the host; growth and 3.5 years revealed initial stimulation of the glyceollin sensitivity of the pathogen. process followed by suppression by practical Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 31:407-419. concentrations of sethoxydim. Boiteau, G.; Parry, R.H.; Harris, C.R. 1987. A study of adaptations of selected rhizobia Insecticide resistance in New Brunswick and agrobacteria to paraquat demonstrated populations of the Colorado potato beetle that paraquat resistance was a stable charac- (Coleoptera: ChrysomelidaeJ. Can. teristic and not a function ofadaptive enzymes. Entomol. 119:459-463. The increase in resistance to the herbicide Boivin, G.; Ritchot, C.; Martel, P.; McLeod, resulted in an increase in the resistance to D.G.R. 1986. Evidence of regional differ- ultraviolet radiation and to various anti- ences in the emergence pattern of the Euro- biotics. Increasing paraquat concentrations pean corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidael in gave rise to a higher number of mutants Quebec. J. Econ. Entomol. 79:978-980. resistant to the antibiotics. A large variety of new heterocyclic carboxa- Chefurka, W.; McLeod, H.L.; Steele, J.E. 1987. mides including furans, thiophenes, oxathiins, The role of lipid fluidity in the interaction of DDT and some analogs with synthetic and substituted benzanilides were synthesized and tested for inhibitions of the target site membranes. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. enzyme complex (succinate-ubiquinone 28:93-102. reductase; Complex II) in mitochondria from a Chefurka, W.; Gnidec, E.P.P. 1987. Binding of wild-type strain and a carboxin-resistant [14ClDDT by submitochondrial particles. mutant strain of corn smut, Ustilago maydis. CompoBiochem. Physiol. 88C(1):213-217. A number of compounds were highly active Chefurka, W.; Chatelier, R.C.; Sawyer, W.H. inhibitors of the enzyme complex, and some 1987. Perturbation of phospholipid bilayers 4'-substituted analogs, in particular, were by DDT. Biochim. Biophys. Acta selectively active towards the resistant 896:181-186. London Research Centre, London, Onto 155 Cuppels, D.A.; Stipanovic, R.D.; Stoessl, A.; Stoessl, A.; Stothers, J.B.; Zimmer, R.C. 1987. Stothers, J.B. 1987. The constitution and A fungal fusicoccane with ophiobolane-type properties of a pyochelin-zinc complex. functionalities: Structure determination by Can. J. Chern. 65(9):2126-2130. N.M.R. spectroscopy aided by biosynthetic 13 Deves, R.; Krupka, R.M. 1987. Effects on incorporation of 1,2. C2 acetate. J. Chern. Soc.Chern. Commun.1987:508--509. transport of rapidly penetrating, competing substrates: Activation and inhibition ofthe Struble, D.L.; Byers, J.R.; McLeod, D.G.R.; choline carrier in erythrocytes by Ayre, G.L. 1987. Sex pheromone compo- imidazole. J. Membr. BioI. 99:13-23. nents of an Alberta population of European Esnault, R.; Chibbar, R.N.; Lee, D.; Van corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.) Huystee, R.B.; Ward, E.W.B. 1987. Early (Lepidoptera: PyralidaeJ. Can. Entomol. differences in production of mRNAs for 119:291-299. pheny lalanine ammonia lyase and chalcone Turnbull, S.A.; Harris, C.R. 1986. Influence of synthase in resistant and susceptible posttreatment temperature on the contact cultivars of soybeans inoculated with toxicity of ten organophosphorus and Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. pyrethroid insecticides to onion maggot Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 30:293-297. adults (Diptera: Anthomyiidael. Proc. Finkelman, M.; Vardanis, A. 1987. Glycogen Entomol. Soc. Onto 117:41--44. metabolism in Aureobasidium pullulans: A glycogen synthetase with unusual activa- tion properties. CRC Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. Miscellaneous 5(3):185-193. Finkelman, M.A.J.; Vardanis, A. 1987. Syn- Bond, E.J. 1987. Investigations on adverse properties of the fumigants methyl bromide thesis of p-glucan by cell.free extracts of and phosphine. 1. Residues of methyl Aureobasidium pullulans. Can. J. Microbiol. 33:123-127. bromide in fumigated commodities. Pages 327-334 in Donahaye, E.; Navarro, S., eds. Lazarovits, G.; Zutra, D.; Bar-Joseph, M. 1987. Proceedings 4th International Working Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on Conference Stored Product Protection, nitrocellulose membranes (dot-ELISA) in September 1986, Tel Aviv, Israel. the serodiagnosis of plant pathogenic bacteria. Can. J. Microbiol. 33:98-103. Lee, T.T.; Starratt, A.N. 1987. Regulations of indole-3-acetic acid metabolism in plants. Madhosingh, C.; Starratt, A.N. 1987. Compa- In Purohit, S.S., ed. Hormonal regulation of rison of the antibiotic tolerance, lipids and plant growth and development, Vol. IV. respiration in the tomato pathogens Agro Botanical Publisher, Bikaner, India. Fusarium oxysporum lycopersici and F. oxysporum radicis lycopersici. J. Environ. Starratt, A.N.; Steele, R.W. 1987. Myoactive Sci. Health Part B Pestic. Food Contam. agents from the cockroach Periplaneta Agric. Wastes22(6):731-749. americana. Pages 117-120 in Greenhalgh, R.; Roberts, T.R., eds. Proceedings 6th McDougall, K.W.; Singh, G.; Harris, C.R.; International Congress of Pesticide Higginson, F.R. 1987. Organochlorine insecticide residues in some agricultural Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications. soils on the North Coast region of New South Wales. Bull. Environ. Contam. Stoessl, A. 1987. Microbial phytotoxins. Toxicol.39:286-293. Pages 171-236 in Laskin, A.I.; Lechevalier, Niemczyk, H.D.; Chapman, R.A. 1987. Evi- H.A., eds. Handbook of microbiology, 2nd dence of enhanced degradation of isofen- ed., Vol. VIII. CRC Press. phos in turfgrass thatch and soil. J. Econ. Stoessl, A.; Stothers, J .B. 1987. Recent studies Entomol. 80:880-882. on some metabolites implicated in Roslycky, E.B. 1987. Physiological and other plant-microbe interactions. Vol. 27, Chap. changes in soil microflora induced by 1 in Hostettman, K., ed. Annual prolonged herbicide treatments. Phyton Proceedings Phytochemical Society Europe. 47(112):73-82; VI. Oxford University Press. 156 Research Branch Report 1987 Research Station Vineland Station, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF D.R. Menzies, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director M.A. Fraumeni,l B.A., M.L.S. Librarian Entomology D.J. Pree, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Toxicology A.B. Broadbent, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Ornamental entomology E.A.C. Hagley, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D., Fruit pest management D.LC.T.A. A.B. Stevenson, B.Sc.(Agr.), Ph.D. Vegetable pest management H.M.A. Thistlewood, B.Sc., M.P.M., Ph.D. Acarology R.J.M. Trimble,2 B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Bioclimatology Nematology, Chemistry, and Computer Science J.W. Potter, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Nematode ecology and chemical control M. Chiba, B.Sc., D.Sc., C.Chem., F.C.LC. Residue chemistry B.D. McGarvey, B.Sc., M.Sc. Chemistry T.H.A. Olthof, Ing., B.Sc.(Agr.J, Ph.D. Host-parasite relations J.L. Townshend, B.Sc., M.Sc., D.LC. Nematode ecology J. Vee, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Mathematics and computing Plant Pathology A.R. Biggs, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Tree fruit diseases W.R. Allen, B.A., Ph.D. Fruit and soil. borne viruses R.F. Cerkauskas, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Vegetable diseases J .A. Matteoni, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Ornamental pathology J. Northover, B.Sc., Ph.D., D.LC. Fruit mycology A.A. Reyes, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Vegetable mycology L.W. Stobbs, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Grapevine viruses Smithfield Experimental Farm, Trenton, Onto S.R. Miller, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Superintendent; Pomology W.P. Mohr, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Food processing J.G. Metcalf Tomato breeding N.J. Smits, B.Sc. Vegetable management J. Warner, B.Sc., M.Sc. Pomology Research Station, Vineland Station, Onto 157 Departure E.Piil Administrative Officer Deceased 24 October 1987 EXTENSION SERVICES3 D. Ridgway Fruit and vegetable crops 1 Seconded from Libraries Division, Corporate Management Branch. 2 Transfer of work, October 1987to September 1988,the Netherlands. 3 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Trenton, Onto 158 Research Branch Report 1987 INTRODUCTION The Vineland Research Station serves the horticultural industry with comprehensive crop protection research that is organized under four multidisciplinary programs: tree fruits, grapes and berries, vegetables, and ornamentals. Scientific disciplines represented at the station include entomology, acarology, ecology, mycology, virology, bacteriology, nematology, pesticide residue chemistry, toxicology, and computer science. The Smithfield Experimental Farm, located near Trenton, is administratively linked to the station and carries on horticultural production and processing research, as well as pest control programs, in collaboration with Vineland. This report summarizes some of the research results from the station in 1987; more detailed information can be obtained from the publications listed at the end of the report. For more information on these or other research projects, or for copies of this report, please write to the Director, Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Vineland Station, Onto LOR2EO;Tel.(416)562-4113. D.R. Menzies Director TREE FRUITS foliage and fruit and should be regarded as potential pests where they occur in managed Insects and mites orchards. Red mite resistance to acaricides. Popula- Serological monitoring of predation and tions of European red mite, showing 9 X parasitism. Species of Pterostichus, Harpalus, resistance (R) to cyhexatin, crossed with Amara, Diplocheila, Bembidian, Clavina, and susceptible (S) mites to produce an F1 strain unidentified species of staphylinids and with 3 X resistance. Back-cross tests indicated araneids were serologically determined as that cyhexatin resistance was complex, i.e., predators of the codling moth, apple maggot, multigenic, and did not adversely affect spotted tentiform leafminer, and apple aphid fecundity, life span, sex ratio, or rate of from 2500 specimens collected in orchards. development. Caged F 1 (R X S) mites lost Polyclonal and monoclonal antisera were cyhexatin resistance after four to six prepared to eggs and cocoons of Pholetesor generations, consistent with resistance being ornigis Weed. Mass rearing of P. ornigis multigenic. With mites showing 15x dicofol produced 51 adults per seedling in flats resistance, crosses between Rand S popula- containing 30 apple seedlings. On dwarf apple tions produced a strain similar in response to trees, a maximum of 563 adult P. ornigis were the S strain. Back crosses indicated a single obtained from a single tree. recessive gene for resistance. Dicofol Rand S populations were similar in fecundity, life Nematodes span, sex ratio, and development rate. Caged Chemical control of root-lesion nematode, F[ (R X S) mites showed persistent dicofol Pmtylenchus, on apple. Paulared apples on resistance over eight generations. Crosses MMI06 rootstock were planted at Smithfield in between cyhexatin Rand dicofol R strains, May 1979. Products and rates applied were as followed by selection with mixtures of both follows: Vorlex (110 Llha) and Dazomet 98% acaricides, produced strains showing (55 kg!ha) in the fall of 1978 before planting; resistance to both acaricides. Temik 15 G(45 kg!ha), Vydate 10 G(70 kg!ha), Survey of spring-feeding Lepidoptera. and Nemacur 3 (45 Llha) annually in the Twenty-six species of spring-feeding Lepidop- spring; Vydate L (15 Llha) as three foliar tera in six families were recovered from sprays annually; and Vorlex plus Vydate L unsprayed apple orchards at several localities (rates and timing as above). Trees receiving in southern Ontario. The obliquebanded the Vydate granular, Nemacur, and Dazomet leafroller, the eyespotted bud moth, and the treatments had the largest trunk area and pale apple budworm, Pseudexeutera mali cumulative yield from 1982 to 1985. All treat- Freeman, caused considerable damage to the ments had significantly lower root-lesion Research Station, Vineland Station, Onto 159 nematode populations than the untreated Against the R isolate, MBC-EIC and MBC-MIC control in fall 1980 and 1981; however, after had EC95 concentrations of 943 lIM and 1981, Vorlex and Dazomet plots contained as 1601 pM, respectively, whereas MBC-BIC and many nematodes as the control. Only Temik the hexyl isocyanate homologue (MBC-HIC) and Nemacur provided consistent root-lesion showed no fungicidal activity even at 3170 pM. nematode control over the years. These homologues degraded slower at 1°Cthan at 25°C; MBC-MIC and MBC-EIC degraded Diseases faster than benomyl, and MBC-HIC degraded Peach canker, Leucostoma cincta, L. slower. persoonii. In xylem tissues of peach following mechanical wounding, thin intracellular suberin lamellae were detected in ray and GRAPES AND BERRIES axial parenchyma, or both, located near the wound surface. In a visible, discolored wound Diseases reaction zone, xylem vessels and fibers were often found plugged with amorphous material Infection sites and fungicidal prevention of or occluded by tyloses. Suberized xylem Botrytis cinerea bunch rot of grapes in Ontario. parenchyma cells appeared discontinuous or In 1981, infection of berry clusters by Botrytis often restricted only to occasional cells. cinerea berry clusters represented 11, 7, and 4 However, continuous boundaries were formed infection foci in each cluster of Chardonnay, from conjoined suberized parenchyma cells and Seyval, and Aurore cultivars, respectively. ty losed or occluded vascular elements. Clusters infected in July and August ranged At 7 or 10 days after wounding, irrigation from 22% for Aurore and Seyval, to 46% and did not influence formation of the primary 92% for a tight-cluster and a loose-cluster clone ligno-suberized boundary zone on scaffold of Chardonnay, respectively. Cluster infection limbs of either Candor or Redhaven peaches. declined slightly between flowering and cluster Significantly greater numbers of suberized closure but increased during ripening. Four to necrophylactic phellem cells resulting from five applications of iprodione or vinclozolin irrigation were found in Candor by the 14th controlled bunch rot in Gamay, Seyval, and day after wounding. Lignin deposition in the Chardonnay, but iprodione failed to protect boundary zone was not influenced by irriga- Aurore clusters with split berries. To delay the tion. Necrophylactic periderm generation rate development of iprodione resistance in B. in Redhaven was not influenced by irrigation. cinerea, best application times were when the berries were pea-sized and again at cluster NaCl injury to dormant roadside peach closure to early ripening. trees. Loring peach trees, repeatedly contacted in winter by windblown NaCI spray from an adjacent highway, suffered severe shoot die- back and reduced fruit yield. The percentage VEGETABLES of dead canopy wood was positively correlated with Na + and Cl- concentrations and was Insects inversely correlated with distance from the Diapause in the carrot rust fly. The highway. Redhaven peach shoots dipped in percentage of diapause in overwintering carrot NaCI solution showed severe to total bud rust fly pupae at the Holland Marsh in mortality at 6.2-13.0 mg of Na + per gram of 1982-1983, 1984-1985, and 1985-1986 dried shoot. Na + was absorbed readily at 90% increased with time of sampling from late RH; phytotoxicity was maximal after September, reaching 100%in late November or incubation at 90% RH for 8 days at 5°C. early December. In pupae overwintering in the Efficacy and stability of newly developed ground at Vineland, the percentage in benzimidazole fungicides. Methyl (MBC-MIC) diapause decreased from January until early and ethyl (MBC-EIC) isocyanate homologues April, when diapause was virtually absent. A of benomyl (MBC-BIC) protected apples low incidence of diapause detected in early against benomyl-resistant (R)Botrytis cinerea. spring collections from the Holland Marsh MBC-EIC and MBC-MIC gave 95% protection indicated this factor should be considered in (EC95) at a concentration of 356 M and 824 M degree-day models being developed for the against a benomyl-sensitive (S) isolate. carrot rust fly. 160 Research Branch Report 1987 Tarnished plant bug as a pest of celery. In 16000 and 32000 ppm, shoot emergence was greenhouse and field cage trials, adult delayed, but at 5 weeks top growth and root tarnished plant bug (TPB) on celery plants growth were unaffected. At 5 weeks, in the soil caused lesions ranging from pin-point size to planted with tubers treated at 32000 ppm, ovoid cavities in the main petioles, with nematodes were reduced by 73-77%, and in the necrosis of leaves and stalks. When roots the nematodes were reduced by 92-97%. insecticide-free plots of celery were monitored Thermal death-point of Pratylenchus for TPB, lesions of the type observed in the penetrans in soil. To interpret the effect of cage studies increased in abundance during solarization on Pratylenchus penetrans, the the season, associated with the occurrence of thermal death-point in Tioga loamy sand was and increases in TPB activity. determined by incubating over various time periods at six different temperatures. Fifty Nematodes and 90% mortality was achieved after 24 and Chemical control of root-lesion nematode, 96 h at 38°C; 6 and 24 h at 39°C; 4 and 12 h at Pratylenchus penetrans. On the potato cultivar 40°C; 3 and 6 hat 41°C;2 and 3 h at 42°C;and 1 Russet Burbank, at recommended rates, and 2 h at 43°C. Yorlex and Telone II B suppressed population densities of 18320 and 50 880 P. penetrans per Diseases kilogram of soil in 1983 and 1984 more effec- Phoma complanata canker of parsnips and tively than did single applications of Temik photocarcinogenic furocoumarins. Diseased 10 G, Yydate L at two rates, and Furadan 10 G. root tissue from the parsnip cultivar Fullback, A combination of Yorlex plus Temik resulted inoculated with Phoma, contained 100 times in lowest populations at harvest. In 1983 more concentration oftotal furocoumarins than marketable tuber yields (>7 cm) in the plots the healthy root tissue from the uninoculated with Yorlex plus Temik, Yorlex alone, Telone fungicide-sprayed plot. Photocarcinogenic II B, and Temik were 20.7,17.3,15.9, and 7.5 furocoumarins consisting of psoralen, Uha, all significantly better than 4.7 t for the 5-methoxypsoralen, and 8-methoxypsoralen untreated check. In 1984, marketable yields were analyzed using reversed-phase high were not improved by any treatment, although performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). total yields (marketable plus undersized) were Some leaf tissues also contained high levels significantly increased by the fumigants. (over 200 pg/g). In laboratory, greenhouse, and Irrigation-water application of metam field studies, chlorothalonil significantly re- sodium for root-lesion nematode control. duced Phoma root canker incidence and foliar Tioga loamy sand, infested with 18 500 disease ratings at harvest, and significantly Pratylenchus penetrans per kilogram of soil, increased yield of fungicide-sprayed plants. received metam sodium at 25, 50,100,200, and Residues of chlorothalonil and its degradation 400 Uha dissolved in water, equaling a 25-mm product DS.3701 were determined by drench. The potato cultivar Norchip was methylating the DS-3701 and using capillary planted 19 days later and grown for 152 days. gas chromatography with electron capture At planting, 100 Llha had suppressed the detection. Residue levels of chlorothalonil and initial nematode density by 64%, 200 Uha by the metabolite in root tissue at harvest ranged 90%, and 400 Uha by 100%. At 61 and 152 from 0.036 to 0.80 and from 0.014 to 0.031 pg/g, days, the soil populations at the same three respectively. By reducing disease levels in the rates were suppressed, respectively, 65 and field, the levels of photocarcinogenic 66%; 93 and 83%; and 99.8 and 99.4%. Root furocoumarins would also be reduced. densities were suppressed by all rates except Strip tillage and tomato diseases. Strip the lowest. tillage for vegetable crops, as a way of reducing Oxamyl treatment of potato seed tubers for production costs and soil erosion, was control of Pratylenchus. Whole and cut potato evaluated for machine-harvested processing tubers soaked for 20 min in oxamyl solutions of tomatoes planted into killed rye and oats. No 1000,2000,4000, and 8000 ppm and planted in effect of tillage on yield was found for 2 out of soil infested with Pratylenchus penetrans 3 years. Yield was reduced in the 3rd year in showed no adverse growth effects; nematodes strip-tillage rye plots because oflow transplant in the soil and roots declined as oxamy Iconcen- vigor and possibly low temperature injury. tration increased. With oxamyl solutions of Populations of plant parasitic nematodes were Research Station, Vineland Station, ant. 161 stimulated by rye and strip tillage. Bacterial resistance to pyrazophos. Tests ofseveral types diseases were increased by strip tillage in one of organophosphorus insecticides indicated season. cross-resistance to a closely related compound, Effects of controlled atmosphere storage on triazophos. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and watery soft rot of celery. At 1°C, growth of Sclerotinia Diseases sclerotiorum (Lib.>de Baryon celery agar was Symptoms of tomato spotted wilt virus suppressed the most in a storage atmosphere (TSWV) in ornamentals. An undescribed ring- containing 7.5% CO + 1.5% O2 but only spot disease of Cyclamen persicum, cineraria, slightly in 4% CO2 + 1.5% O2 or in 1.5% O2 and calceolaria in six Ontario greenhouses in alone compared with normal air. Watery soft 1985 and 1986 was caused by the TSWV-west- rot caused by this fungus on celery in normal ern flower thrips complex. TSWVwas isolated air after 2 weeks at 8°C was as severe as on from only about 25%of diseased cyclamen, but celery stored for 10 weeks at 1°C. At 8°C the immunosorbent electron microscopy and suppression of this disease was greatest in histological studies established an association atmospheres of 7.5-30% CO + 1.5% O2 and with the disease, and the virus was trans- only slightly reduced in 4-16% CO2 + 1.5%O2 mitted to healthy cyclamens by grafts, or 1.5-6% O2 alone. mechanical inoculations, and inoculation by Turnip mosaic virus in Ontario vegetables. thrips. Typical symptoms took 3-4 months to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) was collected appear at 13°Cand were suppressed at higher from cruciferous and other hosts, including temperatures. Mechanical transmission of the Chinese vegetables and lettuce; six strains of virus from cyclamen was greatly enhanced by TuMV have been identified on Chinese low-temperature extraction. A highly specific cabbage differentials. A highly specific high titre polyclonal antiserum has been monoclonal antiserum was produced to TuMV. produced against TSWV. The rutabaga cultivars Sensation and Calder Virus diseases of orchids. A severe were immune to the Ontario isolate of TuMV. yellowing disease, epidemic in Phalaenopsis In crosses of susceptible Laurentien with orchids in the past 2 years, has been associated resistant line 165, TuMV resistance was with TSWV,transmitted by the western flower determined by a single dominant gene. thrips and through vegetative propagation. Over 40% of all orchids grown both commer- cially and by hobbyists are infected with ORNAMENTALS odontoglossum ringspot or cymbidium mosaic virus, or both. Both viruses are transmitted Insects and mites only through vegetative propagation. A bivalent antiserum has been developed, and Interaction of chrysanthemum leafminer, several serological procedures have been Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), with bacterial evaluated for detecting these viruses. leafspot, Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Fusarium resistance to benomyl. Greater Stapp. Forty-one and 44% offemale and male than 100-fold levels of resistance to benomyl leafminer adults exposed for 18 h to P. cichorii were found in isolates of Fusarium oxysporum on agar acquired the bacterium and trans- and F. solani from infected floricultural crops. mitted it to clean chrysanthemums. When Over 18%ofF. oxysporum isolates and greater leafminer adults were exposed to P. cichorii- than 73% of F. solani isolates were somewhat infected chrysanthemums and then trans- resistant. Resistant (R) isolates of either ferred to agar plates, P. cichorii colonies (range species grew faster and germ tubes elongated 1-17 for 10 tests) were consistently detected on faster than did sensitive (S) isolates on media agar. Adults newly emerged from plants infec- amended with benomyl at 10 mg/L. The R ted by P. cichorii during the larval stage of the isolates of both species grew less than the S insect had acquired the bacterium and trans- isolates in the absence offungicide on media. S ferred it onto agar injars ata 16%success rate. and R groups of F. oxysporum showed similar Resistance to pyrazophos in chrysanthe- spore germination. With F. solani, however, mum leafminer. A greenhouse-collected strain the fungicide stimulated germination of R of chrysanthemum leafminer tested as larvae isolates. The resistance was stable over 2 years in chrysanthemums showed ca. 150-fold ofserial transfers. 162 Research Branch Report 1987 Diseases of woody ornamentals-ash and trifluralin plus MCPA or MCPA-MCPB yellows. Ash yellows, a mycoplasmal disease of treatments. white ash, Fraxinus americana, and green ash, Frosthardiness of apple fruit buds. Apple F. pennsylvanica, is responsible for ash dieback cultivars differed in bud hardiness during 1986 in Ontario. Symptoms include progressive loss spring frosts at the 13.mm green stage (-4.5°C) of vigor and apical dominance, epicormic and at the pink stage (-4.0°Cl. Blossom kill sprouts and brooms, precocious growth in the was 4% for Idared, 36% for Northern Spy and spring, and subnormal winter hardiness with McIntosh, and 34% for Delicious flower buds frost damage to the cambium at ground level. during the first frost. Idared had 76% flower DNA-specific fluorochromes and epifluores- injury during the second frost, McIntosh and cence microscopy were used to identify infected Northern Spy 73%, and Delicious 89%. In a sieve tube elements in roots of declining trees. comparison of early maturing cultivars, This yellows disease was identified from Jonamac had less frost injury than Jerseymac, Windsor east through the Niagara Peninsula Vista Bella, or Paulared. and in isolated areas on the north shore of Lake Ontario. However, in some areas of Susceptibility of apple cultivars to cedar- declining white ash, yellows did not seem to be apple rust and quince rust. In 1985 and 1986, involved. the fruits of McIntosh, Delicious, Empire, Paulared, and Spartan were resistant to cedar- apple rust; however all except Spartan were SMITHFIELD EXPERIMENTAL susceptible to quince rust. Mutsu, Smoothee FARM Golden Delicious, and Gloster 69 were very susceptible to both rust diseases. Northern Spy was susceptible to quince rust, and Idared was Tomato product consistency: Its measure- susceptible to cedar-apple rust. The scab. ment and influencing factors. The most reli- resistant cultivars Sir Prize, Prima, and able methods for measuring the consistency of J onafree were susceptible to both rust diseases; tomato thin pulp and puree were the Bostwick Macfree, Moira, Murray, Novamac, Priscilla, Consistometer and the Ottawa Texture and Redfree were susceptible to quince rust. Measuring System using the back-extrusion cell and maximum force value (OTMS). The OTMS can provide additional information such PUBLICATIONS as graininess but at greater cost and com- plexity than the Bostwick. Bostwick values Research correlated well with sensory perception of Biggs, A.R. 1987. Occurrence and location of consistency; this instrument is inexpensive suberin in wound reaction zones in xylem of and simple to operate. Product consistency is seventeen tree species. Phytopathology associated with water-insoluble solids content 77:718-725. and serum viscosity, both derived from the cell walls of the fruit. Levels of these properties Biggs, A.R.; Cline, R.A. 1986. Influence ofirri- differ characteristically from one cultivar to gation on wound response in peach bark. another. Cultivilrs also differ in apparent loss Can. J. Plant Pathol. 8:405-408. of water-insoluble solids and serum viscosity Biggs, A.R.; Warner, J. 1987. Control of pri. during concentration. mary and secondary apple scab infections with sterol-inhibiting fungicides. Can. J. Herbicides on processing peas. In 1986 and 1987 a new herbicide, FMC 57020, looked Plant Pathol. 9:41-48. promising as a preplant incorporated treat- Broadbent, A.B.; Allen, W.R.; Foottit, R.G. ment. Highest yield in 1987 was with 1987. The association of Frankliniella cyanazine at 1.5 kg/ha, applied preemergence. occidentalis (Pergande l (Thysanoptera: Other treatments giving good weed control and Thripidae) with greenhouse crops and the acceptable yields were bentazon plus Assist, tomato spotted wilt virus in Ontario. Can. FMC 57020, and trifluralin followed by EntomoI.119:501-503. MCPA-MCPB (the standard treatment). Cerkauskas, R.F. 1986. Susceptibility of par- Mustard and ragweed, the most difficult weeds snip cultivars to canker caused by Phoma to control, were present in larger numbers in complanata. Can. J. Plant Pathol. the weedy check, bentazon plus Assist plots, 8:455-458. Research Station, Vineland Station, Ont. 163 Cerkauskas, R.F. 1987. Pathogenicity and Pree, D.J. 1987. Inheritance and management survival of Phoma complanata. Can. J. of cyhexatin and dicofol resistance in the Plant Pathol. 9:63-67. European red mite. J. Econ. Entomol. Chiba, M.; Bown, A.W.; Danic, D. 1987. Inhi- 80(6):1106-1112. bition ofyeast respiration and fermentation Pree, D.J.; Townshend, J.L.; Archibald, D.E. by benomyl, carbendazim, isocyanates, and 1986. Sensitivity of acetycholinesterases other fungicidal chemicals. Can. J. from Aphelenchus avenae to organo- Microbiol. 33:157-161. phosphorus and carbamate pesticides. J. Hagley, E.A.C. 1985. Parasites recovered NematoI.18:188-193. from the overwintering generation of the Pree, D.J.; Wagner, H.W. 1987. Occurrence of spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter cyhexatin and dicofol resistance in the blancardella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) European red mite in southern Ontario. in pest management apple orchards in Can. EntomoI.119:287-290. southern Ontario. Can. Entomol. 177:371-374. Reyes, A.A.; Smith, R.B. 1987. Effect of oxy- Hagley, E.A.C. 1986. Occurrence of Tricho- gen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide gramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogram- on celery in storage. HortScience matidae) in apple orchards in southern 22:270-271. Ontario. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont. Rittinger, P.A.; Biggs, A.R.; Peirson, D.R. 117:79-82. 1987. Histochemistry of lignin and suberin Hagley, E.A.C.; Barber, D. 1986. Preference of deposition in boundary layers formed after Pholetesor ornigis (Hym. Braconidae) for wounding in various plant species and the sap-feeding larve of its host, the spotted organs. Can. J. Bot. 65:1886-1892. tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Lep.: Gracillariidae). Shattuck, V.L; Stobbs, L.W. 1987. Evaluation Entomophaga 31(4):393-395. of rutabaga cultivars for turnip mosaic virus resistance and inheritance of Hagley, E.A.C.; Miles, N. 1987. Release of resistance. HortScience 22(5):935-937. Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) for control of Tetranychus Stobbs, L.W.; Van Schagen J.G. 1987. Effect urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on of shoot thinning on the production of peach grown in a protected environment graftable wood from four grape rootstocks. structure. Can. Entomol. 119:205-206. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:289-291. Harcourt, D.M.; Yee, J.M.; Meloche, F. 1986. Stobbs, L.W.; Van Schagen, J.G. 1987. Occur- A computer-based management system for rence and characterization of a turnip alfalfa pests in Ontario. Proc. Entomol. mosaic virus isolate infecting A lliaria Soc. Onto 117d:73-77. petiolata in Ontario, Canada. Plant Dis. Mohr, W.P. 1987. Measuring consistency of 71:965-968. tomato thin pulp and puree. Can. J. Plant Townshend, J.L. 1987. Anhydrobiosis in Pra- Sci. 67:919-921. tylenchus penetrans Tylenchorhyncus n.S.p. Mohr, W.P. 1987. Tomato fruit properties in cultivated soils cropped to winter rye. J. affecting consistency of concentrated NematoI.19:164-171. product. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:881-890. Townshend, J.L.; Chiba, M. 1987. Control of Northover, J. 1987. Infection sites and fungi- Pratylenchus penetrans and Meloidogyne cidal prevention of Botrytis cinerea bunch hapla and yield response of alfalfa due to rot of grapes in Ontario. Can. J. Plant oxamyl seed treatments. J. Nematol. Pathol. 9:129-136. 19:454-458. Northover, J. 1987. NaCI injury to dormant roadside peach trees and its effect on the Trimble, R.M.; Pree, D.J. 1986. Relative toxi- incidence of infections by Leucostoma spp. cities of some insecticides to male and Phytopa tho logy 77:835-840. female Pholetesor ornigis a parasite of the spotted tentiform leafminer Phyllonorycter Olthof, Th.H.A. 1987. Effects offumigants and blancardella. Can. EntomoI.119:153-157. systemic pesticides on Pratylenchus penetrans and potato yield. J. Nematol. Trimble, R.M.; Pree, D.J. 1987. Relative toxi- 19:424-430. city of six insecticides to male and female 164 Research Branch Report 1987 Pholetesor ornigis (Hymenoptera: Bra- Chiba, M.; Northover, J. 1987. New benzimi- conidae), a parasite of the spotted tentiform dazole fungicides: Their efficacy against leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella benomyl sensitive and benomyl resistant (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Can. isolates of Botrytis cinerea. Pages 215-216 EntomoI.I19:153-157. in Greenhalgh, R.; Roberts, T.R., eds. Pesticide science and biotechnology. Pro- Warner,J. 1987. Freeze susceptibility to fruit ceedings Sixth International Congress of buds of selected apple cultivars in east- Pesticide Chemistry. Blackwell Scientific central Ontario. Fruit Var. J. 41:105-110. Publications Ltd, Oxford, England. Watts, K.C.; Bilanski, W.K.; Menzies, D.R. Hagley, E.A.C.; Roberts, W.P. 1987. Pest man- 1987. Simulation of adsorption drying of agement program for apple series. Green corn, wheat, barley and oats using sodium apple aphid. Ontario Ministry of bentonite. Can. Agric. Eng. 29:173-178. Agriculture and Food Factsheet No. 87-005. Weaver, S.E.; Smits, N.; Tan, C.S. 1987. Esti- Agdex 211/634. mating yield loss of tomatoes (Lycopersicon Potter, J .W. 1985. Nematode diseases of esculentum) caused by nightshade clovers. Page 153 in Martens, J.W.; (Solanum spp.) interference. Weed Sci. Seaman, W.L.; Atkinson, T.G., eds. 35:163-168. Diseases offield crops in Canada. Canadian Vee, J.M. 1987. A remote field data logging Phytopathological Society. system. Comput. Electron. Agric. Pree, D.J. 1985. Grapholitha molesta. Pages 1:363-370. 307-311 in Singh, P.; Moore, R.F., eds. Handbook of insect rearing. Vol. 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Miscellaneous Shattuck, V.I.; Cerkauskas, R.F.; Valk, M. 1987. Commercial parsnip production in Cerkauskas, R.F. 1987. Phoma canker of par- Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture snip. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and and Food Factsheet. Agdex 258/13. Food Factsheet. Agdex 258/635. Sinclair, W.A.; Matteoni, J.A. 1985. Status of Chiba, M. 1987. Progress in cleanup and deri- investigations of elm yellows and ash vatization techniques for pesticide residue yellows. In Hiruki, C., ed. Proceedings 7th analysis. Pages 337-340 in Greenhalgh, R.; IUFRO Conference on Mycoplasmal Roberts, T.R., eds. Pesticide science and Diseases, Edmonton, Alta. biotechnology. Proceedings Sixth Inter- national Congress of Pesticide Chemistry. Warner, J. 1987. Effect of foliar sprays of urea Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, and solubor on fruit set and quality of England. McIntosh and Delicious apples. Canadex. Research Station, Vineland Station, Onto 165 Central Region Region centrale .1.J. Cartier P.B. Marriage Director General Directeur general J.J. Cartier, B.A., B.Sc.. Ph.D. Program Specialist Specialiste en P.B. Marriage, B.Sc.. Ph.D. programmes Central Region 167 PREFACE centre of expertise where engineers and statisticians carry out research and analyses to The Central Region, located at the Central improve agricultural and food production and Experimental Farm in Ottawa, consists of the inspection systems and to support research by Animal Research Centre (ARC), Biosystemat- other disciplines. ics Research Centre 168 Research Branch Report 1987 PREFACE de la protection de I'environnement et de la biotechnologie. Pour sa part, Ie CRTS dispense Ii la La Direction de la Region centrale, situee a Direction generale des services d'experts- la Ferme experimentale centrale a Ottawa, conseils; ses ingenieurs et ses statisticiens comprend Ie Centre de recherches zootech- menent des recherches et des analyses pour niques (CRZ), Ie Centre de recherches bio- ameliorer la production agro-alimentaire et Ie systematiques (CRB), Ie Centre de recherches systeme d'inspection et pour appuyer des techniques et de statistiques (CRTS),Ie Centre travaux dans d'autresdomaines. de recherches sur les aliments (CRA),Ie Centre Le Centre de recherches sur les aliments de recherches sur les terres (CRT) et, enfin, Ie s'interesse surtout Ii I'amelioration de la Centre de recherches phytotechniques (CRP). qualite, de l'efficacite, de la productivite et des En 1987, la Direction a gere des effectifs de 970 facteurs competitifs dans Ie cadre d'un annees-personnes dont 280 professionnels. programme laitier d'envergure; il Hudie egale- Tous les centres allient la recherche active ment la transformation des cereales et des dans Ie cadre des programmes nationaux aux plantes oleagineuses, les produits des viandes besoins en recherches des regions et du secteur et des volailles, la composition et les agro-alimentaire, et etablissent des liens caracteristiques des constituants des aliments, contractuels avec l'industrie, les provinces et et la nutrition en general. les universites. Chaque centre souligne ses Le Centre de recherches sur les terres (CRT) plus importantes realisations dans son rapport s'occupe de recherche et de developpement et annuel. offre des services lies aux ressources en terres Au Centre de recherches zootechniques, les du Canada. II joue un role-cle et assume la chercheurs axent leurs travaux sur la nutri- mise en oeuvre des programmes nationaux tion, la physiologie, les pratiques d'elevage, la dans les domaines de la prospection reproduction, la qualite du produit, la pedologique, du systeme canadien d'inventaire resistance aux maladies et la genetique des sols, de la classification, de l'analyse et de appliquee aux bovins de boucherie, aux bovins la degradation des sols, de l'evaluation des laitiers, aux porcs, a la volaille et aux ovins; les terres, du systeme d'information sur les recherches portent egalement sur Ie traite- cultures et des ressources agro-climatiques. ment des dechets animaux, l'innocuite des Le Centre de recherches phytotechniques a aliments et des moulees et Ie comportement pour mandat de developper, d'evaluer et des animaux. Le Centre vise surtout a d'appliquer les connaissances techniques Ii accroltre la productivite des bestiaux et de la l'amelioration et Ii la defense des plantes volaille en elevage intensif. On met surtout cultivees en integrant les techniques de l'accent sur l'application des methodes biotechnologie aux methodes plus convention- biotechnologiques les plus perfectionnees a la nelles. Le CRP produit des lignees nouvelles et recherche animale. Les travaux sur les des cultivars de cereales, de plantes oleagi- mycotoxines permettent d'etablir des lignes neuses et fourrageres et applique les methodes directrices ciaires sur les seuils de tolerance de lutte integree aux facteurs de resistance au concernant la contamination des aliments pour stress. Les programmes de biotechnologie bestiaux. vi sent Ii ameliorer les caracteristiques Le Centre de recherches biosystematiques genetiques et moleculaires des plantes. Les offre a Agriculture Canada et a d'autres chercheurs du Centre etudient davantage les ministeres et organismes, ainsi qu'li leurs relations d'interactions plantes-microbes, les clients un centre unique d'expertise OU l'on facteurs de croissance et de resistance aux resoud les problemes socio-economiques causes maladies. Le CRP comprend egalement Ie par les insectes, les acariens, les araignees, les Bureau des ressources phytogenetiques du nematodes parasites des vegetaux, les Canada. C'est aussi Ie centre d'administration mauvaises herbes, les plantes cultivees, les de la Ferme experimentale centrale. plantes indigenes, les champignons parasites Pour obtenir de plus amples renseigne- des plantes et biodegradants et les bacteries ments sur nos programmes, il faut ecrire aux depourvues d'interet medical. Grace Ii ces etablissements de recherches concernes ou collections completes, Ii son service adresser les demandes Ii la Direction des d'identification et Ii sa capacite de recherches priorites et des strategies, Direction generale systematiques, Ie CRB peut dispenser aux de la recherche, Edifice Sir John Carling, Piece deux grands secteurs canadiens que sont 709, Ferme experimentale centrale, Ottawa, l'agriculture et les forets, tous les services (Ont.>KIA OC5;Tel. (613)995-7084. necessaires Ii la production et Ii la protection des ressources. Face Ii la demande, il a progressivement reoriente ses travaux dans les J.J. Cartier domaines de la lutte anti-parasitaire integree, Directeur general Central Region 169 Animal Research Centre Ottawa, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF Administration E.E. Lister,l B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director J.I. EIliot,2 B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Deputy Director D.A. Leger, B.Sc. Assistant to the Director D.A. Schmid, B.A. Chief, Administration and resources L.M.B. Babin, B.A. Administrative Officer; Personnel J.G.R. Boisclair Administrative Officer; Finance Scientific Support K.G. Hilson,3,4 B.Sc., M.Sc. Project Manager; Computer services D.L. Brewin3 Programmer - Analyst B.J. McKelvey Programmer - Analyst T.D. Osterhout Programmer K.E. Hartin, D.V.M. Veterinarian J.P. Miska,5 B.A., B.L.S. Library services Biotechnology J.S. Gavora,6 Ing., C.SC. Program Chairperson; Disease resistance genetics D.E. Bernon, B.Sc.(Agr.l, M.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular and quantitative genetics P.S. Fiser, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cryopreservation, male reproductive physiology A.J. Hackett, D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D. Embryo transfer, female reproductive physiology G.J. Marcus, B.A., Ph.D. Reproductive physiology, embryo manipulation J. Nagai,7 B.Sc., D.Agr. Embryo manipulation, quantitative genetics M.P. Sabour, B.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular and cellular genetics R.M. Teather, B.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular biology and genetic manipulation of rumen bacteria Animal Waste Utilization N.K. Patni, B.Ch.E., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Chairperson; Livestock waste utilization, farm pollution abatement Dairy and BeefCatt1e Nutrition M. Ivan, Ing., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Chairperson; Nutrition and metabolism of trace minerals A.S. Atwal, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Forage evaluation and nutrition J.D. Erfie, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Rumen metabolism and nutrition Animal Research Centre 171 M. Hidiroglou, D.V.M., Dip. Nutr. Vitamin and trace mineral nutrition K.J. Jenkins, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Calf nutrition J.R. Lessard,s B.A., B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Forage conservation and nutrition S. Mahadevan, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Rumen metabolism and nutrition F.D. Sauer, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D. Rumen metabolism and nutrition D.M. Veira, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Ruminant nutrition Dairy Cattle Breeding and Production A.J. Lee, B.Sc.(Agr.), Ph.D. Program Chairperson; Dairy cattle breeding and production - statistical methodology and breeding strategies T.R. Batra, B.V.Sc., M.V.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Dairy cattle breeding-field data analyses, disease resistance C.Y. Lin, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Dairy cattle breeding - multi-trait mixed model sire and cow evaluation methods; Computer modeling A.J. McAllister, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Dairy cattle breeding and production - selection for lifetime performance and use of crossbreeding Swine Production D.W. Friend, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Chairperson; Sow and piglet production, mycotoxins A. Fortin, B.Sc.(Agr.l, Ph.D. Carcass composition, quality - swine, poultry, sheep, cattle D.G. Fraser, B.A., Ph.D. Animal behavior - swine, sheep, cattle Poultry Breeding A.A. Grunder, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Chairperson; Eggshell quality genetics, broiler breeding, goose breeding and management J.R. Chambers, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Broiler breeding and management R.W. Fairfull, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Egg stock breeding and management C.P.W. Tsang, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology - eggshell quality and egg production Poultry Nutrition I.R. Sibbald, B.SdAgr.), M.Sc., Program Chairperson; Nutrient requirements Ph.D., D.Sc. and feedingstuff evaluation N.A.G. Cave, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Broiler breeder nutrition and management, evaluation of novel feedingstuffs R.M.G. Hamilton, B.Sc.IAgr.), Nutrition and physiology - minerals, M.Sc., Ph.D. mycotoxins Sheep Production L. Ainsworth, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Chairperson; Female reproductive physiology D.P. Heaney, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Nutrition and intensive management G.A. Langford, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Male reproductive physiology J.N.B. Shrestha,9 B.V.Sc.A.H., Breeding and intensive production - applied M.S., Ph.D. quantitative genetics 172 Research Branch Report 1987 Animal Feed Safety and Nutrition H.L. Trenholm, B.Sc.(Agr.l, Ph.D. Program Chairperson; Mycotoxins, toxicology M.H. Akhtar, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide metabolism and residues L.M. Cote,lO B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biochemical toxicology, mycotoxins E.R. Farnworth, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Lipid nutrition and perinatal metabolism J .K.G. Kramer, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Lipid chemistry and biochemistry D.B. Prelusky, B.Sc.(Pharm.), Ph.D. Mycotoxin metabolism, toxicology Departures D. Campbe1l3•4 Programmer - Analyst R.S. Gowe,ll B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D., F.P.S.A. Egg stock breeding and management H.M. Mucha3.4 Programmer - Analyst VISITING SCIENTISTS R.R. Asmundson, B.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular biology of cellulolytic Department of Scientific and rumen bacteria Industrial Research, Government of New Zealand, Palmerston North, New Zealand M.L. Biehl, D.V.M. Mycotoxin metabolism Department of Veterinary and Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. W.B. Buck, B.S., D.V.M., M.S. Mycotoxins and veterinary toxicology National Animal Poison Control Centre, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. M. Kimura, Ph.D. Polymorphisms of hemoglobin in poultry Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan W. Tang, Ph.D. Feed evaluation bioassays Hunan Agricultural College, Changsha, People's Republic of China Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Can.) postdoctorate fellows C.L. Boogaard, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D., 1986-1987 Molecular genetics - analysis of casein genes E. Charmley, B.Sc., Ph.D., 1987-1988 Forage evaluation L.L. Charmley, B.Sc., Ph.D., 1985-1987 Copper metabolism G. Davis, B.Sc., Ph.D., 1986-1988 Mouse embryo transfer, transgenic mice D. Denicourt, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., 1987-1988 Molecular genetics - analysis of casein genes S.N. Liss, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., 1987-1989 Molecular biology of rumen bacteria J.F. Patience, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Swine nutrition and metabolism-acid-base Ph.D., 1985-1987 homeostasis B. Pawluczuk, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., Carcass quality measurement and artificial 1985-1987 insemination in geese J.P. Rushen, B.Sc., Ph.D., 1985-1987 Behavior of swine and sheep in intensive husbandry systems Animal Research Centre 173 Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) trainees (Canada-Brazil Project) L. Aroeira, M.Sc., Ph.D. Dairy cattle nutrition National Dairy Cattle Research Centre (CNPGL), Coronel Pacheco, Brazil H.C.V. Codagnone, M.Sc. Dairy cattle nutrition Parana State Agricultural Research Institute (lAPAR), Londrina, Brazil M.S. Dayrell, B.Sc., D.Sc. Ruminant mineral nutrition National Dairy Cattle Research Centre (CNPGLJ, Coronel Pacheco, Brazil M.L. Martinez, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Dairy cattle breeding and selection National Dairy Cattle Research Centre (CNPGLJ, Coronel Pacheco, Brazil D. Perotto, M.Sc. Dairy cattle breeding and selection Parana State Agricultural Research Institute (IAPAR), Londrina, Brazil J.K. Tahira, B.Sc., M.Sc. Dairy cattle reproduction Parana State Agricultural Research Institute (IAPAR), Londrina, Brazil M.A.M. Vetromila, M.Sc. Dairy cattle reproductive physiology National Dairy Cattle Research Centre (CNPGL), Coronel Pacheco, Brazil Agriculture Canada research contract J.E. Irwin, B.Sc., Ph.D. Gene cloning in rumen bacteria New Brunswick Milk Marketing Board-Hoffman-La Roche Ltd. research contract B. Fryzuk, B.Sc. Vitamin E and mineral analysis of milk Graduate students J. Castanon, B.Sc. Feed evaluation bioassays H.C. Gauvreau, D.V.M. Vomitoxin metabolism H.V. Petit, Bacc., M.Sc. Calf nutrition W.J. Zhang, B.Sc. Feed evaluation bioassays 1 Appointed 1 April 1987. 2 Acting Director, 1 January 1987 to 31 March 1987. Seconded to Livestock and Poultry Division, Food Production and Inspection Branch, 4 May 1987to 31 December 1987. 3 Seconded from Systems and Consulting Directorate, Corporate Management Branch, until 31 March 1987. 4 Transferred to Animal Research Centre staff, 1 April 1987. 5 Seconded from Libraries Division, Corporate Management Branch. 6 On transfer of work at Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ont., 6 April 1987to 31 March 1988. 7 Acting Program Chairman, 6 April 1987to 31 March 1988. 8 Seconded to Headquarters, Research Branch, since 1 November 1981. 9 On transfer of work at Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1 November 1986 to 31 October 1987. 10 On extended leave at the University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill., from 7 March 1987. 11 Resigned status as honorary research associate, 15 December 1987. 174 Research Branch Report 1987 INTRODUCTION As a national centre for animal research, the role of the Animal Research Centre is to identify, define, and solve the numerous problems associated with improving the production efficiency of livestock and poultry in Canada. Associated responsibilities include research on the humane care offarm animals and on product quality and feed safety to improve the marketability of Canadian agricultural products. ARC has nine multidisciplinary program teams consisting of researchers with a broad range of scientific knowledge. Both applied and basic studies are under way. ARC is a centre of expertise in the area of animal biotechnology, which includes the fields of genetic engineering, embryo manipulation, and molecular genetics. Other important research areas include animal waste utilization and management; reproductive physiology; trace mineral and vitamin requirements; dietary utilization offats and oils; pesticide metabolism and residues; animal behavior in intensive production systems; carcass evaluation; ruminant digestive physiology; and the effects and metabolism of toxic contaminants in animal feeds. Programs also include research on nutrition of dairy and beef cattle, swine, poultry, and sheep. Major breeding projects in dairy cattle have been terminated, and sheep production research will be completed by 1990. The future direction of all programs is being evaluated with the objective of restructuring the centre and redirecting resources to new program areas. Increased collaboration with and support by industry is being achieved. The effective transfer of research findings from the laboratory to the agri-food industry continues as a major priority. A significant contribution for 1987 was the technical bulletin Research and technology for increasing the efficiency and output of lamb production systems. Research data was published in 67 scientific and 57 technical and popular press articles. Among the many visitors to ARC and the Greenbelt Research Farm, the centre was especially honored by the House of Commons Standing Committee on Agriculture, the ministers of Agriculture from Uruguay and Honduras, government officials from Bulgaria, agricultural missions from Turkey and the People's Republic of China, the directors of agricultural research from Pakistan and Poland, as well as numerous Canadian and international scientists, extension workers, administrators, and livestock and poultry producers. ARC continued participation in cooperative research and development programs in Brazil and Cuba in the areas of dairy cattle and poultry breeding and dairy cattle production. In the major project with the Dairy Research Centre of the Brazilian National Agricultural Research Organization and its state counterpart in Parana, a further seven researchers spent 1-4 months with ARC dairy and beef nutritionists, physiologists, and geneticists. At the request of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dr. Ivan visited the Sultanate of Oman to consult on Omani problems ofmineral metabolism and copper availability in ruminants. Five ARC scientists received major national or international awards in recognition of the research excellence at the centre. Dr. Sibbald received the Government of Canada's prestigious Merit Award for his outstanding contribution to the field of poultry feedstuff evaluation and energy metabolism. He is the sixth ARC recipient in 7 years to be honored by this award. The Canadian Society of Animal Science presented Dr. Jenkins with its Certificate of Merit for his work in the area of calf nutrition. The society also recognized Dr. Nagai in presenting him with the Canadian Association of Animal Breeders Award of Excellence in Genetics and Physiology. Dr. Nagai's work in quantitative genetics using mice as pilot animals has provided new breeding strategies for obtaining maximum genetic improvements in livestock. At an International Congress of Meat Science and Technology held in Helsinki, Finland, Dr. Fortin's presentation entitled Objective detection of PSE-DFD pork using electronic grading probes was honored as Best Research Paper in the analytical methods session. A major traveling fellowship was granted to Dr. Gavora by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The fellowship recognizes his leadership in the field of genetics of disease resistance and provides for a term of research study at a Japanese research establishment. In line with departmental and branch research goals, the ARC biotechnology program was strengthened by Dr. Fiser's transfer to it from the sheep production program. Work in the area of cryopreservation of gametes will be expanded as Dr. Fiser initiates studies on swine semen and embryo freezing. The final phase of the national cooperative dairy cattle breeding project was Animal Research Centre 175 reached. Experimental work at the four cooperating Research Branch stations has been completed, and the ARC dairy herd has been reduced as the last scheduled calvings and production data are obtained. As they become available, cattle are being utilized for embryo manipulation studies by the biotechnology program. This annual review highlights research for 1987. Some studies that have produced particularly noteworthy results include the following: 13 synthetic genes have now been designed to modify the amino acid composition of rumen bacteria for ruminants; methodology has been tested to detect casein genotypes at the DNA level that may permit the typing of bulls and heifers for potential production at a young age; bovine embryos were microsurgically split and implanted into recipients that successfully delivered single and twin calves; a nucleus-specific staining technique was developed to monitor sperm survival and membrane damage during cryopreserva- tion; a well.balanced dairy cattle diet of corn silage, alfalfa silage, and concentrate was found not to require supplemental field-dried hay to sustain good milk production; the beneficial effects of monensin to reduce ketosis were demonstrated; basic data on an enzyme of rumen bacteria that degrades dietary amino acids have been determined so that this breakdown process can be con- trolled and better ruminant nutrition can be achieved; studies of the effects ofiron in milk replacer diets for calves indicated that excess supplementation is ineffective and does not improve performance; statistical methodology has been developed to allow better evaluation of lifetime performance in dairy cattle; early breeding of dairy heifers was shown to be a practical approach for improving productivity; further research has confirmed the value and high potential of naked oats as a dietary ingredient for swine and poultry; the importance of monitoring early weight gain in piglets was demonstrated as an indicator ofsubsequent performance; data on hog carcasses ha ve provided more accurate estimates of carcass quality and were the basis for a revision of the Canadian grading standard; summaries of five generations of selection in broilers have shown significant improvements in a number of important traits including body weight, feed efficiency, and leanness; the important effects of the microenvironment on poultry production must be accounted for in an analysis of research data; the possible role of endogenous viruses in the prevalence of birds that test positive for avian lymphoid leukosis has been discovered and may explain the difficulty in eradicating this disease by conventional means; a simple test was developed to provide a biophysical index of concentration and maturity of goose spermatozoa; the heritability of various important traits in geese has been evaluated; a hormonal form of vitamin D has beneficial effects on egg quality during the later stages of the production cycle; the inheritance of immunity and other production traits in the synthetic strains of sheep developed at ARC has been assessed; simple procedures such as roasting or the addition of bisulfate diminished the effects ofmycotoxins in contaminated diets for swine; studies with mycotoxins have been extended to poultry where toxic residues quickly declined once contaminated food was withdrawn; pesticide residue research using fenvalerate and m-phenoxybenzaldehyde established metabolic pathways for these two important insecticides; three new sheep breeds are being registered as the by-product of selection ofthese highly prolific and productive strains. Detailed information on the research accomplishments, methodology, and results can be obtained from the publications listed at the end of this report. Reprints of these publications and copies ofthis report are available on request from the Animal Research Centre, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, OntoKIA OC6;Tel. (613) 993-6002. E.E. Lister Director BIOTECHNOLOGY succinogenes cloned in Escherichia coli has been completed. The cloned bacteria gene will Genetic manipulation of rumen bacteria provide a readily identifiable marker for future experiments. Rumen bacteria are being genetically engineered to improve the efficiency of feed New gene banks have been prepared in E. utilization by ruminants. Characterization of coli from the dominant rumen bacteria a (1->3) (1->4)-13-D-glucanasefrom Bacteroides Selenomonas ruminantium, Lachnospira 176 Research Branch Report 1987 multiparus, and Bacteroides succinogenes, and genome. A total of 23 ev loci have been clones producing ~-glucosidases have been identified that range in expression from silent isolated. The isolation and analysis of these ones that produce no gene product to genes that genes provide information about, and tools to produce the complete endogenous virus. The ev modify, the regulation of cellulase gene genes affect resistance to exogenous LLV and expression. This information is useful to may also influence the bird's performance. In a industries involved in the utilization of collaborative project with the poultry industry, cellulose and related plant polysaccharides. Macdonald College, the Animal Diseases Polysaccharide degrading enzymes, isolated by Research Insitute and the United States DNA cloning from rumen bacteria, produce Department of Agriculture, two strains of enzymes of very high specificity at low cost. White Leghorns that were housed at ARC and These have a number of commercial and were free of the exogenous virus were studied. industrial applications. The strain selected for high egg production, egg A preliminary survey of the antibiotic weight, and resistance to Marek's disease spectrum of a polysaccharide-linked amino tended to have fewer ev genes with a lower phenol present in seed coats has suggested that level of expression than the related strain this compound may inhibit the growth of selected for susceptibility to Marek's disease. cellulose degrading bacteria in the rumen. The presence of the ev genes, particularly those Thirteen new synthetic genes, designed to with a higher level of expression, tended to be modify the amino acid composition of rumen associated with reduced egg production and bacteria, have been cloned in E. coli, and their egg weight. An inbred ARC line, which was effect on the host cell has been determined. developed by selection for high egg production Bacteria provide the major part of the dietary and resistance to Marek's disease was protein requirements of the ruminant, and the completely free of ev genes and will be useful new bacteria are expected to be better able to for future experiments. meet the specific dietary amino acid requirements of high-producing dairy cattle. Dairy cattle. Some milk protein genotypes are associated with increased production of Animal molecular genetics milk or cheese-making qualities. K-Casein cDNA probes and DNA restriction fragment Poultry. Lymphoid leukosis is a Iympho- length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to proliferative disease of chickens, caused by a determine allelic variation at the K-casein retrovirus. Although mortality from the locus. Allelic variation was identified, which disease is generally low, subclinical infections was not detected at the protein level. Casein with lymphoid leukosis virus (LLV) have cDNA sequences are now being used to isolate significant negative effects on productivity and and clone genomic sequences from a bovine cause increased mortality from causes other genomic library. These will be used as DNA than lymphoid leukosis. Resistance to LLV probes to identify RFLPs for assessment of infection is inherited. A viral glycoprotein and genomic variability in ARC herds. The method a genetically controlled cell receptor are allows the detection of the K-casein genotype at involved in viral penetration into host cells. In the DNA level, thus permitting the typing of collaboration with the Animal Diseases bulls and heifers for selection purposes. Research Institute (ADRl), biochemical and immunological methods are being used to Transgenics. Animals with a DNA identify the cellular receptor that causes recombinant gene (transgene) are unique with susceptibility. Isotope analysis of labeled regard to the site of integration and copy chick embryonic fibroblast surface proteins number in the host genome. The fate of a from susceptible cells has been completed. transgene over generations and as the LLV particles revealed three protein bands of expression of the gene needs to be investigated, apparent molecular weight of 72, 40, and 37 because transgenic livestock is expected to be kD. The association of these proteins with widely available in the near future. viral receptor is being investigated. In an experiment, male mice with the rat In addition to the exogenous lymphoid growth hormone gene fused with the metal- leukosis retroviruses, there is a subgroup of lothionein promoter were mated with females related viruses that are produced by the of three lines selected for milk production and chicken itselffrom endogenous viral (ev) genes adult weight. In two-way crosses, adult weight that are a permanent component of the of the progeny from the mating to males with Animal Research Centre 177 the growth hormone gene was 16% heavier the removed polar body beneath the zona than that from the mating to males without pellucida have been developed. Whole 4-8 cell the gene. In two-way crosses and backcrosses, embryos were encapsulated in agar, placed in the gene was transmitted, but the effect of the the ligated oviducts of sheep, and recovered gene on adult weight was not as obvious in after 4 days of in vivo culture. The embryos backcrosses as in two-way crosses. had developed normally to the morula-blasto- cyst stages, but recovery was critically dependent on the particular agar used, as some Reproductive process control products were found to disintegrate in the Embryos. Embryos from outstanding cows oviduct, resulting in loss ofthe embryos. that have been mated to superior bulls can be Semen. To improve the fertility from the used for rapid genetic improvement of cattle. use offrozen boar semen, a cryobiological study The various procedures of embryo manipula- was initiated to identify the optimum tion are useful tools for producing a large freeze-thaw conditions. Research on freezing number of superior genetically identical rate-glycerol concentration interaction also is animals (clonesl. in progress. Survival, assessed as post-thaw Using a commercial preparation of follicle motility percentage and as the percentage of stimulating hormone (FSH1, superovulation spermatozoa with a normal apical acrosomal was achieved in 71% of 192 treated cows. Of ridge, was influenced by glycerol concentra- the cows responding to treatment, embryos tion. Motility increased until the optimum gly- were collected from 81%, with an average cerol concentration was reached, but acrosomal recovery of 4.1 embryos per cow. The FSH had membranes showed increasing damage with been injected twice a day over 4 days at 40 mg glycerol concentrations above 2%. in eight equal doses or in varying doses of 6.5 To evaluate sperm survival and membrane and 6.5, 5.5 and 5.5, 4.5 and 4.5, and 3.5 and damage a nucleus-specific staining procedure 3.5 mg. The number of cows responding and has been developed. The dye stained the the number of embryos collected were similar nucleus of ram spermatozoa only when the in both regimes. Using the former regime, less plasma and acrosomal membranes were labor was required and treatments were more damaged. accurate. FSH from a new Canadian source was compared to that previously used for superovulation. The results were similar. ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION Seventy-five cows that were observed and confirmed in estrus were used as recipients of Pesticide persistence and movement fresh embryos at the morula or blastocyst stage. Pregnancy was confirmed in 22 cows Soil persistence of, and agricultural (30%). Eleven embryos were bisected micro- drainage water contamination by, metolachlor, surgically and transferred. Three of the split cyanazine, and atrazine in predominantly clay pairs were impregnated successfully, with a loam, corn-cropped fields were studied in a set of identical male twins born to one recipient collaborative project with the Ontario Ministry and single heifers born to the other two. Cows of Agriculture and Food. Soil persistence that received prostaglandin F2Q for use as increased in the following order: cyanazine > recipients and did not respond to this treat- metolachlor > atrazine. In the surface soil ment or that failed to maintain a pregnancy (0-7.5 em deep) under cool humid conditions, were monitored carefully for estrus and sub- metolachlor concentration decreased according sequently were inseminated. Over 80% were to a first-order expression, with a half-life of72 successfully bred artificially and remained in and 39 days for preplant incorporation and the herd for later use as embryo recipients. preemergent application, respectively. The A system has been developed for obtaining presence of metolachlor, cyanazine, atrazine, unfertilized oocytes and embryos at an early and deethylated atrazine was detected in stage of development (4-8 cell embryos>, both effiuents from tiles that were 0.6-0.9 m deep of which are necessary for developing tech- but not in soil at depths greater than 0.3 m. niques of producing clone calves. Micromanip- Metolachlor concentrations ranged from not ulation procedures for enucleation of the detectable (NO) to 12 >IglLin tile effiuents and oocyte and insertion of a blastomere in place of from ND to 1.5 >lg/g (mean values) in soil. 178 Research Branch Report 1987 Composting of liquid manures of production. Its mode of action is both as a The feasibility of composting manure coccidiostat and a modifier of rumen fermenta- slurries from dairy cattle, sheep, and poultry tion, shifting volatile fatty acid production with sphagnum peat was studied in a from acetate to propionate. In an experiment collaborative project with the Land Resource with 36 cows, Mnn was incorporated into dairy Research Centre. Mixtures of slurry and peat rations at 15 and 30 g/t of total diet (OM) and were laid down as windrows over open-ended, fed from 1 week prepartum to 3 weeks perforated horizontal pipes that provided postpartum. The incidence of clinical and nonmechanical aeration. Thermophilic subclinical ketosis for the high and low Mnn temperatures were attained in 1-3 days and levels compared with the controls was 8 and maintained for 2-5 weeks without further 33% versus 50%, respectively. Mean levels of mixing. 13-hydroxybutyrate in blood declined from a control level of 7.2 mg.percent to 5.7 and 3.9 mg.percent for the low and high Mnn levels, DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE respectively. Milk production for a 16-week NUTRITION period was 3344 kg (29.9 kg daily), 3675 kg (32.8), and 3516 kg (31.4) for the control, low, and high Mnn groups. Mnn raised milk lactose Feeding cows in early lactation levels significantly. There were no adverse Many dairy farmers prefer to feed some hay effects from Mnn, and cows completed lactation to milking cows. However, conservation of hay uneventfully. Subsequent breeding and preg- crops as silage is much less dependent on nancies were not affected. At current costs, the weather conditions than is field drying of hay. use of Mnn as a ketosis preventative amounts In an experiment with 36 milking cows, given to approximately $1.20 percow per lactation. a total mixed diet of corn silage, alfalfa silage treated with formic acid, and concentrate Protected proteins and amino acids (25:25:50 dry-matter (OM) basis), at 4-15 A new process for protecting soybean meal weeks oflactation, supplemental feeding of2.5 against degradation in the rumen has been kg of alfalfa long-hay laced with 200 g of developed. The procedures have been modi- molasses either at 6:00 a.m. or 5:00 p.m. was fied, and conditions for pilot scale preparations shown to have no effect on average daily DM have been established. The amount of residual intake, milk yield, or milk-fat yield, which formaldehyde has been reduced much below were 18.2-18.7 kg, 30.2-31.8 kg, and the accepted level in ruminant feed. Condi- 1059-1079 g, respectively. Thus, it was tions have been determined so that soybean concluded that there is no need to feed hay meal with protection ranging from 50 to 90% when good-quality silage is available. can be prepared. Other feed materials such as By analyzing daily morning and evening corn gluten meal were also found to be effective milk samples for three 2-week periods, the fat coating materials, thus reducing the cost of the content of milk was shown to be very variable, process. The uniqueness of the process is that and the use of infrequent analyses for assess- very high protection can be achieved without ing the potential of individual cows could be any loss of amino acids from the soybean meal. misleading. For 39% of the cows tested, No known currently available procedure is average variations in fat yield were more than capable of producing such a product. 100 g/day when daily tests were compared with weekly tests; and the maximum fat variation Amino acid destruction was 340 g/day. However, when averaged for 36 cows, the difference for fat was negligible; In ruminants, intact dietary protein therefore, analyses of bulk tank samples becomes unavailable because microorganisms should be reliable. in the rumen degrade the proteins to amino acids, which are further broken down to NH4 Monensin (Mnn) and CO2, If amino acid destruction could be controlled, more of the dietary amino acids Mnn, a biologically active compound could be made available to the animal. produced by a strain of Streptomyces Knowledge regarding the enzymatic processes cinnamonensin, is widely used as a feed involved in the destruction of amino acids by additive for feedlot steers to improve efficiency rumen microorganisms is limited. In Animal Research Centre 179 continuing research, an enzyme that degrades The cloning of this mixed linkage j3-glu- threonine has been isolated from Megaspharea canase in E. coli marked the first time that it elsdenii, and its properties were studied. was possible to show that B. succinogenes had a The enzyme has a molecular weight of separate enzyme for hydrolysis ofj3(1->3)(1->4) 160000 and consists offour subunits of40000. mixed linkages. The similarity that was It has 4 mol of pyridoxal phosphate bound per observed between the properties of the cloned mole; pH optimum is around 9.0; Vmax is 1080 enzyme and the (l->4)-j3-o-glucanase present !lmol of threonine degraded per minute per in B. succinogenes explains why these two milligram of protein; km for threonine is activities had not been resolved previously. 26.2 mM. The enzyme is four times more The cloned enzyme has potential for use in active on threonine than on serine; both amino the estimation of mixed linkage j3-o-glucans in acids are degraded by the ~ame enzyme; no plant materials. In conjunction with a activity is found with DL-threonine, threonine j3-glucosidase the enzyme could also be used to amide, allo-threonine, and D-serine; no added make the glucose in mixed linkage j3-D-glucans cofactor requirements were found. The in oats and barley endosperm available to enzyme is inhibited by a number of metal ions, nonruminants. hydrazide, and KCN; by diphenyl iodonium bromide (58% at 1 mM), lasalocid, and Selenium (Se) monensin (70-90% at 0.5 mM); and by other lntraruminal Se-glass boluses were amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine, and administered to beef cows during the last cysteine. Ammonia is not inhibitory. trimester of pregnancy. Elevated whole blood concentrations of glutathione peroxidase, a Cellulolytic enzymes Se-containing enzyme, were observed monthly A large number of enzymes in cellulolytic for the next 10 months following initiation of rumen bacteria are involved in fiber treatment, reaching the maximum at the 4th hydrolysis. Their properties are similar, and a month. Monthly milk samples also showed successful approach to their study has been to elevated Se concentrations. The boluses were clone the DNA for these enzymes into a host highly effective in raising the Se status of organism, such as Escherichia coli, and select progeny. clones that contain a single enzyme that can then be isolated and its properties verified Kinetics of vitamin D without interference from other enzymes. A study with wethers exposed to ultraviolet A (1->3)(1->4)-j3-D-glucanase from Bacter- radiation (UVR) compared the kinetics of oides succinogenes has been cloned in E. coli. intravenously administered, tritium-labeled The enzyme, which was purified 600-fold by 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-0HD3J to that of ion exchange and hydroxylapatite chromato- controls, which were nonradiated. Plasma graphy, hydrolyzed lichenin and oat j3-glucan 25-0HD3 increased from 13 to 31 ng/mL by day [<1->3)(1->4) mixed linkage j3-D-glucansl but 25 and then remained at a steady-state concen- not starch, carboxymethylcellulose,laminarin, tration until day 70. In wethers not exposed to or xylan. The enzyme has a temperature UVR, plasma 25-0HD3 averaged 13.2 ng/mL optimum at 50°C and a broad pH optimum plasma and did not change over the course of with maximum activity at pH 6.0. The the experiment. The results were analyzed by molecular weight of the enzyme was curve-fitting the data to a two-compartment approximately 37 kD. The km for the purified pharmacokinetic mathematical model. The enzyme was 0.35 and 0.71 mg/mL for lichenin physiological half-life of tritiated 25-0HD3 and oat glucan, respectively. The major lasted approximately 390 h in both groups. In products of hydrolysis of the cloned enzyme on wethers exposed to UVR, the elimination and lichenin were a triose (82%) and a pentaose clearance rate of 25-0HD3 were significantly (9.5%). Major products of hydrolysis of oat greater than in controls. Increased pool size j3-glucan were tentatively identified as 3-0-13- was observed in the irradiated wethers. cellobiosyl-D-glucose (64%) and 3-0-13- cellotriosyl-D-glucose (30%). It was concluded Copper (Cu) that the cloned enzyme has a mechanism and specificity for bond cleavage similar to that of In ruminants, Cu deficiency may be caused the mixed linkage j3-D-glucanaseisolated from either by inadequate dietary intake or by Bacillus subtilis. reduced availability of ingested Cu. However, 180 Research Branch Report 1987 excess Cu results in liver accumulation, with ppm there was a 6% feed refusal, 20% reduction consequent toxicity. Rumen ciliate protozoa of ADG, and 15% poorer feed efficiency. There were found previously to reduce the were no other signs of Fe toxicity. All experi- bioavailability of Cu by 37-50% in certain mental calves appeared healthy throughout diets. However, it was not known if the the trial, and no gross abnormalities were magnitude of the reducing effect of protozoa found at necropsy. depended on Cu concentration in the diet. The amount of dietary Fe excreted in the Biopsies were performed in 32 naturally feces was very high for all groups, ranging from fauna-free sheep to establish the initial Cu 65% for 100 ppm to 84% for 5000 ppm. The concentration in the liver. The sheep were main tissue responses to increased dietary Fe then assigned to four groups. In two groups were seen in the liver and the spleen, each of each animal was faunated by dosing with 250 which had an enormous Fe content, mL of ruminal fluid taken from donor sheep particularly the liver at the 5000 ppm level. with a mixed protozoa population. The other This study showed that up to 6 weeks of age two groups remained fauna-free. A diet of corn calves can tolerate Fe up to 2000 ppm in milk silage and soybean meal containing a low or replacer, but a level of 100 ppm was adequate high Cu concentration (7 or 15 pg per gram of for good performance and feed utilization. OM)was group-fed ad libitum for 197 days. At There appeared to be no benefit in feeding iron the end of the experiment, livers and ruminal in excess of 100 ppm. Research has shown that contents were analyzed. Faunated sheep grew excessive dietary Fe can be hazardous for baby faster and consumed more feed and Cu than pigs when the fat intake is high and vitamin E did the fauna-free rams but had the following: low. As these conditions also can occur for calf lower concentration of Cu in the liver; lower milk replacers, it may be worthwhile to avoid total amount of Cu in the liver per unit of Cu excessive Fe in pre ruminant calf diets. intake; and lower rumina I Cu solubility for both low and high Cu diets. The relative hepatic Cu uptake was higher for sheep fed the DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING low Cu than the high Cu diet. The results showed a definite decreasing effect of National cooperative dairy cattle breeding faunation on the availability of dietary Cu. project The magnitude of the effect was independent of the Cu concentration in the diet. Profitable performance in dairy cattle is influenced by reproduction and survival in High levels of iron (Fe) in calf milk addition to milk and milk component output. replacers The contribution of genetic and management Calf milk replacers that are formulated factors to these traits has been assessed in mainly from milk products are deficient in Fe studies arising from the national cooperative and are routinely supplemented with the dairy cattle breeding project. Crossbred heifers element during their manufacture. Products (Holstein-Ayrshire) had a higher probability of fed for veal production have a relatively low Fe survival to initiation of second lactation than concentration. However, milk replacers fed to pureline Holsteins and had 21 weeks longer calves destined to be herd replacements or expected herd life than the average of the pure- dairy beef can contain high Fe concentrations lines. First- and second-generation crosses because of the low cost of Fe salts and a general between the Holstein line and the Ayrshire- belief that excess Fe is well tolerated. based line were equivalent to Holsteins for fat A feeding experiment estimated the lowest yield in the first three lactations. Important amount of dietary Fe (as ferrous sulfate) that maternal line influences on milk and fat yield would reduce calf performance and feed favored Ayrshire dams and partly offset the utilization. For 6 weeks newborn male calves larger general breed advantage of the Holstein were fed milk replacer containing Fe at either over the Ayrshire. 100 (control), 500, 1000,2000, or 5000 ppm. The calves tolerated all Fe treatments ex- Computing variance components cept 5000 ppm. The average daily gain (ADG) Researchers have recently proposed an over 6 weeks for the first four treatments was efficient algorithm for computing restricted 0.65 kg/day and feed conversion 1.5 kg of feed maximum likelihood estimates of variance per kilogram of gain. At the Fe level of 5000 components in a class of mixed models. The Animal Research Centre 181 procedure involves the application of House- controlled by codominant alleles of the BoLA-A holder transformation to tridiagonalize the locus, to study the relationships of BoLAalleles coefficient matrix of the mixed model with heifer body weights and measurements, equations, thus eliminating the need for direct reproduction, and production traits. Only 10 matrix inversion. An ARC study has extended antigens were present, and there were differ- the computing algorithm and applied the ences in the frequencies of the 10 associated singular value decomposition of the coefficient alleles. The most common allele was WI0, matrix such that restricted maximum likeli- which had an allelic frequency of31.1%. Sub- hood estimation of variance components in a stitution of W20A for WI0 significantly (P < class of mixed models became a computational 0.05) increased body weight at 350 days of age triviality and required little computer time and at first calving by 29.6 and 61.5 kg, during the process of iteration. The use of this respectively. Substitution of W12.2 for WI0 computing approach provides a major saving significantly (P < 0.05) decreased age at first in statistical analyses of animal research data observed heat by 57 days. Substitution ofW6.1 to address complex questions. Results of such for WI0 allele significantly (P < 0.05) in- analyses are essential in estimating genetic creased 308 days first-lactation milk and parameters of the complex of traits con- protein yield by 1401 kg and 49 kg, respec- tributing to lifetime performance and the tively. The effect of this gene substitution on design of breeding programs and strategies to fat percentage was -0.19%; however, this breed cattle with maximum potential lifetime difference was not significant (P > 0.05). net return. Effects of breeding age on lifetime SWINE PRODUCTION performance Naked oats Production and reproductive performances in second and third lactations, and lifetime Naked oats, Avena nuda, have strong performance were compared between groups of potential as a feedstuff and are suitable for dairy heifers bred at first heat after 350 days partial replacement of corn and soybean meal versus 462 days. Both groups were subject to in diets for growing-finishing pigs. In previous similar feeding and management practices. work, when oats replaced half the corn and Although the 462-day group had slightly soybean meal in the diet, gilts and barrows had better first-lactation performances than the better average daily gains (ADG) and reached 350-day group, these advantages were not finishing weight (90 ::t 5 kg) about 1 week carried over to second and third lactations. No earlier than controls fed a corn-soybean meal significant differences existed in three-parity diet. Further studies using boars and barrows lifetime performance between the groups. fed lysine-supplemented naked oat diets However, when compared for performance to a showed that the 50% substitution level again maximum of 61 months of age, the 350-day provided better ADG <0.93versus 0.88 kg/day} group had a longer productive life (730 versus and fewer days (139 versus 146) to finishing 623 days), produced greater lifetime milk (10 weight. 693 versus 9218 kg), and yielded more milk per day of herd life (6.8 versus 5.9 kg). One-month Swine behavior reduction in age at first calving would Suckling piglets use their eyeteeth as significantly increase total milk in three weapons when fighting for a position at the parities or to 61 months of age by 427 and 554 sow's udder, but producers commonly clip the kg, respectively. The results suggested that teeth at birth to prevent injuries. Previous early breeding is a practical approach to work showed that piglets whose teeth were left improving profitability for the dairy industry. intact had higher weight gains than litter mates with clipped teeth, at least in large Bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA) litters, where competition is appreciable. A The study of BoLA is the first attempt to further experiment tested whether selective use direct analysis of genetic material at the clipping can help compensate for the competi- gene level for the genetic improvement ofdairy tive disadvantage of piglets with a low birth cattle in Canada. Blood samples from 179 weight. In 20 conventional litters of 12 piglets, Holstein cows were typed for 37 antigens, all animals were clipped at birth, and the four 182 Research Branch Report 1987 piglets of lowest birth weight in each litter had period 28-42 days in program 1; (c) abdominal lower daily gains and a higher death rate fatness of sibs at 47 days in program 2; and b 07%) than their litter-mates. In 20 experi- plus c in program 3. In dam strains, the mental litters, the four lightest piglets in each selected traits included body weight at 28 days, litter kept their teeth intact, whereas the crippling, feed efficiency at 28-42 days, and heavier litter mates were clipped. Under these hatching egg production of pullets to 40 weeks conditions piglets with a low birth weight had ofage . improved daily gains and reduced death losses Analysis of five generations of selection in (7%); however, some of their improvement the sire strains revealed only small differences appeared to occur at the expense of their in response to the three programs. Selection heavier litter mates. for body weight and feed efficiency in program A detailed analysis of weight gains by 1 appeared to improve these selected traits and suckling piglets showed that litters have parti- reduce abdominal fatness as much as selection cularly large differences in average weight for the three traits simultaneously in program gain during the first 3 days after farrowing. 3. Realized heritabilities were 0.4 or higher for Some litters gained weight steadily during this body weight and up to 0.3 for feed efficiency; period, while others gained little or lost weight however, they were low at 0.15 for abdominal for 1, 2, or 3 days after birth, presumably fatness. This low value was attributed to because of initial difficulties in the sow's lacta- measurement only in sibs and to a poor tion. Litters with poor initial weight gains had response to selection after the first generation. lower gains later in lactation, more variable It appeared that selection to reduce abdominal gains, and tended to have higher death losses. fatness will not be enough by itself to achieve A simple procedure for monitoring early gains the desired genetic reduction of abdominal might identify litters at risk and allow selec- fatness in broiler chickens. tive intervention to improve piglet production. Crossbred progeny tests of the sire and dam strains indicated that five generations of Carcass quality selection had improved the following: body Research on grading led to the October weight at 28 days, by 60 g; body weight at 46 1987 revision of the Canadian hog-grading days, by 120 and 180 g in sire and dam strains, standard, which was fully supported by the respectively; feed efficiency at 46 days, by Canadian Meat Council and the Canadian 2-3%; and leanness at 47 and 48 days, by a Pork Council. Following this revision, the reduction of about 20% in abdominal fatness in grading system is now providing the industry a sire strains only. more accurate estimate of the true value of a carcass. Poultry egg production ARC research, partly funded under the The efficiency of egg production and hence Ontario pork industry improvement program, profit from a flock oflayers depends on several has identified, under field conditions, environ- traits. The challenge for the breeder is to apply mental factors that can potentially influence appropriate selection emphasis on each trait to the incidence of pale, soft, exudative (PSE) maximize advances in efficiency or profit. A pork. Significant factors include the following: profit function was developed for inclusion in mixing unfamiliar pigs at the assembly yard, the best linear unbiased prediction procedure time of last feeding, duration of transport, and to allow breeding values for seven commercial resting period at the abattoir. traits to be used to generate income and expenses for each candidate for selection. This will permit individuals to be ranked on gross POULTRY BREEDING profit: income minus expenses with the objective of improving egg stocks in relation to Poultry meat production the economics ofthe poultry industry. A 4-year study of the effects on egg produc- Synthetic strains of broiler parents have tion traits of house, wing within house, and undergone selection for six generations to eval- location within wing, i.e., battery and tier, uate various multi trait selection programs. showed no consistent effects across years or Selected traits in sire strains included the traits. No effects were significant for all traits, following: (a) body weight and crippling at 28 and there were few significant interactions. days in all programs; (b) feed efficiency for the House and wing were significant more Animal Research Centre 183 frequently than battery and tier. Although relationship of redox (oxidation-reduction) effects were not significant for any trait in all potential or electron pressure of diluted years, in some years, location effects and their ejaculates to concentration, yield, and motility interactions were significant for particular of spermatozoa was examined in a Chinese and traits. For example, in one year, most location Synthetic (Chinese, Hungarian, and Pilgrim) effects and their interactions were significant strain. When only ejaculates with mature and for age at first egg and mature body weight, immature spermatozoa, spermatids, and but the opposite was true in other years. The nonidentified forms were present, redox 1 was frequency and pattern of significant effects highly correlated with concentration (r == varied greatly across years, with no apparent 0.89l. Redox 2 (redox 1 adjusted for pH) was trend. It appeared that even in well-designed positively correlated with percentage of poultry facilities, effects resulting from mature spermatozoa (r == 0.81) and negatively location must be expected, and care must be correlated (r == -0.85) with percentage of taken in experimental design to ensure that immature spermatozoa. Therefore, redox treatment or genetic effects are not confounded potential could be a biophysical index of with location. concentration and maturity of spermatozoa in ejacula tes. Disease resistance genetics To improve carcass leanness, heritabilities and phenotypic correlations of live body, Ouring the past 4 years, efforts have been carcasses, and dissected carcass parts were made to eradicate avian lymphoid leukosis studied in ganders 18.5 and 19.5 weeks old, (ALV) from ARC pedigreed chicken flocks. For ganders of a Chinese and Synthetic strain. The four generations, White Leghorn hens, high heritabilities for such traits as live-body considered test-positive (reading> 0.4) for the weight (0.67), intestinal plus leaf fat percent- group-specific antigen (gsa) of ALV using an age of carcass (0.46), and total lean percentage enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), of carcass (0.81) suggested that these traits were not used for breeding. The frequency of could be improved fairly rapidly by selection. test-positive hens has been reduced from 10 to However, low phenotypic correlations « 0.50) 4% for the 1983 and 1986 hatches, respec- between live traits and such carcass traits tively. This reduction was much less than would make indirect assessment for selection expected. Progeny of the 1986 hatch were very difficult. tested within 10 days of hatch for gsa ofALV in feather pulp in order to explore the feasibility Eggshell quality of removing chicks as early as possible to reduce the horizontal spread of ALV and A laying ration in which vitamin 03 supple- perhaps find a more critical test. However, ment was replaced by the hormonal form, 1,25- even though all dams had levels of ALV gsa in dihydroxyvitamin 03 (1,25-°3), significantly egg albumen of less than 0.4, 58% of their improved eggshell quality of older White progeny had levels of ALV gsa in feather pulp Leghorn laying hens (from 59 to 80 weeks of of greater than 0.4 and 15% were greater than age) based on measurements of specific 2.0. Possibly, these high levels in feather pulp gravity, percentage of shell, and deformation. resulted from endogenous viral genes. Thus, The optimal level in the feed was 5 Ilglkg; and in ARC Leghorn populations, levels in feather at 7 Ilg/kg, signs of toxic effects, such as pulp did not sufficiently distinguish birds markedly decreased egg production, egg size, positive for ALV. and feed consumption, were noted. Another From 1983 to 1986, similar procedures were metabolite, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin 03, added used to eliminate ALV from the broiler strains. alone to feed at 5 Ilglkgdid not support eggshell A recent sampling of sera from 20%of chickens calcification and when added with 1,25-°3 at from the broiler sire strains indicated, by virus equal concentration (5 Ilglkg each) tended to antibody test, that the flock was free of suppress the effect of 1,25-03 added alone. The exogenous ALV. results indicated potential for 1,25-°3 as a feed supplement in improving eggshell quality of the last 100 eggs of the production cycle where Goose management and genetics the problem ofshell quality is most severe. Successful artifical insemination of geese The genetic parameters of six shell quality requires good methods of identifying ganders traits and percentage of intact eggs between that produce high-quality semen. The oviposition and grading in two generations of 184 Research Branch Report 1987 White Leghorn hens were studied to determine utilization are the principal response criteria. the best traits for use in programs to reduce Carcass composition data from preliminary egg breakage. Heritability estimates tended to experiments have allowed the identification of be highest <0.29-0.59) for specific gravity, shell relationships among carcass components and weight, percentage shell, and shell weight per the derivation of prediction equations. One unit surface area; somewhat lower <0.21-0.33) outcome was the development ofa protocol that for compression fracture strength; and lowest may eliminate the need for the slaughter and <0.10-0.26) for nondestructive deformation. analysis of control birds when experimental Estimated genetic correlations between treatments are initiated. percentage of intact eggs late in the laying year and eggshell quality traits early in the Naked oats laying year were highest (0.50 and 0.62) for Naked oats, Avena nuda, contain approxi- specific gravity and lowest (0.23 and 0.30) for mately 185 g of crude protein and 17 MJ TMEn shell weight, respectively. These latter per kilogram of DM. This feedstuff was correlations were considerably lower than evaluated for laying hen diets in which it was preliminary estimates based on the first substituted for corn and soybean meal to generation only and on a different statistical provide iso-energetic, iso-lysine diets. Egg model. Considering heritability, genetic yield and egg production were not influenced correlation, and ease of measurement, specific by inclusion of oats up to 600 kglt but were gravity would be the shell quality trait of reduced at 795 kg/to Egg weight and the ratio choice for reducing losses from breakage. of grams of egg to grams of feed were higher for oat diets compared with corn-soy. Egg production of hens fed oats without protein POULTRY NUTRITION supplementation was reduced by 9%compared with corn-soy; when supplemented with feed- grade methionine and lysine or with canola Feedingstuff evaluation meal at 150 kg/t, production was similar to the Work on methodology for estimating control diet, whereas the ratio of grams of egg bioavailable energy and amino acids is nearing to grams offeed was greater. Color of yolk was conclusion. Suggested changes to the bioassay markedly less intense, whereas shell weight for true metabolizable energy were evaluated, was higher with oat diets. Minor effects of including extension of the preliminary fast to sourness and decreased intensity of egg flavor 48 h, delivery of water to the crop, and provi- were associated with oat diets at taste panels sion of supplemental glucose. None of the conducted at the Food Research Centre. No changes improved analytical precision and, other detrimental effects of oats on table eggs because they involve additional work, are not were noted. recommended. Naked oats caused inhibition of growth and Understanding of bioassay theory was decreased feed efficiency when fed to starter advanced by detailed investigation of factors broiler chicks at 1-3 weeks of age. These effects were increased by raising oat ~-glucan contributing to the precision of TMEn estimates. Practical application was found in levels and by inactivation of endogenous oat improved experimental designs that distribute enzymes. This finding indicated roles both of birds among treatments to maximize precision glucan and of its breakdown by enzymes within the limits ofavailable resources. endogenous to the grain in the magnitude of A calcium lignosulfonate pellet binder was the growth inhibition. Autoclaving resulted in found to contain TMEn at 4.90 :t 0.52 MJ per partial improvement in the value of oats for kilogram ofDM. Steam pelleting did not alter chicks, but extended holding at postauto- the amount of TMEn of a grower diet with claving temperature had no further effect on (40 mglkg) or without the binder. nutritive value. Steeping in water for 48 h caused a loss of soluble protein and hence of Nutrient requirements nutritive value. It was concluded that naked oats were a valuable dietary ingredient for Estimation of lysine requirements of poultry layers as well as for growing broilers, broilers from hatch to 42 days of age is in pro- and as a locally produced feedstuff naked oats gress. Protein accretion, fat deposition, body can be substituted for purchased or imported weight change, and the efficiency of nutrient corn and soybean meal. Animal Research Centre 185 A protocol for reducing egg hatchability birth type of ram lamb, rearing type, and entry Populations of ring-billed gulls have group had no effect on the average daily on-test increased enormously during recent years in weight gain. However, entry weights between eastern Canada. They have become a nuisance 16 and 40 kg and prestation weight gains or pest in some urban localities and are of con- between 0.27 and 0.71 kg/day were required to cern to agricultural producers. Their ravenous maximize on-test weight gain. consumption of earthworms during soil cultivation might affect soil aeration, and they Development of specialized synthetic sire possibly spread disease among domestic and dam strains animals. Genetic and phenotypic parameters of In response to an enquiry from the reproductive traits such as fertility, litter size, Canadian Wildlife Service of Environment multiple birth, and fecundity and their Canada, chicken eggs were used as a model for relationship with body weight and age at developing a protocol to test the feasibility of breeding were determined from 2380 lamb using pharmaceutical mineral oil to impair the records representative of the ARC synthetic hatchability of ring-billed gull eggs. The sire (strain 1) and dam (strains 2 and 3) strains. chicken egg model permitted the application of The lambs were bred at 6.5-7.5 months of age various amounts of oil over the surface of eggs during January, May, or September by syn- that contained embryos of known age. Results chronization of the estrous cycle and exposure showed that the application of a thin oil film to rams at the synchronized and follow-up over the entire surface ofthe eggs at 17 days of estrus. Heritability estimates for litter size incubation was the most effective and reduced and multiple birth were 0.22 and 0.13, respec- hatchability to <4.5%. Embryo death tively, for ewes that lambed, suggesting that occurred within I day ofapplication. slow genetic progress in these traits can be Based on the data from the chicken egg achieved by selection. However, heritability model, a field trial was designed that con- estimates for body weight and age at breeding firmed that spraying a thin layer of mineral oil were high, as were their genetic correlations over the entire surface of ring-billed gull eggs with prolificacy and multiple births. These late in their incubation period decreased results suggest that selection of ewe lambs hatchability to <3.5%. In addition, the time based on age and body weight at breeding is the brooding birds spent incubating eggs more beneficial for genetic improvement of containing dead embryos was extended to litter size and multiple birth. beyond the end oftheir breeding season. The inheritance of active and acquired im- munity traits in ARC synthetic sheep strains was evaluated by quantifying the humoral SHEEP PRODUCTION immune response in ewes and lambs after inoculation of pregnant ewes with ovalbumin. Titres of antiovalbumin antibodies (a-Ova) A technical bulletin was published were measured by enzyme-linked immunoab- summarizing the results of sheep production sorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. Strain did research at ARC. New technology and not affect ewe immune response, but sire- management strategies that evolved or were within-strain was highly significant. Titres in developed from the research program are pregnant ewes 12 and 30 months old were described. A comprehensive bibliography is higher than in pregnant ewes 21 months old. included for those who wish to refer to original The number of lambs in utero did not signi- research publications, and a list of additional ficantly affect immune response of the ewe. references is provided for readers who seek Heritabilities of titre from a paternal half-sib more detailed background information. analysis were 0.27 :!: 0.17 for all ewes and 0.57 :!: 0.25 for only the pregnant ewes. The effect Studies using record of performance of strain of lamb on lamb a-Ova titre (ROP) data approached significance, and sire within strain The effects of systemic variations in presta- was highly significant. Lamb a-Ova concentra- tion environment on the growth performance tion increased to 18 h after birth but declined of Suffolk ram lambs on test at Canadian thereafter. The size of the litter in which a record of performance (ROP) test stations were lamb was born had a highly significant effect evaluated from 1820 records. Age of dam, on the lamb's acquired immunity, with titre 186 Research Branch Report 1987 decreasing as litter size increased. The lipolytic enzymes and an increase in heritability estimate for lamb a-Ova prostaglandin synthetase, both of which are concentration from a paternal half-sib analysis dependent on cell type and stage of was 0.38 f: 0.11; and 0.28 f: 0.15 from the sire differentiation. variance component of a full-sib analysis. Cryopreservation of ram semen. When When lamb titre was considered a maternal freezing extended ram semen in 0.5-mL straws, trait (lambs nested within their maternal the spermatozoa suspension is cooled to _11°C grandsires within strains), the maternal (supercooled) before spontaneous ice formation grands ire variance component was negative. occurs. This ice formation was very deleterious The average a-Ova concentration oflambs that when freezing mammalian embryos but could died between sample collection and 120 days of be overcome by "seeding" the medium with ice age was less than that of lambs that survived crystals to induce ice formation at higher made up one of five data sets from four flocks. Overall, subclinical infection with Manipulation of photoperiod. Biodegrad- Maedi-Visna reduced lambing rates. For ewes able or silastic implants containing melatonin that lambed, no effect on the litter size was have been given at various times to rams noted. Birth weights of lambs born to infected exposed to alternating cycles of 8 and 16 h of ewes 3-4 years old were 3-6% lower than those light daily or to normal and reverse annual of noninfected ewes. However, there was no light cycles. Preliminary results have shown effect on the birth weight of lambs born to that rams given silastic implants at maximal infected ewes that were 1-2 years old or more testicular regression were able to achieve than 5 years old. maximal scrotal size 6-8 weeks earlier than untreated rams. In contrast, biodegradable or Reproductive physiology silastic implants given at maximal testicular redevelopment were unable to influence the Follicular growth and ovulation. Prepuber- rate oftesticular regression. tal gilts treated with 750 international units (IV) of pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin and 72 h later with 500 IV of human chorionic ANIMAL FEED SAFETY AND gonadotropin (hCG) continue to be used as a source of preovulatory follicles to investigate NUTRITION the role of and interrelations between folli- cular granulosa (GC) and theca interna (TC) Mycotoxins cells in the ovulatory process. The regulation The 1986 corn crop in eastern Canada was of production of prostaglandin E2 and prosta- seriously damaged by Fusarium infection. glandin F2a by dispersed GC and TC isolated When moldy grain was fed to swine, reduced from preovulatory follicles at different stages feed intake, poor weight gains, and reproduc- of maturation has been examined because of tive problems were reported. Studies have con- the pronounced increase in production of these tinued on mycotoxin contamination of animal compounds associated with follicular rupture. feedstuffs focusing on detoxification of moldy Both GC and TC produced prostaglandins. feedstuffs, evaluation of toxic metabolites of After exposure of follicles to hCG in vitro, the Fusarium, metabolism and residue studies in capacity of both cell types to produce animal food products, and feeding trials with prostaglandins was increased. However, the pure mycotoxins. magnitude of the increase was limited by the Preliminary results indicated that roasting availability of arachidonic acid (AA),the prin- was an effective method of reducing deoxyni- cipal precursor of prostaglandins. The results valenol (DON) and zearalenone concentrations were also consistent with the concept that in moldy corn. More research is necessary to luteinizing hormone-hCG regulates follicular determine the chemistry involved during prostaglandin production by two different, but roasting and to evaluate the toxicity of chemi- complementary, modes of action; an increase cals generated during the roasting process. in AA availability through activation of The addition of bisulfite and heat treatment Animal Research Centre 187 reduced available DON in moldy corn. A feed- Eggs laid within 24 h contained radiocarbon ing trial compared the effects of two control mainly in albumen; in egg yolks residues diets, a DON-contaminated diet and the same peaked in 4-5 days. Radiocarbon residues were DON diet with the moldy corn pretreated by detected mainly in the liver and kidney; in autoclaving and with sodium bisulfite. Pigs other tissues and organs the residue concentra- offered the DON-contaminated corn (un- tions ranged between nondetectable to parts treated) diet ate less feed and gained less per billion. Analysis of the 14C-metabolites weight than those on the other three diets. indicated that the pesticide was metabolized Treating the DON.contaminated corn with mainly by the cleavage of the ester bond bisulfite made the resulting diet more accept- followed by extensive hydroxylation of the acid able. Similar responses were observed when moiety at the carbon-bearing carboxyl group, the study was repeated with pure toxins. the methyl group, or both. The data showed When a propionate-based feed preservative that laying hens, when accidentally exposed to was added to clean and DON-contaminated FEN residues in the diet at concentrations < 50 diets, the propionate improved overall mglkg, should not have appreciable residues in performance of pigs fed the control and eggs and meat. DON-containing diets but did not reduce m-Phenoxybenzaldehyde (m-PBald). The specifically the adverse effects ofDON. disposition of m-PBald, the primary metabolite Optimization of the chick embryo bioassay of a large number ofsynthetic pyrethroids, was for testing the toxicity potential of fungal investigated in laying hens. Hens given a metabolites has continued. The advantages of single dose ofl4C-m-PBald voided >90% in the the assay are that it is not specific for certain excreta within 24 h. Very little residue was mycotoxins and it gives a broader index of found in fat, liver, kidney, tissues, and eggs. toxicity than methods for individual Residues, if any, dissipated rapidly during the mycotoxins. Several laboratories are withdrawal period. A large number of evaluating the assay for commercial use. 14C-metabolites, including small amounts of A major trial determined the effect of m-PBald, were found in the excreta. feeding pure DON at 0-19.1 mglkg on growing Preliminary data indicated that m-PBald was gilts over a 14-day period. No overt signs of metabolized by a number ofcomplex pathways. illness or emesis were observed. There was a linear decrease in body weight of 0.9 kg for Fats and oils each milligram of DON in each kilogram of diet fed over the period. In a 7-week study Perinatal nutrition. Experiments on the fat with barrows, feeding naturally contaminated accretion of fetal pig carcass and tissue have wheat-based diets with DON at 3.9 and shown that the total fat content of the fetus is 5 mglkg did not adversely affect swine perfor- not greatly influenced by the gestation diet of mance. No major clinical or histopathological the sow. The fat content of fetal internal effects were observed. organs appears to be carefully regulated, but When moldy feed is given to livestock and changes do occur in the fatty acid content of poultry, the safety of toxic residues in animal fetal heart, liver, lung, and kidneys, especially food products is of concern. Over a 12-day as gestation proceeds. Changes in tissue fatty period, 14C-DON was added to the feed of acid composition may influence metabolism, White Leghorn laying hens. Residue levels since enzyme activity is sensitive to the increased with each subsequent egg laid until environment in which the enzyme is situated. the last exposure to the toxin. Residues Feeding trials with neonatal pigs have quickly declined once the birds were switched begun using J erusalam artichoke flour to clean feed. Analysis of the eggs showed that incorporated into a milk replacer formulation. only 10% of the radioactivity present could be The study is expected to determine whether the identified as the parent toxin. flour provides the piglet with protection against diarrhea. Initial calculations indicate Pesticide residues that using this flour could greatly reduce the Fenvalerate (FEN). A study on the cost of sow milk replacer. metabolism of (14C-carbonyl) FEN in laying Canola oil. Studies continue to evaluate the hens given a single dose of l4C-FEN showed nutritional and toxicological properties of that approximately 85% of the administered canola oil for the United States Food and Drug 14C was eliminated in excreta within 24 h. Administration to gain unrestricted access to 188 Research Branch Report 1987 American markets. After suckling the sow for Basarab, J.A.; Shrestha, J.N.B.; Parker, R.J. 1 day, piglets were fed artificial milk replacer 1987. Effects of birth type, age of dam, diets containing canola oil or high erucic acid entry weight and prestation gain on test rapeseed (HEAR) oil for 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, or 15 station results of ram lambs. Can. J. Anim. days, to determine if and when myocardial Sci. 67:371-379. lipidosis occurred. Control piglets were kept Batra, T.R.; Lin, C.Y.; McAllister, A.J.; Lee, with the sow for the same time periods. The A.J.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; Wauthy, J.M.; results indicated a high incidence of Winter, K.A. 1987. Multitrait estimation myocardial lipidosis in 1-day-old piglets of genetic parameters of lactation curves in nursed by the sow; however, on continued Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. suckling, myocardial lipidosis disappeared by 70:2105-2111. day 5. Feeding canola oil resulted in a 13% incidence of myocardial lipidosis beyond the Berggren- Thomas, P.L.; Kaattari. S.; Hohen- effect observed in suckling piglets. Feeding boken, W.D.; Shrestha, J.N.B.; Heaney, HEAR oil containing 40% erucic acid gave an D.P. 1987. Inheritance of active and 87% incidence of myocardial lipidosis. acquired immunity traits in sheep. J. Methods were developed to measure the Anim. Sci. 64:1302-1312. digestibility of the diets in piglets fed the Buckley, D.J.; Hamilton, R.M.G.; St. Amour, artificial milk replacers. Studies evaluated G.; Fagan, W.E. 1987. A cost-effective fatty acid utilization by piglets using perfused electronic system for monitoring time of hearts. Preliminary results indicate that oviposition in up to 1024 hens. Poult. Sci. erucic acid is metabolized by young piglets. 66:422-427. Culley, J.L.B.; Patni, N.K. 1987. Soil compac- tion from liquid manure tanker traffic. PUBLICATIONS Trans. Am. Soc.Agric. Eng.30:1214-1218. Dohoo, I.R.; Heaney, D.P.; Stevenson, R.G.; Research Samagh, B.S.; Rhodes, C.S. 1987. The effects of maedi-visna virus infection on Ainsworth, L.; Shrestha, J.N.B. 1987. The re- productivity in ewes. Prev. Vet. Med. productive performance of ewe lambs in a 4:471-484. controlled environment. Anim. Prod. Fairfull, R.W.; Gowe, R.S. 1987. The effect of 44:233-240. pre-incubation storage of hatching eggs on Akhtar, M.H.; Hamilton, R.M.G.; Trenholm, subsequent performance of White Leghorn H.L. 1987. Excretion, distribution and hens. Poult. Sci. 66:561-563. depletion of[14C]cypermethrin and cis and Fairfull, R.W.;Gowe, R.S. 1987. The effects of trans isomers of 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)- red vs. white incandescent lights during 2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid brooding and rearing on subsequent perfor- administered orally to laying hens. Pestic. mance of White Leghorn hens. Arch. Sci. 20:53-73. Gefluegelkd.51:109-112. Atwal, A.S.; Batra, T.R. 1987. Evaluation of Fairfull, R.W.; Gowe, R.S.; Nagai, J. 1987. an alfalfa silage-corn silage feeding pro- Dominance and epistasis in heterosis of gram for dairy heifers from 200 to 300 kg White Leghorn strain crosses. Can. J. body weight. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:873-876. Anim. Sci. 67:663-680. Atwal, A.L.; Heslop, L.C. 1986. Effectiveness Farnworth, E.R.; Kramer, J.K.G. 1987. Ef- of propionic acid for preserving alfalfa hay fects on animal growth and lipid com- in large round bales. Can. J. Anim. Sci. position of heart, liver and adipose tissue in 67:75-82. male rats fed different levels and types of Bagnell, C.A.; Frando, L.B.; Downey, B.R.; fats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. Tsang, B.K.; Ainsworth, L. 1987. Locali- 65:1872-1877. zation of relaxin in the pig follicle during Farnworth, E.R.; Kramer, J.K.G. 1987. Fat preovulatory development. BioI. Reprod. metabolism in growing swine: A review. 37:235-240. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:301-318. Animal Research Centre 189 Fiser, P.S.; Ainsworth, L.; Fairfull, R.W. 1987. Hidiroglou, M.; Karpinsky, K. 1987. Vitamin Evaluation of a new diluent and different E kinetics in sheep. Br. J. Nutr. 58:113-125. processing procedures for cryopreservation Hidiroglou, M.;McAllister, A.J.; Williams, C.J. of ram semen. Theriogenology 28:599-607. 1987. Prepartum supplementation of Fortin, A.; Wood, J.D.; Whelehan, D.P. 1987. selenium and vitamin E to dairy cows; Breed and sex effects on the development, assessment of their selenium status and distribution of muscle, fat and bone, and reproductive performance. J. Dairy Sci. the partition of fat in pigs. J. Agric. Sci. 70:1281-1288. (Camb.) 108:141-153. Hidiroglou, M.;Proulx, J.; Jolette, J. 1987. Ef- fect of intraruminally administered Fortin, A.; Wood, J.D.; Whelehan, D.P. 1987. selenium soluble glass boluses on selenium Breed and sex effects on the development status in cows and their calves. J. Anim. and proportions of muscle, fat and bone in Sci. 65:815-820. pigs. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.>108:39-45. Iida, K.; Mizuma, Y.; Nagai, J. 1987. Heter- Foster, B.C.; Trenholm, H.L.; Friend, D.W.; osis in survival of transferred mouse Thompson, B.K.; Hartin, K.E. 1987. The embryos. Z.Versuchstierkd. 30:99-103. effect of a propionate feed preservative in deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) containing corn Ivan, M. 1987. Absorption and secretion of diets fed to swine. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 65Zn in the stomach and intestinal tract of 67:1159-1163. sheep exchanging digesta via duodenal re- entrant cannulas. Br. J. Nutr. 57:479-488. Fraser, D. 1987. Attraction to blood as a factor Jenkins, K.J.; Bona, A. 1987. Performance of in tail-biting by pigs. App!. Anim. Behav. calves fed combinations of whole milk and Sci. 17:61-68. reconstituted skim milk powder. J. Dairy Fraser, D. 1987. Mineral-deficient diets and Sci.70:2091-2094. the pig's attraction to blood: Implications Jenkins, K.J.; Hidiroglou, M. 1987. Effect of for tail-biting. Can. J. Anim. Sci. excess iron in milk re placer on calf 67:909-918. performance. J. Dairy Sci.70:2349-2354. Fraser, D.; Rushen, J. 1987. Aggressive be- Kelleher, C.A.; Ivan, M. 1987. Diethylsuccin- havior. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Prac. ate carboxylesterase activity in sheep 3:285-305. poisoned by copper. J. Compo Pathol. 97:329-,'333. Fraser, D.; Rushen, J. 1987. A plea for preci- Kramer, J.K.G.; Sauer, F.D.; Blackwell, B.A. sion in describing observational methods. 1987. Structure of two new amino phospho- App!. Anim. Behav. Sci. 18:205-209. lipids from Methanobacterium thermoauto- Grunder, A.A.; Chambers, J.R.; Fortin, A. trophicum. Biochem.J. 245:139-143. 1987. Plasma very low density Langford, G.A.; Ainsworth, L.; Marcus, G.J.; lipoproteins, abdominal fat lipase and Shrestha, J .N.B. 1987. Photoperiod fatness during rearing in two strains of entrainment of testosterone, luteinizing broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 66:471-479. hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin cycles in rams in relation to testis Heaney, D.P.; Shrestha, J.N.B. 1987. Effects size and semen quality. BioI. Reprod. of soyflour in milk replacer on the 37:489-499. performance of artificially reared lambs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:757-763. Lin, C.Y. 1987. Application of singular value decomposition to restricted maximum Hidiroglou, M. 1986. Determination of 25-hy- likelihood estimation of variance droxyvitamin D3 in sheep tissues by high- components. J. Dairy Sci.70:2680-2684. performance liquid chromatography. Int. J. Lin, C.Y.; Lee, A.J.; McAllister, A.J.; Batra, Vitam. Nutr. Res. 56:345-350. T.R.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; Wauthy, J.M.; Hidiroglou, M. 1987. Kinetics of intrave- Winter, K.A. 1987. Intercorrelations nously administered 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 among milk production traits and body and in sheep and the effect of exposure to ultra- udder measurements in Holstein heifers. J. violet radiation. J. Anim. Sci.65:808-814. Dairy Sci.70:2385-2393. 190 Research Branch Report 1987 Lin, C.Y.; McAllister, A.J.; Ng-Kwai-Hang, Phillips, P.A.; Fraser, D. 1987. Design, cost K.F.; Hayes, J.T.; Batra, T.R.; Lee, A.J.; and performance of a free-access two-level Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; Wauthy, J.M.; pen for growing-finishing pigs. Can. Agric. Winter, K.A. 1987. Association of milk Eng. 29:193-195. protein types with growth and reproductive Ponzilius, K.-H.; Nagai, J.; Marcus, G.J.; performance of dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. Hackett, A.J. 1987. Survival of bisected 70:29-39. mouse embryos after exposure to pronase Mahadevan, S.; Sauer, F.D.; Erfle, J.D. 1987. and medium free of calcium and Preparation of protease from mixed rumen magnesium. Theriogenology 27:859-867. organisms and its use for the in vitro deter- Pre lusky, D.B.; Hamilton, R.M.G.;Foster, B.C.; mina tion of feed protein degradability. Trenholm, H.L.; Thompson, B.K. 1987. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:55-64. Optimization of chick embryo-toxicity bio- Marcus, G.J.; McAllister, A.J.; Hackett, A.J. assay for testing toxicity potential of fungal 1987. Relation of prepubertal serum metabolites. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chern. steroid profiles to first lactation milk yield. 70:1049-1055. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:1021-1026. Prelusky, D.B.; Trenholm, H.L.; Hamilton, McAllister, A.J.; Chesnais, J.P.; Batra, T.R.; R.M.G.;Miller, J.D. 1987. Transmission of Lee, A.J.; Lin, C.Y.; Roy, G.L.; Vesely, J.A.; [14C]-deoxynivalenol to eggs following oral Wauthy, J.M.; Winter, K.A. 1987. Herdlife administration to laying hens. J. Agric. lactation yield, herdlife and survival of FoodChern. 35:182-186. Holstein and Ayrshire-based lines of dairy Prelusky, D.B.; Veira, D.M.; Trenholm, H.L.; cattle. J. Dairy Sci.70:1442-1451. Foster, B.C. 1987. Metabolic fate and Narbaitz, R.; Tsang, C.P.W.; Grunder, A.A. elimination in milk, urine and bile of 1987. Effects of vitamin 0 deficiency in the deoxynivalenol following administration to chick embryo. Calc if. Tissue Int. lactating sheep. J. Environ. Sci. Health 40:109-113. PartB 22:125-148. Rushen, J. 1987. A difference in weight re- Narbaitz, R.; Tsang, C.P.W.; Grunder, A.A.; duces fighting when unacquainted newly Soares, J.H. Jr. 1987. Scanning electron weaned pigs first meet. Can. J. Anim. Sci. microscopy of thin and soft shells induced 67:951-960. by feeding calcium-deficient or vitamin D-deficient diets to laying hens. Poult. Sci. Sauer, F.D.; Blackwell, B.A.; Kramer, J.K.G. 66:341~47. 1987. Structure of purified cytoplasmic cofactor from Methanobacterium thermo- Patience, J.F.; Wolynetz, M.S.; Friend, D.W.; autotrophicum. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Hartin, K.E. 1987. A comparison of two Commun.147:1021-1026. urine collection methods for female swine. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:859-863. Sauer, F.D.; Teather, R.M. 1987. Changes in oxidation reduction potentials and volatile Patni, N.K.; Jui, P.Y. 1987. Changes in solids fatty acid production by rumen bacteria and carbon content of dairy cattle slurry in when methane synthesis is inhibited. J. farm tanks. BioI.Wastes 20:11-34. Dairy Sci.70:1835-1840. Petit, H.V.; Ivan, M.; Brisson, G.J. 1987. An Shrestha, J.N.B.; Heaney, D.P. 1987. Genetic oxalate-sodium hydroxide buffer to study basis of variation in reproductive per- the role of milk replacer coagulation in formance. (1) Ewe lambs treated with preruminant calves. J. Dairy Sci. fluorogestone acetate and PMSG in a 70:2565-2569. controlled environment. Anim. Reprod. Sci. Petit, H.V.; Ivan, M.;Brisson, G.J. 1987. Com- 14:281-291. parison of polyethylene glycol markers and Sibbald, I.R. 1987. Estimation ofbioavailable chromium ethylenediamine tetraacetic amino acids in feedingstuffs for poultry and acid as markers for measuring ileal flow in pigs: A review with emphasis on balance the pre ruminant calf. Can. J. Anim. Sci. experiments. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:1155-1158. 67:221~00. Animal Research Centre 191 Sibbald, I.R.; Wolynetz, M.S. 1987. Effects of products of livestock and poultry. Publica- dietary fat level and lysine: Energy ratio tion IAEA-TECDOC 406. International on energy utilization and tissue synthesis Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. by broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 66:1788-1797. Akhtar, M.H.; Hartin, K.E.; Trenholm, H.L. Spencer, J.L.; Gavora, J.S.; Gilka, F. 1987. 1987. Fate ofl4C-deltamethrin in lactating Feather pulp organ cultures for assessing dairy cows. Pages 51-55 in Radiotracer host resistance to infection with avian studies of agrochemical residues in meat, leukosis-sarcoma viruses. Avian Pathol. milk and related products of livestock and 16:425-438. poultry. Publication IAEA-TECDOC 406. Tsang, B.K.; Taheri, A.; Ainsworth, L.; International Atomic Energy Agency, Downey, B.R. 1987. Secretion of 17a- Vienna, Austria. hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and Atwal, A.S.; Heslop, L.C. 1987. Preservation estrogens by porcine granulosa and theca of high-moisture hay with anhydrous interna cells in culture. Can. J. Physiol. ammonia. Canadex 120.62. Pharmacol. 65:1951-1956. Tsang, C.P.W.; Grunder, A.A. 1987. A compa- Chambers, J.R. 1987. Response to five genera- rative study of the hypercalcemic effect of tions of multitrait selection for feed several naturally occurring estrogens efficiency and abdominal fat in broiler sire injected into roosters. Arch. Gefluegeltd. strains. Pages 73-99 in Proceedings 36th 51:97-101. Annual National Breeders Roundtable, St. Young, J.C.; Trenholm, H.L.; Friend, D.W.; Louis, Mo. Prelusky, D.B. 1987. Detoxification of Fairfull, R.W.; Gowe, R.S. 1986. Use of breed deoxynivalenol with sodium bisulfite and resources for poultry egg and meat evaluation of the effects when pure myco- production. Proceedings 3 rd World toxin or contaminated corn was treated and Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock given to pigs. J. Agric. Food Chem. Production, Lincoln, Neb. 10:242-256. 35:259-261. Farnworth, E.R. 1986. The body composition of fetal swine. Pages 70-71 in Ontario Miscellaneous swine research review. Publ. No. 287. Ainsworth, L.; Heaney, D.P.; Fiser, P.S.; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Langford, G.A.; Shrestha, J.N.B.; Leger, Toronto, Ont. D.A. 1987. Research and technology for Fortin, A.; Raymond, D.P. 1987. Objective increasing the efficiency and output of lamb detection of PSEIDFD pork using electronic production systems/Accroissement de la ca- grading probes. Proceedings 33rd Inter- pacite de rendement des systemes de pro- national Congress on Meat Science and duction d'agneaux - Recherche et tech- Technology, Helsinki, Finland. 2:406-407. nologie. Agric. Can. Tech. Bull. 1987-11E/ 1987-11F. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Fraser, D.; Thompson, B.K. 1986. Why do Onto 91 pp. some litters of piglets have such variable Akhtar, M.H. 1987. The disposition of bound gains? Pages 76-81 in Ontario swine 14C-agro chemical residues in plants and research review. Publ. No. 287. Ontario animal tissues when consumed by animals. Ministry Agriculture and Food, Toronto, Pages 509-512 in Greenhalgh, R.; Roberts, Ont. T., eds. Pesticide science and biotechnolo- Friend, D.W.; Trenholm, H.L.; Thompson, gy. Proceedings 6th international congress B.K.; Fiser, P.S.; Hartin, K.E. 1986. Effect of pesticide chemistry, 1986, Blackwell of feeding diets containing deoxynivalenol Scientific Publications, Oxford, England. (vomitoxinl contaminated wheat or corn on Akhtar, M.H.; Hamilton, R.M.G.; Trenholm, the feed consumption, weight gain and H.L. 1987. Metabolism, distribution, and sexual development of boars and gilts. excretion of deltamethrin by Leghorn hens. Pages 82-86 in Ontario swine research Pages 57-60 in Radiotracer studies of agro- review. Publ. No. 287. Ontario Ministry chemical residues in meat, milk and related Agriculture and Food, Toronto, Ont. 192 Research Branch Report 1987 Friend, D.W.; Trenholm, H.L.; Thompson, sow movement. Paper No. 87-4506. B.K.; Prelusky, D.B.; Hartin, K.E. 1986. American Society of Agricultural Feeding deoxynivalenol (DON)-contami- Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich. 11 pp. nated diets to growing-finishing pigs: Ef- Phillips, P.A.; Thompson, B.K.; Fraser, D. fect on their performance at market weight, 1987. Ramp designs for young pigs. Paper nitrogen retention and DON excretion. No. 87-4511. American Society of Agri- Pages 87-93 in Ontario swine research cultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich. 11 pp. review. Publ. No. 287. Ontario Ministry Agriculture and Food, Toronto, Onto Proulx,J.; Veira, D.M. 1987. Supplementation Gavora, J.S. 1987. Influences of avian leuko- des ensilages a la farine de poisson pour la sis virus infection on production and croissance et l'engraissement. Pages 62-80 mortality and the role of genetic selection in Comptes rendues du colloque sur la in the control of lymphoid leukosis. Pages viande bovine. Le Conseil des Productions 241-260 in de Boer, G.F., ed. Developments Animales du Quebec, Quebec City, Que. in veterinary virology, avian leukosis. Sibbald, I.R. 1986. Reduced excretion of Martinus NijhoffPublishing, Boston, Mass. energy by adult cockerels fitted with Jenkins, K.J.; Hidiroglou, M. 1987. Tolerance harnesses and collection bags. Pages 40-41 of the calf to high concentrations of sele- in Proceedings 6th European Symposium nium in milk replacers. Canadex 400.53. on Poultry Nutrition, K6nigslutter, West Germany. Kuhnlein, U.; Gavora, J.S.; Spencer, J.L.; Bernon, D.E. 1987. Influence of endo- Trenholm, H.L.; Prelusky, D.B.; Young, J.C. genous viral genes on productivity in 1987. Reduction of mycotoxin contamina- poultry. Pages 27-31 in Department of tion of animal feedstuffs. Pages 31-48 in Animal Science Research Reports, McGill Proceedings 23rd Annual Nutrition Con- University, Montreal, Que. ference for Feed Manufacturers, Canadian Patni, N.K.; Frank, R.; Clegg, S. 1987. Pesti- Feed Industry Association, University of cide persistence and movement under farm Guelph, Guelph, Ont. conditions. Paper No. 87-2627. American Veira, D.M. 1987. Utilization of forage silages Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. by cattle - Problems and opportunities. Joseph, Mich. 29 pp. Pages 146-156 in Proceedings 23rd Annual Phillips, P.A.; Fraser, D. 1986. Design, cost Nutrition Conference for Feed Manu- and performance of a free-access two-level facturers, Canadian Feed Industry pen for growing-finishing pigs. Pages Association, University of Guelph, Guelph, 94-97 in Ontario swine research review. Onto Pub!' No. 287. Ontario Ministry Veira, D.M.; Proulx, J.G.; Butler, G. 1987. Agriculture and Food, Toronto, Onto Protein supplementation of grass silage fed Phillips, P.A.; Fraser, D.; Thompson, B.K. to steers: Further observations on the effect 1987. A farrowing crate design to promote offish meal. Canadex 420.64. Animal Research Centre 193 Biosystematics Research Centre Ottawa, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF Robert Trottier, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director E. Gavora,l I.N.G., B.L.S. Librarian, Botany M.-J. Boisvenue,l B.Sc., M.Bibl. Librarian, Entomology P.M. LeClair Manager, National Identification Service A. Giroux Administrative Officer Soil and Water Organisms I.M. Smith, B.Sc., Ph.D. Project Leader; Water mites (Hydrachnida), rust and gall mites (Eriophyoidea) V.M. Behan-Pelletier, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Assistant Leader; Oribatid mites (Oribatei) A. Borkent, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), gall midges (Cecidomyiidae l Y. Bousquet, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Ground beetles (Carabidae), Cia vicornia beetles E.E. Lindquist, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Predaceous soil mites (Mesostigmata), plant feeding mites (Tetranychoideal D.R. Oliver, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Aquatic midges (Chironomidae) F. Schmid, Lie. es Sc. Nat., D. es Sc. Nat. Caddis flies (Trichoptera) A. Smetana, M.U.D.R., Cando Sc. BioI. Aquatic beetles, rove beetles (Staphylinidael Beneficial Insects G.A.P. Gibson, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Project Leader; Chalcid wasps (ChaIcidoidea) J.R. Barron, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Ichneumonid wasps lIchneumonidae) J.M. Campbell, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Rove beetles (Staphylinidae) J.M. Cumming, B.Sc., Ph.D. Unit Curator ofDiptera; Dance flies (Empididae), long-legged flies Insect Pests J.D. Lafontaine, B.A., Ph.D. Project Leader; Cutworm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidael Biosystematics Research Centre 195 H. Goulet, B.A., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Assistant Leader; Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) S. Allyson-Morello, B.Sc., M.Sc. Immature stages of Lepidoptera R.V. Anderson, B.A., M.S., Ph.D. Nematoda: Spiral nematodes (Hoplolaimidae), sty let nematodes (Ty lenchorhynchidae), foliar nematodes (Aphelenchoidea) D.E. Bright, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidael P.T. Dang,2 B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Unit Curator ofLepidoptera-Trichoptera; Budworms (Lepidoptera: Tortricoidea) B.A. Ebsary, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Curator of Nematoda Unit; Ring nematodes (Criconematidae), sheath nematodes (Hemicycliophoridae) R.G. Foottit, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Unit Curator of Hemiptera and Miscellaneous Insect Orders; Aphids, scales, and thrips K.G.A. Hamilton, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), spittlebugs (Homoptera: Cercopidae) J.F. Landry, M.Sc., Ph.D. Microlepidoptera: Gelechioidea L. LeSage, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Leafbeetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidael Economic Plants E. Small, B.A., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Project Leader; Cultivated crops, alfalfa (Medicagol and allies G. Baillargeon, B.Sc.A., M.Sc., Assistant Leader; Cultivated crops, rape Dr.Rer.Nat. (8rassica) and allies B.R. Baum, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.C. Cultivated crops, barley Economic Fungi R.A. Shoemaker, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Project Leader; Parasitic Pleosporaceae Y. Dalpe, B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Sc. Assistant Leader; Mycorrhizae D.J.S. Barr, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Zoosporic disease and soil fungi J.D. Bissett, B.Sc., Ph.D. Parasitic Phomales M.P. Corlett, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Mycosphaerella leaf diseases J.H. Ginns, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Tree and wood decays S.A. Needham, B.A., B.Sc. Curator of the National Culture Collection of Fungi and Nonmedical Bacteria J .A. Parmelee, B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D. Plant rusts and smuts; Curator of the National Mycological Herbarium S.A. Redhead, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Mushrooms Departures W.R.M. Mason, B.Sc., Ph.D. Braconid wasps (Braconidae 1 Retired B.N.A. Hudson, B.Sc., Ph.D. Research Branch, Acting Program Coordinator Retired 196 Research Branch Report 1987 H.J. Teskey, B.Se., M.S.A., Ph.D. Unit Curator ofDiptera; Horse flies and deer Retired flies (Tabanidae) G.A. Neish, B.Sc., Ph.D. Mycotoxin fungi Seconded to Priorities and Strategies Directorate HONORARY RESEARCH ASSOCIATES E.C. Becker, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Click beetles, wireworms(Elateridae) S.J. Hughes, B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Sc., Conidial molds of wood and insects F.R.S.C., F.M.L.S. W.R.M. Mason, B.Sc., Ph.D. Braconid wasps (Braconidae) J.F. McAlpine, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Lance flies (Lonchaeidae), silver flies (Chamaemyiidae) W.C. McGuffin, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Geometer moths, loopers (Geometridae) G.A. Mulligan, B.Sc. Weeds, cabbage family (Cruciferae) D.B.O. Savile, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D., Plant rusts D.Se., F.R.S.C. G.E. Shewell, B.Se., M.Sc. Lauxaniid flies (Lauxaniidae), blow flies (Calliphoridael D.M. Wood, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Parasitic flies (Tachinidael VISITING SCIENTISTS J. Huber, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chalcid wasps (Chalcidoidea) W.I. Illman, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Economic fungi 1 Seconded from Libraries Division, Finance and Administration Branch. 2 Seconded from Canadian Forestry Branch, Agriculture Canada. Biosystematics Research Centre 197 INTRODUCTION The Biosystematics Research Centre (BRC) is a unique centre of excellence for Biological Resources in Canada. BRC is responsible for conducting systematics research to discriminate and correctly identify insects, mites, spiders, plant parasitic nematodes, vascular plants, and fungi that occur in Canada. BRC also maintains primary reference collections of living or preserved organisms to document their identity, variability, and distribution; to draw upon unique genetic capabilities for industrial applications; and to assist biologists in the agri-food, forestry, environment, and health sectors in the evaluation of these organisms as potential crops, pests, biological control agents, and environmental quality indicators. BRC provides Canada with a team of scientists and technicians with the expertise needed to maintain and update a comprehensive national biological information system on soil and water organisms, beneficial and pest insects, and economic plants and fungi. It serves as the main vehicle for the flow of biosystematic and biological control information nationally, and between Canada and other countries. The National Identification Service of BRC processes more than 100000 organisms every year for clients in the agri-food (75%), forestry (15%), environment (9%), and health (1%)sectors. Requests for authoritative identification are received from across Canada from Agriculture Canada Research Branch, Canadian Forestry Service, and Food Production and Inspection establishments, provincial diagnostic laboratories, universities, and industry. The National Identification Service affects directly or indirectly the marketability of billions ofdollars of agricultural and forestry products annually and provides the basic biological information in support ofa sustainable agriculture in Canada. Reprints of research publications and copies of this report are available from the Biosystematics Research Centre, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Onto KIA OC6; Tel. (613) 996-1665. Robert Trottier Director NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION pests (Saint-J ean-sur-Richelieu); management SERVICE of pome fruit pests (Vineland); leafhopper- transmitted diseases of cereals in the eastern Prairie Provinces (Winnipeg); biological A total of 109457 identifications were control of weeds (Regina); and cutworm ecology made during 1987 on insects, mites, spiders, (Lethbridge). Among the projects originating nematodes, vascular plants, and fungi, in the Canadian Forestry Service are the involving 1869 shipments of materia!. following: forest insect and disease survey Seventy-five percent of the identifications (Fredericton, Sault Ste. Marie, and Victoria); benefited the agri-food sector. The major pine wood nematode survey (Fredericton); clients of the service were Agriculture Canada, biological control of gypsy moth (Sainte-Foy); 33% (18% for Research Branch and Food field investigations of the spruce beetle Production and Inspection Branch, and 15% for (Edmonton); and cone and seed insect studies Canadian Forestry Service), followed by (Victoria). Plant Health Division of Food Canadian universities, 18%. Protection and Inspection Branch submitted During 1987, 101442 specimens of insects, specimens for identification from the oriental mites, spiders, and nematodes were identified, fruit moth survey and whitefly survey, as well 30% for Agriculture Canada and 19% for as import and export interceptions. Canadian universities. Departmental projects During 1987, 5489 collections of vascular supported during 1987 by the National plants were identified; the main users of the Identification Service included the following: service were Canadian universities (32%), economic insect survey (St. John's); alfalfa other federal departments (21%), and blotch leafminer (Charlottetown); vegetable Agriculture Canada (14%). The identifications and field crop insect research (Kentville); provided to the research stations were integrated control of strawberry and raspberry associated with some of the following projects: 198 Research Branch Report 1987 horticultural production on peat and mineral in greenhouses. Many enqUirles were also soils (St. John's); pollen collected from berry received from the Poison Control Centre and crop insect investigations (Kentville); studies from various provincial health laboratories on alfalfa (Brandon); biological control of and hospitals for the identification of weeds (Regina); and weed control (Swift mushrooms suspected ofpoisoning. Current, Beaverlodge, and Edmonton). Canadian Forestry Service, Sault Ste. Marie, was assisted with identifications relating to a survey on the European birch leafminer, and RESEARCH AND Food Production and Inspection Branch divisions were provided with information and TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER determinations in the preparation of a manual for inspectors, identification of noxious weeds Soil and water organisms and seeds related to import and export problems (Plant Health Division), and The eight scientists in the soil and water identifications of pollen (Laboratory Services organisms project conduct systematic research Division). Ontario Hydro required assistance on the decomposers, parasites, and predators in the identification of pollen affecting line constituting the arthropod communities that workers. A significant number of enquiries characterize soil and aquatic habitats. The were also received from the Poison Control resulting information base permits analysis of Centre for the identification of plants the complex historical and ecological factors suspected of poisoning and from the Ontario that determine the distribution of species and Ministry of Agriculture and Food for the the composition of communities, and provides identification of crop weeds. the basis for assessing and monitoring the A total of 2526 collections and cultures of quality of soil and water biotopes. fungi were identified during 1987. Major users Among the activities completed during of the service were the general public (51%), 1987 were the first synopsis of the water mites followed by Agriculture Canada (26%). Assis. of peatlands and marshes in Canada tance was provided to the research stations summarizing the frequently overlooked role of and forestry services in the following areas: these organisms as predators and parasites of identification offungi relating to rutabaga root insects, and a review of nearctic orthocladiine crown disease, decline of black spruce planta. chironomids clarifying the nomenclature and tions, and deterioration of trees damaged by identity of many taxa. Research on the North insects (St. John's); potato diseases (Charlotte. American species of the holarctic oribatid town); needle cast of black spruce, forest insect genus Zachvatkinibates, and analysis of an and disease survey (Fredericton); alfalfa root important symbiotic relationship between a diseases, biological control of the spruce gall midge and a fungus, were successfully budworm (Sainte-Foy); Colorado potato beetle completed. Substantial progress was made on control (Saint.J ean.sur-Richelieu); greenhouse systematic treatment ofwater mites associated vegetable pathology (Harrow); forest insect with spring and ground water habitats, studies and disease survey (Sault Ste. Marie); crop of the biting midge genus Culicoides and the drying in near ambient air temperature, chironomids of spring habitats, a handbook on diseases of stored products (Winnipeg); the genera of oribatid mites, a guide to the leafcutter bee chalkbrood, foliar mold project mites of apple orchards, and a revision of the (Saskatoon); effect of soil fungi on phosphate holarctic predaceous rove beetles genus solubilization; safflower red tip disease Philonthus. Field work by staff members and (Lethbridge); postharvest storage rot of fruit donations by cooperating researchers added (Summerland); Douglas fir dieback and forest significant collections of water mites, oribatid disease survey (Victoria). Food Production mites, biting midges, and rove beetles to the and Inspection Branch divisions were assisted National Collection during 1987. Study of the with problems of fungi on imported orna- newly acquired specimens, especially from the mentals and on corn for export (Plant Health western United States, British Columbia, and Division), and the identification of molds in the Yukon, is contributing important new data haylage toxic to horses (Laboratory Services to improve our understanding of the identities, Division). Industrial consultants were distributions, and relationships of the species supported in a study- on fungal contaminants that occur in Canada. Biosystematics Research Centre 199 Beneficial insects wood nematode. Descriptions of two new Live insect parasites and predators were species of nematodes parasitic on grape in British Columbia, with a review of the imported from 10 foreign countries by the distribution of Xiphinema in western Canada Biocontrol Unit, and cultures of 28 beneficial were submitted for publication. ' species were distributed to 11 Canadian A major work on the cutworm moths of the research establishments for laboratory testing genus Euxoa, a group that includes a number of or release against seven agricultural pests. economically important species (red-backed The Liberation Bulletin, an annual record of cutworm, dark-sided cutworm, sandhill the deliberate movement of native and cutworm, among others), was published during imported beneficial insects within and into the year. The revision is presented in a format Canada, was brought up to date with the aimed at both specialists and field biologists. completion ofvolumes 47-51 (1983-1987). The Two revisions of groups of holarctic cutworm publications will be distributed in 1988. A genera were published. national newsletter, which will be published A faunal analysis of the leafhoppers of annually, was also established for biological insular Newfoundland and the Cape Breton control workers across Canada. Highlands was published. This lists many new Major revisions were completed for the provincial records, including new species, rove-beetle genus Phlaeopterus, predaceous newly introduced European species, and major beetles found only in western North America; range extensions of western North American for the mymarid (Chalcidoideal genera Schizo- species. phragma and Stethynium, egg parasitoids of The first part of a catalog on bark beetles leafhoppers; and for the 50 Canadian species of (Scolytidae and Platypodidae) of the world, the spider genus Pardosa, which are important based on 22000 references, has now been predators in meadows and crops. Also clarified published. A second part on the taxonomy of for the first time were the species identities of bark beetles is in progress. Short papers on Anaphes iole Girault (Mymaridae), an egg distribution and biology of several species of parasitoid with potential for controlling Lygus bark beetles and weevils were published. The bugs in a variety of crops using mass produc- first volume of a manual to the weevils of tion and inundative releases, and Alabagrus Canada, a large family that will be treated in stigma (8rulltD (= A. stigmaterus Cresson) two volumes, is now under review. (8raconidaeJ, which has been used in a number of biological control programs against corn borers and rice borers. Two new species of the Economic plants ichneumonid genus Celis, which parasitize For barley, Hordeum, studies of three spider eggs, were also described. species complexes were completed. A compara- Colleagues from seven institutions in the tive study of 53 genera of crucifers closely United States also cooperated with project related to the important crop group Brassica members to operate 30 Malaise and intercept (including canola, mustard, and cabbage) was traps for seven months in selected sites of the carried out, and another study of brown Appalachian Mountains and the Eastern mustard, B. juncea (L.l Czern., was under- Seaboard. Analysis of the material that was taken. For the alfalfa genus, Medicago, collected will contribute toward a much more taxonomic papers were prepared for five of the accurate knowledge of the distribution and species complexes. As well, taxonomic studies species composition of beneficial insects in were completed ofsome species in economically eastern North America. important relatives of Medicago: sweetclover (Melilotusl, fenugreek (TrigonellaJ, and clover Insect pests (Trifolium). The new phyletic technique of New records and species of plant nematodes assessing relationships by analysis of (BolonolaimidaeJ were found in Canada; these chloroplast DNA was undertaken for Brassica, are being incorporated into a major manual on Hordeum, and Medicago, and studies were nematodes of agricultural importance. In a completed of some species in the last two study being conducted in cooperation with genera. Preparation of an atlas of pollen grains Simon Fraser University, evidence was found of major Canadian honey plants was initiated. for morphological and genetic (DNA) differ- Giant foxtail, Setaria faberi Herrmann, a new ences among Canadian isolates of the pine weed of corn and soybeans in Ontario, was 200 Research Branch Report 1987 studied. Competitive studies of Proso millet, which includes canola, many vegetables, and Panicum miliacium L., were completed. weeds. Species of Phaeosphaeria cause Studies were completed of the chromosomal diseases of major cereals, forages, and wild races of cypress spurge, Euphorbia cyparissias grasses. A new monograph covers 118 species, L. Leafy spurge, E. esula L., a very variable 33 of which are new. It includes native species complex, was found to be best treated as com- as well as those apt to be intercepted on prising one species only. Scentless chamomile, imports. A report was published on the Tripleurosperum perforatum ined., was found symptomatology and distribution of a disease to comprise several chromosome races. Several of sainfoin, new to North America, caused by aquatic weeds, including Elodea canadensis Septoria orobina Sacco Descriptions and Michx. and Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L., illustrations of four important rusts were were the subject of additional papers. Several completed for Fungi Canadenses. A biological plants useful as wild forage were also studied. control fungus that is very effective in Hawaii Artemisia species (wormwood and sage), were for the control ofAgeratina riparia, a weed that examined, particularly pasture sage, A. was introduced from Mexico, was shown to be a frigida Willd., a component of winter forage on state in the life cycle of a smut fungus, the Prairie Provinces and in British Columbia. Entyloma compositarum Farlow. In conjunc- Sedge (Carex), which provides species tion with staff at the Plant Research Centre, important as forage in wet meadows, was the two species were found to be involved in the subject of a symposium that was organized and phytophthora disease of alfalfa; Phytophthora several articles that were prepared. Several sojae Kaufmann & Gerdemann is a destructive forage grasses were also studied, including Poa pathogen, whereas P. megasperma Drechsler is eminens Presl, P. labradorica Steud., mildly pathogenic. It was determined that the Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv., and D. phytophthora disease of soybean is caused by intermedia Vasey. P. sojae and not P. megasperma, as generally assumed. Economic fungi The National Mycological Herbarium grew by 1344 specimens to a total of 252 434. Also In a revision of the mushroom genus received during the year, but still awaiting Xeromphalina in Canada, X. campanella (Fr.) integration into the herbarium, are 4500 Kuhner & Maire was confirmed to be one of the specimens of plant parasitic fungi donated by commonest softwood decaying agarics in the Research Station in Saskatoon and some Canada and the United States, and two new 3000 specimens of Manitoba fungi collected by species were described. A monograph of Dr. Guy Bisby and Professor A.H.R. Buller, Xerula in Canada was completed; this genus of donated by the University of Manitoba. root-decaying agarics produces valuable The Canadian Collection of Fungus antibiotics. Cultures ofthree species were sent Cultures handled 726 requests, sending out to West Germany for antibiotic tests. In con- 528 cultures in response: Canada 67%, United junction with the United States Department of States 21%, other 12%.. Agriculture, a new cultivar of a leaf pathogen of corn, Marasmiellus paspali var. americanus Redhead & Latterell, is described from Central PUBLICATIONS America. Some endomycorrhizal fungi of the genus Glomus kept their mycorrhizal capaci- Research ties after a single-stage freeze-drying treat. ment designed to conserve mycorrhizal strains Allyson, S. 1986. Sod webworms: The larva of and provide scientists and industries in high- Microcrambus elegans (Clem.) Biosystematics Research Centre 201 Barr, D.J.S.; Desaulniers, N.L.; Knox, J.S. Bousquet, Y. 1986. Number of clip setae on 1987. Catenochytridium hemicysti n.sp.: protibia as a diagnostic character between Morphology, physiology and zoospore Pterostichus pensylvanicus LeConte and P. ultrastructure. Mycologia 79:587-594. adstrictus Eschscholtz (Coleoptera: Carabidael. Coleopt. Bull. 40:353-354. Barron, J.R. 1987. Adults and larvae of two new species ofGel is Bassett, I.J.; Munro, D.B. 1986. Pollen mor. Bousquet, Y. 1987. Description of the larva of phology of the genus Stachys (Labiatae) in Helluomorphoides praeustus bicolor Harris North America, with comparisons to some with comments on the relationships of the taxa from Mexico, Central and South Helluonini 202 Research Branch Report 1987 Catling, P.M. 1987. Notes on the breeding Flint, O.S., Jr.; McAlpine, J.F.; Ross, H.H. systems of Sacoila lanceolata (Aublet> 1987. A revision of the genus Leptonema Garay (Orchidaceae). Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. Guerin Biosystematics Research Centre 203 Lindquist, E.E. 1987. Observations on the Sharkey, M.J.; Arthur, A.; Bisdee, G.; Yoshi- larva and protonymph of Tarsocheylid moto, C.; Barron, J. 1987. The parasitic mites (Acari: Heterostigmata). Acaralogia Hymenoptera associated withsunf10wer 28:137-150. (Helianthus spp.) in mid-western Canada. Lindquist, E.E.; Wan Wu, K. 1987. First rec- Can. EntomoI.119:611-628. ord of the mite family Podocinidae (Acari: Shoemaker, R.A.; Babcock, C.E. 1987. Addi- Mesostigmata) in Canada, with notes on tions to Nodulosphaeria. Can. J. Bot. other records in North America. Can. 65:1921-1926. EntomoI.119:779-781. Shoemaker, R.A.; Babcock, C.E. 1987. Wett- Lindquist, E.E.; Zacharda, M. 1987. A new steinina. Can. J. Bot. 65:373-405. genus and species of Rhagidiidae (Acari: Prostigmata) from Chihuahuan Desert Small, E. 1987. A taxonomic study of the litter in New Mexico. Can. J. Zoo!. "medicagoid" Trigonella (Leguminosae). 65:2149-2158. Can. J. Bot. 65:1199-1211. Mason, W.R.M. 1987. Discovery of female Small, E. 1987. Reduction of Ursia to Tri- Apozyx (Hymenoptera: Apozygidae) and folium. Taxon 36:578-583. comments on its taxonomic position. Proc. Smetana, A. 1986. Chionotyphlus alaskensis Entomol. Soc.Wash. 89:226-229. n.g., n.sp., a Tertiary relict from unglaci- Mason, W.R.M. 1987. Vadum, a new genus of ated interior Alaska (Coleoptera, Staphy- nearctic Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Proc. linidae). Nouv. Rev. Entomol. 3:171-187. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 89:325-328. Smetana, A. 1986. Prosopaspis, a new Oma- Mulligan, G.A. 1987. The Biology of Canadian liine genus with two new species from the weeds. 77. Veratrum viride Ait. Can. J. Himalayas (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Plant Sci. 67:777-786. (132nd contribution to the knowledge of Neish, G.A. 1987. Neotypification of Fusa- Staphylinidael. Coleopt. Bull. 40:367-380. rium tricinctum. Can. J. Bot. 65:589-591. Smith,I.M. 1987. Water mites of peatlands Redhead, S.A.; Halling, R.E. 1987. Xerom- and marshes in Canada. Mem. Entomol. phalina nubium sp. nov. (Basidiomycetes) Soc. Can. 140. 174 pp. from Cerro de la Neblina, Venezuela. Warwick, S.l. 1987. Isozyme variation in Mycologia 79:383-386. proso millet. J. Hered. 78:210-212. Redhead, S.A.; Kroeger, P. 1987. A sclero. tium-producing Hypholoma from British Warwick, S.l.; Black, L.D. 1986. Electro- phoretic variation in triazine-resistant and Columbia. Mycotaxon 29:457-465. susceptible populations of A maranthus Redhead, S.A.; Nagasawa, E. 1987. Resinomy- retroflexus 1. New Phytol. 104:661-670. cenajaponica and Resupinatus merulioides, new species of Agaricales from Japan. Can. Warwick, S.l.; Phillips, D.; Andrews, C. 1986. J. Bot. 65:972-976. Rhizome depth: The critical factor in win- ter survival of Sorghum halepens (L.) Pers. Robbana-Barnat, S.; Loridon-Rosa, B.; Cohen, (Johnson grass). Weed Res. 26:381-387. B.; LaFarge-Frayssinet, C.; Neish, G.A.; Frayssinet, C. 1987. Protein synthesis Warwick, S.l.; Thompson, B.K. 1987. Differen- inhibition and cardiac lesions associated tial response to competition in weedy with deoxynivalenol ingestion in mice. biotypes of proso millet. Can. J. Bot. Food Addit. Contam. 4:49-55. 65:1403-1409. Sarazin, M.J. 1987. Primary types of Ichneu- Warwick, S.l.; Thompson, B.K.; Black, L.D. monidae (Hymenoptera) in the Canadian 1987. Genetic variation in Canadian and National Collection. Mem. Entomol. Soc. European populations of the colonizing Can. 137. 123 pp. weed species Aspera spica-venti. New Phytol. 106:301-317. Sharkey, M.J. 1987. Agathis thompsoni n.sp., a nearctic species of Agathidinae (Hymen- Warwick, S.l.; Thompson, B.K.; Black, L.D. optera: Braconidae) parasitic on Greya 1987. Life history and allozyme variation subalba (Braun) (Lepidoptera: Incurvari- in populations of the weed species Setaria idae). Proc. Entomol. Soc.Wash. 89:47-50. faberi. Can. J. Bot. 65:1396-1402. 204 Research Branch Report 1987 Zacharda, M. 1986. New taxa of Rhagidiidae Hamilton, K.G.A. 1987. The Ojibway Prairie (Acari: Prostigmata) from North America. Provincial Nature Reserve, Ontario. Part!. Can.J.Zoo!.64:2531-2542. News!. Arthropods Can. Grass!. 4:1-2. Miscellaneous Lafontaine, J.D. 1987. The moths of America north of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Barr, D.J.S.; Cody, W.J.; Parmelee, J.A. 1987. Research Foundation. Fascicle 27.2. State-of-the-art herbarium compactor 237 pp. systems for DAO and DAOM. Taxon 36(2):413-421. Lafontaine, J.D.; Allyson, S.; Behan-Pelletier, V.M.; Borkent, A.; Campbell, J.M.; Bissett, J.D. 1986. Detection of chalkbrood in Hamilton, K.G.A.; Martin, J.E.H.; Masner, leafcutting bee cells in the Peace River L. 1987. The insects, spiders and mites of region. Alta. Alfalfa Seed Prod. Assoc. Cape Breton Highlands National Park. Pub!' 86-1:2-6. Biosystematics Research Centre Report No. Bright, D.E. 1987. A review of the Scolytidae 1. 302 pp. (Coleoptera) of the Azores with description of a new species of Phloeosinus. Bocagiana Laursen, G.A.; Ammirati, J.F.; Redhead, S.A., 107. 5 pp. eds. 1987. Arctic and alpine mycology II. Second International Symposium on Cody, W.J. 1987. Fougere. Page 780 in L'En- Arcto-Alpine Mycology. Plenum Press. 364 cyclopedie du Canada 2. Stanke, Montreal, pp. Que. Lindquist, E.E.; Manson, D.C.M. 1987. Eriop- Cody, W.J. 1987. Lycope. Page 1140 in L'En- hyes von Siebold, 1851 and Phytoptus cyclopedie du Canada 2. Stanke, Montreal, Dujardin, 1851 (Arachnida, Acarina): Que. Proposed designation of type species. Bul!. Cody, W.J. 1987. Porsild, AlfErling. Page Zoot.Nomenct. 44:41-43. 1557 in L'Encyclopedie du Canada 3. Stanke, Montreal, Que. McAlpine, J.F., et at. 1987. Manualofnearctic Diptera. Vot. 2. Agric. Can. Monogr. 28. Cody, W.J. 1987. PriHe. Page 1573 in L'Ency- pp.675-1307. clopodedie du Canada 3. Stanke, Montreal, Que. Mulligan, G. A. 1987. Common weeds of CanadalLes plantes nuisibles communes du Fairey, D.; Bissett, J.; Lieverse,J. 1986. What Canada. Agric. Can. Pubt. 142 pp. is chalkbrood and what you can do about it. Alta. Alfalfa Seed Prod. Assoc. Pub!' Redhead, S.A.; Kuyper, Th. W. 1987. Lichen- 86-1:10-12. ized agarics: Taxonomic and nomenclatural Frankton, C.; Mulligan, G.A. 1987. Weeds of riddles. Pages 319-348 in Laursen, G.A.; CanadalLes plantes nuisibles du Canada. Ammirati, J.F.; Redhead, S.A., eds. Arctic Agric. Can. Pub!' 984. 217 pp. and alpine mycology II. Plenum Press. Ginns, J.H. 1986. Compendium of plant dis- Sarazin, M. 1987. The Canadian agricultural ease fungi in Canada 1960-1980. Agric. insect pest review. 103 pp. Can. Pub!' 1813. 416 pp. Small, E.; Lassen, P.; Brookes, B.S. 1987. An Hamilton, K.G.A. 1987. Supplement to A expanded circumscription of Medicago theme study of natural grassland in (Leguminosae, Trifolieae) based on western Canada (1973). News!. Arthropods explosive flower tripping. Willdenowia Can. Grass!. 4:1-2. 16:415-437. Biosystematics Research Centre 205 Engineering and Statistical Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF P.W. Voisey, F.I., Mech.E. Director P. Kirkwood, B.Sc. Administration Energy Engineering P. Van Die, B.SdEng.), M.Sc. Head of Section N. McLaughlin, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Mechanization Food Process Engineering G.E. Timbers, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section D. LeBlanc, B.Sc.(Eng.l, M.Sc. Food process engineering D. McGinnis, B.Ap.Sc.(Eng.), M.Sc. Food process engineering Instrumentation and Automation E.J. Brach, D.E.E., Dip.Mil. Head of Section D.J. Buckley, B.E., M.Sc. Electronics W. Hong,l B.Sc., M.Eng. Computer systems Structures and Mechanization M. Feldman, B.E., M.Sc. Head of Section; Manager, ERDAF contract program L.P. Heslop, B.Sc., M.Sc. Mechanization H.A. Jackson, B.Sc.(Eng.), M.Sc. Canada Plan Service design engineer - greenhouses D. Masse, 8.Sc., M.Sc. Canada Plan Service design engineer - structures J .A. Munroe, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Structures; Crop storage P.A. Phillips, B.Sc.(Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Animal environment W.S. Reid, B.Sc. Statistical Research M.R. Binns, M.A., Dip.Math.Stat. Statistics G. Butler, B.Math., M.Math. Statistics P. Y. Jui, B.Se., M.Sc., Ph.D. Statistics L.P. Lefkovitch, B.Sc. Statistics C.S. Lin, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Statistics B.K. Thompson, B.Sc., M.Math., Ph.D. Statistics M.S. Wolynetz, B.Math., M.Math., Ph.D. Statistics W. Watt, B.A. Head, Systems and programming Engineering and Statistical Research Centre 207 1.Hall, Cert.lnfo.Proc. Systems and programming C. Nault, B.Sc., B.Math. Systems and programming Technical Services J.G.Caron Head of Section Departures J.D. Hobbs,2 B.Sc. Systems and programming Transferred to Department of National Defence, May 1987 M. Levesque, B.Sc., M.Sc. Crop drying Resigned 21 August 1987 H. Pitt, B.A. Administration Transferred to Research Program Service, 13 October 1987 C. Pon, B.Tech., M.Eng. Computer systems Resigned 3 April 1987 D. Sidaway-Wolf, B.Sc.(Agr.Eng.l, M.Sc. Food process engineering Transferred to Agriculture Development Branch, 18September 1987 1 Ph.D. recruitment program, McGill University. 2 Seconded from Systems and Consulting Directorate. 208 Research Branch Report 1987 INTRODUCTION The following is a summary of the activities ofthe Engineering and Statistical Research Centre in 1987 and a list ofthe information published. Phasing out of energy research is now complete and a series of reviews and summaries of work accomplished under 300 contracts with the private sector valued at $35 million was the focus for the year. Published reviews provide an overview of energy in agriculture in the Canadian context and form the basis for future decisions. Ongoing energy work is now integrated with other programs of the centre. The main effort is directed at the study of the tractor and implement interactions and their impact on soil conservation. Patents continue to accrue as a result of food engineering research and the resulting commercial activity expanded. A major contribution was made to the development of standards for processing foods in flexible pouches. Progress was achieved in developing objective techniques for the inspection offoods to establish the means for automatic inspection and grading. These techniques are being used by industry and regulators. Several instruments were developed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of experimental work at several stations. Notable was the contribution of the new open path CO2 analyzer to international research on atmospheric studies. Further contributions to the economy of constructing farm buildings resulted from the structures research program. Work increasingly focuses on animal welfare concerns and improved environmental control. Results indicate that two-tiered pig pens are beneficial. Technology transfer was accomplished effectively on a national basis through the plans and publications ofthe Canada Plan Service. A major contribution to the production of pickling cucumbers was achieved with the development of a harvester, which increased the return to the grower. Data for future decisions on transplanting systems were published. The statistical program provided wide-ranging support to projects and programs across Canada. New methodology was developed, and overall major impacts on the efficiency and effec- tiveness of experimental work and research were achieved. Increasingly, commercial software is being used for data analysis, reducing the need for expanding the in-house library ofsoftware. The engineering data base was kept up-to-date and information on agricultural engineering research was disseminated nationally. The program for maintaining scientific equipment at Otta wa establishments was transferred with the staff to Plant Research Centre, after 10 years of operation. To meet the demand for constraints on resources, the engineering programs of the centre were reviewed and focused on soil conservation; animal welfare; food; and the application of advanced technology to the agri-food system. The following report provides only highlights of the specific achievements during 1987. Additional information on these and other items can be obtained upon request from the Engineering and Statistical Research Centre, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Onto KIA OC6;Tel. (613)995-9671. Peter W. Voisey Director ENERGY agricultural residues and interim alcohol conversion efficiencies has been established. All contracted-out work from the energy The biological conversion of agricultural research and development in agriculture and cellulose to a fermentable sugar, although food (ERDAF) program has been completed possible, will require a technological and the results of the liquid fuels, biomass breakthrough to be economically viable. It was combustion, and energy crops research have found that fuel alcohol production can only be been reviewed and assessments published. economic at a large industrial scale; farm-scale The technology for fermentation of several production is not profitable. Engineering and Statistical Research Centre 209 Canola oil cannot be used directly as a meeting of the Canadian Frozen Food replacement for diesel fuel and an oil Association. substitution level acceptable to engine A graduate student from the University of manufacturers would be too low to be worth Manitoba, who did his thesis research at pursuing. ESRC, successfully completed his Master of The work on the energy crops showed that Science degree program. the biomass yields are not significantly different from conventional crops. Optimum agronomic practices still need to be developed INSTRUMENTATION AND to achieve viable energy crop yields integrated AUTOMATION SECTION with other croppings. The identification and development ofkochia as an alternative forage Several machine vision projects for grading crop for the rejuvenation of saline land was a and inspecting agricultural products were major spinoff from the energy crop program. completed. A tomato grader, developed under The work on Jerusalem artichoke as an energy contract, has been placed on a grading line at a crop has resulted in the identification of canning plant in southern Ontario. A tobacco potential new markets for special sugars grader was demonstrated at the Delhi processed from this crop. Research Station. The "veal inspector," trans- Surveys of available agricultural biomass ferred to industry previously, is now in com- suitable for energy production did not find any mercial production and in use by industry. underutilized resource. However, it was found ESRC, in cooperation with Land Resource that better use could be made of chaff. Con- Research Centre (LRRC), National Research siderable work has now been initiated in the Council (NRC), and McGill University, private sector to develop collection systems for participated in the NASA first international using chaff as cattle feed. field experiment (FIFE) program in Manhattan, Kans., to measure CO2 and water-vapor flux densities for assessing FOOD PROCESS biomass growth and evapotranspiration over ENGINEERING large areas. The analzyer used to measure these fluxes was developed by ESRC. Patents were granted in seven European An electronic eggshell thickness gauge and countries on the Agriculture Canada-Atlantic computer interface for eggshell strength Bridge Company blancher system. This instrumentation was developed and installed system continues to make inroads in the at the Animal Research Centre. commercial market with several sales this A 176-chamber thermogradient seed germi- year, including two installations in Canada. nator for weed research studies was developed Canadian Patents and Development and installed at the Regina Research Sation. Limited (CPDL) filed for patents on the An IBM-AT personal computer controls the in- Engineering and Statistical Research Centre dividual temperature regime in each chamber. (ESRC)-Food Research Centre (FRC) Instruments and equipment were developed extrusion-microwave process. This process for grinding soil samples to crush air-dried soil has considerable commercial potential with samples to a maximum of 2-mm size for interest being expressed by processors. micronutrient studies, including metals such The Canadian Government Standards as iron, zinc, and manganese; a revolving Board (CGSB) Use of flexible laminated fertilizer-digesting oven was developed for pouches for thermally processed foods was Plant Health Division of Food Production and prepared and published for use in the Inspection Branch; and surgery rooms were Canadian industry. designed for small and large animals. Workshops were conducted on food texture Assistance was provided to support depart- and on thermal processing. Food texture mental initiatives in grading and inspection training sessions were given to representatives programs, including wheat carrier ship inspec- of industry and educational institutions. A tion by machine vision, electronic identifica- review of time-temperature indicators for tion (EID) oflivestock, and instrumentation for frozen foods was presented at the annual crop environment assessment. 210 Research Branch Report 1987 STRUCTURES AND along the tree drip line in orchards. It enabled MECHANIZATION the Smithfield Experimental Farm to establish the optimum fertilizer distribution pattern. Structures The desired pattern can be attained with existing fertilizer spreaders by slightly The Canada Plan Service (CPS) completed modifying them. 10 plan sets each in metric and imperial units, Collection of engineering data during and published 10 leaflets and six plans in semiautomatic mechanical transplanting of French and 30 leaflets in English. To clarify processing tomatoes in southwestern Ontario legal liability, new structural plans contain showed improved performance of tray plants, notes to show where the local engineer should compared to bare-root transplants, including make structural design choices to ensure that an increase of2.3 times in worker productivity the plan suits the particular farm site and local using cup-type transplanters that require only construction codes. In collaboration with the one worker per row, instead of two, to feed the Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering mechanism. (CSAE), a technical session of invited papers The Agricultural Engineering Research on animal and poultry building ventilation and Development contract to revise seven was conducted. The resulting papers formed sections of the Canadian agricultural materials the base information for a new series ofleaflets handling manual was completed. Editing and on the topic. printing are proceeding. Based on research results showing how to change truss joint design because of the loss from the market of a plywood size commonly STATISTICAL RESEARCH used for connections, the CPS re-engineered 31 Support was provided to all commodity trusses in two truss families (gambrel and groups by designing experiments, analyzing single-slope). data, maintaining and enhancing computer A new procedure was developed to improve software, and conducting research on the reliability and efficiency of nailed statistical methodology. connections in farm buildings. Collaborative work continued in animal Six two-tiered pens were installed at science research. Studies showed that supple- Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology menting silage with fish meal increased the (RCAT) to conduct a cooperative full-scale test growth rate of calves raised in the Northern of a new pen design concept researched in col- Clay Belt of Ontario. It was demonstrated that laboration with the Animal Research Centre. commercial eggshell breakage is reflected by The pen design provides 1.7 times more floor laboratory measures of eggshell quality; thus space in a given size barn. Animal weight the laboratory measures form a suitable and gains in the new system have been as good or efficient criterion for breeding selection studies better than control groups in single-level pens. designed to reduce eggshell breakage. Studies Collaborative work with Alfred College of on the growth of neonatal piglets suggested Agriculture and Food Technology (ACAFT) that the provision of supplementary water may showed that a wind direction sensor integrated promote survival, particularly when the sow is with the indoor and outdoor thermostats in a not producing sufficient milk, and that naturally ventilated swine barn improved the maintaining the teeth on the smaller piglets in environmental conditions inside the barn a litter may decrease early mortality and during cold weather. increase the growth rate of these piglets. Other subjects studied were the nutritive value of Mechanization naked oats for swine; the effects of dietary Major design changes to reduce crop loss electrolyte balance in swine; the effects of were made on a production cucumber swine farrowing crate design on piglet harvester, in collaboration with Bick's Pickles, survival; the mineral content of stored dairy and field tested. The modifications increased cattle manure; and the effects on swine growth the return by $2501ha for machine-harvested oflow dietary levels of several mycotoxins. cucumbers. Two harvester manufacturers and Investigations continued into methodol- some growers are adopting the improvements. ogies for improving the accuracy, precision, An applicator was developed to dispense and efficiency of the true metabolizable energy fertilizer in various narrow-band patterns bioassays for poultry feedstuffs; the studies Engineering and Statistical Research Centre 211 indicated that the protocol used at the Animal methodology obviates the necessity for Research Centre is at least as accurate and counting all individuals in each sampling unit, precise as those used in other laboratories but requires merely the separation of units into throughout the world. Formula's were "heavily infested" and "not heavily infested" developed for allocating resources so as to categories. Research was initiated into the maximize the efficiency of the commonly used estimation and interpretation of least squares multi-diet apparent or true metabolizable means obtained from historical long-term data energy bioassays; these results are also bases. When the data are grossly unbalanced, applicable to apparent digestible studies done, the standard algorithms often produce biologi- using larger animals. Development of a true cally unacceptable estimates. An examination metabolizable mineral assay continued; of data concerning reproductive and vegetative several design criteria that enhance the material in weeds indicated that several efficiency of such studies were identified. conjectured relationships are not universally Support for sensory food evaluation studies applicable to all species. was provided by designing taste panel experi- Statisticians advised researchers from more ments and analyzing the resulting data. than 35 establishments throughout Canada on Subjects investigated included the effects of various subjects including experimental naked oats on the quality of eggs and pork, the design, use of computer software, and data effects ofdietary fish meal supplementation on interpretation. This facility was used more beef quality, the effects of accelerated aging on than 160 times and represents an annual the quality of cheddar cheese, and the effect of increase of approximately 20%. The computer different breeds and sex on the quality of pork. systems and programming unit responded to Research into methodologies to improve the more than 80 requests originating throughout accuracy and precision of taste panel experi- the branch. A quarterly newsletter was ments indicated that several commonly distributed to all branch establishments. advocated response adjustment protocols for The library of computer software continues magnitude estimation data are unnecessary; a to be used approximately 1000 times per simple transformation leads to a robust and month. Additions to the library included pro- efficient analysis of such data. grams on quantal bioassay; Hayman's diallel The breeding programs for soybeans, alfal- cross, including the half diallel cross protocol; fa, potatoes, barley, and wheat were supported. and an interactive program to determine the The potential of brown spot (Septaria glycines J probability levels of several commonly used to reduce yields of several varieties ofsoybeans hypothesis test statistics. The on-line library was demonstrated. Bacterial blight 212 Research Branch Report 1987 SHOP SERVICES D'Aoust, J.-Y.; Emmons, D.B.; McKellar, R.C.; Timbers, G.E.; Todd, E.C.D.; Sewell, A.M.; The program for maintenance of scientific Warburton, D.W. 1987. Thermalinactiva- equipment on the Central Experimental Farm tion of Salmonella species in fluid milk. J. was transferred to Plant Research Centre, Food Prot. 50:494-501. releasing the centre from this responsibility Edey, S.N.; Buckley, D.J.; Lalonde, M.J.L.; after 10 years of operation. The machine shop Nicholls, C.F. 1987. Automated moni- continued its support of the engineering toring of depth of snow on ground. Agric. programs by constructing the research For. Meteoro!.39:351-356. prototype equipment. Elliot, J.I.; Modler, H.W.; Timbers, G.E. 1987. A continuous process for the production of purified porcine V-globulin for use in PUBLICATIONS pig-milk replacer supplements. Anim. Feed Sci. Techno!. 17:213-218. Research Fairey, D.T.; Lefkovitch, L.P.; Nelson, D.L. Arnold, N.; Binns, M.R. 1987. Fe, Mn and the 1987. Viability of prepupae of the leaf- grey effect in hydroponically-cultured flue- cutting bee Megachile rotundata (Fab.) cured tobacco. Plant Soil 101:39-43. during extended storage. Can. J. Zoo!. Arnold, N.; Barthakur, N.; Binns, M.R. 1987. 65:1853-1856. The relationship of iron to the brown Foster, B.C.; Trenholm, H.L.; Friend, D.W.; spotting in grey flue-cured tobacco. App!. Thompson, B.K.; Hartin, K.E. 1987. The Radiat. Isot. 38:553-559. effect of a propionate feed preservative in Binns, M.R. 1987. Practical use of neighbor deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) containing corn methods and alternatives in the analysis of diets fed to swine. Can. J. Anim. Sci. field trials. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:477-489. 67:1159-1163. Brach, E.J.; Fagan, W.E.; Raymond, D.P. Hicklenton, P.R.; Wolynetz, M.S. 1987. Influ- 1987. Instrument for grading veal ence of light- and dark-period air tempera- carcasses. J. FoodQua!. 10:91-99. tures and root temperature on growth of lettuce in nutrient flow systems. J. Am. Buckley, D.J.; Hamilton, R.M.G.; St-Amour, Soc.Hortic. Sci. 112:932-935. G.R.; Fagan, W.E. 1987. A cost-effective electronic system for monitoring time of Hidiroglou, M.;McAllister, A.J.; Williams, C.J. oviposition in up to 1024 hens. Poult. Sci. 1987. Prepartum supplementation of sel- 66:422-427. enium and vitamin E to dairy cows: Assess- ment of selenium status and reproductive Campbell, C.B.; Jackson, H.A.; Ingratta, F.J.; performance. J.DairySci. 70:1281-1288. Blom, T.J.; Platts, R.E. 1987. An accordion-fold, rigid panel thermal blanket Lefkovitch, L.P. 1987. Optimal attribute sets for greenhouses. Can. Agric. Eng. for identifications and diagnoses. Math. 29:73-76. Biosci.84:69-83. Christensen, J.M.; Ihnat, M.; Stoeppler, M.; Lefkovitch, L.P. 1987. Species associations Thomassen, Y.; Veillon, C.; Wolynetz, M.S. and conditional clustering: Clustering with 1987. Human body fluids: IUPAC proposed or without pairwise resemblances. Dev. reference materials for trace elements Numer. Eco!.14:309-331. analysis. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. Lefkovitch, L.P. 1987. Clustering from ordina- 326:639-642. tion. Math. Biosci. 87:17-30. Court, W.A.; Binns, M.R.; Hendel, J.G. 1987. Lin, C.S.; Binns, M.R. 1987. A superiority Chemical composition of representative measure of cultivar performance for grades of Ontario flue-cured tobacco. Can. cultivar X location data. Can. J. Plant Sci. J. Plant Sci.67:1203-1219. 68:193-198. Engineering and Statistical Research Centre 213 McGinnis, D.S. 1987. Automated line-heat Warwick, S.I.; Thompson, B.K. 1987. Differen- source system for the measurement of tial response to competition in weedy thermal conductivity and diffusivity. Can. biotypes of proso millet. Can. J. Bot. Agric. Eng. 29:201208. 65:1403-1409. McLaughlin, N.B. 1987. Statistical models for Welz, B.; Wolynetz, M.S.; Verlinden, M. 1987. failure of apple tissue under constant- Interlaboratory trial on the determination strain-rate loading. J. Texture Stud. of selenium in lyophilized human serum, 18:173-186. blood and urine using hydride generation Patience, J.F.; Wolynetz, M.S.; Friend, D.W.; atomic absorption spectrometry. Pure App!. Hartin, K.E. 1987. A comparison of two Chern.59:927-936. urine collection methods for female swine. Williams, P.C.; Kilborn, R.H.; Voisey, P.W.; Can. J. Anim. Sci.67:859-863. Kloek, M. 1987. Measuring wheat Patni, N.K.; Jui, P.Y. 1987. Changes in solids hardness by revolutions per minute and carbon content of dairy-cattle slurry in reduction. Cereal Chern. 64:422-427. farm tanks. Bio!.Wastes 20:11-34. Wolynetz, M.S.; Sibbald, I.R. 1987. Need for Phillips, P.A.; Fraser, D. 1987. Design, cost comparative slaughter experiments in and performance of a free-access, two-level poultry research. Poult. Sci.66:1961-1972. pen for growing-finishing pigs. Can. Agric. Eng. 29:193-195. Poste, L.M.; Moran, E.T.; Butler, G.; Agar, Miscellaneous V.E. 1987. Subjective and objective evaluation of meat from turkeys differing Atwal, A.S.; Heslop, L.C. 1987. Preservation in basting and final internal cooking of high-moisture hay with anhydrous temperature. Can. Inst. Food Sci. Techno!. ammonia. Canadex 120.62. 3 pp. 20:89-93. Buckley, D.J.; Robinson, R. 1987. Laboratory Prelusky, D.B.; Hamilton, R.M.G.; Foster, testing of five commercial electronic identi- B.C.; Trenholm, H.L.; Thompson, B.K. fication systems for livestock. Engineering 1987. Optimization ofchick embryotoxicity and Statistical Research Centre, Agri- bioassay for testing toxicity potential of culture Canada, Report 8431-1951.54 pp. fungal metabolites. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chern. 70:1049-1055. Choiniere, Y.; Blais, F.; Munroe, J.A. 1987. Comparison of modulated vs nonmodulated Sibbald, I.R.; Wolynetz, M.S. 1987. Effects of control systems for sidewall air inlets in a dietary fat level and lysine: Energy ratio naturally ventilated swine barn. Can. Soc. on energy utilization and tissue synthesis Agric. Eng. (CSAE) Centennial by broiler chicks. Poult. Sci.66:1788-1 797. Convention, Paper 87.113. 23 pp. Sibbald, I.R.; Wolynetz, M.S. 1987. True and apparent metabolisable energy. Br. Poult. Choiniere, Y.; Blais, F.; Munroe, J.A. 1987. Sci. 28:782-784. Preferred thermostat location for a naturally-ventilated swine barn. Am. Soc. Turnbull, J.E.; Masse, DJ. 1987. Performance Agric. Eng. (ASAEl Winter Meeting, Paper of improved double-member gable roof 87-4554. 18 pp. trusses, 12-m span. Can. Agric. Eng. 29:65-71. Compton, B.A. 1987. Cucumber harvester de- Warwick, S.I.; Thompson, B.K.; Black, L.D. velopments for 1987. Engineering and 1987. Genetic variation in Canadian and Statistical Research Centre, Agriculture European populations of the colonizing Canada, Report 8316-1969. 24 pp. weed species Apera spica-venti. New Compton, B.A.; Reid, W.S. 1987. An automatic Phytol. 106:301-317. media-block transplanting system/Systeme Warwick, S.I.; Thompson, B.K.; Black, L.D. de repiquage automatique de plants sur 1987. Life history and allozyme variation mottes. Engineering and Statistical in populations of the weed species Setaria Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, faberi. Can. J. Bot.65:1396-1402. Report 7929-1924. 31/31 pp. 214 Research Branch Report 1987 Feldman, M.,ed. 1987. Summary of 1983-1985 Masse, D.I.; Salinas, J.J. 1987. Strength and contract reports of the Energy Research structural reliability of roof systems for and Development in Agriculture and Food farm buildings. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. (ERDAF) programIResume des rapports des (ASAE) Winter Meeting, Paper 87-4522. travaux faits sous contrat en 1983-1985 25 pp. dans Ie cadre du programme de Recherche et de Developpement Energetique dans Masse, D.I.; Munroe, J.A. 1987. Windbracing l'Agro-Alimentaire (RDEAA). Engineering alternatives for single and multi-storey and Statistical Research Centre, Agricul- agricultural buildings. Am. Soc. Agric. ture Canada, Report 8124-1944. 129 pp. Eng. (ASAE) Winter Meeting, Paper 87-4524. 24 pp. Gariepy, Y.; Munroe, J.A.; Raghavan, G.S.V.; Scazzosi, J.M. 1987. Data acquisition and McGinnis, D.S.; Black, H.; Nicolaides, G.; control of storage environment. Am. Soc. Whitby, G.E.; Norrie, L. 1987. Combined Agric. Eng. (ASAE) Annual Meeting, Paper ultrafiltration and utraviolet treatment for 87-4070. 24 pp. the recovery of chilling brine used in the Hergert, G.B.; Heslop, L.C.; Compton, B.A.; processed meat industry. Can. Soc. Agric. Reid, W.S.; Feldman, M. 1987. Status of Eng. (CSAE) Centennial Convention, Paper mechanization technology for tomato 87-503. 39 pp. transplanting/Situation de la technique de McLaughlin, N.B. 1987. Evaluation of the plantation mechanique des tomates. tractor data acquisition system installed on Engineering and Statistical Research Agriculture Canada's versatile 555 four Centre, Agriculture Canada, Report wheel drive tractor. Engineering and 8702-1925. 60/60 pp. Statistical Research Centre, Agriculture Klein, M.; Alward, R.; Parups, E.V. 1987. Canada, Report8018-1919. 19 pp. Energy-conserving urban greenhouses for Canada: Construction and management! Morrison, B.A.;Thuns, A. 1987. A catalogue of Les economies d'energie dans les serres Canadian graduate theses in agricultural urbaines au Canada: construction et exploi- engineering and related fields 1942-1986/ tation. Agric. Can. Pub!' 1814. 73/82 pp. Repertoire des theses maltrise et de doctorat en genie rural ou autres domaines Lauro, E.M.; Hergert, G.B. 1987. Evaluating connexes publies au Canada de 1942 a 1986. the technical and economic feasibility of Engineering and Statistical Research machine harvesting strawberries. Can. Centre, Agriculture Canada, Report Soc. Agric. Eng. (CSAE) Centennial 8611.1946. 148 pp. Convention, Paper 87-206. 28 pp. Levesque, M.P.; Shiffiett, E.W.; Shiffiett, M.R. Morrison, B.A.; Thuns, A. 1987. Canadian 1987. Design, construction, installation, agricultural engineering computer pro- modification and evaluation of a heat grams for extension and research/ exchanger for a conventional cross. flow Catalogue agricole des programmes pour farm scale grain dryer. Can. Soc. Agric. les rechercheurs et les ingenieurs: connaitre Eng. (CSAE) Centennial Convention, et etudier. Engineering and Statistical Paper 87.405. 8 pp. Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Report8632-1948. 112 pp. LeBlanc, D.I.; Kok, R.; Timbers, G.E. 1987. The freezing of a parallel-piped food pro- Otten, L.; Levesque, M.P. 1987. Reduction of duct. Can. Soc.Agric. Eng. (CSAE) Centen- fuel use in grain drying. Engineering and nial Convention, Paper 87-502. 22 pp. Statistical Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Report 8206-1970. 242 pp. Masse, D.I.; Salinas, J.J. 1987. Structural reliability of nailed connections for Canada Phillips, P.A.; Thompson, B.K.; Fraser, D. Plan Service trusses. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng. 1987. Ramp designs for young pigs. Am. (CSAE) Centennial Convention, Paper Soc. Agric. Eng. (ASAE) Winter Meeting, 87-108. 29pp. PaperNo. 87-4511. 10pp. Engineering and Statistical Research Centre 215 Phillips, P.A.; Fraser, D.; Thompson, B.K. Van Die, P. 1987. An assessment of Agricul- 1987. A farrowing crate design to promote ture Canada's anaerobic digestion programJ sow movement. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. Evaluation du programme de digestion (ASAE) Winter Meeting, Paper 87-4506. anaerobie d'Agriculture Canada. 10 pp. Engineering and Statistical Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Report Timbers, G.E.; Voisey, P.W. 1987. The Ottawa 8104-1933.77/93 pp. pea tenderometer and the Ottawa texture measuring system: The evolution of a Veira, D.M.; Proulx, J.G.; Butler, G. 1987. system for quality control and food texture Protein supplementation of grass silage fed research. Pages 65-93 in Moskowitz, H.R., to steers: Further observations on the effect ed. Food texture instrumental and sensory offish meal. Canadex 420.64. 3 pp. measurement. New York: Marcel Dekker, Vigneault, C.; St-Amour, G.R.; Buckley, D.J.; Inc. Masse, OJ.; Savoie, P. 1987. A trailer- Turnbull, J.E.; Masse, OJ.; Reid, W.S. 1987. mounted torquemeter system for measuring Wall pressures for design of horizontal torque and power delivered by tractor silos. Engineering and Statistical Research power-take-off (PTO) drives. Can. Soc. Centre, Agriculture Canada, Report Agric. Eng. (CSAE) Centennial 8320-1920. 17 pp. Convention, Paper 87.208. 6 pp. 216 Research Branch Report 1987 Food Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF N.W. Tape, B.S.A., Ph.D. Director M.R. Sahasrabudhe, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Assistant Director B.R. Maguire Administrative Officer M. Nazarowec- White, B.Sc., M.Sc. Food science services Processing Technology D. Paton, B.Sc., Ph.D. Program Leader; Processing technology, extrusion cooking W.F. Collins, B.Sc., Ph.D. Phenolics chemistry J.D. Jones, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., C.Chem., Oilseed fractionation F.R.S.C., F.I.F.S.T. C.Y. Ma, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Protein functionality J.N. Weisz, B.Sc. Carbohydrate analysis P.J. Wood, B.Sc., Ph.D. Carbohydrate chemistry Dairy Technology D.B. Emmons, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Program Leader; Dairy products V.R. Harwalkar, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Protein chemistry R.C. McKellar, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Dairy products microbiology H.W. Modler, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Dairy products R.P. Sinha, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Dairy microbiology Structure and Sensory Evaluation M.R. Sahasrabudhe, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Leader P. Allan-Wojtas, B.Sc. Electron microscopy I.R. Siddiqui, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., Carbohydrates D.Sc., C.Chem., F.R.S.C., F.C.I.C. D. Froehlich, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Sensory evaluation M. Kalab, M.Sc., Ph.D. Electron microscopy A.M. Paquet, B.Sc., Ph.D. Amino acid and peptide chemistry L.M. Poste, B.A.Sc., Dip.Tech. Sensory evaluation S.H. Yiu, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Microscopy Food Safety and Nutrition L.E. Lloyd, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Leader; Food safety and nutrition W.J. Mullin, L.R.I.C., Ph.D. Analytical methodology L. Nadeau,l B.Sc., M.Sc. Nutrient analysis J.M. Smith,2 B.Sc., M.Sc. Nutrient analysis L. Robichon-Hunt, B.Sc., M.Sc. Nutrition services L.F. Russell,3 B.Sc., M.Sc. Nutrient analysis Food Research Centre 217 Departures B.D. Oomah, M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal processing Resigned 31 July 1987 R.A. Holley, B.Sc., Ph.D. Meat microbiology Resigned 30 November 1987 VISITING SCIENTISTS Graduate students L. Fernandez, B.Sc. Dairy products microbiology L. Villa-Garcia, B.Sc. Dairy products 1 On maternity leave. 2 Seconded from Food Development Division. 3 On educational leave, University of Maryland, Beltsville, Md. 218 Research Branch Report 1987 INTRODUCTION In support of the Research Branch mission to improve the long-term marketability ofCanadian agricultural products, the Food Research Centre (FRCl provides assistance to Canada's food and beverage industry to become more efficient, productive, and competitive. The research programs cover the broad areas of dairy products processing, cereals and oilseeds processing, meat and poultry products, food composition and structure, sensory evaluation of foods, and nutrition and safety. The primary clients of the centre are Canada's food and beverage processing industry and associations, other branches of Agriculture Canada, and other government departments and agencies. In addition to research services, the centre provides advisory services and expertise in the evaluation of research proposals for agencies such as National Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), National Research Council (NRC), and Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). The staff members of the centre represent the branch, the department, and the country as a whole at national and international meetings. The centre's staff make a significant contribution to the expert committees of the Canada Committee on Food. In addition, scientists participate in the international food programs ofCodex Alimentarius, the International Dairy Federation, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (lAEA), and the International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation. More emphasis is being placed on technology transfer to industry and government clients, promotion ofcollaborative long-term and short-term research projects, and improved mechanisms to ensure participation by the private sector in FRC research activities. This report provides highlights of research activities in 1987. Publications and more information can be obtained by writing to the Food Research Centre, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Otta wa, OntoKIA OC6;Tel. (613) 995-3722. N.W.Tape Director PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY calorie-reduced snack foods and may also offer savings in process energy when compared to Extrusion cooking more conventional approaches. Further information may be obtained from Canadian Extrusion cooking is a well-known process Patents and Development Ltd., Ottawa. technology used in the continuous production of a wide range of foodstuffs including snack foods, flat or crisp breads, modified starches, Oat hulls breakfast cereals, and pet foods. Research has Oat hulls were assessed in laboratory and been conducted for several years at the Food pilot plant experiments as potential press aids Research Centre, Ottawa, into mechanisms of for the fruit juice industry. In order to deal the extrusion cooking process. Recently, it has with seasonal variation in fruit firmness, juice been discovered that moisture-tempered processors frequently have a requirement to starchy materials can be extruded under con- add sterilized wood fibers or rice hulls to apple ditions which do not result in product expan- pulp. This practice ensures press operating sion at the die face. This pliable unexpanded efficiency and acceptable raw juice yields. plastic mass rapidly hardens into a vitreous These press aids are imported into Canada. glass-like material. Upon subsequent expo- Laboratory tests, using apple pulp supple- sure to microwave energy, the glass-like mented with 0.5-3.0% w/w press aids, showed starchy material expands 3-5 times as much in average yields of raw juice of 78.0, 76.6, and volume, resulting in particulates of low bulk 74.5% w/w for wood fibers, rice hulls, and whole density. A patent application has been filed oat hulls, respectively, relative to a control (no with the Canadian Patent Office. This process press aid) of 73.0% w/w. When oat hulls were may have potential in the production of processed into a slivered form, the average raw Food Research Centre 219 juice yield increased from 74.5 to 76.5% w/w. estimated by gel diffusion assay, by viscosity Pilot plant tests conducted in cooperation with assay, and by using an insoluble complex of the Smithfield Experimental Farm, using late p.D.glucan with congo red. The three methods season Ida Red apples with 2.0% w/w addition were generally in agreement but showed of slivered oat hulls, gave yields of77.9% w/w differences in ranking, especially when tested compared to a control of71.7% w/w. Both apple with some commercial cellulases. pulps had been treated with a pectinase enzyme prior to pressing, a common industrial Oat phenolics practice. No quality defects were detected in Fractionation of methanolic extracts of oat the finished juice by a trained sensory panel. groats and hulls by anion. exchange chromato. The 20000-25000 t of oat hulls produced graphy revealed the presence of a series of annually in Canada are more than sufficient to anionic, substituted cinnamic acid conjugates, meet the needs of the Canadian fruit juice trivially named avenanthramides. Two. processing industry. Replacement of imported dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC) press aids with oat hulls presents an showed groat extracts to contain more than 25 opportunity for improving oat hull utilization distinct avenanthramides, whereas hull in Canada. extracts contained about 20. Some 15 were common to both groat and hull. The substances Oat 13-glucans were purified by repeated column chromato. A variety of methods for the analysis of graphy on Sephadex LH-20, using TLC to (l ....•3)(l ....•4)-p.D.glucan have been compared monitor purity, and crystallized from aqueous for their efficiency and reproducibility. A acetone. The complete structures of 10 method based on Calcofluor precipitation gave avenanthramides have been elucidated, using somewhat lower values than methods lH. and 13C.nuclear magnetic resonance employing a specific P-D'glucanase. A method (NMR), mass spectroscopy (MS), ultraviolet based on a commercial kit (BIOCON) gave the (UV), and hydrolytic techniques and confirmed most reproducible results, and has been used to by total synthesis. monitor the P-D-glucan content of oat bran These avenanthramides (i.e., substituted preparation in collaboration with POS pilot cinnamoyl derivatives of anthranilic acid) are plant in Saskatoon. The Calcofluor method is structurally related to N.(3',4'-dimethoxycin- best suited for assays of soluble p-D.glucan and namoyl).anthranilic acid, a potent new type of has been used to follow the release of antihistamine and noninflammatory pharma- P-D-glucan from rolled oats subjected to ceutical recently synthesized and released in various cooking methods. Japan under the name Tranilast. The presence Oat bran containing 15% p.D-glucan and of such compounds in oat grain represents the less than 1% hull contamination, and oat gum first reported occurrence in nature. A high. (75-80% p-D.glucan) were prepared at POS for performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) use in physiological studies. Rats adapted to a technique has been devised for the diet containing oat gum had reduced post- quantitative analysis of oat avenanthramides. prandial insulin requirement and showed Retention time is related to substitution reduced serum cholesterol levels. Both effects pattern, which enables predictive evaluation of were dose dependent. In clinical trials, oat complex mixtures of differently substituted gum reduced the peak increment above avenanthramides. baseline ofblood glucose and insulin in glucose A new group of phenolic acids has been tolerance tests in healthy subjects. found in aqueous alcoholic extracts of oat The effect of shear stress on molecular size groats and hulls. These acids occur as and viscosity of oat p-D.glucan was further conjugates, covalently linked to the amine examined. At low shear stress normal function of several different ortho amine- pseudo plastic behavior was observed over an substituted benzoic acids. One of these has increasing and decreasing shear cycle, but been purified, characterized, and identified as higher stress for longer periods resulted in 5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl).penta-2,4-dienoic acid for permanent viscosity loss and lower molecular which the trivial name avenalumic acid is pro- weight as shown by high performance size posed. The biological and functional activity of exclusion chromatography. the avenalumic acids remains unknown; The (1....•3)(l ....•4).p.D.glucanase content of however, they are the ethylenic homologues of commercial supplies of p-amylase was the well. known p.coumaric, ferulic, and caffeic 220 Research Branch Report 1987 acids, which are widely distributed in cereal sensitive to the repressive effects of iron than grains and believed to be associated with proteinase. A mutant deficient in pyoverdine antioxidant properties. production secreted significantly less lipase than did the parent strain, whereas production Oat proteins ofthe proteinase was unaffected. These studies The thermal denaturation of oat globulin strongly suggest that iron is the most was studied by spectroscopy and differential important nutrient affecting extracellular scanning calorimetry (DSC). There was a pro- enzyme production by psychrotrophs. gressive blue shift in the fluorescence spectra Spontaneous oxidation in milk and a red shift in the ultraviolet absorption spectra when oat globulin was heated at 100 or The incidence of spontaneous oxidation in 110°C, indicating protein unfolding. DSC data Ontario's milk supply was examined by showed a progressive decrease in enthalpy, sensory evaluation of randomly selected indicating partial denaturation, a marked samples. Approximately one-third of the 400 increase in denaturation temperature, and a raw milk samples tested had this flavor defect, decrease in width at half-peak height, suggest- which ranged from slight to pronounced. The ing aggregation of oat protein to form a more problem has been identified in other provinces, compact structure with high thermal stability but it is particularly severe in New Brunswick. and cooperativity. Heat treatment also caused A previous retail survey revealed that as much a pronounced increase in activation energy as 40% of the fluid milk supply was oxidized. and pre-exponential factor. Analysis of the Although the causes of spontaneous and soluble and insoluble fractions of heated oat light-induced oxidation are not related, it is globulin showed a redistribution of native and now apparent that both types of oxidation are extensively denatured protein in the soluble involved in flavor defects of fluid milk sold at and insoluble fractions, respectively. the retail level. The rheological properties of oat protein gels and oat protein-egg white co-gels were Cheese yields assessed by small amplitude oscillatory tests. Predictive formulas for yield of cheese from Plots of modullii (G', G") versus frequency composition of milk can be used for reporting show that substitution of 25% and 50% of egg- actual yields as a percentage of theoretically white solids (EWS) with deamidated oat pro- possible yields. This is important for helping tein isolate (DOPI) did not result in a signif- cheese-makers assess their efficiency in icant decrease in G' and G" over a wide range attaining maximum yields. Three types of of frequency (0.01-10 Hz). Thus, EWS-DOPI theoretical yield formulas were developed. co-gels have mechanical properties similar to They were derived from the general hypothesis those of egg white gels. The positive that cheese is made up of three phases: a fat synergistic effect of deamidated oat protein phase, a phase of a complex of paracasein and and egg white in forming mechanically stable, calcium phosphate, and a water-soluble phase, thermally setting gels, offers a potential for oat which consists of water, salt, and whey solids. protein utilization. However, this potential These yield formulas were compared to various would be dependent upon a clear indication of formulas obtained from the literature. It the economic feasibility for the wet would appear that economically significant fractionation of the oat kernel. improvements in yield could be obtained by comparing actual yields with theoretical yields, although more work is needed on DAIRY TECHNOLOGY testing the theoretical formulas under commercial conditions. Psychrotrophic enzymes Yoghurt over-acidification Initiation of proteinase and lipase secretion by Pseudomonas fluorescens was stimulated by Over-acidification has been a major prob- the addition of the iron siderophore, pyover- lem in commercial manufacture of yoghurt. dine, produced during the late-logarithmic Six brands of plain commercial yoghurts were phase of growth. Excess iron in the growth purchased from local retail markets and stored medium repressed the synthesis ofpyoverdine, at 4, 7, and 10°C. They were analyzed we!Jkly lipase, and proteinase, and lipase was more for 4 weeks for changes in acidity (pH), and Food Research Centre 221 total viable Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. granule junctions vanished during baking. The six brands varied considerably in their The structure of process cheese was affected acidity, as well as in their starter populations. less than that of stretched mozzarella cheese; One out of six brands showed pH values higher the most severe changes were found in the than 4.0 and remained higher during storage, microstructure of stirred-curd cheese that had whereas four brands had pH values lower than been baked. 3.90, and the last brand examined had a pH In skim milk cheese, casein particles were close to 3.99 but only when stored at 4 and 7.C. compacted and formed a continuous matrix. In some brands there was a tendency for the Advanced proteolysis affected the cheese pH to drop at 10.C. It is apparent that strains microflora, which was particularly abundant ofboth Streptococcus and Lactobacillus vary in on the cheese surface covered with a golden their survival and in their ability to maintain yellow slime. a higher pH in yoghurt during storage. In unripened goat milk cheese, the casein particles retained their individual entities. Off-flavors in sterilized milk The microstructure of this cheese resembled Astringent and bitter off.flavors were that ofcottage cheese made from cows' milk but observed in commercial samples of ultra-high the dimensions of the casein particles were temperature (UHT) milk heated by direct- more varied. A core-and-lining ultrastructure was stream injection. Some samples « 1 month old) showed the off-flavor and had higher observed to develop in casein particles in nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) than others. The paneer, a curd obtained by coagulating hot other samples of UHT milk also developed off- milk with citric acid and washing it with flavors during further storage (up to 4 months). water. Frying the paneer in oil resulted in a The off-flavor components from these milk compact protein structure. Subsequent samples were isolated by the chloroform- cooking in salt water, however, restored the methanol extraction procedure of Harwalkar initial microstructure. and Elliott. The extracted off-flavor compo- Rolled oats rich in starch and oat bran rich nents were further analyzed by fast protein in p-glucan were investigated for microscopic liquid chromatography (FPLC), using Mono-Q structural changes and availability of selected anion exchange columns (Pharmacia1) and nutrients after processing, after cooking and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). during in vitro and in vivo digestion. Oat The FPLC and PAGE patterns of the extracts starch was readily available for digestion by from astringent and nonastringent flavor human salivary enzymes. Processing and correlated with one ofthe fractions resolved by cooking increased the rate of digestion, FPLC. This fraction was heterogeneous by enhanced the release of p-glucans from the cell PAGE. The astringent and bitter off-flavors in walls of starchy endosperm, and enhanced the UHT-sterilized milk were breakdown products rate of digestive breakdown in the rat small of casein, as evidenced by reduction in p-casein intestine of the subaleurone layer of oat in the stored UHT milk. endosperm. Phytin globoid of the aleurone layer and epicarp tissue was less affected by processing and cooking. The availability of Phytin as a source of dietary minerals STRUCTURE AND SENSORY phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium was EVALUATION dependent upon the endogenous and microbial enzymes present in the digestive system of the Effect of processing on microstructure rat. Several processed foods were examined for microstructure by scanning electron Sensory microscopy. The sensory unit collaborated with Structural changes were observed in scientists from FRC, Ottawa Civic Hospital, natural and processed cheeses used as ingredi- Animal Research Centre (ARC), Brandon ents in pizza during baking in conventional Research Station, Smithfield Experimental and microwave ovens. Changes related to the Farm, and External Affairs in a variety of fat content of the cheese and its initial projects on different commodities including structure. Fat globules aggregated into large cheddar cheese, oat gum, oat bran, apple juice, particles. Fat globule membranes and curd eggs, geese, pork, applesauce, and breaded 222 Research Branch Report 1987 mozzarella sticks. Assistance was provided to Parsnip fiber induced the highest moisture two major companies in the dairy industry in content and wheat fiber induced the lowest investigations on cheddar cheese aging and fecal fat concentration. Parsnip fiber induced a development of cheddar flavor. All these lower serum cholesterol to high density projects involved characterization of sensory lipoproteins ratio than rutabaga fiber, and properties through the use of trained sensory rutabaga fiber appeared to be the most panels. extensively fermented by intestinal bacteria. A palatable oat gum pudding-like product Although the fasting blood glucose level was was developed and an oat bran bakery product decreased with the parsnip diet, blood glucose formulated for clinical trials at the Ottawa response to a meal plus glucose was not Civic Hospital on the effect of ~-glucans in different from that of the control. The three diabetic and normal individuals. vegetable fibers appeared to be well tolerated Lactobacillus cultures were found to by the animals, but the heart weight was accelerate the process of aging cheddar cheese decreased with parsnip and the liver weight as determined by sensory panelists using was decreased with rutabaga; the spleen reference standards for old and medium showed reduced weight with both parsnip and cheddar cheese. rutabaga. All fibers increased total fat excre- Methods for producing oxidized and salty tion but showed decreased fat concentration flavor defects found in butter were developed (grams offat per millilitre offeces). and standardized. Homogenized milk exposed to fluorescent light at 200 Ix at 5°C for various amounts of time produced an oxidized flavor at FOOD SAFETY AND specific perceived intensities. The necessary levels of NaCI added to homogenized milk to NUTRITION produce specific levels of perceived saltiness were also determined. The laboratory- Nutritional value of potatoes produced off-flavors were accepted as flavor The vitamin C and moisture contents of defect standards to be utilized by Agriculture fresh raw table potatoes, commercially Canada's dairy graders. prepared frozen french fries, and french fries The firmness of four commercially prepared for fast-food outlets were determined available 2%butter fat creamed cottage cheese on samples available to the consumer from samples were evaluated by sensory and instru- April 1986 to July 1987. The iron, zinc, copper, mental analyses. There was a perceptible potassium, magnesium, and calcium content of difference in firmness among the samples, and all french fries, and the fat content only of the results suggest that the mid-range in firmness french fries prepared for fast-food outlets were ofcottage cheese was liked best. also determined. In fresh raw potatoes there was a significant decrease in the mean vitamin Vegetable tiber C content of old potatoes from 21.77 mg/l00 g The 80% ethanol-insoluble residues from in October 1986 to 9.57 mg/l00 g in June 1987. parsnip, rutabaga, and squash were analyzed However, new potatoes available in June and for moisture, nitrogen, starch, klason lignin, July 1987 had the highest vitamin C content, ash, and uronic orhydride. The starch-free 31.2 and 33.8 mg/l00 g, respectively. Moisture residues after enzymatic hydrolysis were was fairly constant, ranging from 81.5% to recovered and analyzed for neutral sugars, 77 .9%, with new potatoes having higher following acid hydrolyses and derivatization, moisture levels. There were no significant as alditol acetates, by gas-liquid chroma- differences in vitamin C, moisture, or mineral tography (GLC). The sum of lignin, cellulose, content in frozen french fries Food Research Centre 223 December to June period. French fries from quality of milk proteins in cheese baked on the fast-food outlets using fresh potatoes had surface of pizza remains unchanged during significantly hi~her levels of moisture, zinc, baking in conventional as well as in microwave potassium, and calcium than those from ovens. fast-food outlets using parfried potatoes. Fermented sausage PUBLICATIONS Bacteria from the genera Pediococcus and Lactobacillus and from the family Micrococ- Research caceae are used in various combinations in Canada as starter culture organisms for Allan-Wojtas, P.; Yang, A.F. 1987. Solution to controlled fermentation of dry sausages. The difficulties encountered in low temperature media currently in use for monitoring their SEM of some frozen hydrated specimens: performance during meat fermentations are Examination of penicillium nalgiovense incapable of easily distinguishing between cultures. J. Electron Microsc. Techno!. pediococca and lactobacilli, and this issue is 6:325-333. complicated further when commercial starter Arul, J.; Boudreau, A.; Makhlouf, J.; Tardif, R.; preparations contain only these two groups of bacteria. Using a modified medium keyed to Sahasrabudhe, M.R. 1987. Fractionation of distinguish between these groups on the basis anhydrous milk fat by supercritical carbon of arginine hydrolysis, and adoption of the dioxide. J. Food Sci.52:1231-1236. hydrophobic grid membrane filter 224 Research Branch Report 1987 Jenkins, A.L.; Jenkins, D.J.A.; Ferrari, F.; Modler, H.W.; Jones, J.D. 1987. Selected Collier, G.R.; Rao, A.V.; Samuels, S.; Jones, processes to improve the functionality of J.D.; Wong, G.S.; Josse, R.G. 1987. Effect dairy ingredients. Food Techno!. J. of mustard seed fibre on carbohydrate 41(10):114-117. tolerance. J. Clin. Nutr. Gastroenterol. Moran, E.T., Jr.; Poste, L.M.; McMillan, E.; 2:81-86. Patterson, C.; Revington, W. 1987. Small- Kalab, M.; Palo, V. 1987. Development of type tom turkeys versus heavy-type hens microstructure in Olomouc cheese marketed at medium weight: Performance, cakes: Electron microscopic study. carcass characteristics, sensory evaluation Milchwissenschaft42(4):207-211. and the effect of commercial basting of the Kalab, M.; Yun, J.; Yiu, S.H. 1987. Textural breast with oil. Can. J. Anim. Sci. properties and microstructure of process 67:705-714. cheese food rework. Food Microstruct. Mullin, W.J.; Ju, H.-Y. 1987. Comparison of 6(2):181-192. ascorbic acid in imported tomatoes and in Laleye, L.C.; Simard, R.E.; Lee, B.H.; Holley, cultivars grown in Nova Scotia. Can. J. R.A.; Giroux, R.N. 1987. Involvement of Plant Sci. 67:331-335. heterofermentative lactobacilli in the Paquet, A.; Rayman, K. 1987. Some N-acyl development of open texture in cheeses. J. amino acid derivatives having anti- Food Prot. 50:1009-1012. botulinal properties. Can. J. Microbiol. Ma, C.-Y.; Harwalkar, V.R. 1987. Thermal 33:577-582. coagulation of oat globulin. Cereal Chern. Paquet, A.; Thresher, C.W.; Swaisgood, H. 64:212-218. 1987. Further studies on in vitro Ma, C.-Y.; Khanzada, G. 1987. Functional digestibility of some epimeric tripeptides. properties of deamidated oat protein Nutr. Res. 7:581-588. isolates. J. Food Sci. 52:1583-1587. Paton, D. 1987. Differential scanning calori- Ma, C.-Y.; Wood, D.F. 1987. Functional pro- metry of oat starch pastes. Cereal Chern. perties of oat proteins modified by acyla- 64(6):394-399. tion, trypsin hydrolysis or linoleate treat- Pearson, J.; Southam, G.; Williams, C.J.; ment. J. Am. Oil Chern. Soc.64:1726-1730. Holley, R.A. 1987. Survival and transport Maklouf, J.; Arul, J.; Boudreau, A.; Verret, P.; of bacteria in egg washwater. Appl. Sahasrabudhe, M.R. 1987. Fractionne. Environ. Microbio!.53:2060-2065. ment de la matiere grasse laitiere par crystallisation simple et son utilisation Poste, L.M.; Moran, E.T., Jr.; Butler, G.; Agar, dans la formulation de beurres mous et V. 1987. Subjective and objective evalua- d'autres produits alimentaires. Can. Inst. tion of meat from turkeys differing in Food Sci. Techno!. J. 20:237-245. basting and final internal cooking temperature. Can. Inst. Food Sci. Techno!. McKellar, R.C.; Cholette, H. 1987. Effect of J.20(2):89-93. temperature shifts on extracellular proteinase-specific messenger RNA pools in Rosa, N.; Woolard, R.G.; Siddiqui, I.R. 1987. Pseudomonas {luorescens B52. Appl. The association of certain chemical para- Environ. Microbio!.53:1973-1976. meters with shatter resistance of tobacco lamina. Tob. Sci. 31:76-78. McKellar, R.C.; Shamsuzzaman, K.; San Jose, C.; Cholette, H. 1987. Influence of iron (III) Shamsuzzaman, K.; McKellar, R.C. 1987. Pep- and pyoverdine on extracellular proteinase tidases from two strains of Pseudomonas and lipase production by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Partial purification, properties {luorescens B52. Arch. Microbio!. and action on milk. J. Dairy Res. 147:225-230. 54:283-293. Modler, H.W.; Emmons, D.B.; Rolland, J.R.; Shamsuzzaman, K.; Modler, W.; McKellar, Holme, J. 1987. Fractionation of non-fat R.C. 1987. Survival of lipase during dry milk into protein and lactose products. manufacture of skim milk powder. J. Dairy J. Dairy Sci. 70:766-775. Sci. 70:746-751. Food Research Centre 225 Southam, G.; Pearson, J.; Holley, R.A. 1987. microbiology. Vol. 2. London, England: Survival and growth of Yersinia Elsevier Applied Science Publishers. enterocolitica in egg washwater. J. Food Prot. 50:103-107. Kalab, M. 1987. Encapsulation of viscous sus- pensions in agar gel tubes for electron Wood, P.J.; Weisz, J. 1987. Detection and microscopy. Electron Microsc. Soc. Am. assay of (l-->4).p-o-glucanase, (1-->3)(1-->4)- Bull. 17(1):88-89. p-o-glucanase and xylanase based on complex formation of substrate with congo Nazarowec-White, M. 1987. Microwaves and red. Cereal Chern. 64:8-15. food quality. Pages 77-83 in Proceedings: Food Technology Exchange. Canadian Yiu, S.H.; Mongeau, R. 1987. Fluorescence Frozen Food Association Technical and light microscopic analysis of digested Conference. Toronto,Ont. oat bran. Food Microstruct. 6:143-150. Poste, L.M. 1987. Development and impor- Yiu, S.H.; Wood, P.J.; Weisz, J. 1987. Effects tance of a sensory standards process. Pages of cooking on starch and p-glucan of rolled 81-88 in Proceedings of the International oats. Cereal Chern. 64:373-379. Symposium on Seafood Quality Zee, J.A.; Bourgeois, M.; Boudreau, A.; Breton, Determination, Anchorage, Alaska. R.; Jones, J.D. 1987. Utilisation de la Wood, P.J.; Weisz,J.; Fedec, P. 1987. Oat beta feverole dans la fabrication du tofu. Can. glucan - potential value as dietary fibre. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J. 20:260-266. Pages 215-227 in Crescenzi, V.;Dea, I.C.M.; Stivala, S.S., eds. Industrial polysac- Miscellaneous charides. New York, N.Y.; Gordon and Breach. Caric, M.; Kalab, M. 1987. Processed cheese products. Pages 339-383 in Fox, P.F., ed. Yiu, S.H. 1987. Fluorescence microscopy in Cheese: Chemistry, physics and food technology. Zeiss Focus 4:6-7. 226 Research Branch Report 1987 Land Resource Research Centre Ottawa, Ontario PROFESSION AL STAFF J.L. Nowland,l B.A., M.Sc. Acting Director M.B. Trudel Head, Administration Soil Resource Inventory and Mapping K.W.G. Valentine, B.A., M.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section J .A. Shields, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil correlation - Great Plains C. Tarnocai, B.S.F., M.S. Soil correlation - British Columbia, Atlantic region, and North Newfoundland Soil Survey (St. John's) E.F. Woodrow, B.Sc. Head of Unit F. Hender, B.Sc. Party Leader Prince Edward Island Soil Survey (Charlottetown) C. Veer Senior Soil Survey Technologist New Brunswick Soil Survey (Fredericton) H.W. Rees, B.Sc. Head of Unit S.H. Fahmy, B.Sc., M.Sc. Party Leader Nova Scotia Soil Survey (Truro) K.T. Webb, B.Sc., M.Sc. Head of Unit D.A. Holmstrom, B.S.A. Party Leader G.T. Patterson, B.Sc., M.Sc. Party Leader Quebec Soil Survey (Sainte-Foy) J .M. Cossette, B.Sc. Head of Unit L. Grenon, B.S.A. Party Leader L. Lamontagne, B.Sc. Party Leader M.C. Nolin, B.S., M.Sc. Party Leader' Ontario Soil Survey (Guelph) C.J. Acton, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Unit R.K. Jones, B.Sc., M.Sc. Party Leader E.W. Presant, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party Leader G.J. Wall, B.S.A., Ph.D. Party Leader Manitoba Soil Survey (Winnipeg) R.E. Smith, B.S.A., M.Sc. Head of Unit R. Eilers, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party Leader Land Resource Research Centre 227 W.R. Fraser, B.Sc., M.Sc. Party Leader W. Michalyna, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party Leader H. Veldhuis, Ing., M.Sc. Party Leader Saskatchewan Soil Survey (Saskatoon) D.F. Acton, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Unit A.J. Anderson, B.Sc. Party Leader W.D. Eilers, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party Leader L.M. Kozak, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party Leader G. Padbury, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party Leader H.P.W. Rostad, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party Leader H.B. Stonehouse, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party Leader Alberta Soil Survey (Edmonton) W.W. Petta piece, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Unit J.A. Brierley, B.Sc. Party Leader G.M. Coen, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party Leader J.C. Hiley, B.A., M.A. Party Leader J. Tajek, Eng. Party Leader B.D. Walker, B.Sc., M.Sc. Party Leader British Columbia Soil Survey (Vancouver) D.E. Moon, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Unit A.J. Green, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party Leader C.J. Selby, B.Sc., M.Sc. Party Leader L.J.P. van Vliet, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party Leader Yukon Soil Survey (Whitehorse) C.A.S. Smith, B.Sc., M.Sc. Head of Unit Research Section s.u. Khan, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., C.Chem., Head of Section F.C.I.C., F.R.S.C. Soil Quality and Soil Erosion C. Wang, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Project Leader, Soil chemistry D.R. Coote, M.S., Ph.D. Project Leader, Degradation K.D. Switzer-Howse, B.Sc. Information Mineralogy and Soil Quality H. Kodama, B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Sc., F.C.S.S.S. Project Leader, Soil mineralogy M. Ihnat, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.A.O.A.C. Trace element chemistry G.J. Ross, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil mineralogy N.M. Miles, B.Sc. Soil mineralogy Prairie Regional Land Evaluation J. Dumanski, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Project Leader, Land evaluation R. De Jong, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Water use E.C. Huffman, B.Sc., M.A. Land use K.B. MacDonald, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Evaluation C. Onofrei, B.Sc., M.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Land evaluation 228 Research Branch Report 1987 Inorganic-Organic Soil Component Interactions S.S. Singh, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Project Leader, Soil chemistry C.R. De Kimpe, B.A., Ing.Chim. Soil chemistry et Ind.Agr., D.Sc.Agr. Pesticides in Soil and their Uptake by Plants S.U. Khan, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., C.Chem., Project Leader, Soil-pesticide F.C.LC., F.R.S.C. chemistry R. Behki, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide molecular biology D.S. Gamble, B.Sc, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.LS. Pesticide-soil interaction S. Nelson, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant uptake of pesticides Soil Conserving Production Systems J.L.B. Culley, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Project Leader, Soil physics C.A. Fox, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Micromorphology Soil Physical Quality and Movement of Water and Solutes G.C. Topp, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Project Leader, Soil physics W.D. Reynolds, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil physics G. Wilson, B.Sc., M.Sc., D.LC. Engineering K.C. Wires, B.A. Physical structure Soil Organic Matter and Components M. Schnitzer, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., Project Leader, Organic chemistry F.C.S.S.S., F.A.S.A., F.S.S.S.A K.C. Ivarson, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil microbiology M. Levesque, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Organic soils S.P. Mathur, B.Sc., Assoc. LA.R.I., Ph.D. Organic soils Analytical Chemistry Services S.U. Khan, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., C.Chem., Project Leader F.C.I.C., F.R.S.C. Climate Assess me nt and Information A. Bootsma, B.Sc., M.Sc. Project Leader, Climatology J. Boisvert, B.Sc., M.Sc. Farm weather service research S.N. Edey, B.Sc. Applications H.N. Hayhoe, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Biomathematics A.R. Mack, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Remote sensing Weather and Soil in Crop Production D.W. Stewart, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Project Leader, Plant growth modeling R.L. Desjardins, B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D. Micrometeorology L.M. Dwyer, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Environmental meteorology Departures J.S. Clark, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director Seconded to Canadian Forestry Service J .C. van Schaik, M.Sc., Ph.D. Deputy Director Retired 31 July 1987 Land Resource Research Centre 229 J .A. McKeague,2 B.A., B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil classification On transfer of work VISITING SCIENTISTS B. Dumrugs, M.Sc. Pesticide residues analysis Thailand S. Dupont, M.Sc. Pesticide residues analysis France G.-Q. Geng, B.S.A., M.Sc. Soil degradation People's Republic of China J.C. Gomes, B.Sc., M.Sc. Agroclimatic assessment Brazil L. Grodzki, B.Sc., M.Sc. Agroclimatic assessment Brazil F. Karanja, B.Sc., M.Sc. Crop modeling Kenya B. Masumba, B.Sc., M.Sc. Crop physiology Kenya L.A. Okuyama, B.Sc., M.Sc. Crop physiology Brazil E. Pattey, B.Sc., M.Sc. Micrometeorology Laval University S.R. Vieira, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil physics Brazil C. Wagner, B.Sc., M.Sc. Crop modeling Brazil Z. Zeng, B.Sc., M.Sc. Remote sensing People's Republic of China Y. Zhao, B.Sc., M.Sc. Land evaluation People's Republic of China B. Zhou, B.Sc., M.Sc. Pesticide residues analysis People's Republic of China H. Zhou, B.Sc., M.Sc. Computer applications to soil mapping People's Republic of China H.C. Zhou, B.Sc., M.Sc. Cartography People's Republic of China I Appointed 27 July 1987. 2 On Tanzania-Canada Wheat Project, Arusha, Tanzania, April 1986-April 1988. 230 Research Branch Report 1987 INTRODUCTION The Land Resource Research Centre (LRRC) conducts national programs in land resources research, including agrometeorology and soil surveys. Land use studies, and disciplines such as chemistry, physics, pedology, agroclimatology, mineralogy, and other biological and environmental sciences are brought to bear on problems of sustaining the quantity and quality of the natural resource base for a competitive agricultural industry. During the year work was begun on the methods for monitoring the trends in key soil quality characteristics, as a basis for future programs to counter land degradation in Canada. Significant progress was made on the most appropriate methods and models to predict soil erosion 'under Canadian conditions. Other research clarified the importance of noncrystalline inorganic components in influencing the behavior ofsoils. LRRC developed a new concept in resource mapping called "Agroecological Resource Areas" for the purpose of integrating soil-elimate-yield and management data. In addition, a radically improved computerized simulation model for wheat was completed and validated. A much improved understanding was gained of the potential for certain bacterial strains to degrade herbicides in the soil and the significance ofbound pesticide residues in organic soils. Considerable advances were made in specific measurements of changes in the soil under conservation production systems. Organic matter research shed light on new organic binding agents in mineral soils and further developed composting techniques using peat, liquid manures, fish wastes, and rock phosphate. ,Advances in soil-erop-weather models are making these models extremely powerful predictive tools for assessing the impact of the extreme conditions on crop production. Assessments of the impact of climatic change have been made, and user-friendly software and a user manual were developed for estimating soil moisture content for irrigation scheduling. There has been significant progress on characterizing the risks of freezing for crop production in Ontario, and leading edge work has been continued on the instant assessment of crop growth rates by measuring CO2 and vapor flux from low-flying aircraft. In soil survey work, initial steps were taken to shift soil surveys toward more cost-effective products, more soil quality monitoring, and somewhat less emphasis on local detailed surveys. Maps at the broad scale of 1:1 million covered 73 million hectares and those at moderate to fine detail covered 1.7 million hectares. Maps showing the suitability of soils for specific uses were prepared, covering such subjects as deep plowing and cropping requirements in specific areas. In this regard specialized systems development was a top priority. Major components of the Canadian Soil Information System (CanSIS) have been replaced by ARC-INFO software, making machine-readable information available to other agencies, and greatly increasing the power ofthe information base. Further information on the accomplishments of LRRC in 1987 are provided in thisrreport. Additional information can be obtained from the Land Resource Research Centre, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, OntoKIA OC6;Tel. (613) 995-5011. J.L. Nowland Acting Director RESEARCH SECTION ability, which is the ability of soil to sustain repeated high yield. Soil flexibility and Soil quality criteria and assessment sustainability are controlled by soil climate and soil properties, such as soil temperature, Selected criteria and properties that are im- water supply, structure, organic matter portant attributes of good-quality agricultural content, reaction, and salinity. A national soil have been identified. These are soil program to monitor the trends toward flexibility, which is the ability ofsoil to support degradation of agricultural soil quality is being alternative profitable crops, and soil sustain- developed. Land Resource Research Centre 231 Loss of soil quality by erosion compounds were estimated. The identification of these compounds was successfully performed Progress has been made in searching the by evaluating differential X-ray diffraction published and unpublished literature for the data before and after chemical extraction. The most appropriate existing methods and models study showed a trend that noncrystalline Si to predict soil erosion under Canadian compounds were concentrated in surface conditions, especially those which occur during horizons, whereas noncrystalline Fe and Al freeze-thaw cycles and in the spring. Measure- compounds were concentrated in lower ments of soil erosion under several cropping horizons. practices have continued in the Peace River The collection of the available mineralogi- region. The erodibility by wind of soils repre- cal information on Canadian soils (approxi- senting a range of textures has been measured mately 500 pedons) was completed, criteria for in Saskatchewan. In southern Ontario, the clay mineralogical classes were defined, the effect of tillage and crop residue management mineralogical data of approximately 350 soil on water erosion has been measured, using a samples selected from the collection were portable rainfall simulator. Severely eroded classified, and the information is being and non-eroded soils in eastern Ontario have summarized into map form for the preliminary been sampled to determine chemical and mineralogical map of Canada. In this form the physical changes that result from long-term information will be more easily related to the erosion. Maps of wind and water erosion risk important soil characteristics such as texture, in the Prairie Provinces have been prepared for K-supply, swelling, shrinking, and water- printing. A preliminary manual has been holding capacity. New mineralogical informa- prepared for a global assessment of soil erosion tion was added by describing an interstratified and other forms of degradation. Progress has chlorite-smectite mineral from carbonate been made in identifying the chemistry of the rocks and soils and a ferrian saponite from cements involved in stabilizing the "quick basic rocks. clays" ofthe Champlain Sea sediments. Completed processing of physical, chemical, Eight soil conservation demonstrations and mineralogical characterization of selected have been initiated at the Central southern Ontario soils and fractions therefrom Experimental Farm. Displays and informa- as well as corn and alfalfa crops grown thereon. tion packages have been prepared for Soil Information was obtained on levels of Conservation Week and for Agriculture agronomically important minor elements such Canada exhibitions. Newsletters and as Cu, Zn, Sr, and Mn in surface and subsurface inventories of soil conservation activities, soils and crops in order to assess spatial personnel, and resource materials have been variability and relationship between element prepared for Soil Conservation Canada. levels in soil, mineral fractions, and crops. The Mineral Analyses Service provided Mineralogy and soil quality 2186 X-ray diffractograms, including 100 The work on the mineralogy and K X-ray powder diffraction photographs and 337 availability of five southern Ontario soils and infrared absorption spectra, to contribute five British Columbia soils, where the K supportive data to at least 20 research papers deficiency problem exists, is being continued. and reports on mineral characterization of The results obtained so far have indicated Canadian soils, mineral weathering, soil strong interactions between the various forms acidification, acid sulfate soils, clay-organic of K (soluble, exchangeable, and fixed) and complexes, and methodology development for clay mineral compositions. This information is mineral identification and quantification. The useful for assessing and predicting K fertility recent replacement of a computer component status as well as for recommending K fertilizer for a fully automated X-ray diffractometer by a application rates. new one with a large capacity has increased a A working example of how to characterize storage capacity for data nearly three times noncrystalline inorganic components in soils and has facilitated data processing. Continued was presented by studying three pedons from progress in all research activities as planned Quebec and Ontario containing a considerable should lead to significant advances in the amount of free Fe, AI, and Si. By applying interpretation on the relationships of mineral selective chemical dissolution methods, compositions to the important soil approximate amounts of various Fe, AI, and Si characteristics. 232 Research Branch Report 1987 Prairie regional land evaluation Interactions between inorganic and A new concept of resource mapping called organic soil components "Agroecological Resource Areas" (ARA) was The reactions of Al with phyllosilicates are developed for purposes of integrating all the of great interest to agriculture. A new poly- soil, climate, yield, and management data in nuclear hydroxy-AI-montmorillonite complex the prairie region. Maps of Alberta, Saskat- with an exceptionally large basal spacing was chewan, and Manitoba (1:2 M) have been com- prepared. The polynuclear hydroxy-AI were pleted, and Manitoba has been digitized on the preferentially adsorbed over monomer AI; the ARC-INFO system. In addition, a comprehen- maximum amount adsorbed was only 400 sive integrated data base for crop production, meq/l00 g of montmorillonite. The complex tailored for application in modeling, was was thermally stable to 700°C. More than 75% developed for Manitoba. of the inter!ayer space was vacant. Organic A computerized crop simulation model for molecules of glycerol entered into the spongy wheat was completed and validated against structure. The spongy surfaces of the complex empirical data. Results indicated that the showed catalytic activity. model predicted annual yields within 10% of The iron and fulvic acid (FA) formed com- measured values in all zones of Manitoba. plexes of different strengths and stabilities. Using the data compiled in the data base, long- Some of the Fe was "loosely bound" and was term wheat yields in the form of probability adsorbed on the surfaces of FA as hydrous density functions were calculated for all soils ferric oxide. FA reacted with polynuclear in each ARA in the agricultural area of the hydroxy-AI cations. The FA-polynuclear province. The Manitoba Crop Insurance AI-OH complex was stable and was adsorbed Corporation, Prairie Farm Rehabilitation by montmorillonite. The 001 XRD reflection Administration (PFRA), Ducks Unlimited, was measured at 19. Repeated water extrac- and the provincial soil-testing laboratory are tion of FA-montmorillonite revealed an expo- interested in the ARA Maps and the yield nential relationship between the accumulated probability functions for use in molding the extracted FA and number of extractions. output for their application. Drying of the FA-montmorillonite complex at The Food and Agriculture Organization 40°C lowered the extractability of FA. crop growth model was modified to predict crop A low temperature 0 plasma procedure has growth periods and cutting cycles for forage been developed with optimum oxidation time. crops. Data from field trials were assembled to This method permits the removal of soil validate the model, and these indicated that organic matter without distorting the integrity estimates of potential forage yields were of soil samples; thus it is possible to observe the acceptable, but more calibration was necessary association of organic matter with inorganic to predict yields under moisture stress. soil particles. Microscopic observations of Progress was made in developing a structure treated samples showed the replacement of for the oilseeds model, but testing was aggregates by discrete grains. The water table hampered by lack ofyield data. level in a profile determines the nature of the Statistics Canada data for 1981 and 1986 organometallic complexes that accumulate in were used to characterize the cropping systems the B horizons. A study of Quebec Podzolic in Manitoba. Two computer programs were soils showed that Bf, Bhf, and Bh horizons developed to sort and type each census farm. developed in profiles whose mineral soil Preliminary results in Manitoba and Alberta surfaces were > 35 cm, between 35 and 0 cm, indicate that the ARA maps are well suited for and <0 cm, respectively, with respect to the differentiating the major cropping systems in reference level that was taken as the water the prairie area. table position in the spring. Discussions with Ducks Unlimited (Winni- Amorphous soil materials are very reactive peg) defined common agriculture-waterfowl components_ The interactions of atrazine with objectives for soil conservation in upland Fe and Al oxides were studied, and the high- agricultural areas. Ajoint research proposal to performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) use remote sensing for monitoring cropping and microfiltration methods identified the systems in the prairies has been prepared. The equilibrium constants for the sorption of atra- use of remote sensing to identify areas of zine and hydroxyatrazine and the apparent uniform productivity is being evaluated. rate constants as important parameters. Land Resource Research Centre 233 Pesticides in Canadian soils and their Saskatchewan indicated that vapor transport uptake by plants is a major route for the dissipation of these herbicides from the treated area. Increased Three species of Pseudomonas capable of carry-over of both these herbicides can be utilizing the herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4- expected in dry years. (ethy lamino )-6-(isopropylamino )-s-atrazine) as Soil organic matter properties that a sole source of carbon were isolated from a soil influence herbicides persistence and movement with a long history of atrazine application. It were measured, and sorption and degradation was shown that microbial dechlorination of the effects were investigated. Five chemical herbicide atrazine may occur in soil after the species were monitored for atrazine. During removal of one of the alkyl groups. Examina- the experimental period, free and sorbed tion of Pseudomonas species for their plasmid atrazine and hydroxyatrazine were observed to content by gel electrophoresis revealed no be formed in addition to the material that detectable plasm ids. It was suggested that the became bound with the soil component. atrazine degradative ability in these strains is It was established for the first time that encoded by the genes on the bacterial endomycorrhizae can have a significant effect chromosomes. on the atrazine relations of corn and they can Arthrobactor sp. strain TEl isolated from a influence not only uptake but also allocation cornfield soil (Brandon, Man.) exposed to the and metabolism ofatrazine within corn plants. herbicide EPTC (s-ethyl-N,N-dipropylthio- A novel pressure extraction technique for carbamate) degraded this herbicide effectively the extraction of pesticides from plant tissue and could grow on EPTC as the sole carbon was developed. The technique eliminates the source. The degradative capability of the iso- need for expensive and time-consuming chemi- late was associated with one of the indigenous cal extraction procedures and allows determi- plasmids harbored by this bacterium. It was nation of pesticide compartmentalization shown that the degradation of the herbicide within plant tissue. was mediated by a 50.5-MDa plasmid in the In clay loam soil fields cropped to corn at the cell. The loss of this plasmid resulted Animal Research Centre, three herbicides- irreversibly in mutants unable to degrade metolachlor, cyanazine, and atrazine - were EPTC. The transfer of this plasmid from TEl applied and their residues monitored in soil and drainage water. The concentration of the to EPTC degradation-deficient (E-) mutants restored completely their capability to degrade three herbicides in soil decreased with time. the herbicide, showing a correlation between The presence of metolachlor, cyanazine, and EPTC-degrading ability and the presence of atrazine was also detected in effluents from this plasmid. The EPTC-degradation tiles. It appears that transport of the proficient bacterial strain also degraded other herbicides occurred in water via soil herbicides such as butylate and vernolate. macropores. Results obtained provided an insight into the probable mode by which dietholate, an Soil conserving production systems extender, prolonged the efficacy of Two experimental locations, one at the thiocarbamate herbicides applied to soils. Central Experimental Farm (CEF) in Ottawa In an organic soil exposed to deltamethrin and the other at Barrhaven in Nepean, on «s)-a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzy I cis-(IR ,3R )-2,2- which the soil-conserving practices are to be dimethy 1-3-(2,2-dibromoviny1)2,2-dimethy !cy- evaluated were established. Spraying, tilling, clopropane-carboxylate) for more than 3 years and harvesting equipment was modified to the bound residues amounted to 16% of the confine wheel traffic so that compaction goals initially added insecticide. The bound residues of the project could be addressed. The 1987 were characterized as the parent compound season was excellent for crop production; crop and its acid metabolites. The microbial yields averaged 9500 kg/ha at CEF and 10640 population including bacteria, actinomycetes, kg/ha at Barrhaven. Differences in soil type and fungi decreased considerably from the also dramatically affected corn grain moisture initial numbers. A bacterial species capable of at harvest, as indicated by 12% higher utilizing deltamethrin as a sole source of moisture at Barrhaven. The growing season carbon was isolated from the soil. was relatively dry and wheel traffic associated Studies concerned with the airborne with planting and spraying significantly and residues of triallate and trifluralin in positively affected yields at Barrhaven but not 234 Research Branch Report 1987 at CEF. As this was the initial year for the these data and the application of mathematical study, no information was obtained on tillage models to the flow from an augered hole have effects. Ridging of corn at the six-leaf stage resulted in improved procedures for use of the and soybeans at R-l did not adversely affect Guelph permeameter. final yieIds. The shrinkage and swelling of soil during A crop-monitoring program was tested. drying and wetting results in cracks and Emergence rates of corn were monitored. Dry fissures of major consequence to water and matter accumulation was measured at the 6-8 chemical transport in soil. In 1987, the field leaf stage, at tasseling, and at dent. Signifi- experiments measuring shrink-swell behavior cant spatial variability among blocks was on a clay soil showed the maximum shrinkage apparent at the CEF site, but treatment yet recorded during the experiment. The comparisons within blocks should still be recovery swelling had not taken place until possible. Root samples were taken within and late fall. Soil samples were taken for more between rows at the 6-8 leaf stage and at detailed analysis ofthe pore space geometry on tasseling to estimate the relative root a microscale. distributions with depth. Soil water quality beneath earthen storage Soil temperature probes were constructed tanks for manure has been analyzed. Initial and installed. The probes were monitored results indicate that more than pore water successfully throughout the growing season. A velocity data will be required to interpret tillage-crop-weather-soil interaction simula- nitrate translocation patterns. tion was successfully implemented on our A study is under way to investigate the computer. For regular weekly monitoring of influence of additions of straw and wood chips soil water content on 29 plots a system of in on soil-water properties ofthe surface soil. situ soil probes was developed. Parallel pairs of stainless steel rods remained in the soil in Soil organic matter and composts corn or soybean rows for measurement by Silt and clay fractions separated from four time-domaine reflectometry (TOR) over four soils were found to be higher in total C, total N, depths to 60 cm. The TOR instrument amino acid-N, amino sugar-N, and Land Resource Research Centre 235 Climate assessment and information prepared and presented to researchers and Current estimates of soil moisture condi- extension specialists at a soil moisture workshop. tions and forecasted yields of wheat, barley, Training programs for three Brazilian and canola were prepared and disseminated scientists were developed and carried out in for the prairie region at regular intervals agroclimatology. during the growing season in 1987, using moisture-budgeting procedures and improved Crop production crop yield models. These assessments are important to the agricultural industry for A 3-year field study comparing corn management decisions such as whether to crop varieties with different development rates and or summer-fallow and for developing growth strategies was completed. Comparison marketing strategies. of leaf architecture and maintenance costs as User-friendly software and a user manual estimated from dark respiration rates of these were developed for estimating soil moisture varieties is under way. Field data collected on content and scheduling irrigation at the farm root depth and density of corn, soybeans, and level with a microcomputer, using the barley through the growing season were budgeting approach. Agricultural researchers analyzed. Dry matter data for corn, soybeans, and specialists in Quebec and the Atlantic and barley collected over a 3-year period were Provinces have expressed much interest in this edited and summarized in data files. software and have received it for evaluation A leaf area model was extended to calculate and use. This software was also used in leaf area development and senescence on an cooperative work with UNICEF and with individual leaf basis, resulting in a more Ethiopia. Field tests on strawberries and accurate method of prediction. This will prove potatoes verified the versatile soil moisture useful in future growth models designed to budget as an efficient method to schedule evaluate the contribution to yield from irrigation for optimum growth and yield. individual leaves. Improved models were developed and are The development of an open-path CO2 and being used to compute risks of extreme soil H20 analyzer was completed and it was suc- temperatures during winter months in the cessfully used to measure the hourly rates of Atlantic region for winter survival zonation. net photosynthesis and transpiration for a corn Sampling and analyses procedures for crop for most ofthe 1987 growing season. characterizing soil climates were evaluated Because of recent progress in monitoring and the results provide useful guidelines for crop growth and water use using airborne- on-going efforts to improve climatic classifica- mounted sensors, Agriculture Canada in tion by including effects such as texture, drain- conjunction with National Research Council, age, and vegetative cover. Soil environmental several federal departments, and McGill data were gathered for developing predictive University were funded by NASA and invited models of corn emergence and of freeze-thaw to participate in the First International Satel- penetration as it affects winter damage to lite Land Surface Climatology Project field plants and soil erodibility. Significant pro- experiment in Kansas. The regional exchange gress was made in characterizing freeze risks of CO2 and water vapor was successfully in Ontario on a geographic basis and data were mapped by flying grid patterns at constant- gathered for predicting fall frost, using heat pressure altitude over an area 15 km X 15 km balance calculations. Climatic resources for during three very distinct periods in 1987. apple production in Quebec were evaluated, This provided the first measurements on a using a zonation approach, and calibration of scale directly compatible to satellite measure- an apple yield model was begun in collabora- ments. This type of data will provide the tion with Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research agricultural industry an excellent opportunity Station. for improving techniques of remote-sensing Research support was provided to the surface variables such as surface temperature, Atlantic Advisory Committee on Agrometeo- albedo, vegetation, and soil moisture condi- rology in climatological assessments of hay- tions from the four major types of environmen- drying indices and heat units available for tal satellites 236 Research Branch Report 1987 SOIL INVENTORY SECTION digital data base for a 1:1 million map of the world was prepared as the Canadian Mapping contribution to this project, which is being organized by the International Soil Reference Soil landscapes 1:1 million scale. This is a and Information Centre, Wageningen, the long-term project to compile a map of the soil Netherlands. A procedures manual to be used landscapes of the whole country at a scale of for a number of pilot projects was also 1:1 million. The maps are being digitized into prepared. One pilot project, covering part of CanSIS, and each area on the map (polygon) is southern Saskatchewan, compiled information described by a standard set of attributes stored according to this international data base. in computer files. New mapping was com- pleted in southern British Columbia (45 Interpretations million hectares), Newfoundland-Labrador Interpretation studies and systems. The (21 million hectares), and southern Yukon section conducts studies that promote the (7 million hectares). Unpublished information scientific assessment of soil and land for has already been used for future land use various forms of land use. Some of these analysis in the prairies. Further requests have studies are linked to a particular survey, been received from Ontario Hydro for soil whereas others are independent and help conditions along transmission lines and from develop assessment systems that ensure Canadian Forestry Service for soil data to consistent results across the country. match the national forestry inventory. All published soil surveys contain interpre- Detailed regional and local surveys. These tations for agricultural land uses. In addition, surveys are conducted at the request of and in individual studies include suitability of organ- cooperation with provincial Ministries of ic soils for vegetable crops in Newfoundland, Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Environ- forest site evaluation in northern Ontario, an ment. They research complex environmental assessment of deep plowing for the ameliora- relationships to guide agricultural land tion of Solonetzic soils in Saskatchewan, and management and planning, but their results agricultural capability ratings based on are also applied to urban fringe planning, revised climatic information in the Peace River forestry, and wildlife management. Mapping District of British Columbia. Three inter- scales vary from 1:100000 to 1:20000 (survey pretive systems were also produced. One of intensity levels 4,3, and 2). these, Land capability classification for arable This year field mapping has been completed agriculture in Alberta, was published. The in the areas of Musgravetown-Lethbridge, other two, for agronomic interpretations of Nfld. (2000 hal; Woodstock-Florenceville, N.B. organic soils and selected forestry interpreta- (8400 hal; Rouville County, Que. (13000 hal; tions, were compiled for review. Elgin County, Onto (88000 hal; Duck Mountain, Man. (130000 hal; rural Correlation municipalities of Rhineland, North Norfolk, Regional correlation. The results of field and Victoria, Man. (88600 hal; Melfort, Wood mapping and manuscripts of results to be Mountain, and Cypress Hills, Sask. (1.2 published as soil reports are reviewed to ensure million hectares); Pincher Creek, Alta. (20 000 they meet national standards. Reviews of 13 hal; and St. Paul, Alta. (84000 hal; and field projects were completed in the Prairie Whitehorse, Y.T. (55000 hal. Provinces, Quebec, Atlantic Provinces, and the In addition, scientists in the Soil Inventory Yukon. Six manuscripts of soil reports were Section have supervised contract surveys also reviewed. usually done under the Economic Regional Development Agreement (ERDA) or the Correlation studies. Applied research Agricultural Food Development Agreement studies are conducted to establish the (AFDA) in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, procedures followed by correlation. A study of Saskatchewan, Quebec, and the Yukon. The the accuracy of detailed surveys in British titles of maps published from these surveys are Columbia, Nova Scotia, and Quebec has shown listed under Publications. that mapped soils are sometimes described too narrowly. Traditionally, soil maps have I nternational soil resources map, 1:1 claimed 85% accuracy. With soils precisely million scale. The structure and contents of a defined, maps can appear to be inaccurate Land Resource Research Centre 237 when checked after fieldwork. Revised have been completely replaced by ARC-INFO measures and tests for accuracy are software. Soil maps are being converted to the recommended. Further correlation studies ARC portion. One hundred and nineteen maps include standardized soil description fact have been converted so far out of 800. The bal- sheets (Ontario), a study on the numerical ance is to be converted by March 1989. Using classification of soils (Quebec), and a map of this commercial software, data are now trans- the pedoclimatic zones ofN ewfoundland. ferable to other agencies, and so far informa- tion in machine-readable form has been trans- Paleosol research. Studies in cooperation ferred to four clients. The characteristics of with the Geological Survey of Canada have mapped soils are to be recorded in files in the shown that the morphology, chemistry, and INFO portion of the software. These files did mineralogy of soils in the unglaciated portion not exist in the old CanSIS system, and have of the Yukon are clearly related to the age of had to be created. A national working group land surfaces. A tour of some ofthese sites was has developed a standard data set to describe arranged for the XII INQUA Congress held in each soil, and the compilation of these files has Ottawa, August 1987, where two papers were begun. They, also, are scheduled for comple- also presented on this topic. tion in March 1989. Files from the old CanSIS system that form no part of the new one have Monitoring been moved into standard storage format. Soil temperature. Soil temperature within They include the Detail II profile descriptions and below the root zone has been measured at and the Wetlands file. They remain available regular intervals in various regions across the for consultation and additions, but will not be country, notably Manitoba, the Maritime developed further. Provinces, and the North. These results are now being incorporated into a revised Cartography classification of soil climate. Studies in the Printed maps and graphics. The Informa- North, especially along the Norman Wells tion Systems and Cartography Unit completed pipeline in cooperation with the Department of 29 soil map projects and three soil atlases for Indian and Northern Affairs, have shown that Agriculture Canada and 17 maps for Environ- any disturbance can significantly raise the soil ment Canada. Two mapping projects were temperature, leading to changes in the depth completed for Food Production and Inspection of active layers above permafrost. This can Branch. One showed the areas in Canada lead to erosion. vulnerable to groundwater contamination by Soil degradation. The Soil Inventory pesticides. The other was a map showing those Section has been cooperating in a number of areas in New Brunswick and Prince Edward projects dealing with soil degradation. Maps Island that are free from bacterial ring rot. showing the risk of erosion by water and wind Eight special projects were completed, and the degree and extent of soil salinity have including a large soil conservation display. A been prepared for the Prairie Provinces. In total of 375 miscellaneous projects such as addition, water erosion is being measured on figures and diagrams for papers, conference field plots in the Peace River District of British poster displays, and other visual aids were also Columbia and in southern Ontario, where completed. Seventeen new soil map projects studies are linked to the soil and water quality were started for Agriculture Canada and 14 for enhancement program. The Soil Inventory Environment Canada. Section is engaged in preliminary studies to CanSIS-ARC-INFO. The Information help plan a more comprehensive monitoring Systems and Cartography Unit is now very program. much a part of CanSIS, as the custodians of the map (ARC)and soil 238 Research Branch Report 1987 PUBLICATIONS De Kimpe, C.R.; Miles, N.M.; Kodama, H.; Dejou, J. 1987. Alteration of phologopite to Research corrensite at Sharbot lake, Ontario. Clays & Clay Miner. 35:150-158. Austin, L.B.; Schuepp, P.H.; Desjardins, R.L. 1987. The feasibility of using airborne CO2 De Kimpe, C.R.; Dejou, J.; Chevalier, Y. 1987. flux measurements for the imaging of the Evolution geochimique superficielle des rate of biomass production. Agric. For. pyronenites ignees du Mont-Saint-Bruno, Meteoro!. 39:13-23. Quebec. Can. J. Earth Sci. 24:760-770. Baldock, J.A.; Kay, B.D.; Schnitzer, M. 1987. De Kimpe, C.R.; Rivard, R. 1987. Effect of Influence of selected cropping treatments shale fragments on alfalfa growth under and aggregate size fractions on soil carbo- controlled conditions. Commun. Soil Sci. hydrates. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67:489-499. Plant Ana!. 18:803-814. Boisvert, J.; Dyer, J. 1987. Coefficient de sol Dinel, H.; Mathur, S.P.; Levesque, M. 1987. dans les modeles empiriques .de bilan Evidences of downward movement of partly hydrique. Can. Agric. Eng. 29:7-14. degraded materials in cultivated marsh Byler, D.M.; Gerasimowicz, W.V.; Susi, H.; soils on a dyked delta. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. Schnitzer, M. 1987. FTIR spectra of soil 51:384-386. constituents-fulvic acid and fulvic acid Dumanski, J.; Phipps, M.; Huffman, E. 1986. complex with ferric ions. App!. Spectrosc. A study of relationships between soil survey 41:1428-1430. data and agricultural land use using infor. Catroux, G.; Schnitzer, M. 1987. Chemical, mation theory. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67:95-102. spectroscopic and biological characteristics Dwyer, L.M.; Stewart, D.W.; Houwing, L.; of the organic matter in particle size Balchin, D. 1987. Response of strawberries fractions separated from an Aquol!. Soil to irrigation scheduling. Hort. Sci. Sci. Soc.Am.J. 51:1200-1207. 22(1 ):42-44. Culley, J.L.B.; Larson, W.E.; Allmaras, R.R.; Fox, C.A.; Trowbridge, R.; Tarnocai, C. 1987. Shaffer,M.J. 1987. Soilwaterregimesofa Classification, macromorphology and typic Haplaquoll under conventional and chemical characteristics ofFolisol soils from no tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. British Columbia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 51:1604-1610. 67:765-778. Culley, J.L.B.; Larson, W.E.; Randall, G.W. 1987. Physical properties of a typic Hayhoe, H.N.; Balchin, D. 1987. Automatic Haplaquoll under conventional and no retrieval of agrometeorological data using a tillage. Soil Sci. Soc.Am. J. 51:1587-1593. microcomputer and radio telemetry. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2:129-134. Culley, J.L.B.; Patni, N.K. 1987. Soil compac- tion from liquid manure tanker traffic. Hayhoe, H.N.; Bootsma, A.; Dwyer, L.M. 1987. Trans. ASAE (Am. Soc. Agric. Eng.). Monitoring and analysis of soil temperature 30:1214--1218. regimes for soil climate classification. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67:667-678. Curtin, D.; Huang, P,M.; Rostad, H.P.W. 1987. Components and particle size distribution Kiss, J.J.; de Jong, E.; Rostad, H.P.W. 1986. of soil titratable acidity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. An assessment of soil erosion in West- J.51:332-336. Central Saskatchewan using Cesium.137. Can. J. Soil Sci. 66:592-600. Dasog, G.S.; Acton, D.F.; Mermut, A.R. 1987. Genesis and classification of clay soils with Kodama, H.; Jaakkimainen, M.; Ducourneau, vertic properties in Saskatchewan. Soil Sci. R. 1987. A multi-sample holder assembly Soc.Am.J. 51:1243-1250. for the Quantasorb surface area analyzer. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67:709-713. Dasog, G.S.; Mermut, A.R.; Acton, D.F. 1987. Micromorphology and sub microscopy of Lamontagne, L.; Camire, C. 1987. Soil analy- illuviated mineral particles in boreal clay sis and numerical classification of the soils of Saskatchewan, Canada. Geoderma Lanoraie Delta, Quebec. Can. J. Soil Sci. 40:193-208. 67:417-432. Land Resource Research Centre 239 Mathur, S.P.; Belanger, A. 1987. The in- Topp, G.C.; Zebchuk, W.D. 1988. Discussion fluence of variation in soil copper on the on "The effect of auger hole diameter yield and nutrition of carrots grown in changes on hydraulic conductivity mea- microplots on two organic soils. Commun. surements" - reply. Can. Agric. Eng. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 18:615-624. 30:191-192. Nelson, S.D. 1987. Rooting and subsequent Tossell, R.W.; Dickinson, W.T.; Rudra, R.P.; growth of woody ornamental softwood cut- Wall, G.J. 1987. A portable rainfall ting treated with endomycorrhizal inocu- simulator. Can. Agric. Eng. 29:155-162. lum. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 112:263-266. Valentine, K.W.G.; King, R.H.; Dormaar, J.F.; Page, F.; De Kimpe, C.R. 1987. Nature des Wreeken, W.J.; Tarnocai, C.; Kimpe, C.R.; composes ferrugineux et alumineux dans Harris, S.A. 1987. Some aspects of les horizons B podozoliques de sols du Quaternary soils in Canada. Can. J. Soil Quebec en relation avec la presence d'une Sci. 67:221-247. nappe phreatique. Science Sol 25:145-159. Wang, C.; Schuppli, P.A.; Ross, G.J. 1987. Hy- Preston, C.M.; Schnitzer, M. 1987. 13CNMR droxylamine and ammonium oxalate of humic substances: pH and solvent effects. solutions as extractants for Si, Al and Fe J. Soil Sci. 38:667-678. from Spodosols and Spodo-like soils. Preston, C.M.; Shipitalo, S.-E.; Dudley, R.L.; Geoderma 40:345-355. Fyfe, C.A.; Mathur, S.P.; Levesque, M. Wires, K.C.; Sheldrick, B.H. 1987. An im- 1987. Comparison of 13CCPMAS NMR and proved soil sampling procedure for micro- chemical techniques for measuring the morphological studies. Can. J. Soil Sci. degree of decomposition in virgin and 67:693~95. cultivated peat profiles. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67:187-198. Wires, K.C.; Zebchuk, W.D.; Topp, G.C. 1987. Pore volume changes in structured Reynolds, W.D.; Elrick, D.E. 1987. A labora- silt-loam soil during drying. Can. J. Soil tory and numerical assessment of the Sci. 67:905-917. Guelph permeameter method. Soil Sci. 144:282-299. Schnitzer, M.; Preston, C.M. 1987. Supercri- Miscellaneous tical gas extraction ofa soil with solvents of Boisvert, J.B.; Dwyer, L.M. 1987. L'infor- increasing polarities. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. mati que au service de l'irrigation. Con- 51:639~46. ference presentee Ie 13 novembre 1987 dans Schuepp, P.H.; Desjardins, R.L.; MacPherson, Ie cadre de la journee d'information sur la J.I.; Boisvert, J.; Austin, J.B. 1987. pomme de terre. Conseil des productions Airborne determination of regional water vegetales du Quebec. Agdex 161, pp. 77-87. use efficiency and evapotranspiration: Coen, G.M., ed. 1987. Soil survey handbook Present capabilities and initial field tests. vol. l./Manuel de prospections pedologiques Agric. For. Meteorol. 41:1-9. vol. 1. Expert Committee on Soil Survey. Sen Tran, T.; Tabi, M.; De Kimpe, C.R. 1987. Land Resource Research Centre, Ottawa. Relation du potassium extrait par EUF et Agric. Can. Tech. Bull. 1987-9E/1987-9F. quelques methodes chimiques avec les 133 pp. proprietes du sol et Ie rendement des De Kimpe, C.R. 1987. Caracterisation mine- plantes. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67:17-31. ralogique et chimique des podzols. Pages Sojo, D.E.; Zienius, R.H.; Langford, C.H.; 45~3 in La podzolisation des sols. Cahiers Gamble, D.S. 1987. Direct evidence of a de I'ACFAS 54. non ion exchange component for the total Desjardins, R.L.; Mack, A.R.; MacPherson, J .1.; binding of paraquat to humic acid at pH Schuepp, P.H; 1987. Characterizing crop 3.00. Environ. Technol. Lett. 8:159-166. conditions using airborne CO2 flux Tam, A.C.; Behki, R.M.; Khan, S.U. 1987. Iso- measurements and Landsat-D MSS data. lation and characterization of an s-ethyl- Pages 97-100 in Proceedings of 18th N,N-dipropylthiocarbamate degradation. Conference on Agricultural and Forestry Applied Environ. Microbiol. 53:1088-1093. Meteorology, West Lafayette, Ind. 240 Research Branch Report 1987 Dumanski, J. 1987. Towards a soil conserva- Mahaney, W.C.; Rees, H.W.; Rutter, N.W.; tion strategy for Canada. Pages 1-214 in Smith, S.; Tedrowa, J.C.F. 1987. Holocene Anderson, D.W., ed. In search of soil soils in Canada: A review. Pages 221-230 conservation strategies in Canada. Univ. in Quarternary Science Reviews, Vol. 6. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. Pergamon Journals Ltd., Great Britain. Dumanski, J.; MacDonald, K.B.; Huffman, E. Pettapiece, W.W., ed. 1987. Land capability 1987. Advances in research in quantitative classification for arable agriculture in land evaluation in Canada. Pages 1-165 in Alberta (1987). Alberta Soils Advisory Beek, K.J.; Burrough, P.A.; McCormack, Committee, Alberta Agriculture, 103 pp., D.E., eds. Quantified land evaluation 5 maps. procedures. ITC Publ. 6, Enschede, The Morison, S.R.; Smith, C.A.S., eds. 1987. Quat- Netherlands. ernary research in Yukon. Excursion guide Hayhoe, H.N.; Mukerji, M.K. 1987. Influence book A.20 XII INQUA Congress, Ottawa, of snowcover on soil temperature in the bio- Canada. National Research Council of logically active zone. Pages 45-48 in 11th Canada, Ottawa. 110 pp. International Congress of Biometeorology Ross, G.J.; Kodama, H. 1987. Layer charge Proceedings, 13-18 September 1987, West characteristics of expandable clays from Lafayette, Ind. American Meteorological soils. Pages 355-370 in XIII Congress of the Society, Boston, Mass. International Society of Soil Science, Vol. 5. Holowath, P.B.; Eilers, W.D. 1987. Water Rostad, H.P.W.; de Gooijer, H.C.; Anderson, quality survey of West Central A.J. 1987. pH of Saskatchewan soils. Sask. Saskatchewan. Sask. Inst. Pedol. Publ. Inst. Pedol. Publ. M84, Univ. of Saskatche. M81, Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. wan, Saskatoon, 4 pp., brochure with map. Khan, S.U.; Dupont, S. 1987. Bound pesticide Rutherford, S.; Dumanski, J. 1987. Summary residues and their bioavailability. Pages and results of the workshops. Pages 1-214 417-420 in Proceedings ofthe International in Anderson, D.W., ed. In search of soil Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. conservation strategies in Canada. Univ. Kozak, L.M.; Farkas, S.G.; Stewart, J.W.B. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. 1986. Analyses of soil samples taken from Saskatchewan Soil Survey. 1986. The soils of the vicinity of the PCS Mining-Rocanville the Montmartre rural municipality no. 126. Division Refinery. Sask. Inst. Pedol. Publ. Sask. Inst. Pedol. Pub!' S204, Univ. M79, Univ. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. Levesque, M.; Dinel, H.; Lord, T.; Lortie, G. Saskatchewan Soil Survey. 1986. The soils of 1987. The characterization of organic soils the Francis rural municipality no. 127. developed on peat and limnic materials in Sask. Inst. Pedol. Pub!' S205, Univ. British Columbia. Agric ..Can. Tech. Bull. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. 1987-5E.50pp. Shields, J.A. 1987. Canadian generalized soil Levesque, M.; Mathur, S.P. 1987. Un systeme landscape mapping project. Pages 48-59 in d'interpretation de la valeur agronomique Proceedings of an international workshop des sols organiques. Pages 50-64 in Nolin, on the structure of a digital international M.C.; Melanc;on, M., eds. Interpretation soil resources map annex data base. Inter. agronomique des donnees pedologiques. national Soil Reference and Information Ministere d'Agriculture, Pecheries et Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Alimentation, Quebec. 20-24 January 1986. MacPherson, J.I.; Desjardins, R.L.; Schuepp, Shields, J.A. 1987. Report on legend working P.H. 1986. Gaseous exchange measure- group. Pages 4-6 in Final report of ad hoc ments using aircraft-mounted sensors. expert group meeting on feasibility and Pages 128-131 in Proceedings of Sixth methodology of global soil degradation as- Symposium Meteorological Observations sessment. United Nations Environmental and Instrumentation, New Orleans. Program, Nairobi, Kenya, 18-22 May. Land Resource Research Centre 241 Shields, J.A.; Coote, D.R. 1987. Page 205 in Committee, Canadian Forestry Service, SOTER procedures manual for small map Petawawa National Forestry Institute, and data base compilation including Chalk River, Onto proposed procedures for interpretation of Topp, G.C. 1987. The application of time- soil degradation status and risk. Prepared domaine reflectometry (TOR) to soil water under contract to International Soil content measurement. Pages 85-93 in Reference and Information Centre, Proceedings of International Conference on Wageningen, The Netherlands. Measurement of Soil and Plant Water Smit, 8.; Brklacich, M.; Dumanski, J.; Status. Vol. 1. Logan, Utah. MacDonald, K.B.; Miller, M. 1986. Valentine, K.W.G. 1986. Soil resource surveys Integral land evaluation and its application for forestry. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press. to policy (abridged version). Soil Surv. 147 pp. Land Eval. 6(3):99-113. Stonehouse, H.B. 1987. Soils tour for Saskat- Valentine, K.W.G.; Watt, W.; Bedwany, A.L. chewan. Assessment authority. 35 pp. Soil 1987. Soils of the Taseko Lakes area, and road maps. British Columbia. Report 36, British Columbia Soil Survey, Research Branch, Tarnocai, C. 1987. Quaternary soils. Pages Agriculture Canada, Ottawa. 131 pp. 16-23 in Morison, S.R.; Smith, C.A.S., eds. Maps. Guidebook to Quaternary research in Yukon. XII INQUA Congress, Ottawa, Van Vliet, L.J.P.; Green, A.J.; Kenney, E.A. Canada. National Research Council of 1987. Soils of the Gulf Islands of British Canada, Ottawa. Columbia. Vol. I, Soils of Salts pring Island, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Tarnocai, C. 1987. The 1:1 million scale soil Ottawa. 136 pp. landscape maps and data base: Their potential for evaluating forest productivity. Weil, C.; Wires, K.C.; Natho-Jina, S. 1987. Pages 112-118 in Proceedings of the 12th Mole drainage in eastern Ontario. Ont. meeting of the Canadian Forest Inventory Minist. Agric. Food Rep. 2. 242 Research Branch Report 1987 Plant Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario PROFESSIONAL STAFF W. Baier, Diplomlandwirt, Dr.Agr., M.Sc. Director J.-M. Deschenes, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Deputy Director, Research R. Porteous Assistant Director. Operations C. McCarthy Administrative Officer Genetic Engineering W.A. Keller, B.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Cell genetics D.C.W. Brown, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Developmental physiology S. Gleddie, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cell genetics B.L.A. Miki, B.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular genetics S.J. Molnar, B.Sc., Ph.D. Cell genetics R. Pandeya, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Quantitative genetics Cytogenetics G. Fedak, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Cereal cytology K.C. Armstrong, B.S.A., Ph.D. Brome cytology and chromosome banding I.L. Craig,l B.A. Hordeum cytology J.A. Simmonds, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal tissue culture Stress Physiology C.J. Andrews, B.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Winter survival of cereals H.J. Hope, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Mechanisms offrost resistance W.M.S. Orr, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Tissue culture A. Picman, M.Sc., Ph.D. Phytochemistry M.K. Pomeroy, B.Sc., M.Sco,Ph.D. Lipid biochemistry E.Fo Schneider, B.Sc., M.Sco,Ph.D. Snow mold damage Jo Singh, B.Sco,Ph.Do Gene expression Mycotoxins R. Greenhalgh, BoSc.,Ph.D. Head of Section; Analytical and natural product chemistry BoA.Blackwell, BoSc.,M.Sco,Ph.D. Biospectroscopy J.D. Miller, B.Sc., MoSc.,Ph.D. Fungal physiology MoE.Savard,2 BoSco,M.Sc., Ph.D. Natural product chemistry J.C. Young,3 B.Sc., MoSco,Ph.Do Analytical and natural products chemistry Plan t Pathology RoC.Sinha, B.Sc., M.Sco,Ph.D., Head of Section; Virus and mycoplasma vector D.Sc., F.R.S.C. relationships L.N. Chiykowski, B.SoAo,M.Sco,Ph.D. Leafhopper- transmi tted mycoplasmas Y.CoPaliwal, BoS.A., M.Sco,Ph.D. Aphid- and mite-transmitted viruses Plant Research Centre 243 Nitrogen Fixation L.R. Barran, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Rhizobium ecological genetics L.M. Benzing-Purdie,4 B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Carbohydrate chemistry E.S.P. Bromfield, 8.Sc., Ph.D. Rhizobium ecology Y.K. Chan, B.Sc., Ph.D. Rhizobium physiology F.D.H. Macdowall, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Legume physiology R.W. Miller, B.Sc., Ph.D. Rhizobium and legume physiology R.J. Watson, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Rhizobium genetics R.G.L. Wheatcroft, M.A., D.Phil. Rhizobium genetics Entomology D.G. Harcourt, B.S.A., Ph.D., F.E.S.C. Head of Section; Population dynamics and integrated pest management J .C. Guppy, B.S.A., M.S. Population dynamics C.C. Loan, B.A., M.S., Ph.D. Parasite-host relationships F. Meloche, B.Sc., M.Sc. Integrated pest management Cereal Crops V.D. Burrows, 8.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Oat breeding J. Fregeau, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Crop physiology R.G. Fulcher, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Morphogenetics and grain quality M.J. Morrison,S B.Sc. Integrated crop management K.M. Ho, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Barley breeding D.R. Sampson, 8.Sc., A.M., Ph.D. Wheat breeding W.L. Seaman, B.Sc., Ph.D. Wheat pathology Forage Crops R.I. Hamilton, B.Sc., M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Corn breeding P.K. Basu, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant disease A.T. Bolton, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Corn pathology M.A. Faris,6 B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Legume breeding A.R. McElroy, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Grass breeding H.D. Voldeng, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soybean breeding Plant Gene Resources of Canada B. Fraleigh, D.E.D.G., M.Sc., D.T.C. Acting Head of Section Electron Microscopy Service R.C. Sinha, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., Head of Section D.Sc., F.R.C.S. G.H. Haggis, B.Sc., Ph.D. Electron microscopy Honorary Research Associates D. Siminovitch, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.C.S. Frost hardiness F. Svejda, Ph.D. Plant breeding I.L. Stevenson, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Microbiology Scientists on Contract M.Dijak, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cell genetics J. Hattori, B.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular genetics 244 Research Branch Report 1987 C.V. Phan, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cell genetics D.H. Simmonds, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cell genetics T.C. Ta, 8.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biochemistry VISITING SCIENTISTS M.Asrat Tissue culture Ethiopia J.-Z. Deng Resistance to Fusarium sp. People's Republic of China J. Gabard, B.Sc., M.Sc. Molecular genetics France P.K. Gupta, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Cereal cytogenetics India M. Hassin, B.Sc., Ph.D. Rhizobium physiology Egypt M. Mahoud, B.Sc., Ph.D. Legume physiology Egypt Y. Ohkawa, B.Sc., Ph.D. Cell genetics Japan D.Ou.he Soybean breeding People's Republic of China N. Ramaswany, 8.Sc., Ph.D. Experimental haploidy India G. Shan, B.S.A. Soybean breeding People's Republic of China Z.-P. Tao Virus-mycoplasma interactions People's Republic of China P. Walton, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Developmental physiology Canada Y.-Z. Wang Resistance to Fusarium sp. People's Republic of China H.Yi Plant gene resources People's Republic of China 8. Yoo, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular genetics Canada Visiting Fellows, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council S. Blakeley, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular biology Z. Fan, 8.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cell genetics M. Gines, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular genetics S.M. Hemmingsen, B.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular genetics P.N. Kuriyan, 8.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Rhizobium genetics A. Laroche, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Freezingtolerance-geneexpression H. Le, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal tissue culture D. McCrae, B.Sc., Ph.D. Biochemistry P. Pechan, 8.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Developmental physiology Plant Research Centre 245 V. Rastogi, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetics R. Rutledge, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular genetics S.J. Symons, B.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal quality N. Thurman, B.Sc., Ph.D. Rhizobium ecology Graduate students E. Armstrong, B.Sc. Cereal quality A.C. Bonfils, B.Sc. Cell genetics P. Charest, B.Sc., M.Sc. Molecular genetics F. Cosette, B.Sc., M.Sc. Cereal cytogenetics J. DeMoor, B.Sc., M.Sc. Molecular genetics D.A. Fielder, B.Sc. Mycotoxin chemistry C. Germain, B.Sc., M.Sc. Cereal quality K. Gibney, B.Sc., M.Sc. Developmental physiology G. Hoekstra, B.Sc., M.Sc. Oat genetics K. Hovey, B.Sc. Cell genetics J.E. Kendall, B.Sc. Biosynthesis R. Langis, B.Sc. Cereal quality R. Martin, B.Sc., M.Sc. Agronomy S.S. Miller, B.Sc., M.Sc. Cereal quality L.A. Morrisson, B.Sc. Mycotoxin chemistry V.B. Pentyala, B.Sc., M.Sc. Developmental physiology T. Reich, B.Sc., M.Sc. Molecular genetics A. Plourde, B.S.A., M.Sc. Cereal cytogenetics G. Saindon, B.S.A., M.Sc. Soybean genetics D.Y. Shafhauser, B.Sc. Mycotoxin chemistry A. Sproule, B.Sc. Cell genetics T. Villegas, B.Sc., M.Sc. Developmental physiology 1 On leave to Professional Institute of the Public Service. 2 Appointed August 1987. 3 Seconded to Health, Safety and Security Division, Personnel Branch. 4 Seconded to Priorities and Strategies Directorate. 5 Appointed March 1984;on educational leave. 6 Seconded to a Canadian International Development Agency ,CIDAl program in Egypt. 246 Research Branch Report 1987 INTRODUCTION In 1987 the Plant Research Centre (PRC) developed an R&D strategic plan that outlines its mandate and research directions for the next 5-10 years. Three research programs, each headed by a program chairperson, were established: biotechnology, plant breeding and management, and plant-microbe interactions. Given the existing scientific expertise, resources, and facilities, PRC is establishing multidisciplinary teams that will focus their efforts on long-term strategically oriented research. A unique opportunity exists for a very productive integration of upstream research with applied research at the commodity level. Past and proposed research activities were reviewed by external review panels in 1987. Their recommendations are being considered in the light of the new Research Branch directions in developing several establishment studies. The integral role of biotechnology across the programs is significant. The utilization of emerging technologies is common to all program elements and is viewed as crucial to Canada's long-term strategic efforts to develop superior crop products for both domestic and export markets. Notable research achievements in 1987 include the release of one soybean cultivar, one alfalfa cultivar, and nine corn hybrids; the establishment of technology to produce transgenic plants of canola <8rassica napus) by co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens; the demonstration that gene products induced at lowtemperature in cold-tolerant wild species ofCruciferae are similar to those of Brassica crop species; the identification of wheat and corn germ plasm exhibiting tolerance to mycotoxin-producing Fusarium; the development of a method to isolate intact bacteroids of Rhizobium for biochemical and genetic studies; a parasitic European wasp Dacnusa dryas (Nixon) reduced to subeconomic levels the number ofalfalfa blotch leafminer. A remarkable feature of PRC is the extensive collaboration with industry, universities, provinces, and other national as well as international research organizations. This is reflected in the number of visiting scientists (13), visiting fellows (13), graduate students (22), and major collaborative research contracts with the industry and provinces (6). Finally, six biotechnology related workshops involving public and private sector participants were held in PRC in 1987. PRC houses the National Office of Plant Gene Resources of Canada (PGRC). which is responsible for the preservation and exchange of genetic resources. Approximately 82000 seed samples are currently stored. The PGRC supplies Canadian plant breeders with genetic resources, acts as repository for genetic resources developed in Canada, and plays a significant role in the international network ofgene resource exchanges. PRC is also responsible for the management ofthe entire Central Experimental Farm (500 hal, which includes the campus, arboretum, and ornamental gardens, and provides numerous services such as the indoor growth facilities, the vehicle fleet, campus security, assets management, and technical support. This report summarizes only some of the more important research activities in 1987. Further information can be obtained from the publications listed at the end of this report. Reprints of the research publications and copies of this report are available on request from the Plant Research Centre, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Onto KIA OC6;Tel. (613) 995-3700. Wolfgang Baier Director GENETIC ENGINEERING somatic embryos per gram of input tissue could be regenerated in 35 days; this system is being evaluated as a tissue culture propagation Developmental plant physiology method for hybrid seed production. Genotype selection, culture conditions, and The initiation and development of somatic donor tissue pretreatment were manipulated to embryos in petiole-derived callus of alfalfa optimize the production of somatic embryos in (Medicago sativa L.) was optimized by medium 35-50 days and is now being utilized in direct component manipulation. More than 50 000 gene transfer studies. Plant Research Centre 247 Experimental haploidy cytoplasmic male sterility in B. nap us was studied by in organello mitochondrial protein A detailed study of the early cellular synthesis; preliminary results revealed changes during the induction ofembryogenesis mitochondrial protein differences between in isolated microspores of Brassica napus L. sterile and fertile lines. revealed that the process of induction occurred A project aimed at transferring frost within the first few hours of culture of tolerance from Solanum lycopersicoides into microspores at the late uninucleate and early the cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum binucleate stages of development. A genotype by protoplast fusion was initiated; cell of B. juncea (L.) Czerniak. that consistently suspensions of various tomato genotypes were produced embryos from isolated microspore initiated and methodology for protoplast cultures was identified and experiments were isolation and culture established. initiated to increase the frequency of Protoplasts isolated from leaves of several embryogenesis. Bud pretreatment by gamma Nicotiana species that had been transformed irradiation was shown to substitute for high with antibiotic resistant genes were cultured in temperature treatment in the induction of em- a range of antibiotic concentrations. Proto- bryogenesis in Brassica microspore cultures. plasts from transgenic plants demonstrated significantly increased tolerance to the Somatic cell genetics appropriate antibiotics, thereby establishing a Two cell lines resistant to the herbicide potential new approach for selecting somatic chlorsulfuron were selected from mutagenized hybrids. microspore cultures of B. napus 'Topas'. Biochemical analyses provided evidence for Plant molecular genetics the presence of a resistant enzyme system; plant regeneration experiments were initiated. The production of transgenic canola (B. An Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. plant napus) by Agrobacterium-mediated transfor- demonstrating potential resistance to the mation was accomplished and genetic analyses herbicide glufosinate was selected from completed. The transgenic plants were fully mutagenized seeding populations. fertile and morphologically indistinguishable Morphological and biochemical analyses of from normal canola plants. Transgenic tobacco somatic hybrids between B. napus L. and lines were also produced by Agrobacterium- Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss. were mediated transformation. Genes isolated from continued and the inheritance of organelles Arabidopsis were reconstructed and among these hybrids was followed by introduced into tobacco. Selective herbicide chloroplast DNA restriction analysis and resistance and cross resistance to a number of mitochondrial protein analysis. other herbicides was achieved. The genetic Cell cultures of wild cruciferous species, engineering of herbicide resistance in canola including flixweed Wescurainia sophia (L.), was undertaken. stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.), shepherd's- High levels of mammalian metallothionein purse (Capseila bursa-pastoris (L.», and were expressed in turnip (B. campestris L.) Arabidopsis thaliano L., were established and plants, using cauliflower mosaic virus vectors. protoplast isolation and culture methodology Analyses ofcadmium (Cd) binding showed that developed for application to somatic expression was associated with the complete hybridization studies. Plant regeneration was depletion of free Cd in the infected plants. consistently achieved from cell cultures of A. Strategies for employing this gene for crop thalia no, thereby offering a new approach for protection to heavy metal pollutants are being achieving transformation in this important explored. model species. Molecular genetic analysis of cereals using Experiments to transfer mitochondria restriction fragment length polymorphisms between Brassica species by microinjection was initiated collaboratively. Ribosomal DNA were continued. Intracytoplasmic micro- showed polymorphism in barley and 24 related injection of B. napus 'Jet Neuf protoplasts was wild Hordeum species, establishing five groups achieved and injected protoplasts divided to of phylogenetically related species and demon- produce colonies. The biochemical basis of strating the uniqueness ofH. bulbosum L. 248 Research Branch Report 1987 CYTOGENETICS a straightened form greatly aided in the identification ofthe banded chromosomes. Cereal cytogenetics The nucleolus organizers (NORsJ of Thinopyrum distichum (Thunb.J Love A genetic system is present in hexaploid (2n = 28) are suppressed in the amphiploid of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.J that restricts Triticum durum X T. distichum. Silver chromosome pairing to homologues and thus nitrate-staining demonstrated a maximum of prevents pairing of homoeologous chromo- only four nucleoli and giemsa C-banding in- somes in wheat itself or in intergeneric hy- dicated that these were formed by chromosome brids. The diploidizing system is oppositional 18 and 68 of wheat. In situ hybridization with in nature, having both genes that promote the ribosomal DNA probe pTa 71 followed by pairing and others that suppress pairing. With backcross analysis has shown that only one of the exception of the Ph locus on chromosome the seven addition lines with T. distichum 58, the other factors with minor effects are will be identifiable with the probe. spread over numerous chromosomes. Some diploid species such as rye (Secale cereale L.J Developmental biology have genetic mechanisms that suppress the meiotic pairing control system of wheat. The Environmental treatments of wheat donor chiasmata frequencies were studied in the plants were shown to influence the androgenic progeny obtained from pollinating wheat response of cultured anthers. Maintaining cultivar Chinese Spring with F 1 populations donor plants at low temperatures (10° day-5°C from Petkus X Prolific rye and Prolific X night), for 4 weeks prior to the isolation of Puma rye. In the former populations the chias- anthers, resulted in a substantial increase in mata frequencies indicated a segregation for yield of embryogenic calli and also allowed a genes with major effects, possibly acting in a wider range of genotypes to respond to in vitro complementary fashion. The progeny from the induction. second cross showed a continuous distribution, Methodology was established for isolating indicating meiotic pairing being affected by protoplasts from wheat cell suspension cui. numerous genes with minor effects. Thus the tures. Fast-cycling cultures were selected from genetic control of meiotic chromosome pairing somatic and microspore-derived calli of both in the two cultivars was quite different. Five winter and spring cultivars. spontaneous partial amphiploids with chromo- Spike development can now be studied and some numbers 2n = 35,36,36,38, and 41 were modified under in vitro conditions. Spikes con- obtained from the same wheat and F 1 rye taining florets at the stage of initiation offloral hybridizations. The origin of these amphi- primordia were cultured until the completion ploids was attributed to duplication of a of floral development. Microsporogenesis portion of the wheat complement after occurred under in vitro conditions and mature fertilization. pollen was isolated from the anthers. Molecular cytogenetics STRESS PHYSIOLOGY Giemsa karyotypes for three accessions of Hordeum chilense Rhoem & Schult. from South America were described. The seven Biotec hnology chromosomes of all three accessions could be Wild species of the Cruciferae family were identified on the basis oflength, arm ratio, and screened for their ability to develop freezing distribution and strength of giemsa tolerance with the eventual objective of gene C-banding. At least five pairs could not be transfer into the cultivated species. Leaves of identified without the aid of C-banding. The Descurainia sophia (f1ixweed), Thlaspi arvense three accessions were not identical in (stinkweed), Barbarea vulgaris (yellow rocket), C-banding pattern. Each chromosome showed and Arabidopsis thaliana were all able to polymorphism for C-bands, particularly termi- develop freezing tolerance; flixweed was the nal bands and to a lesser extent interstitial most hardy. Induction of polypeptides of 15, bands. However, the similarities still allowed 20, and 27 kD was observed during hardening the identification of homoeologous chromo- in Arabidopsis, flixweed, and Brassica napus. somes in the various accessions. An image These polypeptides may be associated with the analysis program that printed chromosomes in cold-hardening process in the Cruciferae. Plant Research Centre 249 Embryos were successfully obtained from planting of winter wheat once again allowed isolated microspores of a winter Brassica greater survival of soft white wheats under nap us 'Jet Neuf. Freezing tolerance was severe ice encasement conditions. induced in these embryos by a combination of low temperature (2°C) and abscisic acid (5 X Diseases 10-5 An, whereas embryos derived from Topas A number of species of Typhula were (a spring type) were unable to develop freezing demonstrated to be snow mold organisms, tolerance under similar treatment. The which reduce winter survival of overwintering potential for using the ability of embryos to cereals. Three species of Typhula were tested cold harden as a test for screening freezing- for their ability to colonize nonliving host tolerant genotypes of winter Brassica is under substrates and it was shown that all three can investigation. behave saprophytically on field and A project was initiated to investigate lipid greenhouse plant tissue. These three common biosynthesis during the early stages of pathogens as first colonizers can dominate the development of microspore-derived embryos of substrate to the extent of inhibiting penetra- Brassica sp. Changes in culture conditions tion by other soil-borne fungi. They can also markedly affected growth and development of compete successfully for substrate precolonized embryos, but they generally did not by other saprophytic fungi. In total, the three significantly alter fatty acid composition ofthe Typhula species can compete successfully in storage lipids. Major changes in fatty acid both the soil environment and in host tissues profiles were observed during the early stages for the nutritional base required for sclerotial of embryogenesis. In the zero erucic acid cul- development. tivar, Topas, fatty acid composition of embryos The severity of pathogenesis induced by remained relatively constant after 14 days in strains of barley yellow dwarf virus 250 Research Branch Report 1987 resistant cultivars can limit the effects of the Some 31 minor metabolites have been trichothecene mycotoxins. The in vitro test for isolated from Fusarium sporotrichioides. They Fusarium head blight resistance has been used include a number of apotrichothecene deriva- to demonstrate that in the F3 progeny of a tives. Although these compounds are not toxic, toxin-tolerant resistant cultivar and a interest in them stems from the fact that some toxin-intolerant susceptible cultivar some of are common to the other Fusarium species the progeny are resistant. examined in our studies. Hydroxyapotricho- New work has been done on Fusarium thecene was found to readily undergo graminearum disease in corn. Suspension rearrangement and oxidation in ethyl acetate cultures of a number of inbreds were derived to give six compounds, which have been through tissue culture and the effects of F. detected in the crude fungal extract by gas graminearum metabolites on protein synthesis chromatography-selected ion monitoring but studied. Field tests of 26 inbreds and 26 not previously isolated. Enniatins were hybrids for resistance to maize ear rot was isolated from the mycelium of Fusarium done and there was a correlation between in avenacium. The ability of other Fusarium vitro response of suspension cultures to toxins species to produce these mycotoxins is being and the field data. assessed, and the possibility of their presence Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has in animal feed determined. The enniatins are been used to determine the absolute config- known to be phytotoxic. uration of the trichothecenes and other sesquiterpenes produced by Fusarium species, with a view to understanding the specific PLANT PATHOLOGY structural configurations associated with their toxicity. IH NMR of 36 natural and synthetic Mycoplasma diseases trichothecenes were studied and correlated with their conformation. The data showed that Transmission of the eastern peach X myco- the trichothecene molecules adopt the most plasma (PXM) by Paraphlepsius irroratus was stable conformation in solution. Nuclear affected by age of plant, length of inoculation Overhauser effect difference spectra were also access period, and inoculation host species. In used to establish the stereochemistry of the host range studies, 21 plant species in 10 sesquiterpene metabolites ring systems. families were shown to be new hosts of PXM, Trichothecenes have a cis-fused ring Nring B, bringing the total number of plants known to as opposed to those of sambucinol and be susceptible to 41 species in 15 families. apotrichothecene which are trans-fused rings. Infection of species in Boraginaceae, Approximately 400 mg of 14C-enriched Caryophyllaceae, Geraniaceae, Onagraceae, deoxynivalenol (DON) (0.94 llCi/mg) was and Gramineae constitutes the first report of prepared in collaboration with the Animal the susceptibility of these families to the Research Centre and is being used in both mycoplasma. The susceptibility of the family plant and animal studies. High radioactivity Gramineae may be of some significance in the was ensured by using enriched acetate as a epidemiology of peach-X disease because simple precursor in a large-scale fermentation grasses are often used as ground cover in of F. culmorum. orchards. Use ofa species that is susceptible to The detoxification of DON by plants via PXM and that is also a developmental host of conjugation was studied. Fatty acid (stearic, the vector could provide an important source of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic) esters and the disease inoculum. P. irroratus leafhoppers glucosides of DON were synthesized as were able to acquire and transmit the myco- possible contaminants of animal feed made plasma from a wide range of plant species, but from contaminated grains. The toxicity of the number of insects that became inoculative these compounds was determined and found to varied considerably both among plant species be 10-20 times less than that of DON. High- and among plants within a species. The performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) relative concentration of mycoplasma antigens analysis of DON-contaminated wheat showed in several herbaceous hosts, as determined by the presence of a DON glucoside. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), synthesis of other sugar conjugates of DON is was not always correlated with the capacity of being done. plants to serve as source hosts for mycoplasma Plant Research Centre 251 acquisition by the leafhoppers. The mean NITROGEN FIXATION incubation period of the mycoplasma in the leafhopper was temperature dependent, Ecology varying from 54 days at 21°C to 32 days at Research focused on the nature of 28°C. The transmission pattern by inoculative indigenous Rhizobium populations, a major leafhoppers following completion of the ecological constraint to the establishment of incubation period was erratic. Storing inoculant strains. Relative to four commercial infective leafhoppers at _70°Cwas shown to be strains, phage types representative of two an effective method of preserving PXM for 6 indigenous Rhizobium populations showed a years, the longest time tested. An Ottawa high level of effectiveness. On the basis of isolate ofPXM was less efficiently transmitted plasmid number and mass, 160 isolates by P. irroratus than was an isolate from comprising 45 and 48 types from both sites Harrow, Ont., but the difference was not were placed in 22 different groups with 17 and always significant. Injection of leafhoppers 13 groups from the respective sites. The with inoculum of the two isolates resulted in number of plasmids varied between one and the same level oftransmission, suggesting that five per isolate with molecular masses ranging the difference in transmission of the two from five MDa to considerably greater than 267 isolates was due to the effect of environmental MDa. Five isolates lacked a plasmid band with conditions and source plant species on mobility in agarose gels corresponding to that pathogen availability to the leafhopper. Direct of the megaplasmid band of reference strain R. ELISA tests of the two isolates indicated that meliloti SV47, but they showed instead a band they are closely related serologically. of much greater molecular mass. Phage types which were divided into plasmid groups solely Virus diseases on the basis of differences between isolates from each site may reflect adaptation of R. A survey of cocksfoot mild mosaic virus meliloti to their respective sites. Differences (CMMV) in 22 wheat fields in 13 counties of between isolates within certain phage types Ontario showed the virus to be present in 13 due to the presence or absence of a single fields in 10 counties with incidence ranging plasmid may have resulted from genetic from 3.5 to 19%. Wheat and triticale cultivars interchange between indigenous R. meliloti. were screened for their reaction to CMMV. There was no significant correlation between Thirteen of 18 winter wheats were susceptible plasmid number and mass and symbiotic (15-100% infectible plants) and five were effectiveness or phage sensitivity of the phage resistant (hypersensitive>' Six of 12 spring types from either site. wheats were susceptible and all four triticale Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes for cultivars tested were highly susceptible. common nodulation (nod), host specific nodu- CMMV infection in Augusta wheat and Tril- lation (hsn), and nitrogenase structural (nifl lium triticale plants caused delayed flowering genes hybridized to cryptic plasm ids of as well as a reduction in fertile tillers, plant indigenous R. meliloti. Of thirty phage types height, biomass, and kernel weight. tested, 15,4, and 1 contained cryptic plasmids A method for purifying subclover mottle that hybridized to the hsn, nif, and nod gene virus (SCMOV)was developed, using the plant probes, respectively. This is the first report of host Trigonella. A specific antiserum was reiterated symbiotic genes on cryptic plasmids prepared and two rapid diagnostic tests of R. meliloti, and the significance of this find- standardized. SCMOV showed no serological ing for symbiotic nitrogen fixation and nod- relationship to six other legume viruses except ulating competitiveness is being investigated. a one-way reactivity to lucerne transient streak virus. The ability of the viroid-like Rhizobium physiology and biochemistry ribonucleic acid (RNA) of SCMOV to undergo heterologous replication directed by southern A method was developed for the isolation of bean mosaic virus was established but the functionally intact bacteroids from alfalfa nod- pathogenicity modifying property was not ules. These bacteroids with respiration- detected on the hosts examined. supported nitrogenase activity were shown to 252 Research Branch Report 1987 utilize only trichloroacetic acid (TCA) cycle Alfalfa physiology and biochemistry dicarboxylic acids to generate a low potential Newly synthesized photosynthate is reductant required by the nitrogenase enzyme translocated to the nodules within 30 min and system. The bacteroids showed no detectable is preferentially utilized by the nodules, but megaplasmid but retained mega plasmid-borne stored carbon compensates in the dark and sequences. Bacteroid differentiation involved increases with successive growth cycles. CO2 structural and compositional alterations in the fixed in the nodules provided about 12% of the lipid bilayers of the cytoplasmic membrane. carbon required for nitrogen assimilation. CO 2 Transmembrane potentials of bacteroids were enrichment of the root environment did not 75 mV more negative than those offree-living increase symbiotically supported plant growth. R. meliloti cells. The terminal oxidase of the The pathway of nitrogen assimilation from bacteroids was altered and cytochrome a con- fixed nitrogen in nodules was not disturbed by tent of the respiratory membrane was greatly nitrate concentrations inhibitory to nodule reduced compared to free-living cells. The growth. The principal soluble product (up to adenylate energy charge factor of bacteroids 80%) of nitrogen assimilation is asparagine. and nodules increased as the temperature was Asparagine synthetase showed maximal lowered from 30 to 5°C. Purified nitrogenase activity in 17-day-old plants. has little catalytic activity below 10°C, Inhibitory effects of acetylene on its own whereas nodules and bacteroids maintain reduction and on respiration varied with significant activity to 5°C and below. The Q10 cultivar, strain, and growth temperature. The for the isolated nitrogenase was five, whereas maximum rate of reduction of acetylene by that ofthe in vivo system was 1.5. nitrogenase in nodulated roots occurred at Unconventional nitrogenases have been about 10 min from the start of the assay with found in nitrogen-fixing bacteria of several 10% acetylene. Acetylene reduction by genera, including Azorhizobium and nitrogenase in nodulated roots is insensitive to Pseudomonas. The unique production of temperature between 5 and 15°C when plants ethane from acetylene was applied as a are grown at 10°C. diagnostic test for the presence of unconventional nitrogenase systems. Rhizobium genetics ENTOMOLOGY A Fix- Tn5 mutant of R. meliloti was shown Population dynamics and integrated pest to be defective in C -dicarboxylic acid tansport 4 management (IPM) (del). The det genes were mapped to a 4-kb segment of DNA on the exomegaplasmid. Tn5 Alfalfa weevil. Populations in the dairy belt mutagenesis in this segment of DNA revealed of eastern Ontario declined for the second the presence of three loci. Mutations in one successive year, falling to their lowest levels locus gave Fix- mutants, whereas mutations in since 1984. However, computerized tracking of the other two loci resulted in partial Fix- weevil and crop phenology in the bellwether phenotypes. A number of symbiotically Bay of Quinte area during early spring ineffective Tn5 mutants of strain JJ1clO that revealed an alarming discrepancy in favor of overproduce exopolysaccharides were isolated. weevil development. This was confirmed by These mutants are being arranged in integrated pest management (lPMl scouts who complementation groups. found threatening levels of tip-feeding prior to The insertion sequence ISR ml was iden- the early bud stage in about one-third of all tified and characterized in Rhizobium meliloti fields under surveillance. Grower alerts JJ1clO. An internal part of the sequence was resulted in early harvest of about 40 000 ha of cloned and used as a probe to show the wide 'first-cut alfalfa, and less than 1000 ha were distribution of ISRml in R. meliloti and its treated with pesticides. Life table data from occasional presence in other species of soil several sites in the Quinte area revealed that bacteria. The hybridization patterns made disease infections caused by Erynia spp. killed with restriction fragments of the DNA from 81% of the feeding larvae and 31 % of the various R. meliloti strains formed the basis of cocooned stages. These levels of mortality were an identification method now being used to about average, but numbers of the euphorine identify competing strains in the developing parasites Mierotonus aethiopoides Loan and M. root nodules of alfalfa. colesi Drea were subnormal, possibly as a Plant Research Centre 253 result of the increased use of pesticides in 1985 were detected on 10 farms in a 12-km2 area of and 1986, and their combined rates of attack south Grenville County. This doubles in size fell by 40%. As a result, the overall rate of the previously recognized area of distribution weevil survival increased to 4.6%. This and suggests that the pest has been present in foreshadows a moderate upturn in weevil the area for a number ofyears. populations for 1988. A 3-year field study on the biology of M. aethiopoides showed that significantly more CEREAL CROPS female than male adult weevils were attacked in May by first-brood parasites. This would Oats tend to increase parasite efficiency. However, peak egg production by the host preceded the Breeding. Tibor naked oat is gammg peak of parasite attack, and even very high popularity with farmers and has performed rates of parasitism were insufficient to con- well both as a feed for pigs and poultry and as a strain populations of the weevil. Regression of processing oat for human food. It has the date of emergence of insectary-reared para- energy content of corn combined with a protein sites on accumulated degree-days (DOl, base quality almost equal to that of soybean meal, 9°Cfrom 1 April, showed that peak numbers of making it an attractive "on the farm" feed. second-brood adults emerged in June at 350 Protein content is in the correct range DO, preceding emergence of summer weevils (14-19%) for grower diets, but feed formulators by 8-15 days. The attack by this brood was may wish to add lysine and methionine to the completed in July at 550 DO. A small propor- diets at the same time they add vitamins and tion of reproductive summer weevils was minerals to obtain maximum animal perfor- attacked by a partial third brood of the mance. Tibor may serve a very useful role for parasite during late August and September. feed in cooler climates where neither corn nor soybeans can be grown successfully. Alfalfa blotch leafminer. Populations have Quaker Oats of Canada Ltd. conducted for now declined to subeconomic levels in southern the first time a large-scale (50 t) evaluation of Ontario. This is attributed to a concerted Tibor in their Ontario processing plant and program of classical biological control in which encountered no major problems in making con- the exotic parasite, Dacnusa dryas (Nixon) was ventional oat products. Hull-less genes are not imported, propagated, and systematically expressed completely in naked varieties (5-8% released. D. dryas has three generations a covered seeds in Tibor), but a new day length year that correspond seasonally to those of its insensitive, awned, oat OA753-2 (03669) host. It overwinters as a mature larva within produced only 0.4% covered seed which has the leafminer puparium, resumes its develop- attracted the interest of Robin Hood Multifoods ment in the spring, and emerges about 10 days and they have begun a commercial evaluation. after its host. Coincidence of wasp flight and Registration of the new variety OA774-1 is hatch of leafminer eggs is high in all three being sought because it is equal to the popular generations. This host-parasite synchrony variety Donald in performance but is resistant results mainly from a sequence of three events to the new races ofcrown rust in Ontario. during the host-parasite life cycles: lack of Grain quality. Digital image analysis was development of the parasite beyond the first used to assess genetic and environmental instar within the host larva; a temperature- control of milling quality in oats. This will con- dependent rate of development of the tinue in a collaborative research program with subsequent stages, which is similar to that of industrial partners. A project was also initi- the host pupa; and different overwintering ated to evaluate genetic and environmental strategies, which result in the parasite influences on mixed linkage j3-D-glucansin oat emerging later than its host to sustain the kernels. relationship. Pathology. Crown rust is one of the most Alfalfa snout beetle. The alfalfa snout important diseases of oats in Ontario. The beetle, which was first discovered in mainland cultivar OAC Woodstock, which contains the Ontario in 1986, has a 2-year life cycle and the resistance gene Pc39, has, until recently, been adults migrate in even years. A smaller but the only moderately early cultivar adapted to equally well established brood was discovered Ontario to provide effective resistance to crown in 1987. In field surveys, larvae of this brood rust. In 1987, several commercial fields 254 Research Branch Report 1987 developed moderate to severe crown rust infec- for loose smut (Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr.) tions. The development and rapid. spread of a resistance made':up 10%, and for leaf rust race of Puccinia coronata virulent on (Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. f. sp. tritici) Woodstock is related to crown rust's ability to resistance, 9%. The 1987 season also permitted cycle on the alternate host, common buckthorn efficient selection for powdery mildew, leaf (Rhamnus cathartica L.>. The expected loss of rust, and lodging resistance. Testing for Woodstock and the alarming rate at which new survival under ice indicated 52 superior lines, races are appearing indicate the urgent need which were subsequently entered in yield for development of new crown rust-resistant trials. Large F2 populations were harvested oats for Ontario. Progress is being made in that are expected to combine genes from our identifying advanced breeding selections best two sources of sprouting resistance with resistant to the two most prevalent races, Pc38 pastry quality. One F21ine had almost as good andPc39. Fusarium head blight resistance as the parent Septoria (Septaria avenae Frank f. sp. Frontana. avenae) is another important disease in Quality. Joint studies with industry eastern Canada but breeding for resistance has showed the usefulness of fluorescence imaging- been largely unsuccessful over many years. A based procedures for bran determination in new PRC tolerant selection 02540-3-7 has commercial mill streams. Using digital image been identified at both Charlottetown (1984 analysis, a program was begun to define tissue and 1985)and at Ottawa (1984-87). relationships in wheat kernels with varying Physiology. A 5-year study on ways to milling characteristics. Two programs were manage the dormancy behavior of dormoats to begun in 1987 in collaboration with the improve spring emergence was concluded. University of Ottawa: (1) electrophoretic Seed behavior of dormoats in the field was evaluation ofspecific proteins in types A and B found to be sporadic and unpredictable. wheat starch granules, and (2) biochemical Responses were complex and achieving field determination and localization of mixed- predictability was difficult, because laboratory linkage ~-D-glucans in wheat grains and studies cannot duplicate complex field vegetative tissues. seedbed-environments. Artificial induction of Pathology. Snow mold damage was lighter secondary dormancy prior to planting was not than usual in most areas but moderate to successful in improving spring emergence over severe in isolated fields in Simcoe County and non-treated seeds, even though a high level of the eastern counties. Typhula spp., including laboratory dormancy was induced in some T. phacorrhiza Reichard ex Fries, were lines. The concept of manipulating the dor- associated with most of the damage. Screening mancy status of a line to achieve better spring for resistance to snow mold was continued in emergence needs to be reexamined. Dormoats the field. Eighty-two advanced lies of wheat seem to lack sufficient winterhardiness proved to be resistant to two races ofloose smut because a high percentage of ungerminated (Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr .). seeds was lost over winter. Hybrids involving dormoat X winter-type parents have been Physiology. Entries in the Ontario winter made and the progeny are now being tested to wheat screening and cooperative tests were determine if spring emergence is improved. evaluated for preharvest sprouting resistance. Fredrick and Harus, although susceptible, Wheat showed the best performances and Gordon showed the poorest performance among the Breeding. Eighty-five percent of the nur- commercial cultivars. A study on wheat grain sery was devoted to soft white winter pastry- development in relation to sprouting behavior quality wheat, with the remainder devoted to was conducted with field grown materia!. hard red winter bread wheat. Three problem Embryos were excised at different times areas have top priority: preharvest sprouting throughout development and put in culture resistance (21% of the nursery), winter survi- with or without abscisic acid (ABA);embryonic val (18%),and resistance to head blight caused germination was inhibited more effectively by by Fusarium graminearum Schw. (11%). ABA in sprouting tolerant-resistant cultivars. Crosses made to incorporate powdery mildew However, the extent ofthe response was linked (Erysiphe graminis DS ex Merat) resistance to the environmental conditions during grain accounted for 18% of the 1987 nursery, those development. Plant Research Centre 255 Barley growth lead us to believe that progress toward Breeding. The PRC cultivar Leger is the improved low temperature growth has been new standard for yield and adaptability of made in the first cycle. barley in eastern Canada. A new mildew- Pathology. As a result of a comparatively resistant strain, OB942-1, which obtained dry season in Ontario in 1987, damage from ear mildew resistance from a two-row barley, has mold was much less severe than it was in 1986. been entered in the six-row barley cooperative However, the disease was present in 43 of 43 test. Two new strains, OB751-12 and fields examined during a survey in September. OB751-27, out-performed check varieties Field inoculation experiments confirmed that Rodeoand Birka in the 2nd year of the two-row differences in susceptibility to ear mold caused cooperative test. Somaclonal variation experi- by Fusarium roseum var. graminearum ments were done on five cultivars (Bruce, (Schwake) Snyd. & Hans., exist among the Leger, Rodeo, Mingo, Multum) of barley. Calli hybrids commonly grown in eastern Ontario. were induced from the immature embryos and A search for resistance to the disease among plants regenerated. Only a few variants were inbred breeding lines resulted in one line out of found in the field from 536 regenerated plants. 25 tested exhibiting a high degree of tolerance. High tolerance also was present in the progeny of the F1 between this inbred and very FORAGE CROPS susceptible lines. In a survey ofcorn fields in Ontario in 1987, Corn Stewart's disease, caused by Erwinia stewartii (E.F. Sm.) Dye, was observed in several loca- The 1987 growing season was long and tions across the province. This indicated that above normal in heat unit accumulation. the disease had spread considerably from the Severe to minor moisture deficits occurred at 1986 locations. Anthracnose (Colietotrichum different evaluation locations. graminearum (Ces.) G.W. Wils.) occurred at Nine hybrids were supported for licensing: several locations (15 of 43) in southern Ontario four for the Atlantic region, (OX738, OX739, from Windsor to Picton. OX759, OX810>;one for Quebec (OX837); two for the 2700-2800 corn heat unit (CHU) zone of Ontario (QX780, OX805); and two for the Grasses 2200-2275 CHU zone of Manitoba (OX783, The forage grass program is focused on the OC828>. development of grass cultivars with Cooperative studies with breeding pro- significantly improved feeding value, and on grams at Lethbridge, Brandon, Morden, Saint- the genetics and breeding behavior of Jean-sur-Richelieu, L'Assomption, and the autopolyploid forages. universities of Guelph and Manitoba identified Forage quality is reduced by enzymatic new heterotic patterns for extremely early degradation of protein during ensiling. A (2000 CHU) and high-yielding (6.2 tlha) hy- preliminary investigation revealed genetic brids with good agronomic properties. Similar variation for the amount of proteolysis in studies in the Maritimes (Charlottetown and timothy, and suggested that it may be possible Fredericton) have identified potentially to reduce this protein loss by breeding. Rapid adapted hybrids. These hybrids will enable a screening techniques are now under study. comparison of corn as a feed grain and/or The necessity of using intense interplant alternate crop on a significant hectarage in a competition when selecting timothy plants for feed-grain deficient region. yield was underlined in a 2-year study. Plants Work has continued on the identification of chosen for outstanding vigor in spaced nurs- elite lines of grain corn that germinate and eries gave a wide yield response in simulated grow well at low temperatures. A first trial swards (100 plants per square metre) and some during summer 1987 of four populations genotypes were completely eliminated. The germinated at 9°C, then grown 4 weeks at low precision of yield and quality estimated were temperature in a growth chamber indicated determined for three simulated sward planting that superior germination and vigorous patterns. growth were not always linked. Data from A series of computer programs was control and selected populations from a first developed to determine the genotypic structure cycle of selection for good low temperature of autopolyploid progeny populations. These 256 Research Branch Report 1987 programs are being used to investigate the experiments indicated that this disease has the level of heterozygosity at multiallelic loci in potential to cause significant (9-15%) yield autopolyploids and to develop genetic models. losses. A search for resistance to this disease is Crosses can be made between individual under way. genotypes or populations, or populations can be advanced for any number of synthetic Alfalfa generations. The new alfalfa synthetic, Olinda, was Switch grass (Panicum virgatum), a C4 licensed in October 1986. It has 70% resistance forage grass, grows better in eastern Ontario to phytophthora root rot (PRR), Phytophthora than currently used forage species under hot megasperma Drechsler f.sp. medicaginis. It dry midsummer conditions. Low temperature shows reduced seedling stand losses and tolerance expressed as LT50increased rapidly increased productivity in older stands during during the second half of October from -3'C to prolonged wet periods. Plants are uniform, between-19 and -24'C in the years 1985-1987. with high feed value and quick recovery after It is concluded that switch grass would be cutting. Seed has been released to pedigree persistent in eastern Ontario, and this has seed growers and will be available to farmers been supported by its good survival during the in 1988. A second alfalfa synthetic, Comsel, past four winters in the nursery. was licensed in November 1987. It has 82% resistance to PRR. These two synthetics have Soybean the highest resistance to PRR of any Breeding and genetics. Line OT84-12 was Canadian-developed alfalfas. registered as Maple Glen and Breeder Seed Seed production from a large polycross distributed to producers by SeCan Association. population selected for bacterial wilt (BW), Elite seed producers have reported excellent Corynebacterium insidiosum (MeCum H.L. results with this cultivar, confirming yield Jens, and verticillium wilt (VW), Verticillium trial results which show yields 10% higher albo-atrum Reinke & Berth., has been than Maple Arrow. Line OT85-5 was completed and further screening of these supported for registration by the Ontario Oil progeny will be conducted to select plants with and Protein Seed Crops Committee. This is an high resistance to BW, PRR, and VW for the early maturity line (2450) and should replace production of alfalfa synthetics. such cultivars as McCall and Maple Isle. Line Differences in cultural requirements, OT85-5 is a BC3 selection ofthe cultivar Evans morphology, and pathogenicity, together with (E3 selection) with the earliness and photo- electrophoretic evidence from 26 isolates of period insensitivity gene e4 from the Swedish presumed Phytophthora megasperma Drechsl. line 840-7-3, which makes the line 2-3 weeks f_ sp. medicaginis, have indicated there are earlier than the recurrent parent Evans. Two likely two distinct species of Phytophthora small-seeded natto type lines, OT84-3 and attacking alfalfa in this region. OT85-8, have higher yield, slightly smaller Research on nitrogen transfer from alfalfa seed size, and very much lower levels of seed to various grass species under field conditions coat impermeability than Canatto. They are (using the 15N dilution technique) indicated considered acceptable for natto production in that early-maturing grass species benefit more Japan and will be released to SeCan Associa- than late-maturing species. tion. Genetic studies have confirmed that Experiments on the metabolism of N fixed insensitivity to long photoperiods, defined as by alfalfa indicated that NH3 produced from little or no delay in flowering, pod set, or N2-fixation was primarily assimilated into maturity, is controlled by two gene pairs, E3 e3 glutamine and glutamate by the catalysis of and E4 e4, with both recessive genes necessary glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase. for insensitivity. Glutamate is then transaminated to a range of amino acids including aspartate, which is Pathology. A survey to determine the subsequently amidated using the amide of importance of soybean brown spot (Septoria glutamine to produce asparagine, a final glycines Hemmi) disease in eastern Ontario product to be transported to the shoot for plant showed that about 84% of the fields (63 of 75) growth. were infected at a low to moderate level of severity. Three fields had sufficient infection Pathology. Verticillium wilt of alfalfa has to cause yield reduction. Field plot become established in most counties of eastern Plant Research Centre 257 Ontario. About 22% of the fields (31 of 142) ELECTRON MICROSCOPY were infected. Indoor experiments have shown SERVICE that this pathogen can survive in alfalfa stems for at least 3 years. Screening tests for Approximately 100 professional and bacterial wilt and phytophthora root rot technical staff of establishments on the Central showed that seven cultivars have considerable Experimental Farm and outside agencies made resistance to these two diseases. The seven use of the facilities of the Electron Microscopy cultivars were recommended for registration Unit. The outside agencies included Univer- in Ontario by the Ontario Forage Crop sity of Ottawa, Carleton University, National Committee. In vitro experiments showed that Research Council, Civic Hospital, Canadian a few strains of soil bacteria (fluorescent Red Cross Society, departments of Energy, Pseudo monads) can inhibit the growth ofPRR, Mines and Resources and of Health and Wel- indicating the possibility of their role as fare, National Museum of Natural Sciences, biological control agents. Smithfield Experimental Farm, Charlottetown Research Station, and the Prince Edward Island Potato Marketing Board, as well as PLANT GENE RESOURCES OF visitors from Venezuela, Yugoslavia, and the CANADA (PGRC) People's Republic of China. Research done at the unit was reported in The PGRC office is the essential element of over 30 research papers and reports and a national program whose goals are to obtain, covered biosystematics of plants, insects, and maintain, conserve, and evaluate collections of fungi; detection of plant pathogenic crop germ plasm, to organize national and mycoplasmas and viruses in infected tissues; international exchanges of plant genetic ultrastructure of cheeses and other food material, and to provide information and products; development of sample preparative documentation on all ofthe above. techniques and methods for image analysis, In 1987, PGRC moved into new quarters including three-dimensional reconstruction; with enhanced facilities for storing seed under development of computer prog.rams for controlled conditions. PGRC maintains over structural analysis of seed samples; and 82000 seed samples, including the national element analysis of soil, food, and leaf samples base (CN) and active (PGR) collections. by energy-dispersive X-ray detection. These Principal world base collections of oats and publications are listed in individual reports of barley as well as duplicate collections of pearl research centres and stations. millet, rapeseed, and mustard are conserved as Users of the instrumentation at the unit Canada's contribution to international gene were trained in operation of transmission and bank activities. The National Apple scanning electron microscopes and all aspects Repository Network, which involves six of sample preparation, including critical-point Agriculture Canada research stations, and freeze-drying, metal coating, freeze- preserves almost 200 genetic stocks. Last year, fracture and freeze-etch techniques. An 6559 PGRC accessions were involved in germ oscilloscope was fitted to the ISI-DS130 plasm exchanges with individuals and scanning electron microscope for improved institutions in 34 countries. control of brightness and contrast in image Information on the Canadian national recording, and a Deltomatic 65 Kodak print collections (oats, barley, wheat, tomato, and processor was installed for more rapid printing alfalfa) is stored in computerized data banks. of micrographs. The PGRC newsletter, published semi- annually, reports on plant genetic resources activities. It has a mailing list of 752 in PUBLICATIONS Canada and 51 other countries. PGRC provides a national focus for Research Canadian activities in plant genetic resources by participating in policy development and by Andrews, C.J. 1987. Low temperature stress initiating and encouraging projects all across in field and forage crop production - an the country. overview. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:1121-1.13.3. 258 Research Branch Report 1987 Armstrong, K.C. 1986. Chromosome numbers alfalfa blotch.leafminer (Diptera: Agro- of perennial Bromus species collected in the myzidae) in eastern Canada. Can. Entomol. USSR. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:267-269. 199:281-285. Armstrong, K.C.;Craig, I.L.; Merritt, C. 1987. Gupta, P.K.; Fedak, G. 1986. Partial amphi- Hordeum chilense (2n 14) computer ploids from wheat (Triticum aestiuum) X assisted giemsa karyotypes. Genome rye (Secale cereale) crosses. Can J. Genet. 29:6834)89. Cyto!. 28:624-627. Basu, P.K.; Butler, G. 1986. An evaluation of Gupta, P.K.; Fedak, G. 1986. Variation in soybean bacterial blight assessment induction of homoeologous pairing among methods. Can. J. Bot. 8:459-463. chromosomes of 6X Hordeum parodii as a result of three triticale (X Triticosecale Bromfield, E.S.P.; Thurman, N.P.; Whitwill, Wittmack) cultivars. Can. J. Genet. Cyto!. S.T.; Barran, L.R. 1987. Plasmids and 28:420-425. symbiotic effectiveness of representative phage types from two indigenous popula- Gupta, P.K.; Fedak, G. 1986. The inheritance tions of Rhizobium meliloti. J. Gen. of genetic variation in rye (Becale cereale) Microbiol. 133:3457-3466. affecting homoeologous chromosome pairing in hybrids with bread wheat Chan, Y.-K.; Marshall, P.R. 1987. Strain de- (Triticum aestiuum). Can. J. Genet. Cyto!. pendent inhibition of nitrous oxide reduc- 28:844-851. tion in denitrifiers by yeast extract. Can. J. Gupta, P.K.; Fedak, G. 1986. Analysis of the Microbiol. 33:1032-1037. effect of rye chromosome 4R, 6R and telo- Dijak, M.; Brown, D.C.W. 1987. Patterns of meric heterochromatin on 7R on homo- direct and indirect embryogenesis from eologous chromosome pairing in pentaploid mesophyll protoplasts of Medicago satiua. hybrids AABBR, AABBD with wheat. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 9:121-130. Theor. App!. Genet. 72:816-821. Dijak, M.; Brown, D.C.W. 1987. Donor tissue Harcourt, D.G.; Aragon, J.R.; Gonzalez, R. and culture."condition effects on mesophyll 1986. Insect pests ofalfalfa. Pages 183-221 protoplasts of Medicago satiua. Plant Cell in Bariggi, C. et aI., eds. Technology of Tissue Organ Cult. 9:217-228. alfalfa production in Argentina. Coleccion Dijak, M.; Smith, D.L.; Wilson, T.J.; Brown, Cientifica Del INTA Torno XXII. D.C.W. 1986. Stimulation of direct em- Harcourt, D.G.; Guppy, J.C.; Drolet, J.; bryogenesis from mesophyll protoplasts of McNeil,J.N. 1987. Population dynamics of Medicago satiua. Plant Cell Rep. the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza 5:468,...470. frontella (Diptera: Agromyzidae), in east- Dilworth, J.D.; Eady, R.R.; Robson, R.L.; ern Ontario: Analysis of numerical change Miller, R.W. 1987. Ethane formation from during the colonization phase. Environ. acetylene as a potential test for vanadium Entomo!. 16:145-153. nitrogenase in uiuo. Nature 327:167-168. Johnson-Flanagan, A.M.; Singh, J. 1987. Eady, R.R.; Robson, R.L.; Richardson, T.H.; Alteration of gene expression during the Miller, R.W.;Hawkins, M. 1987. The vana- induction of freezing tolerance in B. nap us dium nitrogenase of A.zotobacter chroococ- suspension cultures. Plant Physiol. cum. Purification and properties of the 85:699-705. V-Fe protein. Biochem.J. 244:197-207. Kahn, V.; Miller, R.W. 1987. Tiron as a sub- Greenhalgh, R.; Blackwell, B.A.;Savard, M.E.; strate for mushroom tyrosinase. Miller, J.D.; Taylor, A. 1988. Secondary Phytochemistry 26:2459-2466. metabolites produced by Fusarium King, R.R.; Greenhalgh, R. 1987. Structural sporotrichioides DAOM 165006 in liquid elucidation of a novel deoxynivalenol culture: J. Agric. FoodChern. 36:216-219. analogue. J. Dig. Chern. 52:1605-1606. Guppy, J.C.; Meloche, F. 1987. Life history Klimaszewska, K.; Keller, W.A. 1987. Plant and description of the immature stages regeneration from stem cortex protoplasts of Dacnusa dryas (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: of Brassica napus. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Braconidae), a European parasite of the Cult. 8:225-233. Plant Research Centre 259 Kramer, J.K.G.; Sauer, R.O.; Blackwell, B.A. Pomeroy, M.K.; Mudd, J.B. 1987. Chilling 1987. Structure of new amino- sensitivity (If cucumber cotyledon proto- phospholipids from Methanobacterium ther- plasts and seedlings. Plant Physiol. moautotropicum. Biochem.J. 245:139-143. 84:677~81. Lauren, O.R.; Ashley, A.; Blackwell, B.A.; Sampson, D.R.; Flynn, D.W. 1987. Inheritance Greenhalgh, R.; Miller, J.D.; Neish, G. of kernel hardness in wheat clarified. Can. 1987. Trichothecenes produced by Fusa- J. Plant Sci. 67:235-237. rium crookwellense OAOM 193611.J. Agric. FoodChem. 35:884-888. Sauer, F.D.; Blackwell, B.A.; Kramer, J.K.G. 1987. Structure of purified cytoplasmic co- Lauren, D.R.; Greenhalgh, R. 1986. Simul- factor from Methanobacterium thermoauto- taneous analysis of nivalenol and deoxy- tropicum. Biochem. Biophys. Res. nivalenol in cereals by liquid chroma- Commun. 147:1021-1026. tography. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 70:479-483. Savard, M.E.; Blackwell, B.A.; Greenhalgh, R. 1987. A lH NMR study of 12,13-epoxi- Lefebvre, D.O.; Miki, B.L.; Laliberte, J .-F. trichothec-9-enes: Can. J. Chem. 1987. Mammalian metallothionein 65:2254-2262. functions in plants. Bio/Technology 5:1053-1056. Savard, M.E.; Greenhalgh, R. 1987. Synthesis and NMR analysis of new natural Lewis, D.M.; Bromfield, E.S.P.; Barran L.R. trichothecenes: J. Nat. Prod. 50:953-957. 1987. Effect of rifampin resistance on nodulating competitiveness of Rhizobium Selvaraj, G.; Hooper, I.; Shantaram, S.; Iyer, meliloti. Can. J. Microbiol. 33:343-345. V.; Barran, L.; Wheatcroft, R.; Watson, R.J. 1987. Derivation and molecular McElroy, A.R.; Bhargava, R. 1986. BASIC characterization of symbiotically deficient programs to determine the genotype struc- mutants of Rhizobium meliloti. Can. J. ture of autopolyploid progeny populations. Microbiol. 33:739-747. J. Hered. 77:479. Simmonds,J. 1987. IAA inhibition of 'in vitro' Meijer, E.G.M.; Brown, D.C.W. 1987. A novel flowering of the short-day plant system for rapid high frequency somatic Streptocarpus nobilis. An effect on embryogenesis in Medicago sativa L. maintenance of induction. J. Plant Physiol. Physiol. Plant. 69:591-596. 131:191-199. Meijer, E.G.M.; Brown, D.C.W. 1987. Role of Simmonds, J.; Werry, T. 1986. Liquid-shake exogenous reduced nitrogen in rapid high culture for improved micropropagation of frequency somatic embryogenesis in Begonia X hiemalis. HortScience Medicago sativa. Plant Cell Tissue Organ 22:122-124. Cult. 10:11-19. Singh, J.; Iu, B.; Johnson-Flanagan, A.M. Muendel, H.-H.; Voldeng, H.D.; Seitzer, J.F. 1987. Membrane alterations in winter rye 1987. Registration of soybean germplasm and B. napus cells during lethal freezing line Lesoy 273. Crop Sci. 27:370. and plasmolysis. Plant Cell Environ. Paliwal, Y.C. 1986. Indentification and pro- 10:163-168. perties of cocksfoot mild mosaic virus, a Sinha, R.C.; Chiykowski, L.N. 1986. Detec- newly recognized disease of wheat in tion of mycoplasmalike organisms in leaf- Canada. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 8:409-417. hopper vectors of aster yellows and peach-X Pare, J.R.J.; Lafontaine, P.; Belanger, J.; Sy disease by immunosorbent electron micro- Wing-Wang; Jordan, N.; Loo,J.C.K. 1987. scopy. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 8:387-393. Characterization of digoxin and related Smith, B.E.; Campbell, F.; Wady, R.R.; cardiac glycosides in fast atom bombard- Eldridge, M.; Ford, C.M.; Kill, S.; ment mass spectrometry. Org. Mass Kavanagh, E.P.; Lowe, D.J.; Miller, R.W.; Spectrom.5:131-140. Richardson, T.H.; Robson, R.L.; Thorneley, Picman, A.K. 1987. Persistence and disap- R.N.F.; Yates, M.G. 1987. Biochemistry of pearance of the sesquiterpene lactone, nitrogenase and the physiology of related isoalantolactone, in soils. Biochem. Syst. metabolism. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. EcoI.15:361-363. BioI.Sci. 317:131-146. 260 Research Branch Report 1987 Strongman, D.B.; Miller, J.D.; Calhoun, L.; Examination of Pencillium nalgiovense Findlay, J.A.; Whitney, N.J. 1987. The cultures. J. Electron. Microsc. Tech. biochemical basis for interference compe- 6:325-333. tition among some ligicolous marine fungi. Armstrong, K.C. 1986. Chromosome numbers Bot. Mar. 30:21-26. of crop species. Pages 3-14 in Christie, Ta, T.C.; Faris, M.A. 1987. Species variation B.R., ed. CRC handbook of plant science in in nitrogen fixation and transfer from agriculture. Vol. 1. Boca Raton, Fl.: CRC legumes to associated grasses. Plant Soil Press. 98:265-274. Arora, Y.K.; Sinha, R.C. 1987. Plant patho- Ta, T.C.; Faris, M.A. 1987. Effects of alfalfa genic mycoplasmas: Morphological and proportions and clipping frequencies on biochemical characteristics. Pages 3-28 in timothy-alfalfa mixtures. I. Competition Maramorosch, K.; Raychaudhari, S.P.R., and yield advantages. Agron. J. eds. Mycoplasma diseases of crops. New 79:817-820. York, N.Y.: Springer-Verlag Inc. Ta, T.C.; Faris, M.A. 1987. Effects of alfalfa Basu, P.K. 1987. Longevity of Verticillium proportions and clipping frequencies on albo-atrum within alfalfa stems buried in timothy-alfalfa mixtures. II. Nitrogen soil or maintained without soil held at fixation and transfer. Agron. J. various temperatures. Can. Plant Dis. 79:820-824. Surv.67:15-16. Ta, T.C.; Macdowall, F.D.H.; Faris, M.A. 1987. Brown, D.C.W.; Bingham, E.T.; Bowley, S.R.; Utilization of carbon from shoot Chen, T.; Johnson, L.B.; Knous, T.T.; Lees, photosynthesis and nodule CO2 fixation in G.; McCoy, T.; Phillips, G.; Tomes, D.T.; the fixation and assimilation of nitrogen by Walker, K. 1986. Committee on the use of alfalfa root nodules. Can. J. Bot. biotechnology research in alfalfa 65:2537-2541. improvement. Pages 112-122 in Moutray, Thurman, N.P.; Bromfield, E.S.P. 1987. Effect J.B.; Elgin, J.H., eds. Report of the 30th North American Alfalfa Improvement of variation within and between Medicago and Melilotus species on the composition Conference, St. Paul, Minn.: Curle Printing and dynamics of indigenous populations of Co. Rhizobium meliloti. Soil BioI. Biochem. Burrows, V.D. 1987. Breeding, management 20:31-38. and utilization of naked oats. Oat biotech.II Wheatcroft, R.; Watson, R.J. 1987. Identifi- symposium proceedings sponsored by cation and characterization of insertion Quaker Oats, Chicago, Ill. 16 pp. sequence ISRml in Rhizobium meliloti Burrows, V.D.; Upfold, R.A. 1987. Growing JJlc10. Can. J. Microbiol. 33:314-321. Tibor hulless oats. Ontario Ministry of Young, J.C.; Trenholm, H.L.; Friend, D.W.; Agriculture and Food Advisory Prelusky, D.B. 1986. Detoxification of Information. Agdex 113120. deoxynivalenol with sodium bisulfite and Burrows, V.D.; Fulcher, R.G.; Paton, D. 1987. evaluation of the effects when pure myco- Processing aqueous treated cereals. Patent toxin or contaminated corn was treated and No. 557461 (Australia); No. 88498 given to pigs. J. Agric. Food Chem. (European Community). 35:259-261. Clark, R.V.; Galway D.A. 1986. Comparative Vezina, L.-P.; Hope, H.J.; Joy, K.W. 1987. tolerance of oat cultivars to septoria leaf Isoenzymes of glutamine synthetase in blotch and crown rust. Can. Plant Dis. roots of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Little Surv. 66: 19-22. Marvel) and alfalfa (Medicago media Pers. Craig, C.H.; Loan, C.C. 1987. Biological con. cv. Saranac). J. Plant Physiol. 83:58-62. trol efforts on Miridae in Canada. In Hedlund, R.C.; Graham, H.M., eds. Miscellaneous Economic importance and biological control Allan-Wojtas, P.; Yang, A.F. 1987. Solution to of Lygus and Adelphocoris in North difficulties encountered in low-temperature America. U.S. Dep. Agric. Agric. Res. Servo SEM of some frozen hydrated specimens: ARS (ser.) 64:42-53. Plant Research Centre 261 Fulcher, R.G.; Collingwood, K. 1987. Quanti- Loan, C.C.; Shaw, S.R. 1987. Euphorine para- tative microscopy in barley research. Pages sites of Lygus and Adelphocoris 222-228 in Proceedings of the barley 262 Research Branch Report 1987 Western Region Region de ['Ouest W.L. Pelton R.E. Howarth Director General Directeur general W.L. Pelton, 8.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Program Specialist Specialiste en R.E. Howarth, 8.S.A., M.sc., Ph.D. programmes Western Region 263 PREFACE spindle tuber viroid and for the detection of virus-like particles associated with little During 1987, the Pacific and Prairie cherry disease. A protocol was developed to regions, with headquarters in Vancouver and kill codling moth eggs, to facilitate the export Regina, respectively, were amalgamated into of fresh Van cherries to Japan. Leaf-gall fly is the Western Region, with offices relocated at now established at release sites in Saskatche- Research Branch Headquarters in Ottawa. wan and Nova Scotia and is showing promise The region participates in many joint for the biological control of perennial sow ventures with provincial governments, thistle. universities, producer associations, commodity Long-term data on the productivity and associations, and agribusiness. Notable economics of beef cow-<:alf production under examples are the Economic and Regional short-grass prairie and parkland conditions Development agreements with Manitoba, were published. The 'Alberta' honey bee was Saskatchewan, and British Columbia; the registered, with the financial support of Alberta Farming for the Future program; and Alberta Farming for the Future. the Western Grains Research Foundation. In In foods research, shrouding of beef 1987 the region managed a budget of $72.2 carcasses was found to have minimal influence million and employed a staffofl261. on carcass grading and appearance; it was Research is conducted in four program recommended to discontinue this standard areas: soil and water resources, crop produc- industry practice. Improved storage conditions tion, livestock production, and food processing were developed for potatoes, peas, buckwheat, and storage. The aim is to solve production and saskatoon berries. problems and to evaluate new opportunities for Dr. W.L. Pelton, director general, Prairie Canadian farmers in domestic and inter- Region, was appointed director general, national markets. The 14 research stations, 4 Western Region. Dr. S.C. Thompson, director experimental farms, and 8 substations address general, Pacific Region, transferred to the production problems in the four western Agricultural Inspection Directorate, Food provinces and contribute to solving problems of Production and Inspection Branch, as director national scope. general. Dr. J .B. Bole, formerly program There were many notable achievements specialist, Pacific Region, was appointed during 1987. In soils research, information director, Morden Research Station. Dr. J.E. was gathered on the economic costs of soil loss Knipfel, former program specialist, Prairie by wind erosion. Economic assessments and Region, moved to the Swift Current Research crop productivity data were generated to aid Station as a senior research scientist. Dr. R.E. soil conservation through reduced tillage. A Howarth, program specialist, Prairie Region, study of annual 2,4-0 applications to a was appointed program specialist, Western fallow-wheat-wheat rotation showed no 2,4-0 Region. accumulation nor any long-term effects on soil R.Z. Rivers, research economist, Pacific microorganisms or fertility. Region, transferred to the National Water New crop cultivars registered in 1987 in- Research Institute, Environment Canada. OJ. clude Virden barley; Robert oats; Jasper oats; Gourlay, acting chief, Administration, Prairie and Orion faba beans. Two early-maturing Region, transferred to Personnel Administra- corn hybrids and a sunflower hybrid were tion Branch, Regina. J.F. Roberts, chief, Admi- released to the seed trade. Several inbred lines nistration, Pacific Region, transferred to the of corn and sunflower were also released. The Personnel Administration Branch, Vancouver. first commercial harvest of Canadian kiwi For further information concerning fruit was taken in 1987. Recommended programs, planning, or priorities, write to the seeding and fertilizing practices for semidwarf research stations directly or to Agriculture Canadian Prairie Spring wheats have been Canada, Research Branch, Western Region, Sir developed. The use of row covers provided John Carling Building, Ottawa, OntoKIA OC5; early maturity of zucchini, cucumbers, canta- Tel. (613) 995-7084. loupe, and bell peppers in the Fraser valley. In crop protection research, a bulletin on safe application of herbicides has been in strong demand nationally. Methods were developed W.L. Pelton for certification of potatoes free of potato Director General 264 Research Branch Report 1987 PREFACE egalement ete mises au commerce. On a effec- tue, en 1987, la premiere recolte commerciale En 1987, les Regions du Pacifique et des de kiwis canadiens. On a elabore pratiques qui Prairies, dont les administrations centrales sont recommandees pour l'ensemencement et sont a Vancouver et a Regina respectivement, la fertilisation des plantations de ble de ont ete fusionnees a la Region de 1'0uest et printemps semi-nain des prairies canadiennes. leurs bureaux reloges au siege de la Direction Grace a l'utilisation de paillis sur les rangs, on generale de la recherche a Ottawa. a pu cultiver des courgettes, des concombres, La region participe a de nombreux projets des cantaloups et des poivrons precoces dans la mixtes avec les provinces, les universites, les vallee du Fraser. En matiere de recherche sur groupes de producteurs, les associations du la protection, un bulletin sur l'application sans secteur prima ire et l'agrinegoce. A titre risque des herbicides a fait l'objet d'une forte d'exemple, on peut citer sa participation aux demande nationale. On a mis au point des ententes de developpement economique et methodes de certification de pommes de terre regional conclues avec Ie Manitoba, la Saskat- indemnes du virotde de la filosite des tuber- chewan et la Colombie.Britannique, et au pro- cules et des methods de depistage d'organismes gramme Farming for the Future (L'Agriculture assimiles au virus de la maladie de la petite de demain) de I'Alberta et a la Fondation de cerise. On a cree un protocole pour tuer les recherches sur Ie grain de l'Ouest. En 1987, la oeufs de la pyrale de la pomme afin de faciliter region gerait un budget de 72,2 millions de l'exportation de cerises fraiches Van vers Ie dollars et un effectif de 1 261 membres. Japon. L'insecte gallicole de la feuille, Les recherches portent sur quatre maintenant etabli dans les sites de lachers en domaines, notamment les ressources en sol et Saskatchewan et en Nouvelle-Ecosse, donne en eau, la production vegetale, la production des resultats prometteurs dans la lutte animale, la transformation et I'entreposage biologique contre Ie laiteron des champs. des aliments. Leur objectif est de trouver des On a publie des donnees a long terme sur la solutions aux problemes de la production et productivite et la rentabilite des entreprises de d'evaluer les nouvelles possibilites qui s'offrent naissage de bovins dans les prairies basses et aux agriculteurs canadiens sur les marches les prairies-parcs. L'abeille mellifere nationaux et internationaux. Les 14 stations "Alberta» a ete homologuee; cette recherche a de recherches, les 4 fermes experimentales et re9u une aide financiere du programme les 8 stations satellites s'attachent a resoudre Farming for the Future (L'agriculture de des problemes qui se posent a la. production demain) de l'Alberta. dans les quatre provinces de 1'0uest et Les travaux de recherche sur les aliments participent a la recherche de solutions aux ont montre que la mise des carcasses bovines problemes de portee nationale. en chemise de mousseline n'a qu'un effet Plusieurs realisations remarquables ont eu minime sur Ie classement et l'apparance; on a lieu en 1987. En recherche sur les sols, des donc recommande de cesser cette pratique donnees ont ete recueillies sur Ie cout econo- courante du secteur. De meilleurs entre pots mique de la degradation des sols par I'erosion ont ete crees pour la pomme de terre, les pois, Ie eolienne. On a effectue des evaluations sarrasin et les baies de petites poires. economiques et fourni des donnees sur la Le Dr W.L. Pelton, directeur general de la productivite vegetale pour aider a proteger les Region des Prairies, a ete nomme directeur sols par Ie travail minimal du sol. Une etude general de la Region de l'Ouest. Le Dr S.C. sur les applications annuelles de 2,4-0 dans un Thompson, directeur general de la Region du assolement jachere-ble-ble n'a revele aucune Pacifique, a ete mute a la Direction de accumulation de cette matiere active ni d'effets l'inspection agricole de la Direction generale de a long terme sur les micro-organismes du sol la production et de l'inspection des aliments il. ou la fertilite. titre de directeur general. Le Dr J .B. Bole, De nouvelles varietes vegetales ont He ancien specialiste en programmes de la Region homologuees en 1987, notamment l'orge du Pacifique, a ete nomme directeur de la Virden, l'avoine Robert, l'avoine Jasper et la Station de recherches de Morden. Le Dr J.E. feverole Orion. Deux mats hybrides precoces et Knipfel, ancien specialiste en programmes de un hybride de tournesol ont ete lances dans Ie la Region des Prairies, a ete affecte a la Station commerce des semences. Plusieurs lignees de recherches de Swift Current il. titre de autofecondees de mats et de tournesol ont chercheur principal. Le Dr R.E. Howarth, Western Region 265 specialiste en programmes de la Region des Pour plus de precisions sur les programmes, Prairies, a ete nomme specialiste en la planification ou les priorites, s'adresser programmes de la Region de I'Ouest. directement aux stations de recherches ou a la R.Z. Rivers, economiste chercheur de la Direction generale de la recherche du Region du Pacifique, a He mute a I'lnstitut ministere de I'Agriculture du Canada, Region national de recherches sur les eaux de l'Ouest, immeuble Sir John Carling, d'Environnement Canada. DJ. Gourlay, chef Ottawa, Ont., KIA Oe5; TeL (613) 995-7084. interimaire de I'administration de la Region des Prairies, a He mute a la Direction generale de I'administration du personnel a Regina. J .F. Roberts, chef de I'administration de la Region du Pacifique, a ete mute a la Direction generale de I'administration du personnel a W.L.Pelton Vancouver. Directeur general 266 Research Branch Report 1987 Research Station, Brandon, Manitoba PROFESSIONAL STAFF Administration E.E. Swierstra, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Director Vacant Administrative Officer S. Ramsay. B.Sc.(Agr,) Information Officer R.J. Bomford, B.Sc., M.Sc. Computer System Manager E.D. Simundsson,l B.A., M.1.S. Librarian E.G. Smith, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Economist (ERDA) Animal Science G.W. Rahnefeld, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Beef cattle breeding A.G. Castell, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Swine nutrition R.L. Cliplef, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Meats physiology G.W. Dyck, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Swine reproductive physiology R.R. Grandhi, B.V.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Swine nutrition 0.1. Grinwich, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Swine reproductive physiology R.M. McKay, B.Sc., B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Swine genetics Plant and Soil Science 1.0. Bailey, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Soil-plant relationships P.N.P. Chow, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Herbicides and weed control D.T. Gehl, B.S.A., M.Sc. Agronomy (ERDA) C.A. Grant, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil management W.G. Legge,2 B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Barley genetics S. Plett,3 B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Corn breeding J .M. Sadler, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil fertility and plant nutrition R.G. Simons, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Forage agronomy M.C. Therrien, B.Sc., Ph.D. Barley breeding Departure G.I. J ohannson Administrative Officer Transferred to Winnipeg Research Station, November 1987 VISITING SCIENTIST A.M. Hinshalwood, B.Sc., Ph.D. Adjuvant research Postdoctoral fellow, February 1986 to February 1988 1 Seconded from Libraries Division, Corporate Management Branch. 2 Appointed July 1987. 3 Appointed August 1987. Research Station, Brandon, Man. 267 INTRODUCTION The Brandon Research Station is one of the five original experimental farms established by the federal government in 1886. The research station occupies 708 ha and leases another 585 ha for research work and feed production. Much of the research at the station is multidisciplinary and encompasses beef cattle breeding; swine genetics, reproductive physiology, nutrition, and meats physiology; barley and corn breeding; forage crop management; and soil management and crop production. Barley- and corn- breeding programs for the eastern prairies were consolidated at the Brandon Research Station, and Drs. W.G. Legge and S. Plett joined the staff as barley geneticist and corn breeder, respectively. Mr. G.!. J ohannson, administrative officer, transferred to the Winnipeg Research Station. Highlights of the research programs include the release of the high-yielding, six-row feed barley Virden and the publication of many of the findings in the long-term beef-breeding program designed to determine the contribution that Continental (exotic) breeds of cattle can make to the Canadian beefindustry. The short reports that follow give results of recent research as well as an indication of the types of studies that are in progress. Further information may be obtained from the publications listed at the end of these reports or by direct contact with individual scientists. Correspondence or requests for reprints should be addressed to the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Box 610, Brandon, Man. R7A 5Z7; Tel. (204) 728-7234. E.E. Swierstra Director ANIMAL SCIENCE These differences increased to 19 and 80%, respectively, during the first winter in feedlot Beef cattle confinement, even though the daily energy allowance was 20% above 1976 National Beef cattle reproduction in relation to Research Council of Canada-National Acad- environment. The lifetime reproductive emy of Sciences (NRCC-NAS) requirements. performance ofbeef cows was evaluated for two Conception rates at Manyberries were genetically similar populations over a 10-year seriously affected by mortality ofboth cows and period at two contrasting environments calves and were inversely related to cow fat at 268 Research Branch Report 1987 Differences in weaning weight and average determining profits. Returns were calculated daily gain during the pretest periods - asso- for 31 three-breed crosses from a project that ciated with the fixed effects of station of origin, produced 2079 live births and weaned 1866 breed cross, and station of origin X test inter- calves over a 6-year period at the Onefour actions-were not significant. The pretest Substation near Manyberries, Alta. Ten breed periods were defined as preweaning, weaning cross dams of Hereford-Angus, Charolais- to on-test, and birth to on-test. Station-of-test Hereford, Charolais-Angus, Charolais-Short- effects were significant (P = 0.0001) for horn, Simmental-Hereford, Simmental- average daily gains from weaning to on-test Angus, Simmental-Shorthorn, Limousin- and from birth to on-test. None of the GE Hereford, Limousin-Angus, and Limousin- interactions with station of origin were signifi- Shorthorn were bred to Charolais, Simmental, cant (P > 0.10l for the postweaning growth Limousin, and Chianina sires with no back- traits, and probabilities exceeded 0.20 for all crossing to produce three-breed cross calves. but three traits. The GE interactions with Simmental-Angus and Charolais-Short- station of test were not significant (P > 0.20) horn were the most profitable breed of cross for all but eight traits. All of these exceptions dams. Limousin-cross dams were the least involved the cumulative average daily gain in profitable, up to $140 per dam less than the the eight periods, which excluded the first 14 most profitable crosses. Hereford-Angus dams days of test. The GE interaction for average were, at best, $20 per dam less than the most daily gain over 140 days of test was not profitable crosses. Charolais and Limousin significant. sires were more profitable than Simmental and Genotype X environment interactions for Chianina. carcass traits of backcross bulls. The effects of Feeder calf price differences by breed cross: station of origin, station of test, and genotype A bio-economic determination. An economic X environment interactions were evaluated analysis of finishing 31 three-breed crosses of for carcass traits of 121 backcross bulls. The beef calves indicated several reasons why results suggested that (with respect to these calves of different breeds but similar weight characteristics) station of origin, station of would receive different prices. Price test, and genotype X environment interactions differences among the breed crosses of finished would not be of any major importance in the calves occurred because of differences in planning of breeding programs or performance carcass grade and yield, rate of gain on feed, tests and in the transfer of beef cattle from the and feed efficiency. The relative prices that environment where they were raised and could have been paid for feeder steers produced developed to another location. by mating Charolais (C), Simmental (S), Efficiency of feed utilization by three-breed Limousin (L), and Chianina (Chi) sires to Here- cross steers. Feed efficiency, defined as feed-to- ford (H)-Angus (Al dam crosses and for nine gain or feed-to-weight ratio, was computed on other crosses produced by mating C, S, and L both a live-animal basis and an edible-product sires to HA and Shorthorn (N) cows were basis for 1046 crossbred steers reared between determined for calves of equal weights. Three 1973 and 1978 at Brandon, Man. The progeny methods of pricing feeder steers were used to determine the amount that could be paid for a were out of 10 specific F1crosses ofdams mated to Charolais (C), Simmental (S), Limousin (Ll, finished calf. These pricing methods were and Chianina bulls. Dam crosses included the based on live weight, dressed weight, and lean Hereford X Angus (HAl and nine others weight. produced by mating C, S, and L sires with H, A, On a liveweight basis, feed efficiency was and Shorthorn cows. Results indicated that the primary determinant of relative feeder feed efficiency should be expressed on an prices. Finished calves from C, S, and Chi edible-product basis rather than on a terminal sires were priced higher than L-sired live-animal basis. calves. By breed cross of dam, feeder steers from HA, SH, SA, and LH cows were priced Economics of calf production with foreign lower than those from CH, CN, SN, and LN cattle breed crosses in the short-grass prairies. cows. On a dressed-weight basis, feed An economic analysis of cow-calf production efficiency and dressing percentage were the indicated the importance of weaning weight, primary determinants of relative feeder prices. weaning percentage, calving difficulty, and Finished calves from Sand L terminal sires daily energy requirements of the dam in were priced the lowest; Chi-sired calves, the Research Station, Brandon, Man. 269 highest. By breed cross of dam, feeder steers had no contact. Exposure to mature boars had from HA and LH cows received the lowest price no effect on the number of gilts in estrus by 200 and those from CH, CN, SN, and LN cows, the days of age. In contrast, a higher proportion of highest. Pricing on a lean-weight basis took estrogen-treated gilts than control gilts were in into account lean yield as well as feed estrus by 200 days of age (87 versus 59%). efficiency and dressing percentage. Finished Estrogen-treated gilts averaged 4.5 days to calves from S sires were priced the lowest and their first detected estrus, and control gilts those from Chi sires, the highest. By breed averaged 16.9 days to estrus. Estrogen-treated cross of dam, feeder steers from HA cows gilts also had a lower ovulation rate (6.2 versus received the lowest price; those from CH, CA, 12.8), more gilts in estrus without ovulating CN, SN, LA, and LN cows, the highest. (33 versus 15%), and more gilts with cystic follicles on the ovaries (12 versus 1%L Results demonstrated that estrogen injections induced Swine behavioral estrus and probably stimulated the Growth and fat deposition in swine. Age secretion of luteinizing hormone, causing only and probed back-fat thickness are traits the follicles that were mature at the time of currently adjusted to 90 kg liveweight, with treatment to ovulate. While estrogen injec- factors provided by the Canadian record of tions would stimulate estrus at an earlier age performance program for swine. These adjust- than other procedures, adverse effects on the ment factors assume that growth rate and ovary indicated why it would not be desirable back-fat deposition are uniform across breeds, to breed gilts at this time. sexes, and farrowing seasons. To test this Reproductive performance in gilts fed high- assumption, the relationships of liveweight energy and lysine-supplemented diets. Repro- with age and probed back-fat thickness were ductive performance was evaluated in 356 examined on 1775 market pigs. These animals Landrace X Yorkshire crossbred gilts to represented the Lacombe and Yorkshire determine the effects of increasing the feed breeds, boars and gilts, and spring and fall allowance (flushing) and feeding supplemental farrowings. In light of the effects of breed, sex, fat and lysine from puberty to breeding or from and farrowing season found in this study, puberty through early gestation. The treat- further research is required on adjustments ment groups did not differ (p > 0.05) in made to specific liveweights for age and probed ovulation rate and fetal development. back-fat thickness using animals that are Flushing and feeding supplemental fat from representative of those found currently in the puberty to breeding reduced (p < 0.05) embryo Canadian swine population. survival in one of four experiments. Feeding Effects of linecross and delayed castration supplemental fat from puberty through early on growth and carcass traits in swine. A total gestation also reduced (P < 0.05) embryo of 212 boars and barrows were examined to survival in one experiment. Overall results determine the effects of linecross and castra- indicated that the low heat increment property tion treatment on live animal growth and offat and superior amino acid balance oflysine carcass traits. The linecrosses were derived diets were unable to improve the maternal from mating Landrace boars to Yorkshire uterine environment and increase potential control, Yorkshire select, and Hampshire litter size in gilts. select first-litter sows. The treatments were no Use of lentils in pig diets. From 25 to 90 kg castration, early castration (average age of 12 live weight female pigs were self-fed 16% days), and late castration (average age of 100 protein diets containing 0, 10,20,30, or 40% days). Results showed that delaying castration cull lentils (cultivar Eston, 27% protein>. did not adversely affect carcass merit, but any Partial or complete replacement of the dietary advantage in live animal growth was soybean meal by lentils did not affect (P > dependent upon the line cross. 0.05) live performance or routine carcass Estrogen injections and boar exposure to measurements. However, assessments of meat stimulate puberty in gilts. At 160 days of age, quality favored pigs fed diets containing not Lacombe gilts were relocated from a confine- more than 20% lentils. Results complemented ment grower facility to outside pens, given those from a previous study and confirmed the estrogen injections or no treatment, and potential of cull lentils when used as 10-20% of exposed to mature boars for 30 min a day or bar ley diets for growing pigs. 270 Research Branch Report 1987 Raw soybeans in pig diets. From 30 to 95 kg cultivar combines very high yield potential liveweight, young boars were self-fed 16% with strong straw, resistance to common root protein diets containing 0, 4.5, 9.0, 13.5, 18.0, rot, Cochliobolus sativus lIto & Kurib.) Drechs or 22.5% soybeans (cultivar Maple Amber, ex Dast., and large kernel size. Virden 17% oil and 36% protein). Significant outyields Heartland by 6% in western Canada IP < 0.01) responses to the higher levels of and Bedford by 7% in Manitoba and has soybeans included reductions in growth rate, stronger straw than both cultivars. Its area of efficiency of feed conversion, side as a adaptation is the Black soil zone of western percentage of carcass weight, and lean areas of Canada, with the exception of areas with a the loin and ham face. Back fat also became high risk offrost, since Virden matures 4 days more unsaturated. Sensory evaluation later than Bonanza and is classified as a revealed a higher incidence of off-navor in late-maturing cultivar. roasts from pigs fed in excess of9% soybeans in The new form of resistance to true loose the diet. The use of raw soybeans as an smut, Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr., derived ingredient appeared to have little potential at from the barley landrace CI 9973, exhibits a levels over 5%ofthe diet for growing pigs. more complex pattern of inheritance than pre- Optimal protein levels and marketing viously reported. This resistance is dominant weights for feeder hogs. Profits from finishing and may be oligogenetic. The trait is not hogs on either grower diet or finisher diet associated with chromosomes 4 or 5 in barley. versus a combination of the two (using grower However, there is evidence to suggest an asso- diet initially and switching to finisher diet at ciation with chromosome 2 and linkage to the higher weights) were determined for various two-rowed (V) character in barley. This form of economic conditions. The combined use of a resistance confers immunity to prevalent races 16%crude protein (CP) grower diet and a 14% of true loose smut in western Canada and has CP finisher diet proved to be the most been transferred to a number of barley profitable feeding program under current synthetics with CI 9973 as the donor parent. conditions in the prairies of western Canada. The herbicide glyphosate was used as an The hog weight at which diets were switched effective tool in eliminating late-maturing was 45 kg. The cost of grower and finisher genotypes from the F3 generation of a barley- diets was the primary determinant of the breeding program. Time of spraying and feeding program. When the grower diet was environmental conditions were the two main priced less than 20% higher than the finisher factors that determined the effectiveness of diet, using the grower diet through to treatment. Under conditions of adequate marketing was the most profitable feeding moisture and a 6-day range of maturity for F3 program. When the grower diet was priced progeny, the average maturity for a population 40% higher than the finisher diet, the most of 1000 individuals was reduced by 3 days. profitable feeding program was the finisher Under drought conditions, however, no reduc- diet. Results indicated that as the cost of the tion in maturity was evident. There was also a grower diet increased relative to that of the high level of variation for average maturity, finisher diet, the weight at which hogs should indicating that this method was not precise be placed on finisher diet would decrease. The and should be used only as a coarse screening daily gain of feeder hogs would be less when technique for relatively large populations. fed the finisher diet, but profits would increase because of lower feed costs. Differences in Forages growth existed between gilts and barrows, but Steroids in forage plants. Four mammalian the diets and weights at which diets should be steroids were found to be widespread in plants. switched were similar. Radioimmunoassay was used to investigate the prevalence of androstenone (boar taint), andro- gen, estrogen, and progesterone in forages and PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE other plants. Androstenone is known only from pigs and humans, but the others are important Cereals in the regulation of mammalian reproduction. A total of 129 plant species from over 50 Barley breeding and genetics. A new six- families were sampled. All four steroids were row feed barley was released in May 1987 and widespread, with androstenone and proges- registered under the name of Virden. This terone found in more than 80% of the species, Research Station, Brandon, Man. 271 androgen in 70%, and estrogen in 50%. Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains 61A148, Androstenone was detected in the leaves of 61A155, 61A194, and 61A196 were similar in birdsfoot trefoil and eight forage grasses tested effectiveness but superior to strains 61AI01c, but not in alfalfa or sweetclover. All seed 61A118b, and 61A124a and a commercial samples contained androgen, but none con- mixture of four strains (61AI0lc, 61A118b, tained androstenone. Androgen was more 61A124a, and 61A148) in earliness of nodule abundant in male tissue than in female tissue. formation as well as in number and weight of Progesterone and estrogen, when present, nodules per plant. The superior strains also were at higher levels in female tissue. The promoted greater root growth, top growth, and function of these steroids in plants is not nitrogen accumulation in the soybean cultivars known. However, they may be involved in tested (Maple Amber and Maple Presto). growth regulation, sex determination, or Maple Amber showed greater potential for protection against insects. symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Yield and protein content of soybeans Soil management and crop production increased when the crop was inoculated with the appropriate strain of B. japonicum, Fertility requirements of grain sorghum. A whether or not the soil had previously grown 3-year field study examined the fertility inoculated soybeans. This increase in yield was requirements of grain sorghum on Manitoba greater when single strains of inoculant were soils deficient in phosphorus. The greatest used compared with a multistrain commercial yield increases and yield increases per unit of mixture. Under field conditions, all B. applied phosphorus (banded at seeding) japonicum strains did not survive or lost their occurred when the fertilizer was placed either nodulating activity over the winter. 2.5 or 5 em below and to the side of the seed. On fine-textured soils, placing the phosphorus Weed control. Five grasskillers (AC 222 band 2.5 em directly below the seed produced 293, FOE 3440A, HOE 33171, PP 604, and yields that were 5-10% lower compared with flamprop-L) showed good control of wild oats, . sidebanding. Placing phosphate (as monoam- but AC 222 293 and PP 604 were not effective monium phosphate), at a rate of as little as against green foxtail. In tests with Katepwa 12 kglha, with the seed reduced crop emer- wheat, crop tolerance of all herbicides was gence by 25-68% and grain yields by 7-25% excellent. compared with side banding. BAS 517 and RE 45601 consistently performed well against grassy weeds in oilseed Fertility requirements of spring wheat. A crops. Their herbicidal activity was enhanced 3-year field study at three sites in Manitoba by the addition of appropriate surfactants. examined the yields and nitrogen fertilizer Mixtures of these chemicals with MCPA responses of semidwarf spring wheat cultivars amine, bromoxynil, and bromoxynil-MCPA versus conventional spring wheat cultivars. improved control of grassy and broadleaved The maximum yields of Katepwa (a conven- weeds in flax, as evidenced by increases in crop tional Canada western red spring cultivar) and yield. HY 320 (a semidwarf Canada prairie spring In a small-plot study, the application of cultivar) were obtained with similar levels of clopyralid alone or with diclofop-methyl or applied nitrogen. At a specific level ofnitrogen sethoxydim reduced number of flowers and fertility, there was a strict negative relation- subsequent yield of canola. ship between grain yield and grain protein content for a cultivar. These results indicated that Manitoba's existing nitrogen fertilizer PUBLICATIONS recommendations for spring wheat from the Provincial Soil Testing Laboratory would Research apply equally to conventional and to semidwarf cultivars. Dyck. G.W.; Swierstra, E.E. 1987. Causes of piglet death from birth to weaning. Can. J. Soybean inoculants for the Canadian Anim. Sci. 67:543-547. prairies. A series of experiments were con- ducted to identify strains of Bradyrhizobium Dyck, G.W.; Swierstra, E.E.; McKay, R.M.; japonicum that are effective nodulators with Mount, K. 1987. Effect of location of the early-maturing Canadian soybean cultivars teat suckled, breed and parity on piglet and that can overwinter in prairie soils. growth. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:929-939. 272 Research Branch Report 1987 Fredeen, H.T.; Weiss, G.M.; Rahnefeld, G.W.; Smith, E.G.; Rahnefeld, G.W.; Klein, K.K.; Lawson, J.E.; Newman, J.A. 1987. Breed Lawson, J.E. 1987. Economics of calf cross comparisons of beef cow productivity production with foreign cattle breed crosses relative to winter feed inputs. J. Anim. Sci. in the parkland region of western Canada. 64:714-727. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:961-972. Veseley,J.A.; Swierstra, E.E. 1987. Reproduc- Grandhi, R.R.; Kornegay, E.T.; Lindemann, tive traits of ewe lambs representing eight M.D.; Knight, J.W. 1987. Effect of genetic types born in winter, spring, sum- chlortetracycline supplementation during mer and fall. J. Anim. Sci. 65:1195-1200. pre breeding and early gestation on age at puberty, ovulation rate, embryo survival, Miscellaneous and fetal development lU gilts. Theriogenology 28:661-665. Fredeen, H.T.; Weiss, G.M.; Rahnefeld, G.W.; Lawson, J.E.; Newman, J.A. 1987. Sum- Grant, C.A.; Racz, G.J. 1987. The effect of Ca mer feed inputs, milk production and calf and Mg concentrations in nutrient solution growth for ten beef breed crosses under two on the dry matter yield and Ca, Mg and K environments. Canada-Manitoba economic content of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). and regional development agreement. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:857-865. Tech. Bull. 12101.2. Agriculture Canada, Brandon, Man. 16 pp. Rahnefeld, G.W.; Fredeen, H.T.; McKay, R.M.; Slinkard, A.E.; Biederbeck, V.O.; Bailey, L.D.; Weiss, G.M.; Lawson, J.E.; Newman, J.A. Olson, P.; Rice, W.; Townley-Smith, L. 1987. Genotype X environment inter- 1987. Annual legumes as a fallow substi. actions for carcass traits of backcross bulls. tute in the northern Great Plains of Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67:549-552. Canada. Pages 6-7 in Power, J.F., ed. The role of legumes in conservation tillage Rahnefeld, G.W.; Fredeen, H.T.; McKay, R.M.; systems. Soil Conservation Society of Weiss, G.M.; Lawson, J.E.; Newman, J.A. America, Athens, Ga. 153 pp. 1987. Genotype X environment interac- tions for postweaning growth performance Smith, E.G.; Lawson, J.E.; Rahnefeld, G.W.; of backcross bulls. Can. J. Anim. Sci. Klein, K.K. 1987. Cow-calf production 67:359-370. returns in the short-grass prairie region. Canada-Manitoba economic and regional Rahnefeld, G.W.; Weiss, G.M.; Lawson, J.E.; development agreement. Technical Newman, J.A. 1987. Non-genetic Bulletin 12107.2. Agriculture Canada, influences on performance testing of beef Brandon, Man. 11 pp. cattle. Livest. Prod. Sci. 16:349-361. Smith, E.G.; Rahnefeld, G.W.; Lawson, J.E.; Klein, K.K. 1987. Cow-calf production Smith, E.G.; Lawson, J.E.; Klein, K.K.; returns in the parkland region. Rahnefeld, G.W. 1987. Economics of calf Canada-Manitoba economic and regional production with foreign cattle breed crosses development agreement. Tech. Bull. in the short-grass prairies. Can. J. Anim. 12107.1. Agriculture Canada, Brandon, Sci. 67:973-983. Man. 10pp. Research Station, Brandon, Man. 273 Research Station, Morden, Manitoba PROFESSIONAL STAFF J .B. Bole,l B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director H.G.Brodie Administrative Officer M.P. Reimer Information Officer Field Crops G.H. Friesen, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Weed science S.T. Ali-Khan, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Breeding offield peas C.G. Campbell, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Breeding of buckwheat G.H. Gubbels, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Crop management; Physiology F.A. Kiehn, B.S.A., M.Sc. New crops R.C. Zimmer,2 B.Sc., Ph.D. Diseases offield peas Horticultural Crops B.B. ChubeY,3 B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Vegetable crops L.M. Collicutt, B.S.A., M.Sc. Breeding of ornamentals C.G. Davidson, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Breeding of woody ornamentals G. Mazza, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Food science and technology B.L. Rex, B.S.A., M.Sc. Potato management B. Siemens, B.S.A., M.Sc. Potato storage D.A. Wall,4 B.S.A., M.Sc. Weed control Oilseed Crops E.O. Kenaschuk, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Breeding of flax W. Dedio, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Breeding of sunflowers K.Y. Rashid,S B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pathology of flax and sunflowers Departures J.A. Hoes, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Pathology offlax and sunflowers Retired September 1987 D.K. McBeath, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director Transferred to Fredericton Research Station as director July 1987 Research Station, Morden, Man. 275 VISITING SCIENTISTS T.K. Bhati Agronomist Dryland Research Project R. Green, B.S.A. Food chemistry Graduate student I Appointed July 1987. 2 On transfer of work to London Research Centre, September 1987to September 1988. 3 Seconded for a 2-year term to the Priorities and Strategies Directorate, Ottawa,Ont. 4 On educational leave, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. S Appointed December 1987. 276 Research Branch Report 1987 INTRODUCTION The programs at the Morden Research Station are directed toward the development of new cultivars and the improvement of production and preservation methods for buckwheat. field peas, new crops, flax, sunflowers, potatoes, vegetables, and herbaceous and woody ornamentals. This report summarizes some ofthe results obtained from research conducted during 1987. An early high-yielding oilseed sunflower hybrid and 15 early or disease-resistant sunflower lines were released. Two superior early corn hybrids and 19 inbred lines with the combination of high yield and early maturity were released in accordance with the new corn hybrid-inbred release policy. An ivory-pink rose selection is being propagated for introduction as a new cultivar. Field pea introductions were identified as having a high fiber content. Data was provided to support the registration of six new herbicide uses for field or special crops. Agronomic studies defined situations where canoia and barley residues adversely affect yield of flax and determined appropriate row spacing for sunflowers. Food research has led to the development of improved storage management practices for potatoes and peas, defined the effect of buckwheat storage on quality, described methods of stabilizing pigment color in saskatoon berries and other food products, and provided new data for the development ofMonarda as a unique source of geraniol. Further information on any of these research activities and reprints of publications listed in this report may be obtained from the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 3001, Morden, Man. ROGIJO; Tel. (204) 822-4471. J.B. Bole Director FIELD CROPS SC-5676 plus R-25788, most annual broad- leaved and grassy weeds were controlled. Buckwheat Weed control. Desmedipham applied when Field peas buckwheat was 5 cm in height controlled wild Breeding. Pedigreed seed of Titan, a new mustard, redroot pigweed, and lamb's- Century-type high-yielding cultivar, was quarters, with acceptable crop tolerance. released through the SeCan Association to 86 Excellent buckwheat tolerance to new growers in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. graminicides was confirmed. MP 954, a high-yielding yellow-seeded selection that is larger in seed size and earlier Field corn in maturity than Century, will be considered Breeding. Two corn hybrids, Morden 8522 for registration next year. and Morden 8524, were released. Morden 8522 A method has been developed to identify is an extremely early hybrid requiring 2100 field pea cultivars by electrophoretic analysis corn heat units to mature. It had a yield of cotyledon proteins. This method would be moisture index of 12.0 as compared with 11.3 useful in cultivar identification, in instances for the mean of the checks. Morden 8524 is an where identity cannot be determined by early hybrid requiring 2150 corn heat units to morphological traits. mature. Its yield was 3.83 Uha as compared Screening of field pea introductions from with 3.80 for the mean of the checks and had a world collection for seed coat content (edible yield moisture index of 11.5. These hybrids fiber) revealed that seven accessions had a seed will help expand the corn production area coat content of 11%, which is 2-3% higher than northward. Nineteen inbred lines, chosen for the check cultivars. These accessions will be earliness and good combining ability, were used in the breeding program to develop released under the corn hybrid-inbred release high-fiber cultivars. policy. Weed control. Cyanazine or EL-I07, applied Weed control. R-25788, a safening agent, pre plant and incorporated into the soil, improved the performance of SC-5676 on controlled wild mustard with satisfactory crop annual weeds. When cyanazine was added to tolerance. Both herbicides appeared to be Research Station, Morden, Man. 277 suitable adjuncts to trifluralin for sethoxydim by about 45%. Sethoxydim broad-spectrum weed control. sprayed 7 days after flax emergence was more effective on wild oats than were later Dry field beans applications, but stage of treatment had little effect on the control of green foxtail or Weed control. Ethalfluralin applied pre- volunteer wheat. plant and incorporated into the soil controlled wild oats, green foxtail, volunteer barley, and Sunflowers several broad-leaved weeds. Quizalofop applied postemergence was equally effective Breeding. An early sunflower oilseed on annual grasses and vQlunteer cereals. hybrid, MRS 37, has been recommended for registration. It matures 7-9 days earlier but New crops yields 3%less than currently grown hybrids. Fifteen sunflower lines <14 oilseed and 1 Weed control. Desmedipham, applied when nonoilseed) were released as germ plasm for safflower was 3 cm in height, controlled earliness with good agronomic characters or redroot pigweed, lamb's-quarters, and wild resistance to rust, verticillium wilt, or downy mustard with acceptable crop tolerance. mildew. Poor correlations between oil content of OILSEED CROPS parental lines and hybrids are often obtained when they are based on oil content of single, bagged heads, single rows, or too few Flax replicates. The range ofcorrelation coefficients Breeding. In a growth cabinet study, was -0.365 to 0.440 in three-replicate tests in cultivars differed in the duration of the growth 1985, but improved to 0.744 and 0.902 in two period before and after flowering. Culbert, six-replicate tests in 1986. Bagging the heads Linott, Marine, NorLin, Raja, and Redwing resulted in lower correlation coefficients, as had the shortest period to flowering, whereas seed set was affected by self-compatibility, Dufferin, McGregor, Noralta, and NorMan had which in turn affected oil content. the shortest period from flowering to maturity. Management. Early and late oilseed Since cultivars differ in the duration of these sunflower hybrids were grown at 45- and 90-cm growth periods, flowering time alone is not a row spacings in the 1984-1986 seasons. In the reliable indicator of the time a cultivar 45-cm rows compared with the 90-cm rows, requires to mature. plant height was reduced approximately 6 cm, Cultivars also differed in the production of oil content was increased approximately 0.5%, basal branching. Dufferin, McGregor, Noralta, and achene yields were increased 8% for early and NorMan produced a significantly higher hybrids and 3%for late hybrids. number of branches than Linott, Marine, NorLin, or Raja. Weed control. AC 222293 was effective on wild mustard when applied to sunflowers at Management. With no tillage before the two- to three-leaf stage, but control seeding, flax yields were comparable on canola declined progressively when spraying was and barley stubble. However, with conven- delayed. Acceptable control of wild mustard, tional tillage before seeding, flax yields were redroot pigweed and lamb's-quarters was also generally lower on canola than on barley, obtained with RE-40885 applied preplant and whereas barley yields were higher on canola incorporated into the soil. Ethalf1uralin plus than on barley stubble. Spring volunteer EL-l07 applied preplant and incorporated into canola seedlings often reduced flax yields, but the soil continued to be an outstanding fall seedlings had no marked effect. treatment for broad-spectrum weed control. Weed control. Tank mixes of sethoxydim plus bromoxynil-MCPA (4-chloro-2-methyl- phenoxyacetic acid) mixtures, caused less HORTICULTURAL CROPS injury to flax when sprayed in the afternoon or evening than when sprayed in the morning. Ornamentals Flax injury was most severe when sprayed between 5:00 and 9:00 a.m. Directing spray Breeding and evaluation. A weigela nozzles 45° forward increased the efficiency of breeding program was successfully transferred 278 Research Branch Report 1987 to Morden from the Plant Research Centre in have been advanced to regional tests. Nine Ottawa. In total, 30 selections--cultivars were seedlings, chosen for resistance to blackspot received as rooted cuttings and were planted in and for their white or yellow flower color, will the field. be entered into an advanced evaluation trial. A taxonomic study of the shrubby cinque- Six Hosta were identified to the trade as foil was completed. Both numerical and valuable landscape plants, while Penstemon experimental approaches were utilized. Inter- Skyline Mixed, a commercial seedline, was not pretation of cluster and nonmetric multi- suitable as an ornamental plant. Four species dimensional scaling statistical analyses and two cultivars of Hosta have survived well suggested that all taxa (127) were similar and since 1982: H. cathayana, H. crispula, H. were variants of a common central theme. nakaiana, H. plantaginea, H. undulata Eight geographic representatives (Northern 'Erromena', and the Hosta cultivar Honeybells. Hemisphere) were successfully intercrossed. Although seedlings of Penstemon Skyline Heteroploid matings were noted by reduced Mixed flowered in the first season of growth, success rates. Backcrosses to existing F 1 none survived through the winter and there- hybrids were successful. On the basis of this fore cannot be recommended for the prairies. study, Potentilla fruticosa should be used as Intersectional hybrids of lily (Lilium) were the species name for the shrubby cinquefoil successfully propagated from bulb scales using complex. tissue culture techniques, with Murashige and Superior plants from the shrubby cinquefoil Skoog lily multiplication media. This method breeding program were selected. In total, 130 of propagation will decrease the time required plants were identified with improved flower to produce plants for regional testing. color (containing anthocyanin), plant form, or double flowers. Potatoes Detailed observations on flowering and fruiting in the genus Prunus were conducted. Cultivar evaluation. NDA 8694-3, a product Flowering was first observed in apricot of the breeding program at North Dakota State cultivars and last in black cherry. The largest University, selected at Aberdeen, Idaho, has fruit was obtained from the plum cultivar completed 3 years of testing in the prairie Royal (53.0 g) whereas the smallest was from replicated trials. It was recommended for Amur cherry (0.1 g). Plants were grouped by commercial evaluation by the Breeding and flowering dates; however, no relationship Selection Committee of the Prairie Potato between days from flowering to fruit ripening Council. A 1st-year interim registration for or fruit size was noted. NDA 8694-3 was requested by the Prairie Detailed evaluation of plant accessions in Potato Council in 1987. It has tubers which are the arboretum centred on Cornus (21), Spiraea oblong, with shallow eyes and a smooth, russet (32), and Philadelphus (53). Flowering skin. Tuber sizing of NDA 8694-3 is earlier observations were recorded for each taxon. than Russet Burbank, and tuber yields are During 1987, 700 accessions were obtained generally greater until mid to late August. from a diversity of sources for testing under Processing quality from the field is acceptable, prairie growing conditions. These included but generally with a slightly lower specific various seeds (388), plants (222), cuttings (38), gravity and slightly darker fry colors than and scion woodfor budding or grafting (52). Russet Burbank. NDA 8694-3 shows some A report of the prairie regional trials for tolerance for drought and appears best adapted woody ornamentals (1958-1987) was com- to production under dry land conditions in pleted, summarizing performance of over 1200 Manitoba. accessions on the basis of hardiness and Management. Three commercial growth adaptability. These have been tested at up to regulators Cerone (Union Carbide), Cyccocel nine locations across the prairies and (BASF), and Terpal C (50% Cerone : 50% northwestern Ontario. Cyccocel,v/vl were evaluated for their effect on Four advanced selections have been tuber yield, tuber size distribution, and developed in the rose-breeding program. An processing quality of Russet Burbank. ivory-pink selection is being propagated for Application of the growth regulators resulted introduction as a new cultivar. A scarlet-red in an increase in the number of tubers set but rose is under consideration for release to the with a decreased mean weight of individual nursery trade. Two red-flowered selections tubers. The incidence of hollow heart tended to Research Station, Morden, Man. 279 be reduced with the Cerone and Terpal C ether, ranged from 2.1 to 2.6%. Most fatty applications, whereas the Cyccocel treatment acids of all cultivars and of all classes of lipids resulted in a slightly increased incidence of were palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1), and linoleic hollow heart compared with the untreated (18:2) acid. Average values of these three fatty check. acids in the total lipids of all buckwheat samples examined averaged 14.0, 36.3, and Utilization and quality 37.0%, respectively. The corresponding values for the free lipids were 14.8, 36.5, and 35.5% Cauliflower. Yield, Hunter color functions and those for phospholipids were 9.1, 44.3, and and sensory ratings of color, texture, and 41.7%, respectively. Total lipid content was flavor for six cultivars of cauliflower were positively correlated with free lipids, neutral determined. Yield and objective color lipids, and glycolipids, and there was a nega- measurements were found to be influenced by tive correlation between oleic and linoleic acid cultivar and growing season. Sensory evalua- content of all lipid classes. There was, how- tion, however, revealed that all cultivars ever, no statistical difference between recently yielded frozen products essentially identical to harvested and year-old buckwheat in the con- those currently available in the marketplace. tent of free lipids, neutral lipids, glycolipids, To allow for an extended processing season, the and phospholipids and in the fatty acid compo- earliest cultivar (SnowCrown), the mid-season sition of total and free lipids. The research is cultivar 280 Research Branch Report 1987 primarily during application of the sprout Mundel, H.H.; Huang, H.C.; Burch, L.D.; inhibitor CIPC. Reducing sugars and sucrose Kiehn, F. 1987. Registration of'Saffire' content ranged from 0.06 to 0.81 % and from saffiower. Crop Sci. 27:364-365. 0.43 to 2.35 mg/g of fresh tuber, respectively. Remphrey, W.R.; Davidson, C.G.; Blouw, M.J. Increases in reducing sugars and sucrose, and 1987. A classification and analysis of crown darkening of the chips and French fries made form in Green Ash (Fraxinus from the tubers, generally occurred pennsyluanical. Can. J. Bot. 65:2188-2195. immediately after a rise in CO2 concentration. For most bins, the detrimental effect of high Rex, B.L.; Russell, W.A.; Wolfe, H.R. 1987. The effect of spacing of seed pieces on the levels of CO2 on the color of the fried products was temporary. yield, quality and economic value for processing of Shepody potatoes in Manitoba. Am. PotatoJ. 64: 177-189. PUBLICATIONS Stoessl, A.; Stothers, J.B.; Zimmer, R.C. 1987. A fungal fusicoccane with ophiobolane-type Research functionalities: Structure determination by N.M.R. aided by biosynthetic incorporation Campbell, C.G. 1987. Registration ofCM 221 of [1,2-13C Iacetate. J. Chern. Soc. Chern. semi-dwarf buckwheat germplasm.Crop 2 Commun.508-509. Sci. 27:151. Wall, D.A.; Kiehn, F.A.; Friesen, G.H. 1987. Campbell, C.G.; Briggs, C.J. 1987. Registra- Tolerance of Columbia Jerusalem artichoke tion of low neurotoxin content Lathyrus to selective herbicides. Can. J. Plant Sci. germplasm LS8246. Crop Sci. 27:821. 67:835--837. Chubey, B.B.; Mazza, G.; McConnell, M.B. 1987. Quality and yield of cauliflower as influenced by cultivar and growing season. Miscellaneous Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:589-591. Campbell, C.G. 1987. Alternate crops under Ehiwe, A.O.F.; Reichert, R.D.; Schwab, D.J.; development at the Morden Research Mazza, G. 1987. Effect of seed moisture Station (buckwheat, lathyrus, Jerusalem content and temperature on seed coat artichoke). In Proceedings, Alternative durability of field pea. Cereal Chern. 64: Crops Conference, Lethbridge, Alta., 11-13 237-239. November. Friesen, G.H. 1987. Control of wild oats in Davidson, C.G.; Enns, R. 1987. Report of the field corn with flamprop methyl. Can. J. Prairie Regional Trial for Woody Plant Sci. 67:271-27 4. Ornamentals. Proc. West. Can. Soc. Hort. 43:15-16,70-85. Friesen, G.H. 1987. Wild mustard (Sinapis aruensis) control in sunflowers (Helianthus Gonsalves, J.T.; Rex, B.L. 1987. 1986 Prairie annuus) with fluorochloridone. Weed Sci. Potato Cultivar Evaluation Association 35:228-230. (PPCEA) co-operative industry trials. Pages 45-52 in Proceeding 15th Annual Gubbels, G.H.; Kenaschuk, E.O. 1987. Perfor- Meeting Prairie Potato Council. mance of pure and mixed stands of flax cultivars. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:797-802. Lenz, L.M.; Davidson, C.G. 1987. The genetics Mazza, G.; Brouillard, R. 1987. Colour stabi- of flower colour and doubleness in poten- lity and structural transformations of tilla. Proc. West. Can. Soc. Hort. 43:48-50. cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside and four Remphrey, W.R.; Davidson, C.G.; Blouw, M.J. 3-deoxyanthocyanins in aqueous solutions. 1987. Crown form analysis in green ash. J. Agric. Food Chern. 35: 422-426. Proc. West. Can. Soc. Hort. 43:48-50. Mazza, G.; Brouillard, R. 1987. Recent devel- Rex, B.L. 1987. ND 534-4 Rus: Prairie trial opments in the stabiliziation of results - Manitoba. Pages 28-32 in anthocyanins in food products. Food Chern. Proceedings 15th Annual Meeting Prairie 25:207-226. Potato Council. Research Station, Morden, Man. 281 Research Station, Winnipeg, Manitoba PROFESSIONAL STAFF T.G. Atkinson, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director GJ. Johannson1 Administrative Officer Scientific Support J.R. Anderson,2 B.Sc. Computer Systems Manager S. Bishop,3 B.A., M.L.S. Library Coordinator, Manitoba and Saskatchewan M. Malyk,3 B.Sc., M.Sc., M.L.S. Librarian S.M. Woods, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Programmer-Analyst Cereal Breeding D. Brown,4 B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Oat breeding A.B. Campbell, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Common wheat breeding E.M. Czarnecki, B.S.A., M.Sc. Common wheat breeding P.L. Dyck, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Wheat genetics P. Jedel,5 B.S.A., M.Sc. Germ plasm evaluation E.R. Kerber, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Wheat cytogenetics M.I.P. Kovacs, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal chemistry D. Leisle, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Durum wheat breeding O.M. Lukow,6 B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal chemistry D.R. Metcalfe, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Barley breeding and genetics R.I.H. McKenzie, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Triple-medium wheat breeding J.S. Noll, B.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal chemistry and physiology Cereal Diseases J.W. Martens,? B.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Wheat stem rust J. Chong, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Oat crown rust S.M. Haber, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal viruses and biotechnology D.E. Harder, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Oat stem rust N.K. Howes, B.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular biology and biotechnology W.K. Kim, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular biology and biotechnology J.A. Kolmer,8 B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Wheat leaf rust J.J. Nielsen, Dr.Sc.Agr. Smuts R. Rohringer, Dr.Sc.Agr. Molecular biology and biotechnology A. Tekauz, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Leaf diseases P.L. Thomas, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Microbial genetics, smuts Stored Products J .T. Mills, B.Sc., Ph.D., DJ.C. Head of Section; Storage molds D. Abramson, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Mycotoxicology P.S. Barker, LA., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biology and control of stored grain mites R.N. Sinha, B.Sc., Ph.D. Ecology ofgranary pests N.D.G. White, B.Sc.Agr., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biology and control of stored product insects Research Station, Winnipeg, Man. 283 Integrated Pest Control W.J. Turnock, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Ecology and population dynamics G.L. Ayre, B.S.A., M.S.A. Insect ecology R.P. Bodnaryk, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biochemistry and toxicology G.K. Bracken, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology and behavior B.E. Galka,9 B.Sc., M.Sc. Economic entomology G.H. Gerber, B.S.A., Ph.D. Histology, physiology, and behavior R.J. Lamb, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Systems biology O.N. Morris, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Insect pathology P. Pachagounder,lO B.Sc.Agr., Insect-plant relationships M.Sc.Agr., Ph.D. Departures T. Czyczko Systems Manager Resigned 22 May 1987 M.D. Hamilton Administrative Officer Retired 13 November 1987 S.R. Loschiavo, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Stored grain insect biology Retired 30 October 1987 W. Romanow, B.S.A., M.Sc. Insecticide evaluation and management Retired 30 October 1987 G.H. Wylie, B.A., Ph.D. Insect parasitology Retired 30 January 1987 VISITING SCIENTISTS J. Sock, M.Sc., Dr.Sc.Agr. Molecular biology of cereal rusts Postdoctorate fellow (Deutsche Forsch ungsgemeinschaft) September 1986-September 1987 K. Ahmed, Ph.D. Microbial control of insects International Development Research Centre (lORe) training visit (Pakistan) March-J"uly 1987 H. Kawamoto, Ph.D. Population ecology Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) research associate, seconded from the Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Manitoba March 1987-March 1989 H.Zhang Wheat breeding and quality Visiting scientist, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Academia, Sinica, People's Republic of China July 1987-J"uly 1988 284 Research Branch Report 1987 Graduate students R. Butts, B.Sc., M.Sc. Entomology S. Fox, B.Sc.A. Oat breeding L. Kawchuk, B.Sc. Bunt of wheat W. Legge, B.S.A., M.Sc. Durum wheat research Luo Ma, B.Sc., M.Sc. Physiology and biochemistry of insects L. Maksymetz, B.S.A. Smut genetics D. Tuma, M.Sc. Food mycology T. Warkentin, B.S.A. Oat breeding I Appointed 30 November 1987. 2 Appointed 31 August 1987. 3 Seconded from Libraries Division, Corporate Management Branch. 4 Appointed I October 1987as head of Cereal Breeding Section. 5 Funded under the Canada-Manitoba agri.food subagreement of Economic Regional Development Agreement IERDA). 6 On a transfer of work to Plant Breeding Institute, Cambridge, England, April-December 1987. 7 Appointed 4 May 1987 as head of Cereal Diseases Section. 8 Appointed 13July 1987. 9 Appointed 14 October 1987as a biologist under the Canada- Manitoba agri.food subagreement of Economic Regional Development Agreement (ERDA). 10 Appointed 21 December 1987. Research Station, Winnipeg, Man. 285 INTRODUCTION Research programs at the Winnipeg Research Station focus on three main areas of responsibility: the development of improved cultivars of cereals specifically adapted to the rust area of the eastern prairies; research on the integrated control of insect pests of field crops; and research on the protection of stored cereals, oilseeds, and their products. In each of these areas, interdisciplinary teams ofscientists are pursuing both mission-oriented and basic research. The development of improved cereal cultivars requires the close collaboration of breeders, geneticists, cytogeneticists, plant pathologists, and cereal chemists. As a result of such collaboration, a new oat cultivar, Robert, was registered in 1987. Robert is the first oat cultivar to combine high tolerance for barley yellow dwarf virus with resistance to stem rust, crown rust, and smut. The identification of new virulent races ofcereal rusts and the increasing incidence of other fungal and viral diseases emphasize the importance of maintaining a strong interdisciplinary team in cereal cultivar development. The continuing effectiveness ofthis approach is evident from the fact that in 1987,90% of the area sown to hard red spring wheat across the prairies was sown to cultivars developed at the Winnipeg Research Station. Research on the integrated control of field crop insects, particularly those that attack canola and the various special crops grown in southern Manitoba, includes the biology and ecology of pest species, the evaluation of biological and chemical control measures, the assessment of economic damage, and the development of integrated management systems. Recent advances in this regard include the patenting of eight strains of Bacillus thuringiensis for control of the bertha armyworm on canola and evidence for increasing the resistance or tolerance of this host to attack by flea beetles through the recurrent selection of plants surviving exposure to heavy populations of this pest. Our research on the storage and protection ofcereals, oilseeds, and their products is national in scope and involves close cooperation with the Canadian Grain Commission, the Food Production and Inspection Branch of Agriculture Canada, and the grain industry. Particular emphasis is being placed on understanding the ecology of organisms infesting stored grain, the development of safe storage guidelines, chemical and physical measures to control infestations, and the microbiological and environmental factors influencing the occurrence of mycotoxins. Attention is being focused on controlling storage insects with minimal use of toxic chemicals and improved means of detecting infestations. During 1987 the Manitoba Branch of the Canadian Seed Growers' Association awarded Dr. D.R. Metcalfe, barley breeder, an honorary life membership for his outstanding contribution to the seed industry. Dr. D. Leisle and Dr. R. Rohringer stepped down from their position as section head and were replaced by the appointment of Dr. D. Brown as head, Cereal Breeding Section, and Dr. J.W. Martens, as head, Cereal Diseases Section, respectively. The following key staff members retired after long and productive careers at Winnipeg: Dr. S.R. Loschiavo, stored product entomologist; Dr. G.H. Wylie, insect parasitologist; Mr. W. Romanow, insecticide biologist; and Mr. M.D. Hamilton, administrative officer. The following persons joined the staff: Dr. J. Kolmer, as rust pathologist; Mr. J. Anderson, as computer systems manager; Dr. P. Pachagounder, as entomologist (insect-plant relationships); and Mr. G. Johannson, as administrative officer. Staff members were saddened by the death of Mr. W. Ostapyk, a long-time technician in the Cereal Diseases Section, who died shortly after his retirement. The following is a brief summary of research carried out in 1987. Further information can be found in our annual Research Update or in the publications listed here, copies of which can be obtained by writing to individual scientists or to the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, Man. R3T 2M9; Tel. (204) 269-2100. T.G. Atkinson Director 286 Research Branch Report 1987 BREEDING, GENETICS, AND Seven of 15 Aegilops squarrosa L. CYTOGENETICS accessions were shown to possess genes for leaf rust resistance other than Lr21 and Lr32. Barley These new accessions may now be used to transfer additional genes for leaf rust In the breeding program, emphasis was resistance from this diploid to hard red spring placed on incorporating new sources of disease wheat. It has been demonstrated that the resistance. Crosses involving the stem rust closely linked genes for stem rust and resistance source PI382313 were advanced to adult-plant leaf rust resistance transferred the F4 generation; crosses involving rot from A. speltoides to Marquis (RL5711) are root-spot blotch and net blotch resistance located on chromosome 2B. The gene for sources C2-83-6-12, N07556, and Bowman seedling leaf rust resistance, Lr32, was located were advanced to the Fs generation; and back- on the short arm ofchromosome 30, 26.8 ::!: 4.0 crossed lines involving the net blotch resistant crossover units from the centromere. Male line CI9214 were advanced to the F4 genera- transmission of telocentric 30S in competition tion. Both two- and six-row lines possessing with complete 3D was 23.2%. the U n8 gene for loose smut resistance were An inheritance study of leaf rust resistance advanced to the co-op tests. Populations from in two Canadian cultivars, Columbus and backcrosses to incorporate resistance to scald Kenyon, showed that both have leaf rust (using the Turk gene) and to BYOV (using the resistance genes Lr13 and Lr34. The gene for YD2 gene) were advanced to the F3. leaf rust resistance transferred from two A total of 39892.5 ha (0.8%ofthe total area Ethiopian durum wheats to hard red spring sown to barley on the prairies) of the recently wheat was shown to be Lr16. This is the first registered two-row malting barley, Ellice, successful transfer of a leaf rust resistance were planted in 1987. Norbert, a two-row feed gene from a tetraploid to a hexaploid, and it barley released from the Winnipeg Research involved a gene already present in the Station in 1980, was planted on 54 756 ha hexaploid. (1.2%ofthe total barley area) in 1987. The high molecular weight (HMW)glutenin Peroxidase levels were examined in normal subunit composition of 70 Canadian-grown and low-polyphenol barley lines. The low wheat cultivars was determined by sodium polyphenol barleys appear to have at least dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electro- double the peroxidase activity. This increase phoresis (SOS-PAGE). Variations in HMW in enzyme activity may be responsible for the protein account for 59-69% ofthe breadmaking reduced polyphenol levels. Low polyphenol quality of these cultivars. In conjunction with mutants derived from Ellice were evaluated in this study, unique HMW glutenin subunits yield trials in 1987. Additional populations previously uncataloged were found in three involving this low polyphenol characteristic cultivars. were advanced to the F3. Hard red spring wheat Canada prairie spring wheat Several new backcrossing programs to in- In the recently initiated breeding program corporate disease resistance were initiated in for prairie spring (triple medium) wheats, 1987. Tan spot resistance, derived from supported by the Canada-Manitoba agri-food 7990-244A, is being introduced into Katepwa development trials subagreement, 12 new and Roblin~ Roblin was also used as the four-way crosses were made to develop a triple recurrent parent in backcrosses involving medium wheat. Over 15 000 F3 to F7 lines were BW553 and RL4596 as sources of bunt screened for resistance to leaf rust, stem rust, resistance and 228111and 7411 as sources of loose smut, bunt, and after-ripe sprouting. root rot resistance. Over 800 cultivars or lines were tested in yield Just over 729 ha of all classes of pedigreed trials including 16 lines in the eastern prairie seed of the recently registered cultivar Roblin high yield B; three entries in the B test were were inspected in 1987. Of the total prairie considered good enough, with better yield and area sown to bread wheat in 1987, 90% was earlier maturity than HY320, for entry into the planted to cultivars released from the 1988 high yield co-optest. Winnipeg Research Station. Research Station, Winnipeg, Man. 287 Durum wheat respectively; current data indicate that these high-yielding, large-kerneled lines are not The program continues to focuson selecting sufficiently better than Dumont or Robert to be for early maturity, height, rust resistance, and advanced for registration. head type. Fifteen single and three-way Over 36% of the area seeded to oats on the crosses were made; selections were made prairies was planted to cultivars released from among 45000 F plants and 13500 F to Fe 2 3 the Winnipeg Research Station. lines. Almost 500 lines were screened in yield Twenty-two high yielding lines carrying tests; of the six lines in the 1987 co-optest, two the stem rust resistance gene Pg-16 were were retained to be tested for a 2nd year. grown for a 2nd year in a preliminary yield Based on a combination of agronomic traits trial. Results indicated that high-yielding and sprouting resistance, four lines were used lines carrying Pg-16 can be selected, and that in crosses to develop cultivars with postharvest this very effective gene, originally identified in sprouting resistance. These lines had a tetraploid Avena barbata collection from sprouting values of 2,8,8, and 14%compared Israel, can be used in the Winnipeg with 7 and 28% for RL4137 (the best source of oat-breeding program. this trait) and Medora, respectively. Twenty-four percent of the area seeded in 1987 to durum wheat on the prairies was planted to cultivars released from the CEREAL DISEASES Winnipeg Research Station. An analytical procedure using gas liquid Much of the work in cereal pathology is in chromatography has been developed for the support of the development of disease-resistant microdetermination of some plant sterols in- cereal cultivars that minimize yield losses cluding cholesterol. Sterol content determined caused by disease, improve grain quality, by the new method was generally higher than reduce grower input, and provide for a safer that from the official method, indicating environment by avoiding the need for chemical superior recovery. The analysis is simple, pesticides. The work involves annual disease sensitive, and economical of time and solvent. surveys, pathogen virulence analysis, Because the determination of the sterol screening of wild and cultivated cereal components, particularly cholesterol, is collections for disease resistance, identifying important in a wide range offood products, this and isolating resistance genes, and evaluating new method will have significance in the food breeder's lines. In addition, basic research in industry. genetics, biochemistry, biotechnology, and ultrastructure of pathogens and host-pathogen interactions is carried out. Oats Robert, a new common oat cultivar, was Cereal rusts registered in 1987 and will be available to Occurrence in 1987. Wheat stem rust was of Secan Association seed growers for increase in little significance in 1987. Although stem rust 1988. This cultivar has tan-colored hull and a appeared early in the season, the weather was groat yield equal to Dumont. Compared with initially dry, delaying rust increase until the Dumont, it has better lodging resistance, is 2-3 susceptible winter wheat crops were mature days earlier in maturity, has a lower enough to escape serious infection. Wheat leaf percentage of hull, and a higher percentage of rust was found on winter wheat in early June, protein. It is the first oat line combining became widespread, but caused little damage. tolerance for barley yellow dwarf virus Moderate infections occurred in Neepa wa 288 Research Branch Report 1987 Saskatchewan. A survey for oat stem rust late walls were found less rigid than mycelial walls. in the season showed that this rust occurred Preliminary work to accomplish in situ trans- continuously from Manitoba to eastern and formation in the wheat stem rust fungus was southern Alberta. done, using a yellow mutant of the fungus as a marker. Some problems with toxicity in the Analysis ofuirulence. The virulence of the transforming environment were noted, and wheat stem rust population remained stable ways of avoiding them were indicated. Double- for 1987. Of nine virulence combinations that stranded RNAs from mitochondria of wheat, were identified, two isolates from oat, and rye stem rust urediosporelings were Saskatchewan were new races. Race C53 characterized and compared. The results are continued to predominate at 94% of all (393) used to elucidate the taxonomic status of these isolates that were identified. From 350 wheat and other fungi. leaf rust isolates from both eastern and western Canada, 56 virulence combinations Electron microscopy. The value of cryo- were identified. The increased level of processing techniques for tissue preservation virulence on resistance gene Lr24 and traces of was demonstrated by improved preservation of virulence on lines with gene Lr26 may require mucilage around intercellular hyphal cells. some modification of the resistance breeding The amount and conformation of the mucilage, strategy. New international nomenclatural analyzed cytochemically, varied with location systems for describing races of both wheat leaf in the fungal colony. These results are and stem rusts were developed. important in interpreting many aspects of Race NA27 continued to dominate the rust-host interactions. The in situ location of prairie oat stem rust population. It was found some glyco-substances in the rust fungal-host continuously from Manitoba through southern interface was elucidated by probing with Alberta. Several new races of oat stem rust gold-labeled plant lectins. were identified, but these were not significant. From Ontario, 70 virulence combinations of Cereal smuts oat crown rust were identified, of which 16 were potentially dangerous and 11 were new Barley. Barley fields were surveyed for ones. The new races are significant, because diseases caused by Ustilago hordei, U. nigra, they attack plants with gene Pc39, which is and U. nuda. Smut was found in 81% of fields one of the major genes currently used in examined with a mean level of infection of resistance breeding. In Manitoba, five new 1.6%. Infection in one field attained a level of races, which attack gene Pc39 or Pc38 and 40% covered smut, 4%false loose smut, and 2% Pc39 in addition to some of the new races from loose smut, which demonstrates the potential Ontario, were identified. This represents the damage that can result when susceptible largest number of potentially dangerous new cultivars are grown and control measures are isolates ever found in Manitoba in annual ignored. surveys. Wheat and oats. Surveys were conducted in Sources and transfer of rust resistance. Manitoba and eastern Saskatchewan. In hard Work continued to transfer the stem rust red spring wheat, smut was found in 10%of245 resistance genes Sr2, Sr22, Sr26, and Sr33 fields inspected, with a mean level of 0.02% into Columbus and Benito spring wheat. (noninfected fields included) and a maximum Further work was done to incorporate stem level of3% in a semidwarf cultivar. Because of rust (Sr24 and Sr31) and leaf rust (Lr24 and reduced plantings of susceptible semidwarf Lr26) resistance into Norstar winter wheat. cultivars in 1987, both incidence and level of Molecular biology. The presence of race- infection were low. Of 63 fields of durum, 35% specific glycoproteins in intercellular washing showed infection, with a mean level of 0.04% fluids Research Station, Winnipeg, Man. 289 was done to develop an international standard both virus and Septaria infections. Work to of nomenclature for races of loose smut of evaluate bread and durum wheat for tan spot wheat. resistance showed segregation for resistance in Molecular biology. Physical maps oflinear bread wheat. These results promise develop- plasmids from mitochondria from seven mentofresistant bread wheatcultivars. isolates of Tilletia spp. were constructed using restriction enzymes and exonucleases. The Viruses plasmid from T. contraversa is not homologous The incidence and severity of barley yellow to any ribosomal genes, or to any sequence in dwarf virus (8YDV), which attacks wheat, the total DNA of Ustilago hardei or Puccinia barley, and oats, were at historically high graminis tritici. Ribosomal DNAs from levels in western Canada. In some fields, common and dwarf bunts of wheat, barley virtually 100%of plants were infected. In some smuts, and wheat stem rust were mapped and dry areas of Saskatchewan, yield losses were as compared with other fungal genera. high as 80-90%. In Manitoba, losses ranged from 10-15% on clay soils to 20-30% on sandy General pathology soils. An important advance was made by Barley. The main leaf diseases other than registering the oat cultivar Robert, which has rust were net blotch, spot blotch, and speckled higher BYDV resistance than any other oat leaf blotch. Of 45 six- and two-row barley licensed in Canada. fields surveyed, 51% had trace disease levels, Flame chlorosis in barley remained con- 47% had slight disease levels, and 2% had fined to west-central Manitoba. The etiology of moderate disease levels. The levels of net and this new viruslike agent has now been charac- spot blotch were lower in 1987 than in 1986. terized. Brome mosaic virus (BMV), newly However, it appears that speckled leaf blotch is discovered in wheat in Canada, remained becoming more prevalent. The casual fungus limited in distribution. Tests on modes of Septaria passerini is stubble-borne, and the transmission showed that only mechanical increased disease levels are probably due to transmission spreads the virus, reducing the the increased practice of minimum tillage. In potential ofBMV as a serious disease threat. screening tests, net blotch and scald resistance were detected in advanced breeders lines, and scald resistance was found for the first time in CROP PROTECTION two-row barley. A number of lines in the western co-op tests were shown to have adult Research on insect pests of oilseeds, cereals, plant resistance to net blotch, which in one test vegetables, and special crops emphasizes was responsible for a 6% yield increase. Work aspects of their biology and control leading on biotype distribution of the net blotch fungus toward better prediction of infestations, crop showed this fungus to be much more variable protection, and the reduction of pest popu- than expected. lations. These programs are supported by Wheat. Fusarium head blight continued to research on sampling techniques, survival, be a problem in southern Manitoba. Bread development, phenology, host selection, induc- wheats were more commonly infected than in tion, and termination of diapause, overwin- 1986, although .disease severity remained low tering strategies, reproductive biology, and the « 1%). The main problems are in durum biochemical bases ofneurotransmission. wheats in the southern Red River Valley, where fields with up to 25% of heads infected Monitoring and prediction were found. Yellow water traps baited with allyl Hard red spring, semidwarf, and durum isothiocyanate were evaluated for monitoring wheats were surveyed for various leaf spot - the seasonal activity and infestation potential blotch diseases. There were minima! yield of the cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.), on losses in hard red spring wheats resulting from rutabaga. The activity peak for the over- these diseases. In 1987 Septaria avenae blotch wintering generation occurred on Julian day was more common than tan spot, which is the 159 :!: 4.1 (mean:!: standard deviation), with reverse of that normally found. Yield losses degree day lDD) accumulations, base 5°C, of occurred in some fields of semidwarf wheat. 159 :!: 6.2 for soil at 5 cm and 387 :!: 69.4 for Samples from these fields indicated effects of air. The activity peak for the first generation 290 Research Branch Report 1987