BRANCH REPORT ~1973~ •..~ ~ ~ ?I~'" ~~ ",," ~ C)"'\'\

$BRANCH REPORT ~1973~ •..~ ~ ~ ?I~'" ~~ ",," ~ C)"'\'\$

\A51-1/1973

UNIVERSITY OF P.E.l. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS RES I ~HONLY BRANCH REPORT ~1973~ •..~ ~ ~ ?I~'" ~~ ",," ~ c)"'\'\. ,-" 'V~/

UNIVERSITY OF P. E. 1. GOVERNM~NT DOCUMENTS LISRARY USE ONLY

Agriculture 1+ Canada Research Branch Report . 1973

CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE @ Information Canada Ottawa, 1974 Cat. No.: A51-1/1973 CONTENTS

Executive of the Research Branch, v Direction de la. recherche, v Organization Chart, vi Organigramme, vi Map' of- Canada, vii Carte du Canada, vii Research Coordinators, viii Coordonnateurs des recherches, viii Administration' and Executive Program, ix Administration et Programmes, executif, ix Foreword, x Avant-propos, xi Research Stations (Eastern) Stations de recherches (Est) St. John's West, Nfld., 1 Charlottetown, P.E.I., 7 Kentville, N.S. 17 Fredericton, N .B., 31 L'Assomption, Que., 41 Lennoxville, Que., 45 Sainte-Foy, Que., 53 Saint-Jean, Que., 65 Delhi, Ont., 75 Harrow; Ont., 81 Ottawa, Ont., 93 Vineland Station, Ont., 109 Research Institutes and Services Instituts et Services de recherches Animal Research Institute, 117 Biosystematics Research Institute, 129 Chemistry and Biology Research Institute, 147 Food Research Institute, 161 Soil Research Institute, 171 Research Institute, London, 183 Engineering Research Service, 191 Ornamentals Research Service, 199 Statistical Research Service, 203 Research Stations (Western) Stations de recherches (Ouest) Brandon, Man., 207 Morden, Man., 215 Winnipeg, Man., 223 Melfort, Sask., 235 Regina, Sask., 243 Saskatoon, Sask., 251 Swift Current, Sask., 265 Beaverlodge, Alta., 277 Lacombe, Alta., 285 Lethbridge, Alta., 293 Agassiz, B.C., 313 Kamloops, B.C., 319 Sidney, B.c., 325 Summerland, B.C., 329 Vancouver, B.C., 341 Index of Professional Staff and Visiting Scientists, 351 Cadres professionneis et chercheurs invites, 351 Subject Index, 361 Table des mat;eres, 361

iii ~s ..::{J.

Dr. B.B. Migicovsky

Dr. E.J. LeRoux Dr. D.G. Hamilton

(,'~ .• ~ ;" ';~.

11:I~.~.)-~ Dr. W.B. Mountain Dr. T.H. Anstey

Dr. R.A. Ludwig Mr. D.G. Peterson EXECUTIVE OF THE RESEARCH BRANCH DIRECTION DE LA RECHERCHE

Director general Directeur general H. B. MIGICOVSKY, B.S.A., M.s., Ph.D., D.Sc., F.C.I.C., F.A.I.C.

Assistant Director General (Planning and Coordination) Directeur general adjoint (Planijication et coordination) E. J. LERoux, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D.

Assistant Director General (Eastern) Directeur general adjoint (Est) D. G. HAMILTON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.A.A.A.S.

Assistant Director General (Research Institutes and Services) Directeur general adjoint (Instituts et Services de recherches) W. B. MOUNTAIN, B.Sc., Ph.D.

Assistant Director General (Western) Directeur general adjoint (Ouest) T. H. ANSTEY, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D.

Assistant Director General (Administration) Directeur general adjoint (Administration) R. A. LUDWIG, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.A.P.S.

Coordinator (Executive Program) Coordonnateur (Programmes, executif) D. G. PETERSON, B.A., M.Sc.

v CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH BRANCH

I DIRECTOR GENERAL [ I

ASSISTANT DIREiCTOR GENERAL ASSISTANT DIRE~TOR GENERAL ASSISTANT DIR~CTOR GENERAL ASSISTANT DIREiCTOR GENERAL ASSISTANT DJR~CTOR GENERAL COORD;NATOR INSTliUTES WESTERN PLANNING & ~OOROINATION EASTERN ~ADMINISTRATION ~EXECUTIVE PROGRAM

I I Manitoba RESEARCH COORDINATORS Aliantic ~rovinces Architectural and Engineering Ollowa Services 'NST'TUTES gRESEARCHSERVICES ::::::0 ~;:,~:;,:,:::' Adm'o''''"'''' SOl"'" ~:.:~::~h P,.,,,.

Porloge 10 P,oi,;.. B""I Colli.. Kentville

Animol Engine",ing Winnipeg Biosystllmolics Noppon

Biosystemolics Ornamentals Sosk"tch"won ("'e"l C.ops FrederlC' .• O

Chemistry and Biology Slolislic,,1 Mellof! Doiey Colli.. Alma Regino Quebec Food Indion H""d Entomology L'Assomplion

Soil Soskatoon Environment,,1 Quality Lovall"" ~ London Scott En~iron"",nt and Reso"rces Lenno,,~ille Swift C"rrent Sainte-fay field and Oilseed Crops La Pocoti;;re Alberto F.od Normandin Bea~erlodge St-) ••an Fort V••rmilion Farag •• Crops Frelighsb"'9 Prince Georg" (B.C.) Harfic"lt"r" L'Acadi •• Lacombe Plant Pathalogy Ste.Clatilde V••gre~ille Ontario Lethbridge Sh ••••p. Swino and Pa"ltry Delhi Ma"yberri"s Soil Fertility Sto~ ••ly W •••• ds Vo"xhall Wood. I•••• Ollawa British Col"mbia SPECIAL ADVISORS Smithlield Agaui1 K"p"skasi"g Abbot.lord I- Th"nd"r Bay Kamlaops Vin ••land Statian Sidn ••y ,.O •• '" S"mm ••rland Enllin ••.••ring

Cr ••stan Ornam"ntol. December 1973 Kelawna ~ Stotist,cs Vanca"v ••r /

< "

! CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE i / RESEARCH BRANCH ! DECEMBER 1973 / \ YV-t04' I. 9 i

N. W. ", \,) ~ I:J ..•••.. :

'., " ...... !' . i BIi/7/ tft CO~V !/''-''-''-',-"-"",-,,-,,-,,-,,FORT ~. ~ i 4tB/~ iVERMILIONO ~- ,

/ / ~(BfRr~!, ! JJI .' PRINCE GEORGE o IOBEAVERLooGE I ! ./ . ! I / ! i SASKATCHEWAN j MANITOBA ./ 1.\ VEG~EV'LLE I ! j //. 'AMLOOPS \'O! 1 LACOMBE i SCOTT0 0 ~ELFORT I ,/ ~ o \ .. SASKATOON I I ~ AGASSIZ 0 mOWNA \. ! SWIFT I I VANC~UVfRAB?o:SFORO °SUMMERLAND )STA~L6vAUXHALi ~URRENT 0 o~N~l:N I PORTAGE I '1'"" "-'_g<:R~T" i.. L ET~aRlOGE ! REGINA '0 LA ~AIR~ I It! '-'-.I... OMANYBERRIES BRANDON .. WINNlPE':] KAPUSKASINGO c!J -._.- ...•..._.. -'-'-'_._._.L.~R.~N.A._._.

LEGEND INSTITUTES ANOSERVICES

ANIMAL AESEARCH INSTITUTE lNSTITUre OR SERVICE • RESEARCH STATION * BIOSYSTEMATICSRESEARCHINSTITUTE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE o EXPERIMENTAL FARM 0 SUBSTATION FOODAESEARCH INSTITUTE o 100 200 JOG .00 MilES SOILAESEARCHINSTITUTE ENGINEERIHG RESEARCH SERVICE I ,', " , " " ORNAMENTALS RESEARCH SERVICE o \00200300400500600 KilOMETRES STATISTICAlRESEAACHSEAVICE RESEARCH COORDINATORS COORDONNATEURS DES RECHERCHES

E. J. LERoux, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Assistant Director General (Planning and Coordination) Directeur general adjoint (Planification et coordination) J. R. AITKEN,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Sheep, Swine, and Poultry Mouton, porc et volailles C. J. BISHOP,B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.C., Horticulture Horticulture F.A.S.H.S. J. J. CARTIER,B.A., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Entomology Entomologie A. P. CHAN,RSc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Special Advisor (Ornamentals) Conseiller special (Plantes ornementales) M. F. CLARKE,RS.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Forage Crops Plantes fourrageres C. G. E. DOWNING,B.E., M.Sc., F.A.S.A.E., Special Advisor (Agricultural Engineering) Conseiller special F.E.I.C. (Genie rural) w. S. FERGUSON,RS.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil Fertility Fertilite des sols R. L. HALSTEAD,B.S.A., Ph.D. Pesticides (Acting) Pesticides (Interimaire) L. P. LEFKOVITCH,B.Sc. Special Advisor (Statistics) Conseiller special (Statistique) C. D. McKEEN, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Plant Pathology Phytopathologie E. S. MERRITT,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Dairy Cattle Troupeaux laitiers C. D. F. MILLER,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Biosystematics Biosystematique H. V. MORLEY,B.Sc., Ph.D. Environment and Resources Environnement et ressources J. W. MORRISON,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal Crops Cereales W. J. PIGDEN,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Beef Cattle Troupeaux bovins W. J. SAJDAK,B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Weeds Malherbologie R. P. A. SIMS,B.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.I.C. Field and Oilseed Crops Grandes .cultures et plantes oteagineuses D. W. WARE,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Special Advisor (Economics) Conseiller special (Economie)

viii ADMINISTRATION

R. A LUDWIG,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.A.P.S. Assistant Director General (Administration) Directeur general adjoint (Administration) J. E. RYAN,AC.B.A., R.I.A Chief of Administrative Services Section Chef des services administratifs D. R. KINSMAN,B.Sc. Chief of Architectural and Engineering Section Chef de l'architecture et du genie technique

EXECUTIVE PROGRAM PROGRAMMES, EXECUTIF

D. G. PETERSON,B.S., M.Sc. Coordinator (Executive Program) Coordonnateur (Programmes, executif) C. E. CHAPLIN,B.Sc., M.S<;.,Ph.D. Chief of Research Program Services Section Chef des services auxiliaires des programmes de recherche A I. MAGEE,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S.A. Chief of Ottawa Services Section Chef des services techniques (Ottawa)

ix FOREWORD

this report is an account of the activities of (Institutes and Services) and Dr. D. F. the Research Branch for 1973. It is a compi- Hardwick was appointed to the Directorship lation of reports, prepared by the directors of the Biosystematics Research Institute. This and staffs of all the research establishments. Institute is the result of a consolidation of the It is not readily apparent, from the way in Entomology Research Institute and the Bio- which this report is presented, that a close systematics Section of the Plant Research relationship exists among the establishments, Institute. Dr. A. Chan became Director of the in terms of program. Although the Branch is newly formed Ornamentals Research Service organized geographically, the overall pro- and also serves as special adviser to the gram is planned, reviewed, and coordinated Planning and Coordination group. A number centrally. One of the foldouts in this report of appointments were made to the Planning indicates this coordination operation, and and Coordination group: Dr. C. D. McKeen illustrates the use of objectives and goals in (Plant Pathology); Dr. C. D. F. Miller the planning operations by the research (Biosystematics); Dr. E. S. Merritt (Dairy coordinators. Cattle); Dr. J. R. Aitken (Sheep, Swine, and The chief purpose of this report is to Poultry); Dr. W. J. Saidak (Weeds); and Dr. provide each establishment with the opportu- R. P. A. Sims (Field and Oileed Crops). Dr. nity to account for its activities. A briefer D. Ware, of the Economics Branch, was report is being prepared wherein the overall seconded to the Planning and Coordination program is presented in terms of objectives group as a special advisor. This group and goals. The additional report will serve as suffered a serious loss in the untimely death a supplement to this main report. of Dr. H. Hurtig, Research Coordinator Several changes in activities within estab- (Environmental Quality). lishments have occurred during the past New directors appointed were Dr. J. E. years. Some programs have been consoli- Miltimore to the Research Station, Agassiz, dated, some have expanded, and a few have and Dr. D. E. Waldern to the Research been reduced. All changes are made in Station, Kamloops. accordance with changes in priorities and the A biennial Branch Directors' Conference is pressures of a changing agriculture. scheduled for the spring of 1975. Several changes in management personnel have occurred. Dr. W. B. Mountain was B. B. Migicovsky promoted to Assistant Director General Director General

x AVANT-PROPOS

Ce rapport decrit les activites de la Direc- General adjoint (Instituts et Services) et Ie Dr tion de la Recherche en 1973. 11s'agit d'une D. F. Hardwick lui a succede comme Di- compilation de rapports prepares par les recteur de l'Institut de recherches biosyste- directeurs et Ie personnel de tous les eta- matiques. Cet institut resulte de la fusion de blissements de recherches. A prime abord, la l'In*tut de recherches entomologiques et de structure de ce rapport ne met peut-etre pas la section de biosystematique de l'Institut de en relief Ie fait que tous les etablissements recherches sur les Vegetaux. Le Dr A. Chan sont relies entre eux en termes de pro- est devenu Directeur du nouveau Service de gramme. Bien que la Direction soit organisee recherches sur les Plantes orne mentales et geographiquement, Ie programme est dans aussi conseiller special aupres du groupe de son ensemble planifie, analyse et coordonne Coordination et de Planification. Des nomi- par les quartiers generaux. On trouvera sur nations ont eu lieu au sein des coordon- l'une des pages a deplier Ie schema qui nateurs: Ie Dr C. D. McKeen (Pathologie refiete a la fois les mecanismes de coordina- vegetale); Ie Dr C. D. F. Miller (Biosyste- tion et l'utilisation de la gestion par buts et matique); Ie Dr E. S. Merritt (Troupeaux objectifs au niveau des coordonnateurs. laitiers); Ie Dr J. R. Aitken (Mouton, Pore, Ce rapport permet a chaque etablissement Volailles); Ie Dr W. J. Saidak (Malherbolo- de rendre compte de ses activites. On est a gie) et Ie Dr R. P. A. Sims (Grandes cultures preparer une version abregee du rapport et Plantes oleaginepses). Le Dr D. Ware de dans laquelle tout Ie programme est presente la Direction de l'Economie a ete mis a la en termes d'objectifs et de buts. Ce rapport disponibilite du groupe des coordonnateurs additionnel servira de supplement au rapport en tant que conseiller special. Ce groupe principal. deplore egalement la mort prematuree du Dr 11y a eu beaucoup de changements dans H. Hurtig, coordonnateur de recherches les divers etablissements en ces recentes (Qualite de l'environnement). annees. Certains programm~s ont ete con- Les nouveaux directeurs de stations furent solides, d'autres ont connu de l'expansion et Ie Dr J. E. Miltimore a la Station de re- un petit nombre ont ete reduits. Tous ces cherches d'Agassiz et Ie Dr D. E. Waldern a changements resultent des priorites parfois la Station de recherches de Kamloops. change antes que nous suggere une agricul- Une Conference biennale des Directeurs ture en evolution constante. est prevue pour Ie printemps de'1975. 11y a eu beaucoup de mutations au niveau du personnel des cadres. Le Dr W. B. B. B. Migicovsky Mountain a ete promu au poste de Directeur Directeur General

Research Station St. John's West, Newfoundland

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

H. W. R. CHANCEY, B.S.A., M.S.A. Director

Entomology Section

R, F. MORRIS, B.S.A., M.Sc: Head of Section; Vegetable insects

Horticulture Section

B. G. PENNEY, B.Sc., M.Sc. Vegetable crops

Plant Breeding and Pathology Section

K. G. PROUDFOOT, B.Agr., M.Agr. Head of Section; Potato breeding M. C. HAMPSON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant diseases

Soils and Agronomy

A. F. RAYMENT, B.Sc., M.Sc. Soil fertility P. K. HERINGA, B.Sc., M.Sc. Pedology M. D. SUDOM, B.S.A., M.S.A. Pedology

Departure

A. SCHORI, B.Sc., M.S.A. Pedology Resigned February 28, 1973

RESEARCij.STATION,ST. JOHN'S WEST, NFLD. INTRODUCTION

The Research Station at St. John's West attempts to resolve regional agricultural problems and to conduct continuing research on peat soils and on control of potato wart, clubroot, and the golden nematode. Experimental studies on insect control, plant diseases and nutrition, and suitable crop varieties, together with soil survey work, complete the Station's research program. This ninth report briefly summarizes the results of our research work in 1973. Copies of previous reports and reprints of publications can be obtained from: Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 7098, St. John's West, Nfld. AlE 3Y3.

H. W. R. Chancey Director

SOIL SCIENCE cabbage varieties was greater with split applications than with single preplant appli- Soil Survey cations. Plots received preplant N at 336 kg/ A soil capability for agriculture map, at a ha plus N, P, and K side-dressings at 224 kg/ scale of 1:250,000, was completed for the ha each. The highest yield was 58.0 t/ha, Bonavista Peninsula. Potential agricultural including all heads weighing more than 0.68 soils were found west and south of Leth- kg. Varieties tested included Houston Ever- bridge, around the perimeter of Musgravetown, and on Random Island. green, Evergreen Ballhead, Green Winter, Field work for soil capability mapping was Storage Green, and Greenhead. completed for the Highlands-Serpentine area on the west coast of the Island. Prelimi- Mineral Soils nary evaluation indicates that fairly extensive areas are suitable for agricultural use. Under the leadership of the Provincial Fertilizers. In the greenhouse, the addition Department of Forestry, a land capability of limestone to a very acid Cochrane soil analysis map of the I~land of Newfoundland already containing near-optimum levels of was completed at a scale of 1:500,000. Land N, P, and K increased the yield of grass only showing potential agricultural use exceeded slightly. Under similar conditions, gypsum 0.89 million ha (2.2 million ac) and substantial areas were classed as capable of high increased grass yields by up to 40% and blueberry production and moderate use for improved the soil permeability. Studies are livestock grazing. being continued to account for this apparent anomaly. Peat Soils Drainage. Water table levels and crop The application of various amounts of yields responded markedly to drainage treat- preplanting and side-dressed N showed that ments under the unusually high precipitation increasing the rate of N from 224 to 336 kg/ of 18.11 cm in June. Yields of carrots, ha produced a 26.6% yield increase in turnips, and potatoes planted on ridges were transplanted (tp) cabbage and a 33.3% excellent when drained by covered "Nor- increase in direct-seeded (ds) cabbage; in- wegian" ditches spaced at 6.10 m and cross- creasing the rate of N from 336 to 448 kg/ha drained by moles spaced at 3.05 m. With no mole drainage crop yields were low, but increased tp yields by 23.3% and ds yields by substantial increases were obtained with 21.8%. Yield differences for single versus closer ditch spacings. Gypsum applied to split N applications were minor in both ds peat soils at 6.73 and 13.46 t/ha reduced and tp cabbage. Varieties tested included crop yields and failed to improve drainage. Pennstate Ballhead, Green Winter, Ever- Fertilizers. The effect of N, P, and K green Ballhead, Storage Green, and fertilizers on yields of transplanted late Greenhead.

2 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 PLANT SCIENCE Forage Crops Pastures on peat soils. Extremely poor Weed Control on Mineral Soil performance of lambs in previous grazing trials on reed canarygrass and tall fescue peat Rutabaga (var. York) and cabbage (var. pastures suggested associated palatability or Market Prize). Treatments included preplant- toxicity influences, or both. In 1973, weaned ing incorporated applications of trifluralin, lambs pastured on redtop and Kentucky BAS-3921 (BASF Corp.), Devrinol (Stauffer bluegrass gained twice as much as lambs Chemicals), and Cobex (U.S. Borax); pastured on reed canarygrass, indicating that preemergence applications of chlorthal and grass species materially influenced weight alacWor; and postemergence applications of gains. Use of reed canarygrass by cattle has MO (Chipman Chemicals) and niclofen. not been a major problem, and performance Devrinol at 2.8 and 3.4 kg active ingredient of mature sheep on reed canarygrass has (ai)/ha and Cobex at 1.7 kg ai/ha gave very generally been acceptable when cobalt was good control, but both caused some initial supplied to prevent grass staggers or magne- stunting. Yields with these treatments were sium tetany caused by Phalaris. higher than those produced with trifluralin at 1.7 kg ai/ha. Alachlor at 3.4 kg ai/ha and Forage harvesting. A side-mounted forage Cobex at 1.1 kg ai/ha gave very poor control. harvester was adapted for use on peat soil by fitting flotation tires of 45.7-cm outside diam Lettuce (var. Sunblest). Plots were treated and 22.8-cm tread. The harvester was with preemergence applications of sulfallate, mounted on a 45-horsepower half-track chlorpropham, chlorthal, sulfallate + chlor- tractor fitted with front flotation tires. In thaI, and chlorpropham + chlorthal, to- conjunction with a special tracked trailer, it gether with preplanting incorporated appli- was tested for direct cut and pickup of hay in cations of trifluralin, sulfallate + trifluralin, a dry or semidry state from the swath. The and chlorpropham + trifluralin. Exception- combination was fairly versatile in these ally good weed control was obtained with a respects and was also far superior to any- combination of chlorpropham (4.5 kg ai/ha) thing yet tested in terms of flotation, maneu- + trifluralin (1.1 kg ai/ha), and chlorpro- verability, power requirement, and general ph am (4.5 kg ai/ha) + chlorthal (9.0 kg ail performance. ha). Although the lettuce crop was stunted Forage preservation. Pregnant ewes win- initially, yields were higher than with the tered on silage preserved with formic acid recommended herbicides sulfallate and did as well as those that received a ration of chlorpropham. half hay and half silage. This contrasted with results in the previous year when weights of Carrots (var. Special Nantes 616). Treat- pregnant ewes fed untreated silage without ments consisted of preemergence applica- supplemental hay dropped off severely. In tions of linuron, prometryne, chlorbromuron, both years much of the silage spoiled, but and monolinuron; and postemergence appli- formic acid improved its acceptance by the cations of linuron, prometryne, sheep. chlorbromuron, and solan. Postemergence applications of linuron, prometryne, and chlorbromuron each at 1.1 kg ai/ha, and monolinuron applied preemergence at 2.8 kg ENTOMOLOGY ailha gave very good weed control, whereas Cabbage maggot solan was ineffective. In field tests for control of root maggots in Herbicide residues. A bioassay of the 1972 cabbage, carbofuran (2.2 kg flowable) at test plots for rutabagas and cabbages showed 3.36 kg ailha gave 100% control. Phoxim that there was sufficient residue of Devrinol (2.1 kg emulsifiable concentrate (EC), BAY previously applied at 1.7 kg ai/ha to severely 92114 (2.1 kg EC; Chemagro Chemicals), injure lettuce and beets planted I yr later. and carbofuran each at 1.7 kg ai/ha gave There was no detectable residue of triflura- 98% control. Fensulfothion (2.7 kg EC) at lin, MO, niclofen, BAS-2903 (BASF), or 3.36 kg ai/ha gave 97% control. Drench BAS-3921. types of sprays were more effective than

RESEARCH STATION, ST. JOHN'S WEST, NFLD. 3 granules when applied at equivalent concen- evaluation trials at 15 centers showed no trations. In the control plots, 76% of the wart infection. Application to license and plants died from a heavy infestation of root name N135-55 will be made in 1974. maggots. Selections resistant to wart and the golden Seed of York swede turnip pelleted with nematode were evaluated in replicated trials carbofuran (3.4 kg wettable powder (WP) at five regional centers. Both the nematode- and ST) at 240 and 320 g/ 100 g of seed gave resistant variety Wauseon and selection only fair control (63-75%) of root maggots N227-L5 yielded less than Kennebec and and caused up to 65% reduction in seedlings. several wart-resistant selections. Overall av- Pelleting the seeds at 80- and 160-g rates erage yield of N 170-261, derived from gave unsatisfactory control (53-72%), but F5318 and from an andigena cross, was there was less phytotoxicity. The WP formu- higher than Kennebec. Unfortunately, tuber lation was less phytotoxic than the ST, but dormancy of N 170-261 is short, since sprout- phytotoxicity was eliminated when the WP ing occurs by mid-December. was mixed with charcoal and a fungicide. Zoecon Pherocon ICPY traps and 3M Brassica Breeding for Resistance to Sectar I Yellow insect traps with Cabmag- Clubroot gottract attractant gave 18 to 40% control of root maggots in rutabagas. Traps at a density A breeding program was started to pro- of 573/ha were more effective than at 286 duce commercially acceptable rutabagas and 660/ha. Zoecon traps with attractant resistant to clubroot. Initial breeding stocks averaged 118 root maggot flies per trap in a were obtained from the Research Station at season, 3M Sectar Yellow traps with attract- Charlottetown, where a similar program is ant averaged 123 flies per trap, and 3M now being completed. Sectar Yellow traps without attractant aver- Crosses between rutabagas and turnip- aged 90 flies per trap. rutabaga hybrids containing resistance to several races of clubroot produced seed, and Golden Nematode 18 oilseed rape selections were screened for In an evaluation of nematicide treatments, resistance to the organism. Except for DPXl410 (Vydate 10% granular (G) and 0.9 Zephyr, which produced some disease-free kg EC; DuPont of Canada Ltd.) at 33.6 kg/ plants, none of the rapes were resistant. ha at planting followed by a foliar spray at White turnips of Dutch origin were resistant 33.6 kg/ha completely prevented larval to the race(s) present in the test plots. development in potato roots, and granular fensulfothion at 67.2 and 134.4 kg/ha sig- Germination and Infectivity of Potato nificantly reduced larval infestations in roots. Wart Sporangia These reductions were not reflected in crop In research studies designed to obtain yield and no detrimental or beneficial effects optimum germination of resting sporangia, from the nematodes were observed in any of culture contamination continued to be a the plots. problem, even after sporangia were treated with javelle water, ethanol, chlortetracycline, polymixin B, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, PLANT BREEDING AND and rose bengal. Because Pseudomonas colo- PATHOLOGY nies grew in sterile filtered extracts, the tuber extract may have contained a pseudomonad Potato Breeding for Resistance to Wart flora, possibly with filterable forms. A perfu- and the Golden Nematode sion apparatus is now being developed to Wart infections occurred on plants of both control contaminating flora in test extracts Pink Pearl and N48-237, apparently caused and sporangia cultures. by a strain of the wart fungus similar to In cultures of race 8 wart sporangia, a European race 8. Fortunately, several of our consistently high number (98%) of heterok- seedlings are resistant to this race, including ontous biflagellate zoospores were found that N 135-55, a cross between Mira and the stained with Leifson's flagella stain. It is Fredericton selection 5318. Highly satisfac- suggested that racial differences in morphol- tory yields have been obtained from this ogy. may exist in Synchytrium endobioticum midseason, white-fleshed potato, and grower biotypes.

4 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 In continuing work on potato wart infectiv- were 61%, 75%, and 52% for 1-,2-, and 3-wk ity with race 2, the interaction of soil irrigation periods after planting, respectively. temperature, moisture, and seasonal advance These results suggest that a deficiency or was recorded. Typical winter infection values excess of moisture inhibits infection.

PUBLICAnONS

Research Wells, R. E., and Heringa, P. K. 1972. Soil survey of the Gander-Gambo area, Newfoundland. Hampson, M. C. 1973. Design and construction of Report No. I, Newfoundland Soil Survey. an inexpensive controlled environment room Can. Dep. Agric., Ottawa. for the study of soil borne plant diseases. Miscellaneous BioScience 23: 174-175. Hampson, M. C., and Proudfoot, K. G. 1973. Hampson, M. C. 1973. Photographing the second- Potato wart research in Newfoundland. Can. ary fluorescence of potato wart fungus resting Agric.18(1):23-25. sporangia in color. J. BioI. Photog. Assoc. Morris, R. F. 1972. (A) Root maggot control on 41(2):37-38. swede turnips by seed pelleting, and (B) Chemical control of root maggots in cabbage. Hampson, M. C., and Sinclair, W. A. 1973. Xylem Can. Hortic. Counc. Rep. 1972:2. dysfunction in peach caused by Cytospora leucostoma. Phytopathology 63:676-681. Morris, R. F., and Proudfoot, K. G. 1973. The golden nematode. Can. Agric. 18(2): 11-13. Morris, R. F. 1973. Note on the occurrence of the Proudfoot, K. G. 1972. Evaluation of potato black witch moth, Erebus odora (Lepidoptera: selections for resistance to potato wart and Noctuidae) in Newfoundland. Can. Entomol. golden nematode. Can. Hortic. Counc. Rep. 105: 1151. 1972:2. Rayment, A. F., and Heringa, P. K. 1972. The Rayment, A. F., and Heidel, D. 1972. Harvesting, influence of initial and maintenance fertilizers storage and animal utilization of forage pro- on the growth and ecology of grass-clover duced on Newfoundland peat soils-a prelimi- mixtures ona Newfoundland peat soil. Proc. nary report. Proc. 18th Meet. Can. Soc. Agron. 4th Int. Peat Congr. 4(3):111-120. pp.31-40.

)

RESEARCH STATION, ST. JOHN'S WEST, NFLD. 5

Research Station Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

L. B. MACLEOD,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Director D. A. HUTCHINSON Administrative Officer B. STANFIELD,B.S.A., M.S.A., M.L.S. Librarian

Cereal and Tobacco Section

J. D. E. STERLING,B.S.A., M.Sc. Head of Section; Breeding (barley) H. W. JOHNSTON,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Diseases (cereal) K. E. LELACHEUR,B.Sc. (Agr.) Tobacco J. A. MACLEOD,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Nutrition (forage and cereal) H. G. NASS,B.sA, M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology (cereal), breeding (wheat) J. B. SANDERSON,B.Sc. (Agr.) Management (winter cereals and protein crops)

Forage Section

C. B. WILLIS,B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Head of Section; Diseases (forage) W. N. BLACK,B.Sc. (Agr.) Nutrition (pasture and corn) U. C. GUPTA,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Micronutrients (soil and plant) J. KIMPINSKI,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Nematology . M. SUZUKI,BoSe., Ph.D. Biochemistry and physiology (forage) L. S. THOMPSON,B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Insects (forage, cereal, and vegetable) R. P. WHITE,B.S. (Ed.), M.S., Ph.D. Nutrition {corn and potato), soil chemistry

Crop-Livestock Systems Section

J. H. LOVERING,I B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Economics (production) H. T. KUNELIUS,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology and management (forage) J. A. McIsAAC,I B.Sc. Systems engineering

RESEARCHSTATION,CHARLOTTETOWN,P.E.I. 7 D. G. RUSSELL: B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Economics (systems) K. A. WINTER, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Nutrition (cattle)

Horticulture Section

J. A. CUTCLIFFE, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Head of Section; Nutrition and management (vegetable) G. W. AYERS, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Diseases (crucifer and potato) L. C. CALLBECK,B.sc. (Agr.) Diseases (potato) J. A. IVANY, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S., Ph.D. Weed control (vegetable, forage, . and cereal) J. P. MACKINNON, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Diseases (potato) D. C. MUNRO, B.S.A., M.Sc. Nutrition (potato and vegetable) D. C. READ, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide bioactivity, insects (vegetable)

ISeconded from Economics Branch.

8 RESEARCHBRANCHREPORT 1973 INTRODUCTION

The Research Station at Charlottetown has regional responsibility for research into the production of forages, cereals, tobacco, and vegetable crops grown for processing. Research is also conducted on local problems with potatoes, cattle nutrition and breeding, and small fruits. This report summarizes the results from selected research projects; further information on the results presented, or on other aspects of the research program, may be obtained from the Station or individual scientists. In July 1973, Mr. J. P. MacKinnon transferred here from the Research Station, Fredericton, N.B., to conduct research on virus diseases of potatoes. Dr. D. G. Russell joined the Economics Branch and was seconded to the Station in September to conduct research on crop-livestock systems. In November, Mr. B. Sanderson joined the staff as a biologist to strengthen the research program on the management and production of winter cereals (winter wheat and fall rye) and protein crops. On July 3, the Station hosted Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and His Royal Highness Prince Philip as part of their 4-day visit to Prince Edward Island for the Centennial Celebrations. On July 24, Hon. Eugene F. Whelan, Minister of Agriculture, and Hon. Alex B. Campbell, Premier and Minister of Agriculture and Forestry of Prince Edward Island, officially opened the new agricultural research and extension complex on the Station. Copies of this report and reprints of the scie~tific papers listed may be obtained from: Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 1210, Charlottetown, P.E.!. CIA 7M8.

L. B. MacLeod Director

CEREALS will be applied for in 1974. A number of strains from the crosses Inia X Opal and Breeding and Testing Pitic X Opal were earlier maturing and Barley. Barley selection AB 9-1, which is higher yielding than Opal. resistant to barley jointworm, continued to Fababean evaluation. Early maturing fa- yield well in comparative trials. The selection babe an cultivars show most potential in also has high resistance to smuts. It shows Prince Edward Island. Seed yields of the best some tolerance for soils with low pH but is cultivars were up to 4,200 kg/ha in 1973, and inferior to Voila in this regard. A license will 3,200 kg/ha in 1972. Crude protein content be applied for in 1974. ranged from 25% to 30%. No serious pest Loyola, the newest variety recommended problems limiting the growth of fababeans for the Maritime Provinces, gave the highest have been encountered during the past 2 yr. yields in most of the trials, but it has weak straw and tends to drop its heads. Cereal Management and Nutrition Bonanza, which was developed primarily as a malting barley for Western Canada, Date of seeding. A study of seeding dates appeared to be superior to Keystone in substantiated results obtained in 1972; seed- yielding ability and equal. to it in lodging ing as early as possible in the spring resulted resistance under maritime conditions in 1973. in maximum yields. Delayed seeding increased lodging and diseases, decreased Oats. Selection AO 9-4 from Orbit X bushel weight, and delayed maturity consid- Dorval indicated a superior combination of erably. The highest yields for oats and barley yield, early maturity, and kernel quality in were obtained from the seeding on May 2. trials in the Maritimes. It has moderate Seeding on June 6 and June 18 reduced re,sistance to lodging. yields of Keystone barley by 14 and 16 kg/ Spring wheat. A selected awned strain (a ha, and those of Garry oats by 15 and 20 kg/ Kentville selection) from Opal continued to ha. Seeding in June delayed maturity 3-5 wk look promising. It is probable that a license compared with seeding on May 2.

RESEARCH STATION, CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.I. 9 Fertilizer damage. Damage to cereals by hp (50 and 105 hp SAE). Costs included all fertilizers containing urea and diammonium machines, labor, and the value of crop-yield phosphate was caused by an accumulation of losses incurred by seeding after a specified NH3 near the developing root. Ammonia date. The machinery included a tractor, plow, damage could be distinguished from osmotic harrow, disc, and seeder. The investment in damage caused by high concentrations of this machinery was from $130 to $247/ha in N~N03 and KCl by the relatively greater a cereal enterprise of 91 ha. effect of NH3 on root than on shoot develop- Cereal Diseases and Insects ment. In severe cases of NH3 damage, the root was destroyed as it emerged from the Seed source and treatment. Observations seed coat. on the microbial seed contamination of VoIla Toxicity of Al and Mn in barley. AI toxicity and Keystone barley grown at 10 locations resulted in abnormal root development with across Canada revealed that seed produced many short thick roots. The Mn .toxicity in Western Canada had high populations of storage fungi such as Penicillium and Asper- symptoms on the leaves appeared as dark spots, which were translucent; the roots were gillus and low levels of Helminthosporium. thin with little lateral branching. AI was more Seed of the same varieties grown in the Maritimes was contaminated with a few detrimental to seedling development than Penicillium and Aspergillus and high levels Mn. No kernels developed when the Al concentration of saturated extract of soil was of Helminthosporium. When treated with Vitafio (UniRoyal Chemical), seed from the greater than 10f.L g/ml. Maritimes produced crops with yields as high Winter injury to winter wheat. During the as those from untreated seed from Western winter of 1972-73, it was observed that 70% Canada. Similar treatment of western seed of the winter wheat plants on Prince Edward indicated the possibility of depressed yields. Island were moderately to severely injured. Control oj barley yellow dwarf virus and Half of them, however, showed excellent aphids on grain. Greenhouse and field evalu- recovery in late spring and early summer. ations of selected germ plasm from wheat, Time of seeding, seeding depth, and applica- oats, and barley indicated that several of tion of K and Zn showed little effect on each species may have high levels of toler- winter survival. ance for the barley yellow dwarf virus Herbicides for control of hemp-nettle in (BYDV) disease. cereals. The herbicides were applied to A field experiment designed to determine hemp-nettle when it was 2.5-5.0 cm tall and the effect of a disulfoton-fertilizer combina- in the two-leaf stage. The amine and estem- tion on grain aphids, BYDV, and yield of ine formulations of 2,4-D at 0.42 litre active oats and barley indicated that barley yields ingredient (ai)/ha and mecoprop at 0.70 litre were increased by 30% and oats by 25% in ai/ha gave no control. The amine, sodium the absence of aphids and BYDV. salt, and estemine formulations of MCPA at Aphids on fababeans. Aphids were not a 0.70 litre ai/ha gave 70-80% control. Diquat problem in 19'13. However, increased yields at 0.14 litre ailha gave 95% control. of Ackerperle fababeans were recorded in N corrects moderate B toxicity in cereals. plots treated approximately 4 wk after seed- The addition of compost to the soil mixture ing with disulfoton 15% Gat 226 g ai/300 m resulted in B toxicity characterized by brown of row. Treating seed before planting with spotting and a burned appearance on older menazon at 6 g 70% wettable powder/kg leaf tips. The addition of N decreased the resulted in reduced yields. severity of these symptoms. When N was applied at 150 ppm, B toxicity was negligible. Added N decreased B concentrations in FORAGES tissues of barley and wheat at the boot stage Nematology from 38 to 23 ppm and from 18 to 10 ppm. Nematodes inforage legumes. Eight genera Annual seeding costs for cereals. Seeding of potentially plant-parasitic nematodes are costs for cereals were found to vary by only associated with, alfalfa, red clover, and $4.40/ha for machinery complements requir- birdsfoot trefoil in New Brunswick. The ing tractors that ranged between 49 and 104 identity has been confirmed of 24 species in

10 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 12 genera of potentially parasitic nematodes decreased yields. Liming the soil to pH 6.5 associated with forage legumes in Prince decreased the yield of timothy. This de- Edward Island. Pratylenchus penetrans creased yield was not corrected by applied B (Cobb) and P. crenatus Loof were each and was probably caused by Mn deficiency. found alone in 27% of the samples and Corn nutrition. When other nutrients were mixed together in 46% of the samples. not limiting, no yield responses of silage com Numbers of P. penetrans were greater than occurred at two locations with additional P. crenatus in soil and root samples. amounts above the base rates of 45 kg N fha, Population dynamics of root-lesion nema- 56 kg P/ha, and 0 kg K/ha applied in todes. Three generations of P. penetrans, separate experiments. Current soil test rec- each lasting about 6 wk, occurred after the ommendations are above these rates. nematodes invaded red clover roots in the When N was applied at 0 to 280 kg/ha in seeding year. The average numbers of nema- a 4-yr experiment on silage com, no yield todes per plant in the first, second, and third responses occurred above 56 kg N /ha in the generations were 40, 579, and 1,534. first 3 yr and 112 kg N/ha in the 4th year. In the first 3 yr, the annual N uptake averaged Nematode control. Supplementary applica- 67, 109, 118, and 128 kg/ha when N was tions of Nemacur (Chemagro Corp.) or applied yearly at 0, 56, 112, and 250 kg/ha. Vydate (DuPont of Canada Ltd.) to plots of No silage com yield responses occurred birdsfoot trefoil established and initially when yearly rates of K from 0 to 186 kg/ha treated in 1971 resulted in increases up to were applied for 4 yr to a soil initially testing 150%in plant stands in the spring of 1973 on 247 kg K/ha. The average annual uptake treated plots as compared with untreated over the first 3 yr was 90 to 128 kg K/ha, plots. The number of Pratylenchus spp. increasing as applied K increased. Soil test found in rootlets was, on the average, 78% levels declined at K rates below 139 kg/ha lower in the plots treated with nematicide. and increased at the 186-kg rate. With no Spraying birdsfoot trefoil with Vydate at applied K, the soil test declined to, and 4.48 kg ailha three times after seeding remained at, approximately 140 kg K/ha increased yields of dry-weight foliage of after I yr. second cuts by 25% above the controls, whereas spraying at 5-wk intervals increased Physiology and Management yields by 43%. The numbers of Pratylenchus Winter survival of forage crops. Losses of spp. in the rootlets were 34% and 77% lower. alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, and clover plants in Nematodes in corn. Root-lesion nematodes, the winter of 1972-73 were 25%, 50%, and Pratylenchus spp., were the dominant nema- 30% in Prince Edward Island and 15%, 20%, tode species present in root samples of field and 30% in the Atlantic Provinces. There was com in Prince Edward Island, but no correla- little or no damage to forage grasses. Most of tion was found between crop yield and the alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil plants sur- nematode numbers. vived until April, whereas the clover plants were often killed in midwinter. In most cases, Nutrition lethal damage to alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil Mineral balance in timothy. Timothy fertil- occurred in April and May. Under controlled ized with N, P, and K at 66, 10, and 56 kg/ environmental conditions, a low soil-moisture ha produced forage with Mg levels below level (40-50% field capacity) was optimum 0.25% and K/Ca + Mg ratios above 2.2 on for hardening alfalfa plants before cold June 5 and 14. Grass tetany may be a treatment. However, a higher level of soil problem in cattle grazing pastures with these moisture (l00-300% field capacity) was mineral balances unless Mg supplementation required after cold treatment for recovery is provided in the diet. Fertilization with Mg from desiccation injury and for vigorous did not produce timothy forage with satisfac- regrowth. Infestation with Pratylenchus spp. tory mineral balance. resulted in the failure of alfalfa to survive freezing temperatures (minimum of -8°C). Boron nutrition of timothy. Added B did not result in yield increases, although values Establishment of birdsfoot trefoil. Nitrogen as low as 2.8 ppm B in the tissue were fertilizer for direct-seeded trefoil during the obtained. Concentrations of B of greater establishment year was justified only on than 102 ppm in tissue were associated with hand-weeded areas having low available soil

RESEARCH STATION, CHARLOTIETOWN, P.E.!. II N. An Embutox E (May and Baker (Canada) HORTICULTURAL CROPS Ltd.) + dalapon treatment controlled the weeds but also suppressed birdsfoot trefoil Potato Nutrition and Management and resulted in poor response to applied N. When no weed control was used, N pro- Fertilizers and seeding dates. Urea applied moted the growth of weeds, which in turn at 135-200 kg N/ha delayed emergence and suppressed birdsfoot trefoil and resulted in restricted early growth of potatoes when yields heavily infested with weeds. compared with N~N03 at equal rates of N. Tuber yields were lower from the urea Lime pelleting of alfalfa seed. On soils with treatments, but tuber dry-matter content was a pH of 5.7 or less, lime pelleting of alfalfa unaffected. No differences due to N source seed inoculated with rhizobia resulted in dry- occurred at 67 kg N/ha. Diammonium matter yields up to 69% higher than those phosphate, triple superphosphate, and ordi- from seed inoculated only. The yield in- nary superphosphate were equally good sources of P. Potatoes did not respond to Mg creases due to lime pelleting of seed were and S applications in the fertilizer. As much greater from the second cutting than planting dates were delayed from May 17 to from the first cutting. Inoculating the seed as June 28, yields of Kennebec decreased from recommended resulted in small yield in- 18.6 to 11.2 tlha, the sp gr of the tubers creases. Adding Mo to inoculated seed fur- decreased from 1.084 to 1.074, and the ther increased the yields of alfalfa. percentage of tubers heavier than 454 g decreased from 24% to 8%. Seasonal pasture production sustained by split N treatments. Under rotational grazing Effect of Sencor on yield of Sebago. Sencor management, manured and unmanured ar- (Chemagro Corp.) was applied at 1.12 kg/ha eas of a natural permanent pasture sward before potatoes emerged and at 1.12 and consisting of timothy, Kentucky bluegrass, 2.24 kg/ha as an early postemergence (pota- and wild white clover were subjected to toes 30 cm tall) and a late postemergence seven annual fertilizer treatments over a 6-yr (potatoes 40 cm tall) treatment in 1973. period with P and K at 119 and 223 kg/ha Highest yields, equal to those from hand- respectively, in the early spring, plus N at 0 weeded controls, were obtained from plots to 336 kg/ha in three equal split treatments that were given preemergence applications. (mid-June, -July, and -August). All N treat- Application of 1.12 kg/ha resulted in yield ments with or without manure resulted in reductions of 3.5% when applied early poste- significant yield increases. Mean dry-matter mergence and 19.0% applied late postemer- production reached a maximum of 14.78 gence. Application of 2.24 kg/ha resulted in tlha with 336 kg N/ha. At rates of 224 kg yield reductions of 12.0% when applied early N /ha and higher, yields were significantly postemergence and 23.0% applied late poste- increased and production was sustained mergence. Weed control was excellent from all applications. during August, September, and October. Manure applied at 22.4 t/ha as a fall Potato Diseases dressing, at the beginning of each 3-yr study cycle, increased the annual production of dry Control of late blight. Rigid screening tests matter by only 0.78 t/ha. No beneficial effect have shown that maneb, mancozeb, metiram, on yields was obtained when the amount of and tetrachloroisophthalonitrile are the most N applied annually was over 112 kg/ha. efficacious chemicals used now in the preparation of fungicides for the control of potato late blight, Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) Corn management. Yields of corn silage de Bary. Triphenyltin acetate and triphenyl- dry matter (DM) declined after the first tin hydroxide have given moderate to good killing frost. Yields at successive lO-day control but are likely to be phytotoxic unless intervals after this frost were 86%, 86%, 85%, suitable safening agents are formulated with 76%, and 75% of that at the frost. However, them. A mixture of 34% maneb and 11.5% of the DM in the silage increased from 22% to a triphenyltin has shown promise as a good 33% and in the grain the DM increased from fungicide with no deleterious effects on the 44% to 64% in the same period. plants.

12 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Diseases affecting potato tubers. High N was applied at 112 kg/ha, P at 49-98 kg/ resistance to decay caused by Fusarium ha, and K at 0-93 kg/ha. These results are in sambucinum Fckl. f. 6 Wr. was demonstrated keeping with those of similar experiments in tuber stocks of the varieties Hunter, Purple conducted in 1972. Chief, Dorita, and Irish Cobbler. Similar testing for resistance to F. coeruleum (Lib.) Fertilizer applications for Brussels sprouts. Sacco showed high resistance in tubers of Banded applications of N resulted in greaterl Sebago and Irish Cobbler varieties and of yields of Brussels sprouts than when the two Fredericton seedlings. Almost complete fertilizer was either broadcast' or broadcast immunity to decay caused by this organism and applied as a topdressing. Yields were not was noted in tubers of the Dorita, Kennebec, affected by the method of application of P, and Wauseon varieties. Moderate to high and neither the rate nor the application resistance to wilt caused by Verticillium albo- method for K significantly affected yields. atrum Reinke & Berth. was shown by the Optimum yields were obta~ned where N was variety Abnaki and by five Fredericton applied at 112-224 kg/ha and P at 49-98 seedlings. Three years of testing have shown kg/ha. that formulations of the systemic fungicides benomyl and thiophanate-methyl are highly Clubroot resistance in a rutabaga-turnip effective when used as potato seed treatments hybrid. A rutabaga-turnip hybrid bred for for the control of seed-borne verticillium wilt resistance to clubroot was exposed to races I, and fusarium decay of seed pieces. Treat- 2, 3, and 6 of the clubroot organism, Plasmo- ments were applied to cut seed at 10 g dust! diophora brassicae Wor., and found to have kg seed. immunity or a high measure of resistance to each race. Races under test were representa- Detection of potato virus S (PVS). Tubers tive of practically all clubroot inocula found were winter tested on the indicator host, In Canadian soils. Resistance to race I in Nicotiana debneyi Domin., to detect PVS, th~ - new hybrid constitutes a breeding PYX, and PVY as an important part of the achievement because all other breeding lines virus-free programs in New Brunswick and and established commercial varieties of Prince Edward Island. To determine the rutabagas are completely susceptible to this reliability of this test for detecting PVS, race. The hybrid is purple topped, yellow comparisons were made by serologically fleshed, globe shaped, and has foliar charac- testing eye-indexed plants grown from the teristics similar to those of rutabaga. same tubers. Of 76 tubers tested, 41 were shown to be infected with PYX by the N. Bioactivity of new insecticides. Rates of debneyi test, 40 by serology of indexed plants toxification and detoxification of pesticides in at the 30-cm stage, and 42 when the same field microplots took longer for compounds plants were serologically tested at bloom such as trichloronat (Ith-2 yr), which was stage, 1 mo later. more persistent than phoxlm ;> chloro- Disease-jree potatoes. Tubers were winter phoxim;> Nemacur;> AC92 100 (Cyanamid tested for freedom from bacterial ring rot, of Canada Ltd.);> Zinophos (Cyanamid of- PVS, PYX, and PVY. No infections of ring Canada Ltd.) ;> propoxur;> ClO015 (Ciba rot, PYX, or PVY were found, but six tubers Giegy Canada Ltd.);> phorate;> parathion infected with PVS were detected. These were (60-70 days) when the parent compounds discarded, and the remaining tubers were were banded 2.5 or 5 cm below the soil used to plant the 1973 Pre-elite plot, first surface than when they were mixed into the stage of multiplication. All three classes, Pre- same depth of surface soil. There were only elite, Elite I, and Elite II, at the seed farm slight differences in rates of change in toxicity were serologically tested during the summer of fensulfothion, fonofos, N2596 (Stauffer for PVS and PYX. Chern. Co.), and pirimiphos-ethyl. However, the rate of toxification of pirimiphos-ethyl Vegetable Nutrition and Pest Control was erratic after the band application but Effect of N, P, and K on cauliflower yields. quite consistent when mixed with the soil. All Broadcast applications of Nand P increased compounds degraded to nontoxic metabolites the yields of cauliflower at three locations, much faster when applied on the soil surface. whereas applications of K had much less The nematicide, Nemacur, and the herbicide, effect. Optimum yields were obtained where dinoseb, were strongly insecticidal.

RESEARCH STATION, CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.I. 13 Toxicants of all the compounds, except with free-choice and with no harmful effects Zinophos, were absorbed by rutabagas, even when the urea rations were fed twice although levels and persistence varied daily. The reduced costs and acceptable gains greatly. Toxic metabolites of Nemacur and with the urea starter rations make this a the carbamates were concentrated most desirable feeding system for young calves. highly in the pulp, whereas toxicants of all other organophosphorus compounds tested Ureafor potato-fed steers. Heavy Holstein were found almost exclusively in the peel. steers finished on full-feed potatoes received a supplement based on either urea or Nematodes. Nematodes of the genera soybe;ln meal. After adaptation to the urea Pratylenchus, Meloidogyne, Paratylenchus, supplement, both groups of steers showed Helicotylenchus, Heterodera, Tylenchorhyn- similar gains and intakes of potatoes. With- chus, and Ditylenchus were recovered from drawal of the supplement markedly reduced the surrounding soil and the roots of rutaba- the rate of gain. gas, carrots, broecoli, cauliflowers, Brussels sprouts, peas, and strawberries in Prince Rye for growing steers. Young growing Edward Island. Aphelenchoides spp. were steers were fed restricted amounts of com also found on the aboveground parts of silage plus a grain ration free-choice. Rye strawberries. There were no significant corre- replaced 20%, 40%, and 60% barley in the lations between numbers of nematodes and grain ration. Gains averaging 1.2 kg/day and yield. grain intakes ranging from 2.6 to 2.7 kg/day were not significantly affected by the level of rye in the ration. These results indicate that TOBACCO up to 60% ergot-free rye is useful in this type of ration. Hill transplanting of flue-cured tobacco. Transplanting tobacco in soil that was hilled . Choice of ration and class of feeder cattle. had no effect on root development, subse- A comparison was made of net returns from quent growth, or maturity when compared feeder cattle alternatives, varying widely in with normal transplanting on unhilled land. average daily gain and length of keep. Feed rations based on hay, grass silage, and com silage indicated that the com silage ration CATTLE NUTRITION offered feeding economies of up to $35/head over the hay ration and up to $23/head over Ureafor young calves. Holstein bull calves the grass silage ration. Average daily gain weaned at 5 wk were fed soybean meal or and the pri~ of grain supplements to the urea-supplemented starter rations either forage-based rations were found to be im- twice daily or free-choice. Replacing soybean portant factors in determining the relative meal with urea reduced animal performance profitability of tlie various feeder al- less than feeding twice daily as compared ternatives.

PUBUCA TIONS

Research 1971 and 1972. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53:63- 66. Black, W. N., and White, R. P. 1973. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and manure Clark, R. V., and Johnston, H. W. 1973. Tolerance factorially applied to potatoes in a long-term of oats to the septoria disease. Can. J. Plant study. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:205-211. Sci. 53:471-475. Callbeck, L. C. 1973. Screening of potato fungicides in 1972. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 52:151- Cutcliffe, J. A., and Munro, D. C. 1973. Effects of 152. nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on rutabaga yields. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:357-361. Chiykowski, L. N., Colpitts, S. R., Coulombe, L. J., Delbridge, R. W., Gourley, C. 0., Lawrence, Gupta, U. C., and Cutcliffe, J. A. 1973. Boron C. H., Murray, R. A., Santerre, J., and nutrition of broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and Thompson, L. S. 1973. Strawberry green petal cauliflower grown on Prince Edward Island disease in Quebec and the Maritime Provinces, soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:275-279.

14 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Gupta, U. c., and MacLeod, J. A. 1973. Boron Winter, K. A. 1973. Urea as a nitrogen supplement nutrition and growth of timothy as affected by in starter feeds for early weaned calves. Can. soil pH. Commun. Soil Sci. & Plant Anal. J. Anim. Sci. 53:339-343. 4:389-395. Miscellaneous Gupta, U. C., MacLeod, J. A., and MacLeod, L. B. Ayers, G. W., and LeLacheur, K. E. 1973. Selec- 1973. Effects of aluminum, manganese and tion and breeding for c1ubroot resistance in lime on toxicity symptoms, nutrient composi- rutabagas 1953-1973. Can. Agric. 18(4):29- tion, and yield of barley grown on a podzol 31. soil. Plant & Soil 39:413-42 I. Black, W. N., and White, R. P. 1973. Removal of Gupta, U. C., Sterling, J. D. E., and Nass, H. G. potassium by corn silage. Canadex 530. 1973. Influence of various rates of compost Callbeck, L. C. 1973. Screening late blight fun- and nitrogen on the boron toxicity symptoms gicides. Canadex 258.630. in barley and wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:451- 456. Callbeck, L. C. 1973. Screening potato top killers. Canadex 258.20. Ivany, J. A., and Cutcliffe, J. A. 1973. Herbicides Callbeck, L. C., and Arsenault, W. J. 1973. Screen- for cole crops in Eastern Canada. Proc. North- ing late blight fungicides. Canadex 258.630. east Weed Sci. Soc. 27: 194-198. Callbeck, L. C., White, R. P., and Munro, D. C. Ivany, J. A., and Sweet, R. D. 1973. Germination, 1972. Handling the potato crop. Agromart growth, development, and control of Galin- Rep. C.I.L. Publ. 4 pp. soga.1. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. 21:41-45. Cutcliffe, J. A., and Munro, D. C. 1973. Effect of James, W. C., Shih, C. S., Callbeck, L. c., and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on ruta- Hodgson, W. A. 1973. Interplot interference baga yields. Canadex 163.532. in field experiments with late blight of potato Glencross, A., and Lovering, J. 1973. A guide to (Phytophthora infestans). Phytopathology retail farm machinery prices in Prince Edward 63:1269-1275. Island. P.E.I. Dep. Agric. & For. Publ. 13 pp. James, W. c., Shih, C. S.,Hodgson, W. A., and Glencross, A., McIsaac, A., and Armstrong, D. Callbeck, L. C. 1973. A method for estimating 1973. How to obtain better machinery parts the decrease in marketable tubers caused by service. Atl. Agric. Eng. Comm. Publ. NO.5. potato late blight. Am. Potato J. 50: 19-23. LeLacheur, K. E. 1973. A comparison of elements in cured tobacco leaf. The Lighter 43(2): 16- Jenkins, K. 1., and Winter, K. A. 1973. Effects of 17. selenium supplementation of naturally high selenium swine rations on tissue levels of the Lovering, J., and MacMinn, D. 1973. Estimating element. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:561-567. costs of beef production. Can. Dep. Agric. Pub!' 1506. 53 pp. . Nass, H. G. 1973. The determination of characters Nass, H. G. 1973. Fall rye-potential for the for yield selection in spring wheat. Can. J. Maritimes. Canadex 117. Plant Sci. 53:755-762. Nass, H. G., Sterling, J. D. E., and Johnston, H. W. Suzuki, M. 1973. Winterkill patterns of forage 1973. Recommended seeding rates of spring crops and winter wheat. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. cereals in P.E.I. are adequate. Canadex 52:156-159. 110.22.

Thompson, L. S., Cutcliffe, J. A., Gourley, C. 0., Suzuki, M. 1973. Is winterkill predictable? Can. and Murray, R. A. 1973. Evaluation of several Agric. 18(4): 10-1I. insecticides for control of strawberry green White, R. P. 1973. Early planting of corn critical to petal disease. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53: 16-18. maturity of silage. Canadex 111.20.

Willis, C. B., and Thompson, L. S. 1973. Control White, R. P., and Ivany, J. A. 1973. Atrazine of Pratyienchus penetrans in birdsfoot trefoil residue evaluation. Canadex 609. with oxamyl. Plant Dis. Rep. 57:237-240. Winter, K. A., Baker, M. F., and Dickieson, R. W. 1973. Dairy cattle herd health-activity sched- Winter, K. A., Gupta, U. c., Nass, H. G., and ule. Atl. ProvoLivestock Comm. Bull. Kunelius, H. T. 1973. Selenium content of feedstuffs produced in Prince Edward Island. Winter, K. A., and Sterling, J. D. E. 1973. Rye Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:113-114. grain in high-energy steer rations. Canadex 420:60.,

RESEARCH STATION, CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.I. 15 Plant Pathology and Pesticide Residues

R. G. Ross, D.F.C., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Tree fruit diseases D. CHISHOLM,B.Sc. Insecticide chemistry C. O. GOURLEY,B.Sc. (Agr.) Vegetable and berry diseases C. L. LOCKHART,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Fruit and vegetable storage diseases M. T. H. RAGAB,B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Herbicide chemistry D. K. R. STEWART,B.Sc., B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Fungicide chemistry

Plant Physiology

F. R. FORSYTH,B.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Postharvest physiology P. A. POAPST,B.Sc., B.Sc. (Agr.) Postharvest physiology D. H. WEBSTER,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Tree fruit physiology

Poultry

F. G. PROUDFOOT,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S. Head of Section; Genetics A. C. Cox, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Nutritional physiology

Tree Fruits

A. D. CROWE,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Tree fruit breeding

Vegetables, Cereals, and Field Crops

R. F. BISHOP,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Soil fertility E. W. CHIPMAN,B.Sc. (Agr.) Vegetable crops C. R. MACEACHERN,B.Sc. Soil chemistry G. G. SMELTZER,B.Sc. (Agr.) Cereals and field crops L. R. TOWNSEND,B.A., B.Sc. Plant chemistry

Experimental Farm, Nappan

T. M. MACINTYRE,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Superintendent; Livestock management and nutrition F. W. CALDER,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S. Forage crops, pasture L. P. JACKSON,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S. Soils-crop nutrition J. E. LANGILLE,B.Sc. (Agr.) Cereals and forage crops

Departure

J. S. LEEFE,B.S.A. Assistant Director; Weed control Retired November 2, 1973

18 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 INTRODUCTION

This publication is a summary of the main research results for 1973 of the Research Station at Kentvill~~ll,nslthe associated Experimental Farm at Nappan. Kentville is the center for research in horticulture, poultry, food technology, and pesticide residues in the Atlantic Provinces. The Experimental Farm at Nappan, 80 km (50 miles) to the north, serves as an associate establishment doing applied and developmental research on the production of cereals, forages, and lowbush.blueberries, and on the management of livestock. The Atlantic region is characterized by a cool humid climate and Podzol soils. On November 2, Mr. J. S. Leefe, Assistant Director, retired after 39 years of administration and research on weed control in horticultural crops. On March 27, Dr. D. J. Schroder, a microbiologist, joined the Food Technology Section of the Station. Copies of this chapter of the Research Branch Report and reprints of the listed publications are available on request from Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Kentville, N.S. B4N US.

J. R. Wright Director

BREEDING, NUTRITION, AND ~specially sheep, graze on the leaves with CULTURE OF CROPS lethal effects. Sheep-laurel reproduces from seeds, but once established it spreads later- Lowbush Blueberries and Cranberries ally by underground stems. Burning of the Growth pattern. When loops were tied in aboveground stems hastens the growth below the shoots of low bush blueberry plants ground by initiating growth' from dormant placed in a normal upright position, the buds. 2,4-D and dicamba were found to region of origin of new bud development reduce the stand of sheep-laurel, at an was markedly affected. The number and total estimated cost of $15 to $17fha. length of new shoots in the loop were Biology of broad-leaved meadowsweet. significantly greater than in the same area of Broad-leaved meadowsweet is another upright plants without a loop. Nonlooped woody shrub that occurs in poorly drained plants had slightly more growth above the areas of pastures, blueberry fields, and position of the loop and immediately below cranberry bogs of Eastern Canada. Hand- it. There was relatively little difference in pulling or digging is the accepted method of growth at any of the positions when looped control in cranberry stands, as cranberry and nonlooped plants were held in a reclin- vines are very susceptible to 2,4-D and this ing position. Although reclining plants had weed is quite resistant. Broad-leaved mead- adequate moisture and the same nutrient owsweet reproduces from seeds which germi- levels, they grew less than plants in a vertical nate readily; germination is 87% under position. These findings indicate that growth favorable conditions. of the lowbush blueberry, a woody shrub, under a gravimetric force, follows very Highbush Blueberries closely the pattern previously found in woody trees. Management. In a 6-yr field study with high bush blueberries, the incorporation of Biology of sheep-laurel. Two important raw sawdust or peat with the soil, plus weeds were written up for a new series of surface-applied fertilizer, did not increase papers on the biology of Canadian weeds. yields, bush size,.or vigor. Control bushes Sheep-laurel occurs as a woody shrub in were more vigorous, produced higher .yields pastures and lowbush blueberry fields of with larger fruit, and usually had lower levels Eastern Canada. It occupies valuable space of all nutrients, Ca excepted, than those in pastures, but it is an even more serious receiving the other treatments. However, the problem as a source of livestock poisoning. differences were not generally significant at When food is scarce during the colder the 5% level. Regression equations revealed months or drier seasons, domestic animals, that ieaf Ca, bush size, and winter injury

RESEARCH STATION, KENTVILLE, N.S. 19 were the most important variables associated flowers per lateral. Inconsistent reductions with yields, whereas fruit size was most occurred in berry weight, number of flower- closely related to leaf Ca, Mg, and N. ing laterals, buds per cane, and cane diameter. In all instances, cane height was reduced. Strawberries Ornamentals Management. A study was done to determine if it was worthwhile to harvest fruits in , Four rhododendron cultivars were named the year of planting. Additional factors and released because they were hardy at studied were the effect of planting date on Kentville, were of good plant type, and had the time of fruit maturity in the planting attractive flowers or inflorescences. The culti- year, the vigor of the plant stand at the end vars were named Acadia, Evangeline, of the planting year, and the yield the next Gabriel, and Grand Pre. year. Fruit yields of strawberry cultivars in Apples the planting year were not large enough to warrant picking. The number of days to fruit Foliar absorption. Addition of Ca(N03h to maturity in the planting year decreased with sprays of MgS04 increased absorption of Mg each delay in planting date. Second-year from 23.7% to 52.8% by Mcintosh apple yields were markedly affected by planting leaves. Addition of urea had no effect. date, maximum yields being obtained from Absorption of Mg over 24 h from a solution strawberries planted between mid-May and of MgS04 varied from -2.5% to 19.4% of the mid-June. For two years, 1970 and 1971, initial spray deposit, and the quantity abs- number of runners and total yield were orbed was significant in only one of five correlated, whereas fruit size and yield were spray treatments. Absorption from a solution correlated only in 1971. of Mg(N03h varied from 18.3% to 50.2% and the quantity absorbed was significant in Hormone treatments to increase runners. In all spray treatments. Most of the variation in two greenhouse experiments and one field absorption could be explained by humidity trial, ethephon [2-(chloroethyl)phosphonic and temperature conditions during the period acid; Ethrel, Amchem Products Inc.] applied of absorption. at 480, 960, or 1,920 ppm to the strawberry cultivar Redcoat increased the number of Vegetable Crops runner plants. In the greenhouse, application Moisture levelsfrom rhubarb. Forced rhu- of ethephon at 960 and 1,920 ppm signifi- barb petioles grown from roots maintained at cantly increased the numbers of runner a moisture level of 40-45% had higher dry plants from fruited plants above those from matter, soluble solids, and acidity, and deflowered (control) plants. Ethephon treat- produced a sauce of more attractive color ments increased the percentage of the total than did petioles from roots maintained at crop harvested in the first four pickings by an 80-90% moisture. Yields did not differ. average of 44% above the control. In the field trial, plants allowed to flower and fruit Nutrient requirements of celery and lettuce received ethephon at 960 ppm and produced on peat. Celery and head lettuce were grown runner plant numbers similar to those of the on sphagnum peat and received various deflowered plants. fertilizer treatments with N, P, and K. Each nutrient was applied at four rates in com- Raspberries bination with constant rates of the other two. Results indicated that requirements of the Hormone treatments to increase hardiness. two crops for N were similar but that celery Winter injury to raspberry canes is the main required higher rates of P and K than lettuce. factor that limits production in Nova Scotia. For the latter crop, N, P, and K at approx- Since applications of SADH (succinic acid- imately 180, 40, and 150 kg/ha respectively 2,2-dimethylhydrazide) have improved plant appeared adequate, whereas the P and K hardiness in other crops, it was considered requirements of celery were 80 and at least worthy of trial under our conditions. SADH 225 kg/ha. sprays were applied at 1,000 and 2,000 ppm to the red raspberry cultivars Trent and Nutrient requirements of carrots on peat Canby on four dates during the 1970 and and mineral soils. Carrots were grown on 1971 growing seasons. The sprays did not both sphagnum peat and mineral soils from affect bud survival, yield, or number of 1969 to 1972 inclusive. Fertilizer treatments

20 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 consisted of three rates of N, of P, and of K seasonal DM yields of 8.6-8.8 t/ha in the 1st applied in all possible combinations. yr. Although the survival of alfalfa was In almost every instance rates of N, P, and higher than under the management systems K applied to sphagnum peat were reflected where cut I was at prebud stage, a considera- in the levels of these nutrients found in carrot ble decrease of alfalfa was still observed in leaves. This was not the case with mineral the 3rd yr. Under this management, the soils. On sphagnum peat there were eight average CP in cut I was 15.8-16.3% and ND opportunities, and on mineral soils seven, for was 64. I-68.4%. each of the three applied nutrients to influ- Harvesting the first crop at early-bloom to ence yields. On peat, N increased yields in midbloom stage and the second crop at early three instances, P in one, and K in five. On bloom in early to mid-August, followed by mineral soils, N decreased yields in two third harvest in late October, resulted in good instances, P decreased them in one and survival with seasonal DM yields of 6. I- 10.6 increased them in one, whereas K had no t/ha. Lower CP and ND were recorded for effect. cut 1 than under the more intensive manage- The results suggest that on sphagnum peat ment systems. carrots may require N, P, and K at up to 250, Under all managements, average CP in 50, and 150 kg/ha respectively, whereas on cuts 2 and 3 was 14.9-17.3% and 13.3- mineral soils maximum rates would be 25, 19.4%; ND was 54.5-60.7% in cut 2 and 25, and 50 kg/ha. 56.0-64.4% in cut 3. Forage Crops Nutrients for barley. Two barley cultivars, Hormone increases hardiness. The chemi- Charlottetown 80 and Herta, were grown on cal Alar-85 (UniRoyal Chemical) was ap- plots of Tormentine sandy loam soil that had plied to alfalfa and Ladino white clover been limed to a range of pH levels (4.8, 5. I, plants as an aqueous spray in a range from 0 5.8, 6.6, and 7.1) for 10 yr prior to this to 15,000 ppm. It was found that Alar-85 experiment. Each pH area was subdivided to altered the growth of the plants and im- provide a factorial arrangement of N fertil- proved their hardiness in conditions of frost izer at 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg/ha with P-K and drought. Application also resulted in fertilizer at 10-19, 30-56, 59- I 12, and 88- changes in the carbohydrate content of the 168 kg/ha. Yield of each cultivar increased plant tissue, as well as changes in leaf when the soil pH was increased from 4.8 to structure and the morphology of vascular 5.8. The cultivar Charlottetown exceeded tissue. Spectrophotometric determinations of Herta in yield at the low pH levels. The extracts of plant tissue indicated increased greatest responses from N fertilizer were at photosynthetic pigments with increased the 60- and90-kg rates in combination with treatment. P-K at 59-1 I2 and 88-168 kg/ha, for the mean of the two cultivars. Percentages of N Alfalfa management. The effects of early in barley tissue varied with pH and decreased summer and fall cutting management sys- with increasing rates -of P-K fertilization. tems on two alfalfa cultivars were studied Percentages of total N and protein nitrogen over a 3-yr period. Removal of the first crop in barley grain increased as the pH increased. of cultivars Saranac and Narragansett at Percentages of P and K in tissue also pre bud stage, followed by two cuts at the increased as the pH increased. The ND of early-bloom stage before early September barley grain was not affected by P-K but and a late-fall harvest on October 25, pro- decreased slightly as N fertilization duced seasonal dry matter (DM) yields of increased. 7.5-8.6 t/ha in the 1st yr. Stand deterioration, however, was severe and by the 3rd yr, Management of three grasses. The primary practically all alfalfa had disappeared. Aver- growth of Climax timothy, Saratoga brome- age crude protein (CP) in cut I was 17.7- grass, and Frode orchardgrass was harvested 21.9% and in vitro digestibility of dry matter at eight stages of development and after- (ND) was 67.4-73.8%. math, after a 40- to 64-day regrowth interval Removal of the first cut at bud stage with over a 3-yr period. two subsequent harvests at the early-bloom Total DM yields of primary growth in- stage also allowed a total of three harvests creased up to early flowering and ranged before early September and resulted in from 4,370 to 11.,840 kg/ha, depending on

RESEARCH STATION, KENTVILLE, N.S. 21 grass species, cutting management, and sea- 1972 because the growing season was very son. Aftermath rarely exceeded 3,500 kg wet. Root rot was evident in an area where DM/ha. The stage of development at first peas. or beans had not been grown preharvest had only a limited influence on viously. Protein content as well as yield is aftermath production. Within the season, important, as most cultivars contain approx- orchard grass had a more uniform yield imately 23% protein. distribution than timothy or bromegrass. The yield distribution of the three grasses was Soils most uniform where the first harvest was Effects of limestone on dikeland soils. The taken at the immature stages of develop- long-term effects of limestone on physical ment. The stand persistence was satisfactory properties of dikeland soil showed that under all cutting management systems. various rates of limestone from 0 to 5.6 t/ha The IVD of primary growth ranged from applied at regular intervals of time resulted 76.5 to 37.0%. In the 2nd and 3rd yr, decline in pH values from 4.76 to 6.90, increased in IVD of primary growth averaged 0.69, yields of oats and grass, increased quantities 0.66, and 0.82% per day for timothy, brome- of IO-mesh aggregates, increased moisture grass, and orchardgrass, respectively, over a retention values, decreased rates of percola- 24-day period. In the 1st yr this decline was tion, decreased capillary porosities, increased somewhat higher. The IVD of aftermath noncapillary values, and increased bulk tended to be higher where the regrowth density values. period was shortest, although this was incon- Fertilizer treatments for hay on three soil sistent. Total digestible DM yields increased types. Three soil types, Pugwash sandy clay up to heading stage in the 2nd and 3rd yr. loam, Woodburn gravelly loam, and Kirkhill The CP of primary growth ranged from silt loam, were compared by determining 18.0 to 7.1% under various cutting systems response of crops to fertilizer treatments. The and decreased at an average daily rate of crops completed two cycles of a 4-yr rotation 0.33 to 0.37%. The CP of aftermath ranged consisting of 1 yr of oats and 3 yr of a grass- from 15.0 to 9.6%. Longer regrowth periods legume mixture for hay production. A rota- resulted in lower percentages of CPo Average tion was started each year on a new section seasonal CP yields varied little due to cutting of the experimental site during the first management and were highest for rotation, so that all crops were being grown orchardgrass. in anyone year. Treatments were: N at 0, 56, Fababean evaluation. Sixteen cultivars of and 112 kg/ha for the first rotation, and 0, fababeans were evaluated at five locations in 168, and 336 kg/ha for the second rotation; the Atlantic Provinces in 1973. This work, Pat 0, 37, and 74 kg/ha for the first rotation, coordinated from Nappan, introduced some and 0, 110 and 220 kg/ha for the second new early cultivars that were better adapted rotation; and K at 0, 56, and 112 kg/ha for to the region and more productive than Maris the first rotation, and 0, 209, and 418 kg/ha Bead, which is now being grown. Disease for the second rotation. Manure was applied resistance of new cultivars to Botrytis fabae at 0 and 22 t/ha. Sardo and Ascochyta fabae Speg. would be There was a significant difference in yield an asset. Protein content is very important as on the three soil types for Ist-, 2nd-, and 3rd- most cultivars contain 27 to 29% protein. yr hay crops. Manure increased the yield of Seeding of fababeans in 1973 began on all hay crops on all three soils, and oat yields March 30 and continued at weekly intervals on Woodburn and Kirkhill soils. There were until June 4. A number of methods of varying responses to rates of application of seeding were tried; rototilling of broadcast individual nutrients on different soil types. seed into the ground on April 10 was the Percentages of species in the hay stands most productive. Seeding after June 1 in the varied among soil types and among years. Nappan area appears to be too late. Dikeland management. The Research Field pea evaluation. Field pea plantings Branch and a private landowner have coop- are increasing annually in the Atlantic Prov- erated in a 5-yr plan for the improvement of inces because this crop is a good source of 20 ha (50 ac) of dikeland. This program was protein for livestock. Twenty-two cultivars started in 1967 and most of the work was and strains were evaluated at Nappan in completed in 1972. The final leveling and 1973. Yields were not as high iIi 1973 as in seeding were done in 1973. As a result of this

22 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 study, much has been learned about surface produced cankers on apple seedlings and formation, drainage, fertilization, and the detached twigs. Fusarium oxysporum proper seeding of a suitable crop. Special Schlecht. caused cankers on the latter. machines such as a large-scale land leveler were successfully utilized. The techniques Diseases of other crops. Preharvest sprays used in this study have been adopted by of thiabendazole and wax (Folicote; Sun Oil farmers for land development in other Co., Philadelphia) on red raspberries gave dikeland areas of the region. significant control of gray mold rot caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. when berries were held for 1 day at 404°C and I day at 18.3°C. PROTECTION OF CROPS Yields were increased slightly and in some instances berries were firmer. AGAINST PESTS Alternaria rot, developing from black leaf Plant Pathology spot infections caused by Alternaria brassici- cola (Schw.) Wiltshire, has become a prob- Cranberry quality. Through the coopera- lem in cabbage stored at high humidities in tion of a grower in Nova Scotia, complete jacketed cold storage. A spray of mancozeb I records on cranberry production from two day before harvest was just as effective as a bogs were examined. Over a 4-yr period, weekly field spray program in preventing 1969-72, the percentage of green berries at development of the rot on stored cabbage. harvest ranged from 1.9 to 5.7, small berries Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler was a from 104to 4.3, and decay from 1.2 to 16.3. problem on cold-stored Clapp Favorite pears Apple diseases. Apple leaves, collected at in 1972-73 storage season. Controlled-atmo- intervals of 1 and 3 mo after trees had sphere storage provided some control of the received seasonal sprays of benomyl and organism. thiophanate-methyl, and sterilized in propyl- Thiabendazole and benomyl gave excel- ene oxide, would not produce perithecia of lent control of gray mold rot, from Botrytis Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. Leaves cinerea Pers., on stored carrots. overwintered outdoors from these trees also Results of surveys for 1971 and 1972 did not produce perithecia. In synthetic showed green petal disease of strawberries culture media, conidium production of dif- was less than I% in both years. This low level ferent isolates and races of V. inaequalis suggests that the virus disease is not of major varied significantly but was not affected by importance in the cultivars used for commer- varying the concentration of conidia used as cial production. Inconclusive results were inoculum and the age of cultures from which obtained from tests with systemic insecti- the inoculum was derived. Making single cides, either incorporated into the soil or conidium transfers every 6 mo did not sprayed on the plants, for control of the consistently enhance conidium formation. leafhopper vectors of green petal disease. Conidium yields were optimum between 16 Chocolate spot, Botrytis fabae Sard., and and 19 days at a temperature of 16°C. The leaf and pod spot, Ascochyta fabae Speg., concentrations of glucose, nitrogen, KH2P04, were found in Nova Scotia on plants of Vicia and MgS04 required for optimum conidium faba L. var. minor (Peterm.) Beck, fababean production were not critical. cultivar Maris Bead, for the first time in In a bioassay for the presence of "replant August 1970. B. fabae has not been reported disease," Beautiful Arcade apple seedlings before now in North America. It occurred planted in pots grew significantly better in mainly on the foliage and had no apparent most apple orchard soils fumigated with effect on yield of spring-grown beans. The chloropicrin than in untreated soil. The cause effect of A. fabae was most severe on the of the poor growth of apple trees in re- seed, and it may be the greater threat to bean planted orchards in Nova Scotia is not production. known. Insect Pests Crown rot of apple trees caused by Phy- tophthora cactorum (Leb. & Cohn) Schroet. Cutworms. Cutworms on a number of was reported for the first time in Nova crops have been reduced by increased Scotia. The extent of the disease is not known knowledge of identification, biology, and but the fungus is widespread in orchard soils. chemical controls. Twice as many larvae of Penicillium expansum Link ex S. F. Gray the darksided cutworm, Euxoa messoria

RESEARCH STATION, KENTVILLE, N.S. 23 (Harr.), were found in plots of a tobacco field maximum levels in 5 yr. Where varieties were fall-planted with rye as in plots winterfal- marginal hosts to maggot and crop volume lowed. The number of plants injured was was variable, maggot populations were er- correlated with the number of larvae found. ~atic. A facto~ associated with adult fecundity Larvae of the variegated cutworm, Pe- III one expenmental orchard had a marked ridroma saucia (Hbn.), appeared 2 to 4 wk influence, causing a decrease in numbers in later than those of the darksided cutworm 1973. and winter cultural methods had little effect on their numbers. Wireworms. A recent study of the larva of Agriotes sputator (L.), a wireworm, showed Strawberry insects. A reassessment has that this species preferred grasses to several been .made of the control of the strawberry weed species. Agriotes obscurus (L.) was weevIl and plant bugs, which have caused found to feed selectively on grasses and appreciable losses in some strawberry planta- clovers. tions. The restrictions on use and availability of DDT have emphasized the need for Apple moth. The results of studies con- control, and tests in 1973 provided data for ducted in Australia by a staff member on the improving control recommendations. Several light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana plant bug species are involved. Aphid control (Walker), have been published and cover in is being studied on strawberry in relation to detail the hosts and destructiveness of this virus transmission, and on raspberry in species, which is not found in North Amer- relation to host resistance. ica. It poses a possible threat to this area. Codling moth. Monitoring populations of Red mite. A study on populations of the the codling moth with sex pheromone traps European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), was very successful in 1972 and 1973. Using was conducted in a mature apple orchard in guide rules determined under a variety of Nova Scotia. By a random selection and a conditions, growers were able to use trap standard selection technique, the density of data for better timing of insecticides and eggs over the whole tree was compared with r~duced dosages and numbers of applica- the density on a selected area, such as those tIons. In a number of instances chemical parts of the tree lower than breast height and control was unnecessary. In an experimental, within 1 m of the periphery. Both methods insecticide-free orchard, extensive trapping provided nearly equivalent estimates of reduced codling moth damage for the second population densities for generations 2 and 4 consecutive year. Although insufficient data bu~ not for generation 3. The population are available to pinpoint the cause for the estImates based on sampling from the se- decrease, the traps, at least, are an additional lected area gave an overestimation of the control measure. whole tree population. Apple maggot. Dimethoate was the most Pesticide Residues toxic of 28 insecticides tested in the labora- Endosulfan. Total residues of the insecti- tory against adult apple-maggot flies. In cide endosulfan (a and f3 isomers) plus the small-scale field tests, dimethoate protected metabolite endosulfan sulfate were very fruit from -adults for over 14 days and was persistent in a sandy loam soil during a 2Vz-yr approximately twice as effective as azinphos- period. The a -endosulfan was converted methyl. A juvenile-hormone analogue almost completely within a few months to (XR515) applied to third-instar larvae pre- endosulfan sulfate, the concentration of vented development to the adult stage. which remained constant during the experi- Probably an application to the soil would ment. The amount of f3 -endosulfan de- control larvae as they leave the fruit; how- creased very slowly. Potatoes grown in soil ever, the high dosage required may be treated with endosulfan at 6.7 kglha (6 Ibl impractical. ac) active ingredient contained 0.07 ppm Studies on maggot during the past 6 yr endosulfan sulfate. Eight foliar sprays re- showed that the amount and proportion of sulted in negligible residues in tubers. apple varieties were major factors in population changes. Early or mid-season varieties Chlordane. The insecticide chlordane was generally produced increases. Under favor- very persistent in two sandy loam soils over a able conditions, populations reached near 2-yr period when incorporated at a rate of

24 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 6.7 kg/ha (6 lb/ac) active ingredient. Max- greening when the internal CO2 concentra- imum residues found in beets, potatoes, tion exceeded 15% within 5 days of treat- rutabagas, carrots, and parsnips grown in ment. these soils were 0.03, 0.04, 0.0 I, 0.26, and 0.24 ppm chlordane. It appears that the role of Tween 85, Tween 60, and com oil in the control of

greening is one of raising the internal CO2 levels in the epidermal tissues to inhibitory STORAGE concentrations. It is speculated that this effect is possibly supplemented by concomitant Cranberries reductions in 02' Because of the current interest in controlled-atmosphere storage for cranberries, the Tomatoes rates of diffusion of CO2, 02 and ethylene in cranberry fruit were determined. Outward Approximately 453 g (lIb) of mature diffusion of CO2 from the cultivar Stevens and from native seedling cranberries, Vaccin- green tomatoes, sealed in a I-mil polyethyl- ium macrocarpon Ait., collected in 1971 and ene plastic bag and kept at 1O.0-11.7°C (50- held for 6 mo at 3°C, proceeded at the rate 53°F), can be stored for at least 8 wk. of 4.55 and 2.56 p.l!cm2 per h, respectively. Carbon dioxide levels are around 2-3% and The rates of movement of 02 into Stevens oxygen levels around 5-7% in this controlled- and into a native seedling were 2.64 and 3.28 atmosphere package. Whenever the plastic is p.l!cm2 per h. For cranberries collected in opened and the tomatoes are ripened at 1972 and held for I mo at 3°C, the respective 18.3°C (65OF), a total loss of less than 20% 2 from rots can be expected, whereas control values for CO2 were 1.48 and 1.53 p.l! cm per h, and for 02 they were 3.09 and 3.65 samples show 98% loss after an 8-wk period p. 1/cm2 per h. of storage. Tomatoes from vines well protected by fungicides can be expected to give Potatoes the best results. An aqueous emulsion of Tween 85 (4-5%), Tween 60 (10-15%), or com oil (10-15%) Pears applied with the aid of Tween 60 (3-4%) controlled greening in tubers of several Higher-quality fruits of Clapp Favorite potato cultivars. The tubers were sprayed to and Bartlett pears with much less internal runoff upon removal from 5°C dark storage breakdown were obtained when they were and were subsequently retained in light at stored at -I. 1°C (30°F) in low oxygen - elevated temperatures for 13 or more days. carbon dioxide atmospheres than when When peel from treated and control tubers stored in air. Clapp Favorite pears required was removed and exposed to similar condi- approximately zero carbon dioxide with 2% tions of light and temperature, the two peels oxygen, whereas Bartlett pears stored best produced similar amounts of chlorophyll. with 2% carbon dioxide and 2% oxygen. When peel was removed from control tubers and subjected to high (40%) concentrations After about 6 wk of cold storage in air, the Bartlett pears did not ripen but remained of CO2 and normal concentrations of 02' the production of chlorophyll was substantially firm after exposure to 18.3°C (65°F) for I inhibited. wk. The controlled-atmosphere storage over- came this problem and pears stored for 24 When tubers treated with Tween 85 were wk in a controlled atmosphere subsequently exposed to temperatures above 5°C, the ripened satisfactorily. respiration rate increased slowly and reached higher levels that persisted for a longer time The Clapp Favorite pears showed serious than was the case for the controls. It was levels of carbon dioxide injury (collapsed further observed that the internal concentra- cells and cavities) in 2% carbon dioxide and tion of CO2 increased and O2 decreased. The 2% oxygen. This cultivar is therefore highly changes in internal gas concentrations varied sensitive to carbon dioxide injury, which can directly with the concentration of applied be avoided only by using essentially zero surfactant. Tween 85 was found to control carbon dioxide. .

RESEARCH STATION, KENTVILLE, N.S. 25 FOOD TECHNOLOGY ANIMAL SCIENCE Poultry Cranberry Sauce Management. Two experiments, involving 2,400 broilers, were conducted to evaluate Sauce made from cranberries stored for 14 the feasibility of rearing broilers on a heated, mo at 3.3°C under both low (65-70%) and litterless floor compared with rearing broilers high (95-100%) relative humidity in 100% under a conventional brooder with planer N2 was of good flavor. Flavor ratings indi- shavings over a concrete floor. Results pro- cated that sauce from berries stored in N2 vide evidence that it is feasible to use a hot- was of superior flavor to sauce prepared water-heated floor with either iron or plastic. from frozen berries after a similar storage pipe to provide heat for growing broilers, period. The major aroma constituents de- without the use of litter materials. tected were acetaldehyde, methyl acetate, Two other experiments were conducted to and ethyl alcohol. There was less decay in evaluate the effects of six different dietary cranberries stored in conditions of low than treatments during parental rearing and a high humidity. single generation of divergent selection for 8-wk sire weight on the broiler progeny of two commercial parental genotypes. Results Storage of Green Tomatoes for Pickling provide evidence that, despite a wide variation in feed treatments during parental Green tomatoes stored in 0.25% S02 brine rearing, there was no significant effect on in wooden barrels from 2 to 38 wk or in broiler performance. Data from these experi- 0.13% S02 for 10 wk were suitable for ments support the contention that a practical making chow-chow after a 1.5-h rinse in tap gain in broiler performance may be expected water. For long-term storage in 0.25% S02 when a single generation of sire selection for brine, green tomatoes were held at 11.1°C or 8-wk body weight is practiced. outdoors. No adverse effects were found The effects on broiler performance of from freezing weather provided the barrels different floor, waterer, feeder-space, and were insulated with 12.5 cm (5 in.) of fiber light treatments were estimated. Increased glass or 7.5 cm (3 in.) of sprayed-on polyure- bird density resulted in a reduction in body thane foam. Taste panels rated the chow- weight, poorer feed conversion, reduced chow similar in appearance, color, and flavor carcass quality, and lower monetary returns to that of chow-chow commercially prepared per bird started. Effects of feeder space were from freshly harvested green tomatoes. Com- inconsistent. Waterer spaces examined had mercial tests suggested that the storage life little effect on bird performance. Light treat- may be extended to 1 yr. ments studied revealed that cycles of 1 h of light with 3 h of darkness resulted in slightly better feed conversion than cycles of 3 h of Quality of French Fries light and 1 h of darkness. Feeding of grit. An experiment was con- Frozen French fries are popular for both ducted to evaluate feeding various quantities domestic and institutional use, and reliable of grit compared with no grit to Leghorns measurement of the qualities of this product reared in confinement without access to grit has become increasingly important in both and housed in cages. The different levels of research and quality control. An instrument grit fed resulted in no beneficial effect for the has been developed that measures differences traits: egg production, mortality, feed effi- in limpness among French fries of different ciency, body weight, Haugh-unit scores, specific gravities. The results are affected by specific gravity of eggs, or egg weight. Birds cooking time, time after cooking, and the were fed all-mash diets during the rearing speed of deflection of the fries. These param- and laying periods. eters must, therefore, be controlled to allow meaningful comparisons. Plots of the data Packaging of eggs. Traditionally, table indicated a definite relationship between eggs have been packed in the small-end- limpness as determined by this instrument down position. Experiments were designed to and limpness as determined by sensory tests. compare the Haugh-unit scores of eggs

26 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 stored in two posltlons for 8 and 15 days. continued until I wk before parturItion. The data revealed that there were no signifi- Nineteen lambs were obtained from 12 cant differences between eggs held in the dosed ewes and 15 lambs from 12 controls. small-end-up and the small-end-down orien- The mean loss in weight of the dosed ewes in tation when eggs were stored for either 8 or the 4 wk after parturition was 0.50 kg/day 15 days. and the corresponding loss by the controls was 0.45 kg/day. In the same period, the Sheep mean daily weight gain of lambs was 0.25 kg for the singles from both groups, 0.18 kg for Dosing with seaweed. Shropshire ewes, the twins from the dosed sheep, and 0.21 kg aged 4 to 9 yr, were dosed once weekly with for the twins from the controls. At shearing Irish moss, Chondrus crispus (L.) Stackh., the dosed ewes gave a mean fleece weight of grown in large tanks in a greenhouse. The 3.09 kg, whereas the control groups had an seaweed was fed by an esophageal tube average fleece weight of 3.48 kg. It is within 4 h of harvest from the tanks. After 4 concluded that, at the dose level used, C. wk, the ewes were tupped, and the dosing crispus was not acutely toxic.

PUBLICATIONS

Research Chipman, E. W., and Stark, R. 1973. Forced rhubarb quality affected by soil moisture levels Basu, P. K., Crete, R., Donaldson, A. G., Gourley, in forcing shed. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:331-333. C. 0., Haas, 1. H., Harper, F. R., Lawrence, C. H., Seaman, W. L., Toms, H. N. W., Wong, S. Chiykowski, L. N., Colpitts, S. R., Coulombe, L. J., I., and Zimmer, R. C. 1973. Prevalence and Delbridge, R. W., Gourley, C. 0., Lawrence, severity of diseases of processing peas in C. H., Murray, R. A., Santerre, J., and Canada, 1970-71. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53:49- Thompson, L. S. 1973. Strawberry green petal 57. disease in Quebec and the Maritime Provinces, 1971-72. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53:63-66. Bishop, R. F., Chipman, E. W., and MacEachern, C. R. 1973. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and Craig, D. L. 1973. Acadia, Evangeline, Gabriel, potassium on yields and nutrient levels in and Grand Pre rhododendrons. Can. J. Plant celery and head lettuce grown on sphagnum Sci. 53:355. peat. Commun. Soil Sci. & Plant Anal. 4:375- 387. Craig, D. L., and Aalders, L. E. 1973. Response of 'Trent' and 'Canby' red raspberry to SADH Bishop, R. F., and MacEachern, C. R. 1973. The applications.,HortScience 8:313. zinc status of some Nova Scotia soils and Craig, D. L., Aalders, L. E., and Leefe, J. S. 1973. crops. Commun. Soil Sci. & Plant Anal. 4:41- 50. Effects of planting date on strawberry yield in the planting year, days to fruit maturity, plant Blatt, C. R. 1973. Effect of superphosphate applica- stand, and second-year yields. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:559-563. tions on soil phosphorus and on crop phosphorus removal by the strawberry. Commun. SoH Eaves, C. A. 1973. Environmental control in the Sci. & Plant Anal. 4:245-250. storage of temperate fruits. Proc. 18th Int. Hortic. Congr. 4:133-142. Blatt, C. R., and Sponagle, A. G. 1973. Effects of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid on runner plant Forsyth, F. R., Hall, I. Y., and Lightfoot, H. J. yields and fruit maturity of the strawberry. 1973. Diffusion of CO2, 02' and ethylene in Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:585-587. cranberry fruit. HortScience 8:45-46.

Calder, F. W., Canham, W. D., and Fensom, D. S. Fox, C. 1. S. 1973. Some feeding responses of a 1973. Some effects of Alar-85 on the physiol- wireworm, Agriotes sputator (L.), (Coleoptera: ogy of alfalfa and Ladino clover. Can. J. Plant Elateridae). Phytoprotection 54:43-45. Sci. 53:269-278. Fox, C. J. S. 1973. Influence of vegetation on the Calder, F. W., and MacLeod, L. B. 1973. Fertility distribution of wireworms in grassland: Obs- studies in relation to soil type. J. Agric. Sci., ervations on Agriotes obscurus (L.) (Col.: Camb.81:165-171. Elateridae). Phytoprotection 54:69-71.

RESEARCH STATION, KENTVILLE, N.S. 27 Gourley, C. 0., and Delbridge, R. W. 1973. Proudfoot, F. G., Gunn, J. D., and Allaby, S. F. Botrytis jabae and Ascochyta jabae on broad 1973. Effects on broiler performance of using beans in Nova Scotia. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. heated floors for rearing in a litterless environ- 53:79-82. ment. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:605-607. Herbert, H. J., and Butler, K. P. 1973. Distribution Proudfoot, F. G., and Lamoreux, W. F. 1973. The of phytophagous and predacious mites on bio-economic effect of nutrient intake restric- apple trees in Nova Scotia. Can. Entomol. tions during the rearing period and post 'peak' 105:271-276. egg production feed restriction on four commercial meat-type parental genotypes. Poult. Herbert, H. 1., and Butler, K. P. 1973. The effect of Sci. 52:1269-1282. European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Acarina: Tetranychidae), infestations on N, P, and K Ross, R. G. 1973. Suppression of perithecium concentrations in apple foliage throughout the formation in Venturia inaequalis by seasonal season. Can. EntomoI. 105:263-269. sprays of benomyl and thiophanate-methyl. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:601-602. Jackson, L. P., Aalders, L. E., and Hall, 1. V. 1972. Berry size and seed number in commercial Ross, R. G., and Gourley, C. O. 1973. Crown rot lowbush blueberry fields of Nova Scotia. Nat. of apple trees in Nova Scotia. Can. Plant Dis. Can. 99:615-619. Surv. 53: 1-4. Lockhart, C. L., Hall, I. V., and Murray, R. A. Thompson, L. S., Cutcliffe, J. A., Gourley, C. 0., 1973. Losses and yields of cranberries from and Murray, R. A. 1973. Evaluation of several bogs in Nova Scotia from 1969-72. Can. Plant insecticides for control of strawberry green Dis. Surv. 53:99-100. petal disease. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53: 16-18. Lockhart, C. L., and Stark, R. 1973. Storing green Townsend, L. R. 1973. Effects of N, P, K, and Mg tomatoes in S02 brine for chow-chow. Can. on the growth and productivity of the high- Inst. Food Sci. & Technol. J. 6:216-218. bush blueberry. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53: 161-168. MacLellan, C. R. 1973. Natural enemies of the Townsend, L. R. 1973. Effects of soil amendments light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, on the growth and productivity of the high- in the Australian capital territory. Can. Ento- bush blueberry. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 53:571-577. mol. 105:681-700. Webster, D. H. 1973. Absorption of magnesium by MacLeod, L. B., Kunelius, H. T., and Calder, F. W. McIntosh apple leaves as influenced by spray 1972. Effects of early summer and fall cutting composition and weather conditions. Can. 1. management on dry matter yields, digestibil- Plant Sci. 53:579-584. ity, crude protein, and survival of Saranac and Narragansett alfalfas. Can. J. Plant Sci. Miscellaneous 52:941-948. Cox, A. C. 1973. How can egg producers reduce Neilson, W. T. A. 1973. Improved method for feed costs? Canadex 451.50. rearing apple maggot larvae on artificial media. J. Econ. Entomol. 66:555-556. Craig, D. L. 1973. Grape, home garden cultural guide. Agdex 231-12, pp. 1-4. Proudfoot, F. G. 1973. Response of broilers to Craig, D. L. 1973. Raspberry, home garden cul- variations in waterer, feeder, and floor space under continuous and intermittent photoperi- tural guide. Agdex 237-12, pp. 1-4. ods. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 53:349-354. Craig, D. L. 1973. Rhododendron and azalea Proudfoot, F. G. 1973. Effects on broiler perform- winter hardiness evaluation. Rhododendron Soc. Can. Bull. 2( I): 15-18. ance of a single generation of sire selection for body weight at eight weeks of age from two Craig, D. L. 1973. Strawberry cultivars at Kent- commercial parental genotypes reared on six ville, N.S. Canadex 323.33. dietary treatments. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:381- 388. Crowe, A. D. 1973. Performance of some cultivar strains and apple rootstocks in Nova Scotia. Proudfoot, F. G. 1973. Effects on small-end-up egg Mass. Fruit Grow. Assoc. Annu. Proc. 79:90- orientation on Haugh unit scores after storage 96. for 8 and 15 days. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:415. 416. Crowe, A. D. 1973. Comeback of an old-timer. Am. Fruit Grow. 93: 16,34. Proudfoot, F. G. 1973. Effects of feeding grit on the performance of Leghorns housed in cages Crowe, A. D. 1973. Stocks for apples. Tree fruit and fed on all-mash laying diet. Can. J. Anim. protection guide for Atlantic Provinces. Atlan- Sci. 53:601-603. tic Hort. Comm. (Agdex 211-24) 4 pp.

28 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Crowe, A. D., and Webster, D. H. 1973. Spur spray program. Proc. 19th Annu. Meet. Agric. pruning of Red Delicious. Canadex 211. Pestic. Soc., pp. 7-9.

Herbert, H. S., and Butler, K. P. 1973. Effect of Proudfoot, F. G., Clevett, A. W., Cox, A. C, mite populations on leaf analysis. Canadex Lotherington, V. T. E., Smith, 1. W., Bartlett, 211. B. R., Black, E. 0., Ramey, D. A., Aucoin, K. H., Allaby, S. F., McNeil, G. R., Ruet, 1. L., MacLellan, C. R. 1973. Sex pheromones in codling Sefton, E. A., and Johnson, G. D. 1973. moth control. N.S. Fruit Grow. Assoc. Annu. Broiler raising in Canada. Can. Dep. Agric. Rep. 109:43-50. Publ. 1509.48 pp.

Neilson, W. 1973. Sticky traps for apple maggot Research Station, Kentville, Nova Scotia. 1972. control. Canadex 211. 1972 Annual Report. 93 pp. Ross, R. G. 1972. Spraying for apple scab. N.S. Neilson, W. 1973. Effects of cold storage on Fruit Grow. Assoc. Annu. Rep. 109:37-41. maggot-infested fruit. Canadex 211. Wright, 1. R. 1973. Report of Research Station, Neilson, W. T. A., and Sanford, K. H. 1972. Kentville, Nova Scotia. pp. 19-28 in Research Control of apple maggot in an integrated Branch report 1972. Agriculture Canada.

RESEARCH STATION, KENTVILLE, N.S. 29 .. _JI Research Station Fredericton, New Brunswick

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

G. M. WEAVER,B.Sc., Ph.D. Director F. J. WHITTEN Administrative Officer D. B. GAMMON,B.A., M.A., RL.S. Library Area Coordinator, Quebec and Atlantic Region

Environmental Quality Program

A. A MACLEAN,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Manager; Soil chemistry C. F. EVERETT,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Herbicides W. A. HODGSON,B.Sc., M.Sc. Fungicides M. LANTAGNE,B.S.A., M.Sc. Hydrological engineering D. D. POND,B.Sc. Insecticides

Livestock Feeding and Animal Nutrition Program

J. W. G. NICHOLSON,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Manager; Meat animal nutrition P. L. BURGESS,RSc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Dairy cattle nutrition C. F. EVERETT,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Weed control A. D. L. GORRILL,I B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Calf and lamb nutrition E. A. GRANTB.Sc., M.Sc. Forage and cereal crops J. G. KEMP, B.E. Harvesting and storage engineering

Potato Program

D. A. YOUNG,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program Manager; Breeding J. B. ADAMS(Mrs.), B.A., M.Sc. Aphid physiology R. H. BAGNALL,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Virus resistance R. H. E. BRADLEY,RSc., Ph.D., D.Sc. Aphid-borne viruses M. C. CLARK,B.Sc., Ph.D. Biochemistry of disease resistance W. R COLLINS,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Potato physiology H. T. DAVIES,B.S.A. Quality and breeding H. DE JONG, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Diploid breeding and genetics C. F. EVERETT,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Weed control W. A. HODGSON,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Late blight

RESEARCHSTATION,FREDERICTON,N.B. 31 M. LANTAGNE,B.S.A., M.Sc. Soil erosion C. H. LAWRENCE,B.Sc., M.Sc. Soil-borne pathogens M. E. MACGILLIVRAY(Mrs.), B.A., M.Sc., D.Sc. Insect ecology A. R. McKENZIE, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil-borne pathogens G. C. MISENER,2B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Harvesting and storage engineering D. D. POND, B.Sc. Insect control G. R. SAINI,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil physics R. P. SINGH,3B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Virus diseases G. C. C. TAl, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Quantitative genetics T. R. TARN,B.Sc., Ph.D. Cytogenetics G. W. WOOD, B.Sc., M.A. Insect control, small fruits

Departures

C. R. LEE, B.sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Potato nutrition Resigned September 1973 J. P. MACKINNON,B.Sc., M.Sc. Latent viruses Transferred to Research Station, Charlottetown, P.E.!., July 1973

VISITING SCIENTIST

National Research Council postdoctorate fellow

H. R. SHARMA,B.Sc., Ph.D. Ruminant nutrition

~On transfer of work at University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, July 1972 to July 1973. On educational leave, University of Illinois, Urbana, III., USA, until September 1973. Subsequently on 3 transfer of work at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich., USA. On transfer of work at National Research Council, Ottawa, Ont., July 1973 to July 1974.

32 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 INTRODUCTION

The Research Station at Fredericton is the main location in Canada for research on the potato crop. Emphasis is placed on breeding and genetics, pest and disease management, harvesting and storage engineering, and soil and crop management. The Station is also the Atlantic center for harvesting and storage engineering, utilization and nutritional studies related to the production of cereal and forage crops for livestock feeding, and an environmental quality program relating to the impact of nutrients and pesticides on water quality. The Station collaborates with other Branch establishments in evaluating the potential of new crop cultivars and selected management practices in New Brunswick. A major building addition to the laboratory complex was completed during the year. The new facilities have permitted the centralization of the executive, branch directorate, and headquarters staff of the New Brunswick Department of Agriculture and Rural Develop- ment. Personnel of the Production and Marketing Branch and the Health of Animals Branch of Agriculture Canada who were previously in various locations in the Fredericton area are now located at the Research Station. The physical integration of the federal and provincial departments has greatly facilitated communication and joint program development. This report is a brief summary of the major thrusts undertaken during 1973. Additional information can be obtained from reprints of publications and through communication with the Station. Correspondence should be addressed: Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Box 280, Fredericton, N.B. E3B 4Z7.

G. M. Weaver Director

liVESTOCK FEEDS AND ANIMAL protein sources were compared in a 4 X 4 NUTRITION Latin square design. The dry-matter intake. was similar for the cows on each of the four Frost Heaving of Alfalfa concentrates, and the cows produced the In the Atlantic region many seedings of same amount of milk. Also, differences in alfalfa are lost because of frost heaving. milk fat, solids-not-fat, and protein percent- These losses could be greatly reduced if ages were not significant (P > 0.05). No farmers could be advised on the susceptibil- differences were observed in the acceptability ity of their soils to frost heaving, preferably of the four concentrates, and when the by means of a simple laboratory determina- protein sources were adjusted for protein tion. Soil samples were obtained from a content, they were rated equal in feeding number of fields that had been rated for value for dairy cows. susceptibility to frost heaving into three categories: low, medium, and high. When the Timothy Silage for Dairy Cattle samples were subjected to a series of laboratory determinations, moisture equivalent was A forage system based on timothy silage found to correlate most closely with field offers a viable alternative to legumes and ratings of susceptibility. Soils with a moisture corn silage in most Maritime areas. Four equivalent below 24% have a low risk of timothy cultivars (Clair, Champ, Climax, and heaving, those above 29% have a high risk, Bounty) having various maturity dates were and soils between these percentages have a seeded in pure stands and fertilized annually medium rating. These results suggest that the with 15-5-15 at 785 kg/ha in a split applica- establishment of a routine diagnostic service tion. Each cultivar was harvested twice at the would be helpful to producers. early head ~tage of plant maturity, wilted to 65% moisture before chopping, and stored in Field Peas and Fababeans for Dairy concrete silos. The system permitted a total Cattle harvesting period of 42 days in 1972 and 36 Concentrates containing soybean meal days in 1973. Dry-matter yields for the 2 yr (15%), field -peas (50%), field peas (22.5%) averaged 8,400 kg/ha, which is 10% higher plus urea (l %), and fababeans (32%) as than the long-term yields of corn silage on

RESEARCH STATION, FREDERICTON, N.B. 33 adjoining fields. The mean crude protein Gains With Choline Chloride Not content of the crop in 1972 was 12.9%. Confirmed In two feeding trials with 'Holstein cows In experiments conducted this year, pre- first- and second-cut timothy silage was vious reports that the addition of choline compared with corn silage plus 0.5% urea. It chloride to the ration of beef calves inc;:reased was found that dry-matter intakes, body average daily gains by 10% were not con- weight gains, and total milk yields were the firmed. Beef cattle averaging 370 kg were same. Acetate levels in the rumen were fed com silage ad lib. plus 2 kglday of a higher for cows fed the timothy silages, choline chloride supplement. The supplement although cows fed the corn silage produced may be beneficial when urea provides most milk with a higher fat content. of the supplementary protein but not when Results indicate that intensive manage- plant protein is supplied. ment of timothy can provide a reliable source Formaldehyde-treated Rapeseed Meal of high-quality forage for dairy cattle. Much of the protein in diets fed to rumi- Field Drying of Timothy and Alfalfa Hay nant animals is degraded in the rumen. The nitrogenous compounds that are produced compete with the nitrogen from nonprotein Data gathered over 2 yr on the drying of sources for synthesis into microbial protein. timothy and alfalfa hay in the field were Treating dietary protein with dilute formal- used to obtain multiple regression equations dehyde has been shown to reduce its degra- in which the dependent variable, percentage dation in the rumen without significantly moisture content (on a dry weight basis) at reducing digestion in the lower tract. Beef the end of the day, was related to the heifers were fed daily 3.6 kg of com silage, percentage moisture content at the beginning 0.32 kg of rapeseed meal, and ad lib. cane of the day and the latent evaporation from molasses with 2% added urea. When the an atmometer during the drying period. rapeseed meal was treated with formalde- Linear and exponential equations gave good hyde, the average daily gain increased by fits for both timothy and alfalfa data. 30%. When a higher level (0.6 kg) of rapeseed meal was fed, the formaldehyde treat- The Utilization of Urea in Beef Rations ment had no effect on animal performance.

A procedure developed at Iowa State Urea Addition to Cereal Silage University for estimating the amount of urea Urea is often added to com as it is being that can be used in rations for beef cattle was ensiled to increase the crude protein value of tested in two feeding trials with feeds typical the resulting silage. Silage made from the of Eastern Canada. The performance of the whole plant of cereals is low in crude protein, animals was accurately predicted on the basis but it becomes a better balanced feed when of the urea fermentation potential (UFP) of urea is added. Two feeding trials, one with the ration. barley and the other with oats, showed that In the first trial, beef calves were fed a the addition of 4 kg of urealt of fresh cereals ration of potatoes, com silage, and supple- fed to cattle did not reduce silage consump- ment. The supplements varied in amount and tion. The added urea was used as efficiently source of crude protein. The average daily with cereals as when it was added to the gains obtained with the different supplements grain supplement at time of feeding. varied from 0.50 to 0.76 kg. In the second Potatoes-A Safe Feed trial, in which older beef cattle were fed com silage ad lib. plus a supplement, the average Potato sprouts and sunburned potatoes are daily gains were similar when the supple- known to contain compounds called glycoal- mentary crude protein was supplied by urea kaloids, which are toxic to simple-stomached or by rapeseed meal. The results show that animals. It is not known how much of these older cattle fed ad lib. can utilize nonprotein compounds are needed to produce clinical nitrogen efficiently, but younger cattle on symptoms in ruminant animals or if consum- restricted energy intakes require preformed ing high levels of sunburned cull potatoes or protein (such as rapeseed meal) for optimum peel waste from a processing plant might be performance. toxic. Glycoalkaloids were extracted from

34 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 green-sprouted potatoes and fed to sheep in panel are being completed at the Food graded doses. Levels below 5 g did not Research Institute, Ottawa. produce any symptoms. In most instances this level would be equivalent to more than Protein Levels in Creep Feeds for Lambs 25 kg of potatoes. In vitro studies with rumen Creep feeds containing 15, 20, and 25% fluid showed that the bacteria could break crude protein were fed to lambs at the down the glycoalkaloids. Also, the addition Experimental Farm, Nappan, N.S. The of glycoalkaloids did not reduce the number lambs also received cold milk replacer ad lib. of viable bacteria or their ability to digest to 24 days of age. Growth data to 70 days of cellulose in vitro. Ruminant animals appar- age indicated that a creep feed containing ently are more resistant to glycoalkaloid 20% crude protein was adequate for early poisoning than simple-stomached animals. weaned lambs. Nutritive Value of Rapeseed Protein and Oil POTATO BREEDING Experiments carried out at the University New Table Stock CuItivar of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, showed that a dehulled, heated, and water-extracted pro- A promising new seedling, F5801O, will be tein concentrate from Bronowski rapeseed named and submitted for licensing in 1974. (RPC), prepared by the Food Research This cultivar is a very high quality table stock Institute, Ottawa, was a good protein source for the main crop, maturing about the same for weanling rats and milk-fed lambs. time as Green Mountain and Katahdin. It Growth, feed intake, and protein efficiency has exceptional' handling qualities, and its ratios of rats fed diets containing RPC were yield compares favorably with that of the superior to those fed diets containing casein high-performance standard, Kennebec. This or dehulled raw rapeseed flour. Rats fed the seedling also exhibits a moderate level of raw rapeseed flour diet developed enlarged resistance to common scab, late blight tuber livers; but when the flour was heated, growth rot, and Fusarium sambucinum Fckl. f. 6 Wr. of the rats increased and the size of the livers was reduced. The addition of limiting amino Promising New Early Chipping Seedling acids to the rapeseed protein had no signifi- Seedling F61025 is in the final stages of cant effect on rat performance. Apparent evaluation and probably will be released in nitrogen digestion by lambs was relatively 1975. It is an early maturing selection that is low with high erucic acid rapeseed oils in the equal to Warba in marketable yield when milk replacer. In lambs, high erucic acid dug at 80 days and to Kennebec when dug as rapeseed oils also caused fat infiltration of a main crop. It chips well when it is harvested liver tissue and enlarged thyroid. early, stored at 55°F, and reconditioned from 44°F. Also, it has scored well in boiling and Full-fat Soybean Flour in Milk Replacers baking trials. The tubers are uniform in for Lambs shape and are white with pale pink eyes. The A full-fat soybean flour (FFSF), prepared seedling is moderately resistant to Verticil- by the Food Research Institute, Ottawa, has lium albo-atrum Reinke & Berth., F. sam- been used in experiments on milk replacers bucinum Fckl. f. 6 Wr., F. coeruleum (Lib.) for lambs here and at La Pocatiere and Sacc., and leaf roll, and highly resistant to Lennoxville, Que. When the FFSF supplied virus Y. half of the protein in the milk replacer, Diploid Breeding digestion coefficients for dry matter, nitrogen, and energy were only about 3% lower than A diploid breeding program has been for an all-milk protein formula. Growth of initiated whereby haploids are extracted lambs was similar when they were fed for from tetraploid cultivars and superior breed- 3-4 wk on milk replacers containing only ing stocks. Superior haploids and haploid- milk protein or on milk replacers having half haploid hybrids are used in crosses with wild the protein supplied by FFSF. Also there was and cultivated diploid species. Advanced no effect on dressing percent, finish, and hybrids offer a good deal of potential for color scores of carcasses from lambs killed at selection and genetic studies of several traits 18 or 40 kg liveweight. Evaluations by a taste of economic importance. Superior diploid

RESEARCH STATION, FREDERICTON, N.B. 35 breeding stocks, which produce a relatively Resistance to Potato Virus S high frequency of unreduced gametes, can be used in further hybridizations to return to the Although the cultivar Saco is highly resist- tetraploid level via the 4 X -2 X method of ant to potato virus S (PVS), it has a very recombination. rough tuber, a characteristic that is transmitted to many of its seedling progeny. Conse- Consistent High Yields from Potato quently, a search was undertaken to deter- Hybrids mine whether PVS resistance could be found Andigena (A) and Tuberosum (T) clones in potatoes not related to Saco. A number of were intercrossed to establish four popula- seedlings that are being used in our breeding tions representing the two parental (AA and program were crossed with Saco, and sam- IT) and the two F( (AT and TA) combina- ples of the resulting progeny were tested for tions. The first clonal generation was grown PVS resistance. The resistance is inherited as in the field in 1972, when the AA, AT, and a simple recessive, and the genotype of Saco TA populations all significantly outyielded is ssss. A cross between Saco and a parent the IT population. In 1973, the mean yield with a genotype of SSSS or SSSs would per hill of the IT population more than produce no resistant seedlings; genotype doubled, the yields of the two hybrid pOI>ula- SSss, 16%; genotype Ssss, 50%; and geno- tions increased about 75%, and the yield of type ssss, 100%. No seedling unrelated to the AA population increased by only 45%. Saco has been found to have the genotype These results changed the ranking so that IT ssss. However, one appears to be Ssss and (1,335 g per hill) was third behind the hybrid several SSss. populations (1,512 g per hill for TA and 1,434 g for AT) and the AA population had Aphid Resistance in Solanum the lowest yield (1, 189 g per hill). Even ~ith these changes in yield from Field studies established the reliability of a 1972 the hybrid populations showed marked nondestructive electronic laboratory tech- heterosis (14.1% for TA and 7.9% for AT) nique to select Solanum plants resistant to over the high parent (IT). These values were three species of potato-infesting aphids, about half those for 1972. Heterosis over the Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Macrosiphum eu- mid-parent value was 20.2% for TA and phorbiae (Thomas), and Aphis nasturtii 13.7% for AT, about the same values as for Kaltenbach. 1972. In contrast with the higher total yields per Thirty-nine named and unnamed cultivars hill, two yield components (tuber number of Solanum tuberosum L. from our potato- and mean tuber weight) ranked in the same breeding program were challenged in the order for both years. The IT population had field and laboratory for their aphid response. the lowest tuber numbers and the highest One seedling, F53013, was very much more mean tuber weight, and the AA population resistant to the three species of aphid than had the highest tuber numbers and the the control, Katahdin. This seedling had lowest mean tuber weight. Because these been kept in the program because' of its yield components showed a similar relative resistance to Phoma, Verticillium, and Fusar- performance for the four populations in 2 yr, ium spp. the changes in yield ranking must result from Twelve species of Solanum, S. andigenum, the multiplicative effect of the yield compo- S. chacoense, S. bulbocastanum, S. phureja, nents. The greater stability in the perform- S. polyadenium, S. polytrichon, S. canasense, ance of these hybrids is the chief advantage S. multidissectum, S. aplocense, S. stolonife- of such hybrid material. rum, S. brachistotrichum, and S. sanctae- In plant vigor the hybrids resembled the rosae, were examined in the field and the AA population, but in maturity they were laboratory for aphid resistance. All the S. related more closely to IT populations. In andigenum examined were susceptible to addition, the hybrids tended to have heavy feeding and damage by aphids; various root systems, undesirable stolon types, deep degrees of resistance were found in the other eyes, roughness, and poor appearance, and in species, with the highest incidence of resist- these respects they were closer to AA than to ance in S. sanctae-rosae. Crosses have been IT. made between resistant selections.

36 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Testing Potato Cultivars for Aphid cooperated in testing the effects of removing Resistance Under Field Conditions the postharvest potato residues from parts of their wilt-infested fields. Both growers re- Sixteen potato cultivars and parental lines moved the potato residues and planted were tested in 1972 and 1973 for their Kennebec seed that was free from wilt. resistance to three common species of aphid, Reductions of 30-40% in the incidence of M. euphorbiae, M. persicae, and A. nasturtii, wilt were recorded in areas where most of the under natural conditions in the field. The residues had been removed instead of being aphids were counted on different parts of the incorporated into the soil, the usual practice. plant (top, middle, and bottom) in July and These trials will be continued and expanded August. Significant differences were detected to determine the effectiveness of this proce- for A. nasturtii in total counts and in counts dure for eliminating wilt or reducing it to on the middle part of the plant after August acceptable levels, how often it must be done 15. The rank correlation coefficient (r = 0.6) to achieve and maintain these levels, and the for total counts for both years indicated that effect that removing the residues has on the varietal differences for resistance to A. nas- physical properties of the soil. turtii can be detected in the field in late August. No significant difference was de- .tected for the other two species of aphid.

POTATO ENTOMOLOGY POTATO PATHOLOGY

Interplot Interference in Late Blight Pest Management Control Studies were carried out in cooperation The initial phase of a potato-pest manage- with the research stations at Ottawa and ment program was begun in 1973 in coopera- Charlottetown to determine interplot inter- tion with the departments of agriculture for ference that occurs in field experiments Maine and New Brunswick. Schools were involving potatoes infected with late blight. conducted in Maine and New Brunswick, It is apparent that the presence of an induced where elite growers and extension and re- epidemic in an experiment interferes wit~ search personnel were taught how to identify evaluation of adjacent unsprayed plots. This potato-infesting aphids as a background for same effect should be considered in evalua- field and trap monitoring. Twelve monitoring tion studies on fungicides and in determining stations were established in New Brunswick, the resistance of seedlings when both highly where the numbers of each species of aphids susceptible and resistant seedlings are on 10 haulms in each plot were counted present. weekly from July 10 until the tops were Survey of Races of Late Blight Prevalent killed. The numbers of M. persicae, the green in Eastern Canada peach aphid, were estimated by counting the aphids caught in yellow water traps. The A survey of the races of late blight of plots and traps complemented similar 0foles potato that are prevalent in Eastern Canada located in Maine. Temperature and relatIve was completed. Three races of the fungus humidity were recorded for use in interpret- were found: race 1.4 was present in 60% of ing trends in the behavior of insect popula- the samples examined; race 4 in 35%, and tions. The results from plot and trap counts race 1 in 5%. The predominant race in New of aphids showed that numbers and species Brunswick and Quebec was 1.4 but in Prince vary with location, field, and variety of Edward Island, where fewer cultivars that potato. M. persicae was not the most com-

carry the gene R1 are grown, races 4 and 1.4 mon aphid in all the plots, but each trap occurred in about equal numbers in the 32 caught at least one specimen. From the samples examined. information recorded each week in the plots and traps, it was possible to recommend with A Potential Cultural Control for greater precision the timing for application Verticillium Wilt of Potatoes of insecticides and crop desiccants to protect Two growers whose crops of Kennebec the potatoes from direct and indirect insect seed potatoes were rejected because of wilt damage.

RESEARCH STATION, FREDERICTON, N.B. 37 Evaluation of Spray Systems for Insect Populations of the green peach aphid were and Disease Control in Row Crops greater on plots sprayed with fenitrothion Endosulfan 4E at 0.56 kg/ha active was IOEC at l.l kg/ha active or Bay Hox 190I used to test two types of booms at various 4E (Chemagro) at 0.56 kg/ha active plus pressures for the control of potato insects. azinphos-methyl 2.4E at 0.3 kg/ha active A straight boom with three nozzles per row than on the untreated plots. With dimethoate was more effective for controlling the Colo- 4E at 1.1 kg/ha active and PP062 50% wp at rado potato beetle at 30 or 50 psi than a 0.28 kg/ha active, the green peach aphid boom with one overhead and two drop populations were approximately the same as nozzles per row. The reverse was true at 250 on the untreated check plots. and 400 psi. Control of Wireworms Drop nozzles were more effective at all pressures for the control of the buckthorn Carbofuran 10% granular at l.l kg/ha aphid, but the straight boom was more active and disulfoton 15%granular at 3.4 kg/ efficient for the control of the green peach ha banded at planting were the only treat- aphid. ments tliat significantly reduced damage by Poor control of blight was obtained with wireworms. mancozeb 80% wettable powder (wp) at 1.3 kg/ha active at 30 psi with both booms and also with the straight boom at 50 psi. Good POTATO PHYSIOLOGY, CROP control of blight was achieved with drop AND SOIL MANAGEMENT nozzles at 50 psi and with either boom at 250 or 400 psi. Growth Analysis Control of the Colorado Potato Beetle A comparison of the growth and produc- Endosulfan 4E at 0.56 kg/ha active gave tion of three seedlings having distinctly 100% control of first- and second-instar different growth characteristics was con- larvae but only 74-95% control of the third- ducted with the use of growth analysis instar larvae. Carbaryl 85% wp at 1.1 kg/ha techniques in order to obtain preliminary active gave good control of first-, second-, information on factors that may be limiting and early third-ins tar larvae. Disulfoton 15% to growth and yield in the potato. granular banded at 3.4 kg/ha active or Two of the seedlings characterized by carbofuran 10% granular banded at l.l kg/ relatively small canopy (average leaf-area ha active gave good control of the Colorado indexes of 3.1 ana 3.6) were found to potato beetle. produce more dry matter per unit of leaf area than the third seedling, which had a Control of the Potato Flea Beetle larger canopy (an average leaf-area index of Carbofuran 10% granular at l.l kg/ha 4.8). Seedlings with smaller canopies may be active, disulfoton 15% granular at 3.4 kg/ha more efficient because of better light distri- active, AC92100 (Cyanamid of Canada Ltd.) bution; alternatively, since tuber yields were 15% granular at 3.4 kg/ha active, and Bayer practically identical among the seedlings, the 92114 (Chemagro) 10% granular at 2.2. kg/ lower efficiency value for the large seedling ha active banded at planting gave 99%, 95%, may merely indicate a similar sink demand 94%, and 52% control of the potato fiea spread over the greater available leaf beetle. Carbaryl 85% wp at l.l kg/ha active surface. was little better than the untreated control. Effects of Mechanically Induced Control of Potato Aphids Compaction Disulfoton 15% granular banded at 3.4 In a greenhouse experiment, compaction kg/ha active at planting gave good control of did not significantly affect the phosphorus 'A the potato, the buckthorn, and the green value' of Holmesville and Caribou soils. The peach aphid for the season. addition of shredded tree bark (30 t/ha, dry Carbofuran 10% granular banded at l.l basis) increased the 'A value' of both soils. kg/ha active gave good control of the potato In a laboratory experiment, the effect of and the buckthorn aphid but not the green compaction on the transformation of NH4 + peach aphid. to NO) was also studied in Holmesville and

38 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Caribou soils. Indications are that compac- material sprayed on July 23, when approx- tion may reduce the rate of transformation of imately 25% of the berries had turned blue, NH4+ to NO) . berries examined in mid-August showed a reduction of 96% in maggot content in Soil Erosion comparison with counts in an unsprayed field. In another test, one application of Two plots were established in 1973 in the methiocarb reduced the losses of ripe fruit to potato-growing region of the Upper Saint birds by half. The results of these tests John River Valley to study methods of suggest that methiocarb may be useful in controlling soil erosion. One plot (I ha) controlling the two major pests in blueberry consists of a sloping field having the rows of production. potatoes running with the slope. The other plot (2.4 ha) consists of a parallel diversion terrace system, in which the rows of potatoes ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY are running across the slope. Nutrient Discharge from Agricultural The objectives of these studies are to evaluate the effectiveness of parallel diver- Watersheds sion terrace systems for controlling soil A program was started in 1971 in the erosion and restricting runoff of nutrients and potato-producing region of the Saint John pesticides in a potato production system, and River Valley to investigate the effects of the effect of terracing on the water balance, agricultural practices on water quality. An soil moisture content, and potato yield. integral component of this program has No significant differences were found in related to nutrient concentrations of water the total yield of potato. However, the yield and nutrient discharge by streams. of marketable potatoes was 27% higher on Nutrient concentration and water dis- the terraced plot. charge were assessed in two watersheds, Holmesville (3,700 ha) and St. Andre (1,630 ha), to provide data for three intensities of agriculture: background level from nonagri- FRUIT CROPS cultural forested area; medium intensity agriculture, 40% in crop production; and Prototype Apple Harvesting intensive agriculture, 72% in crop production. An improved limb shaker mounted on the Mean concentrations from weekly sam- rear of a Massey Ferguson 135 tractor and pling data (1971-73) for the sites represent- powered by a hydraulic pump driven by the ing background level and intensive agricul- tractor power take-off was tested. The re- ture were NOrN, 0.6 vs. 3.2 ppm; inorganic tractable boom with 180° horizontal and 900 P, 3 vs. 9 ppb; K, 0.4 vs. 1.2 ppm; Ca, 16 vs. vertical swing and 1800 rotation easily and 60 ppm; Mg, 2.2 vs. 4.8 ppm; CI, 1.1 vs. 10.9 quickly positioned the clamp for attachment ppm; and S04' 6 vs. 23 ppm. Also, annual to limbs. When the machine was shaking for discharges of these nutrients per unit area juice apples, 30-40 trees/hr were harvested. were calculated from concentration, water This machinery was also used with a flat-bed discharge, and watershed area data. Annual collector for harvesting processing apples. A discharges per hectare for the nonagricultural simple and effective bin filler has been and intensive agricultural areas were NOrN, designed forthe flat-bed collector. 2 vs. 3 kg; P, 25 vs. 60 g; K, 3 vs. 8 kg; Ca, 104 vs. 311 kg; Mg, 14 vs. 23 kg; CI, 8 vs. 59 Promising Chemical Control for Blueberry kg; and S04' 42 vs. 113 kg. Maggot and Birds Concentration and discharge of nutrients from the area representing a medium inten- Preliminary trials with an experimental sity of agriculture were in an intermediate insecticide, methiocarb (Mesurol; Che- range. magro), showed it to be promising for control Associated studies started in 1973 relate to of the blueberry maggot, Rhagoletis mendax the nutrient contents of well water and of tile Curran. As a result of one application of this drainage effluent.

RESEARCH STATION, FREDERICTON, N.B. 39 PUBLICAnONS

Research coastal alluvial soil at critical salinity level. Agron. J. 65:841-842. Burgess, P. L., Nicholson, J. W. G., and Grant, E. A. 1973. Yield and nutritive value of corn, Singh, R. P. 1973. Experimental host range of the barley, wheat and forage oats as silage for potato spindle tuber 'virus'. Am. Potato J. lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 50:111-123. 53:245-250. Wang, C., and Arnold, R. W. 1973. Quantifying pedogenesis for soils with discontinuities. Soil Childers, W. R., and Grant, E. A. 1973. Bounty Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37:271-278. timothy. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:131-133. Wang, c., and Wood, F. A. 1973. A modified Chiykowski, L. N., Colpitts, S. R., Coulombe; L. 1., aluminon reagent for the determination of Delbridge, R. W., Gourley, C. 0., Lawrence, aluminum in soil extracts after acid digestion. C. H., Murray, R. A., Santerre, J.; and Can. 1. Soil Sci. 53:237-239. Thompson, L. S. 1973. Strawberry green petal disease in Quebec and the Maritime Provinces, Miscellaneous 1971-72. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53:63-66. Bagnall, R. H., Singh, R. P., and Clark, M. C. Grant, E. A., and Saini, G. R. 1973. Testing soils to 1973. The strange case of potato spindle tuber. predict their susceptibility to frost heaving of Can. Agric. 18(2):3-5. alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Can. J. Plant Sci. Gorrill, A. D. L. 1973. Protein for calf starters and 53:821-822. growers. Canadex 410.64. Harris, K. F., and Bradley, R. H. E. 1973. Impor- Gorrill, A. D. L., Brisson, G. J., Emmons, D. B., tance of leaf hairs in the transmission of and St. Laurent, G: J. 1973. Artificial rearing tobacco mosaic virus by aphids. Virology of young lambs. Can. Dep. Agric. Publ. 1507. 52:295-300. 21 pp. James, W. c., Lawrence, C. H., and Shih, C. S. Grant, E. A., and Saini, G. R. 1973. Susceptibility 1973. Yield losses due to missing plants in of soils to frost heaving of alfalfa. Canadex potato crops. Am. Potato J. 50:345-352. 510. James, W. C., Shih, C. S., Callbeck, L. C., and Hodgson, W. A., Munro, J., and Pond, D. D. 1973. Hodgson, W. A. 1973. Interplot interference Diseases and pests of potatoes. Can. Dep. in field experiments with late blight of potato Agric. Publ. 1492. (Phytophthora infestans). Phytopathology Kemp. 1. G. 1973. Grain losses due to delayed 63:1269-1275. harvesting. Canadex 110.50. James, W. C., Shih, C. S., Hodgson, W. A., and Lee, C. R. 1973. Soil acidity and potato production. Callbeck, L. C. 1973. A method for estimating . Can. Agric. 18(1): 12-14. the decrease in marketable tubers caused by Nicholson, J. W. G. 1973. Should beef heifers potato late blight. Am. Potato J. 50: 19-23. produce a calf before going to market? Ca- Misener, G. C., and Lee, 1. H. A. 1973. Aerody- nadex 420.10. namic separation of grain from straw and Nicholson, J. W. G. 1973. Dust bags help control chaffin a dispersed stream. Can. Agric. Eng. J. flies on cattle. Canadex 401.651. 15(2):62-65. Roberts, J. A., Linkletter, A., Misener, G., and Saini, G. R. 1973. Relationship between soil Allen, D. 1973. Bulk potato storage. Can. Dep. oxygen diffusion rate' arid yield of oats in a Agric. Publ. 1508.

40 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Ferme experimentale L'Assomption, Quebec

CADRES PROFESSIONNELS

P. P. Lux.OSEVICIUS, Diplomlandwirt, M.Sc., .Ph.D. Directeur

Tabae

M. DUPRE, B.A., B.S.A. Pesticides V. KOZUMPLIK, Diplomirani inzenjer poljoprivrede, Genetique et amelioration M.Sc. du tabac a cigare M. LAMARRE, B.Sc. tAgr.) Phytotechnie

FER-ME EXPERIMENTALE, L'ASSOMPTION, QUE. 41 INTRODUCTION

Le programme de recherches de cette Ferme est axe principalement sur les travaux concernant les tabacs a cigare et a cigarette. II englobe aussi la production du tabac a pipe. Ce rapport presente un bref resume des recherches poursuivies en 1973. Les chercheurs collaborent avec d'autres agronomes du Quebec afin de faire des recommandations sur la production des tabacs. Vne cooperation etroite existe aussi avec les representants des associations de producteurs et avec les fabricants du tabac a cigare et a cigarette. Les resultats consignes dans ce rapport ne representent qu'une partie de la recherche en cours. Pour obtenir de plus amples renseignements, adresser les demandes a la Ferme experimentale, Agriculture Canada, c.P. 1070, L'Assomption, Que. JOK IGO.

P. P. Lukosevicius Directeur

TABAC En moyenne, les plants mis en terre plus hativement et distances de 41 cm ( 16 po) ont Tabac a cigare donne les meilleurs resultats. Evaluation du «plasma germinatij». En Considerant, en plus, les avantages d'une 1973, a I'Assomption, nous avons cultive 24 temperature plus favorable au sechage cultivars de tabac a cigare et a pipe, d'origine lorsque la recolte se fait plus a bonne heure, canadienne et exterieute, afin d'en deter- il est a recommander de planter Ie tabac miner les caracteristiques morphologiques et avant Ie 9 juin. Quant aux distances, elles autres. Le but principal de cette experience devraient etre de 41 cm (16 po) entre les etait pourtant de definir les cultivars possed- plants et de 97 cm (38 po) entre les rangs. ant les caracteristiques propres a la recolte Sechage. Les etudes sur Ie sechage du mecanique. tabac a cigare se sont poursuivies en 1973. L'analyse des caracteristiques morpho- On a fait secher Ie cultivar commercial logiques, agronomiques et chimiques a de- Ottawa 705 dans des sechoirs et des cham- montre des ecarts considerables entre les bres de sechage a traitements varies. Dans les cultivars. Nous avons observe des variations sechoirs, on a fourni un chauffage au char- du pourcentage des feuilles endommagees bon de bois et une' ventilation electrique par Ie chauffage a la pente, ainsi que de la comme aides supplementaires aux conditions resistance des plants a la pourriture noire des naturelles. Dans les chambres de sechage, Ie racines. Aucun des cultivars ne s'est classe au tabac a ete soumis a des combinaisons premier rang plus de trois fois dans les 24 variees de temperature et d'humidite relative. caracteristiques analysees. Quelques cultivars Les resultats obtenus de ces traitements en seulement ne sesont pas classes acceptables 1973 et durant les annees precedentes de- pour au moins une des caracteristiques montrent qu'une chaleur et une ventilation etudiees. supplementaires ameliorent la qualite du II resulte de cette experience que, dans Ie tabac a cigare lorsque les conditions na- programme d'amelioration du tabac a cigare, turelles ne sont pas favorables au sechage. I'emploi de plants synthetiques au lieu de Par contre, Ie mauvais usage de ces aides croisements simples, doubles ou de triples supplementaires peut donner des effets ne- geniteurs donnerait des resultats plus gatifs sur la qualite du tabac a cigare. satisfaisants. L'effet de ['age dufumeur sur sa preference Dates de plantation et distance entre les pour les cigares d'un cultivar de tabac. Nous plants du tabac a cigare. En 1973, comme par avons envoye des cigares confectionnes avec les annees precedentes, Ie cultivar commer- neuf cultivars de tabac a cigare, provenant cial Ottawa 705 et la lignee hybride L64-169 d'un test fait en 1968, a un jury de degusta- ont ete plantes a differentes dates: Ie 26 mai, tion afin de determiner I'acceptabilite des Ie 9 juin ou Ie 23 juin; les plants etaient cultivars. Le jury etait compose de 256 espaces de 36, 41 ou 46 cm (14, 160u 18 po) membres situes dans toutes les regions du sur des rangs distances de 97 cm (38 po). Canada et dont l'age variait de 21 a 71 ans.

42 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 L'etude a considere l'age de chaque fumeur phosphore et quatre niveaux de potassium. en relation avec sa preference pour un De plus, chaque essai est effectue sur des cultivar donne. types de sol differents, soit un sable, soit un La preference des fumeurs pour les cigares limon sableux. Les resultats demontrent que, confectionnes avec Ie cultivar temoin Ottawa sur Ie sable, Ie rendement s'accroit avec une 705 diminuait avec l'augmentation de l'age. augmentation de la quantite d 'azote ap- Le coefficient de correlation negatif etait pliquee. II atteint son maximum avec une significatif a un niveau de 5%. dose de 27 kg/ha (24 Ib/ac). Sur Ie limon sableux, une application de 20 kg/ha (18 Ib/ Repression des mauvaises herbes. Tous les ac) et suffisante pour obtenir Ie maximum de traitements herbicides ont permis un rende- rendement. Une application de phosphore de ment superieur celui du temoin soumis a a 112 kg/ha (100 Ib/ac) diminue Ie rendement deux sarclages mecaniques. Le benfluralin au et une application de 168 kg/ha (150 Ib/ac) taux de 7,26 kg/ha (6Ib/ac) combine deux a l'augmente, peu importe Ie type de sol. sarclages a donne Ie rendement Ie plus eleve, L'application de potassium favorise l'aug- I 852 kg/ha (I 652 Ib/ac), soit 443 kg/ha mentation du rendement aussi bien sur Ie (3951b/ac) de plus que celui du temoin. Le sable que sur Ie limon sableux. . diphenamid au taux de 9 kg/ha (7,5 Ib/ac) avec un seul sarclage a rendu I 803 kg/ha Repression des drageons du tabae. En 1973, (I 608 Ib/ac), alors que Ie deuxieme sarclage nous avons essaye six produits differents pour a entraine une diminution de 282 kg/ha (252 la repression des drageons; I'experience Ib/ac). Le rendement moyen de tous les comprenait aussi deux stades et deux meth- traitements herbicides combines a un seul odes d 'application. Tous les produits ont sarclage a depasse de 471 kg/ha (420 Ib/ac) assure une repression superieure a 75%, ce celui du temoin de la meme classe. Lorsque qui est tres satisfaisant. Une application les traitements herbicides se sont combines a manuelle a ete superieure, au point de vue deux sarclages, Ie rendement moyen a ete rendement et revenu, a une application a la superieur de 212 kg/ha (189 Ib/ac) a celui machine. Si I'on compare les temps d'appli- du temoin soumis a deux sarclages, et de 498 cation, on se rend compte que Ie traitement kg/ha (444Ib/ac) a celui du temoin soumis a avant ecimage assure une meilleure repres- un seul sarclage. Le benfluralin au taux de sion, mais qu'il entraine des taux moins 7,26 kg/ha (6 Ib/ac) avec deux sarclages a eleves de rendement, de qua lite, de revenu et procure Ie plus haut revenu, $1 046/ha de maturite. ($423/ac). Le revenu moyen des traitements Repression des mauvaises herbes. Tous les herbicides avec un sarclage a ete de $330/ha traitements herbicides ont augmente Ie ren- ($134/ ac) superieur celui du temoin de la a dement et Ie revenu brut au-dessus de ceux meme classe. des parcelles sarclees uniquement a la ma- Tabae a cigarette chine. Un deuxieme sarclage des parcelles, a l'exception de celle traitee au benfluralin, a Evaluation des eultivars. En 1973, nous accru Ie rendement, soit de 2% avec Ie avons compare entre eux 14 cultivars quant a diphenamid (qu'il soit applique avant ou leur valeur agronomique. Dix cultivars se apres la plantation), de 5% avec Ie temoin, de sont reveles meilleurs que Ie temoin Hicks 6% avec Ie Devrinol (Stauffer Chemical Co.) Broadleaf au point de vue rendement. Vir- et de 8% avec Ie pebulate. Lorsque les ginia 115 venait au premier rang. Deux traitements herbicides etaient combines a un cultivars seulement etaient inferieurs au seul sarclage mecanique, ceux au diphenamid temoin en terme de I'indice de qualite, Coker applique avant la plantation, au Devrinol et 347 se classant Ie meilleur. En ce qui con- au benfluralin ont augmente les rendements cerne Ie revenu brut a l'acre, tous les cultivars de 437 kg/ha (390 Ib/ac) au-dessus du surpassaient Ie temoin a I'exception d 'un rendement du temoin. Lorsque les parcelles seul, inferieur; Speight 0-41 s'averait Ie aux traitements herbicides et Ie temoin meilleur. Quatre cultivars au plus furent etaient soumis a deux sarclages mecaniques, superieurs au temoin quant a I'indice de Ie rendement compare au temoin s'est accru maturite. de 484 kg/ha (432 ib/ac) avec Ie Devrinoi, L'effet de N, Pet K sur Ie tabae. Ce projet de 407 kg/ha (363 Ib/ac) avec Ie diphe- s'est initie en 1973. II comporte l'essai de namid avant la plantation, de 266 kg/ha quatre niveaux d'azote, quatre niveaux de (237 Ib/ac) avec Ie pebulate, de 256 kg/ha

FERME EXPERIMENTALE, L'ASSOMPTION, QUE. 43 (228 lb/ac) avec Ie benfiuralin et de 2ID kg/ La prise de noctuelles a l'aide de pieges ha (187 lb/ ac) avec Ie diphenamid apres la lumineux a revele la presence de 26 especes plantation. de ver gris. Onze especes composaieht Puisque les herbicides n'ont pas nui a la chacune 1% et plus du total des vers gris et qualite du tabac, nous avons obtenu une comprenaient 95% des vers gris adultes augmentation du revenu brut de $668/ha attrapes. Parmi les especes dominantes fig- ($270/ac). uraient Amathes c-nigrum L., Crymodes devastator (Brace), Euxoa detersa (Wlk.), E. scandens (Riley), Nephelodes emmedonia Repression des vers gris. Des 197 postes (Cram.), Feltia ducens (Wlk.) et Agrotis d'observation installes chez 20 producteurs, ipsi/on (Hufn.). 42 ont revele des populations d'entre 1,2 et Chez un producteur aux prises avec E. 2,2 millions de larves I'hectare (entre a scandens et E. detersa, des traitements frac- 500 000 et 900 000 larves/ac), et 7 postes tionnes au chlorpyrifos et au leptophos ont donne entre 2,5 et 3,5 millions/ha (entre reduisent les dommages 4, 6 ou 8% seIon 1,0 et 1,4 million/ac). a que les insecticides sont pulverises soit sur des La cueillette des larves a laisse voir trois planches en tabac et en seigle de rotation, soit maximums, soit les 4, II et 20 juin, dates OU sur des planches en tabac et en bordure de nous avons recolte Ie plus de larves par cercle 6,1 m (20 pi) sur des planches en seigle, ou de 1,5 m (5 pi) de diametre. seulement sur des planches en seigle.

PUBLICAnONS

Divers Lukosevicius, P. P. 1973. Production de tabac au Quebec. Le Briquet 43(1):5-9.

44 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Station de recherches Lennoxville, Quebec

CADRES PROFESSION NELS

Administration

C. S. BERNARD, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Directeur L. M. SEVIGNY (Mile) Agent, service administratif

Zootechnie

J. DUFOUR, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chef de la section; physiologie R. BOUCHARD, B.A., B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Nutrition M. H. F AHMY,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetique P. FUPOT, B.S.A., M.Sc. Nutrition L. LAFLAMME,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Nutrition G. LALANDE, B.A., B.S.A. Regie G. Roy, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetique

Productions vegetales

J.-L. DIONNE, B.A., B.S.A., Ph.D. Chef de la section; fertilite des sols J. GENEST, B.S.A., M.Sc. Plantes fourrageres W. MASON, B.S.A., M.Sc. Plantes fourrageres G. PELLETIER, B.S.A., M.Sc. Utilisation des fourrages A. PESANT, B.S.A., M.Sc. Physique des sols

STATIONDE RECHERCHES,LENNOXVILLE,QUE. 45 INTRODUCTION

Le but principal de cette Station est la recherche en production animale pour Ie Quebec. Les etudes portent sur Ie bovin laitier, Ie bovin de boucherie, Ie mouton (en collaboration avec la ferme experimentale de La Pocatiere), et Ie porc (de concert avec la Station de recherches de I'Vniversite Laval a St-Augustin). Ces etudes sont completees par des recherches en production vegetale qui visent a une meilleure utilisation des sols generalement acides et legerement accidentes de l'est du Quebec, ainsi qu'une production accrue des recoltes destinees a l'alimentation animale. Ce rapport est un expose succinct des quelques experiences poursuivies en 1973. Les resultats cites sont suffisamment fermes pour en tirer des conclusions. De plus amples details se rapportant a toute la recherche en cours sont disponibles en adressant la demande a la Station de recherches, Agriculture Canada, Lennoxville, Que. JOB IZO.

C. S. Bernard Directeur

ZOOTECHNIE La traite fut initiee en moyenne 22 jours apres Ie debut de la periode d'injection des Induction de la lactation chez des hormones. Vne production moyenne de 1,69 genisses ovariectomisees kg par traite et par jour fut obtenue avec les Le but de cette experience etait de deter- genisses recevant les injections d'estrogene et miner la possibilite de stimuler Ie developpe- de progesterone pendant 7 jours. ment de la glande mammaire et la produc- Le travail a ete realise en collaboration tion laitiere de 30 genisses ovariectomisees avec des chercheurs de I'Vniversite d'Ohio apres la deuxieme chaleur post-pubertaire. State. Ceux-ci determineront Ie lactose et les Les traitements mis a I'essai consistaient en proteines dans les secretions lactees, ainsi que des injections de progesterone ou d 'estro- les hormones dans Ie plasma sanguin. gene, ou des deux hormones combinees, pour Laits de substitution pour Ie veau des periodes de temps allant de 4 a 21 jours. La dexamethasone etait egalement etudiee. On a etudie les effets de quatre niveaux de On determinait Ie developpement mammaire graisses dans les laits de substitution pour Ie par palpation et par examen visue!. Entin, on veau. Les laits contenaient 20, 26, 32 et 38% prelevait des echantillons de sang, pour de graisses et la concentration en proteines mesurer les concentrations d'hormones, et brutes etait gardee constante a 21% sur base des echantillons de ftuide lacteal pour doser de matiere seche. Durant une periode de 77 la teneur en proteine et en lactose. jours, 16 veaux re~urent l'un des quatre laits L'examen preliminaire des donnees de- reconstitues au taux de 17% en matiere seche montre que les injections de progesterone et servi en deux repas egaux au taux jour- seule n'ont cause aucun developpement de la nalier moyen de 2% du poids vif sur base de glande mammaire et n'ont pas stimule la matiere seche. Le lait de substitution a 20% secretion lactee. Toutefois, des neuf genisses de graisse etait un lait commercial et servait qui recevaient de I'estrogene et de la proges- de temoin. terone, sept ont developpe leur systeme Les gains quotidiens moyens etaient de mammaire et secrete du lait. La dexametha- 0,81, 0,78, 0,86 et 0,70 kg et les conversions sone, qui devait accentuer les effets des alimentaires, exprimees en kg de matiere steroides sur la production lactee, a ete sans consommee par kg de gain, etaient de 1,60, effet. II convient de souligner que ni Ie 1,70, 1,58 et 1,80 pour les traitements a 20, nombre d'injections de la progesterone et de 26, 32 et 38% de graisses respectivement. l'estrogene, ni la duree des injections n'a pu Dans Ie meme ordre, les poids vifs a l'abatt- changer les quantites de lait produites. Vne age etaient de 111,1, 107,8, 113,0 et 101,6 kg periode de 7 jours d'injections des deux et les rendements de carcasses etaient de steroides a permis des productions similaires 54,3,55,0, 54,2 et 56,7%. a celles obtenues avec des injections reparties L'augmentation de poids vif et la conver- durant des periodes de 12 a 21 jours. sion alimentaire des veaux au lalt a 32% de

46 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 graisses etaient significativement superieures Ces resultats indiquent que la consomma- (P< 0,05) a celles des veaux au lait a 38% de tion en matiere seche, la digestibilite de la graisses. matiere seche et de I'azote, ainsi que la Les resultats indiquent que Ie lait de retention de l'azote sont accrues par l'addi- remplacement contenant 32% de graisses tion de I, I g de methionine a chaque permet d'obtenir des taux de gain superieurs kilogramme de lait de remplacemenl. S'il n'y a ceux obtenus des laits de rem placement a pas d'amelioration du taux de croissance, il contenant 20 et 26% de graisses. Puisque est fort probable qu'il n'en depend que de la I'augmentation de graisses est faite aux trop courte periode pendant laquelle les depens de la poudre de lait ecreme, la veaux recevaient la methionine additionnelle. substitution est egalement avantageuse pour Ie fabricant, car, au prix actuel des denrees, Performance au premier velage de les graisses sont moins dispendieuses que la genisses croisees poudre de lail. Des genisses de boucherie X laitieres, proven ant des croisements Charolais x Exigences en methionine du veau Holstein (CHo), Charolais X Ayrshire (CA), Hereford X Holstein (HeHo) et Hereford X Afin de determiner les exigences en methi- Ayrshire (HeA), pesaient au velage 437, 415, onine du veau, une experience a ete realisee 402 et 360 kg respectivement, alors qu'elles avec 12 veaux males a qui on a servi des laits etaient iigees en moyenne de 24 mois. de remplacement contenant sept differents Pendant les 182 jours d'allaitement qui niveaux de methionine. Une diete ne conte- suivaient Ie velage, les poids respectifs de ces nait que 50% du niveau de methionine quatre groupes de genisses changeaient de contenu dans Ie lait ecreme, tandis que les six +2,6 kg, +20,8 kg, -4,8 kg et -16,5 kg. autres contenaient 62,5, 75,0, 87,5, 100,0, Les genisses avaient ete saillies artifi- 112,5 et 125,0% de ce meme niveau. ciellement par un taureau Limousin ou un L'experience consistait en trois periodes de taureau Angus. Les veaux issus du Limousin 12 jours au cours desquelles les veaux etaient de 1,0 kg plus pesants a la naissance recevaient, pendant la periode initiale de 5 que ceux du Angus. Au sevrage, a l'age de jours, une ration deficiente en methionine, 182jours, cette difference etait de 9,0 kg, soit suivie d'une periode de 7 jours a l'une des six un avant age de 5,3% en faveur du croisement dietes contenant les quantites indiquees de Limousin. methionine. Les veaux provenant des genisses CHo Les quantites de matiere seche consom- pesaient 3,4 kg de plus a la naissance que mees etaient de 678, 701, 685, 719, 735, 747 ceux des genisses CA, et ceux des genisses et 718 g/jour pour les veaux recevant respec- HeHo, 3,6 kg de plus que ceux des genisses tivement les sept dietes en commen~ant par HeA. Au sevrage, les poids des veaux issus la plus basse en methionine. Dans Ie meme des genisses croisees Charolaises etaient en ordre, la digestibilite de la matiere seche etait moyenne 3,5% superieurs a ceux des veaux de 83,4, 86,8, 88,3, 89, I, 90,0, 90,3 et 89,7%, provenant des genisses croisees Herefords. la digestibilite de I'azote de 81,1, 85,0, 86,0, 87,2, 88,1, 89,3 et 85,8%, et la retention de Bouvillons croises mis en marche a divers l'azote de 8,3, 9,7, 10,0, 11,5, 12,3, 14,4 et poids 12,I g/jour. La concentration en groupe- ments amines libres dans Ie sang etait A queI poids devrait-on abattre des bouvil- egalement affectee par les traitements. Les Ions croises Charolais X Holstein et Here- niveaux etaient de 3,7 mmolliitre pour Ie ford X Holstein pour qu'ils soient rentables groupe deficient en methionine, et de 3,0, 3,6, et que la carcasse soit de qualite desirable? 3,0, 2,6 et 2,6 mmolliitre pour les six niveaux Pour Ie savoir, on en a abattu cinq de chaque respectifs de methionine. Toutefois, les gains croisement a 454 kg (l 000 Ib), 544 kg de poids vif ne suivaient pas la meme (l 200 Ib) et 635 kg (l 400 Ib). Tous avaient tendance. Les veaux a la diete deficiente en ete soumis au meme regime alimentaire, dont methionine accusaient un gain de 386 g/jour, la premiere phase favorisait la croissance et alors que ceux aux six autres dietes realisaient la seconde l'engraissemenl. des gains de 250, 345, 274, 286, 298 et 298 C'est au poids de 544 kg que les deux g/jour. croisements ont rapporte Ie plus de profits,

STATION DE RECHERCHES, LENNOXVILLE, QUE. 47 les crOlses Herefords etant un peu plus Les brebis DLS et Dorsets ont commence rentables que les croises Charolais. leur saison d'accouplement 46,4 et 35,5 jours Les croises Charolais ont fait un gain avant les Leicesters, et 49,3 et 38,7 jours quotidien plus eleve que celui des croises avant les Suffolks. La fin de la saison d'ac- Herefords au cours de la premiere phase de couplement arnvait en moyenne Ie 10 mars la periode alimentaire. Au cours de la pour les brebis DLS, date qui depassait de deuxieme phase, les Herefords ont accuse un 9,3, 23,0 et 45,4 jours la fin d'accouplement leger avantage. Toutefois, si I'on considere la des brebis des races Dorset, Leicester et periode alimentaire totale, les croises Charo- Suffolk, respectivement. La duree moyenne lais ont pris 35, 33 et 32 jours de moins pour de la saison d'accouplement des brebis DLS atteindre les poids de mise en marche de 454, etait de 20 jours plus longue que celle des 544 et 635 kg, comparativement aux croises Dorsets, et 70 et 115 jours plus longue que Herefords. celles des Leicesters et des Suffolks. D'apres les mesures corporelles prises sur les animaux vivants, les croises Charolais Nutrition et regie de truies en croissance etaient, en general, plus hauts, plus longs et plus larges a I'arriere-train que les croises Le but de cette experience etait de deter- Herefords. Ceux-ci etaient plus profonds et miner I'influence du regime alimentaire et de plus larges a I'avant-train, aux poids de 454 la regie de la jeune truie pendant les mois et 544 kg. d'hiver sur sa croissance et sa capacite de II Y a eu tres peu de difference dans Ie reproduction. On a utilise des truies croisees rendement de la carcasse entre les deux pes ant entre 14 et 60 kg au debut de croisements aux trois poids de mis en marche. I'experience. On les a assignees egalement a deux genres d'etables, soit une etable ouverte En general, les croises Charolais ont pro- sur poteaux (environnement froid) et une duit une viande plus maigre que celle des etable fermee (environnement confortable). croises Herefords. Par contre, les croises Dans chaque etable, on a servi un tiers des Herefords ont depose plus de gras en surface a truies une moulee de croissance volonte, et I'interieur des muscles. En dissequant la a a alors qu'on a servi aux autres 80% de la 12e cOte, on a aussi obtenu un pourcentage quantite de moulee consommee par Ie groupe d 'os un peu plus eleve chez les croises nourri volonte. Au poids de 95 kg, on a Charolais que chez les croises Herefords. La a note l'age et l'epaisseur du gras dorsal, et on quantite de graisse, au niveau de la noix de a projete ce qu'aurait ete Ie classement de la cote, n'a pas tellement augmentee avec Ie carcasse si I'animal avait ete abattu. poids des croises Charolais, alors qu'elle s'est accrue de fatyon significative avec l'augmen- Les resultats preliminaires semblent in- tation de poids chez les croises Herefords. diquer que l'environnement a eu tres peu Ceci explique, en partie, la superiorite de d'influence sur les caracteres etudies. Toute- categorie des carcasses et, par consequent, la fois, Ie groupe nourri a volonte avait 10,2% difference d'economie en faveur des croises plus de gras dorsal, perdait 3,9 unites de Herefords mis en marche aux poids de 544 et classement de carcasse et prenait 13 jours de 635 kg. moins pour se rendre a 95 kg que Ie groupe tenu a 80% de la consommation a volonte. Comparaison de l'activite oestrale des Apres Ie premier oestrus, la moitie des brebis truies a l'alimentation restreinte passait a une On a compare 80 brebis, representant les alimentation a volonte (<< flushing»). Toutes races Dorset, Leicester, Suffolk et Ie triple les truies etaient accouplees au deuxieme croisement de ces memes races (DLS), afin oestrus. de determiner la longueur de la periode Les truies elevees au froid produisaient 0,2 d'accouplement au cours d'une meme annee. porcelet de plus par portee que celles gardees Les brebis DLS avaient ete selectionnees en a I'environnement confortable, pour un poids vue d'un agnelage hatif de novembre et superieur par portee de 0,4 kg. Cependant, Ie decembre. Pendant toute la duree du test, les taux de conception des premieres etait plus brebis demeuraient dans des conditions faible. Independamment de I'environnement, normales d'eclairage et de temperature, et les Ie groupe qui avait subi Ie «flushing» produi- signes de chaleur en etaient verifies jour- sait 0,2 et 0,8 plus de porcelets par portee que nalierement a l'aide de beliers vasectomises. Ie groupe nourn continuellement a volonte et

48 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 celui a 80% de la consommation a volonte, la teneur en Cu. Dans tous les cas, cette respectivement. diffusion de I'air a diminue d'une fa90n tres significative Ie Cu et Ie Mn echangeable du sol. On a constate, d'une texture a une autre PRODUCTIONS VEGETALES au sol, des variations marquees du Cu et du Ensilage de mars pour agneaux Mn echangeable, ainsi que du Mn reductible. Vne variete de maYs semi-hiitive (P.A.G. La teneur en Mn de I'avoine provenant de SX48) a ete recoltee Ie premier, Ie 15 et Ie 26 sols de neuf couleurs differentes s'est averee septembre, soit aux stades pateux-mou, plus elevee a une temperature ambiante de pateux-dur et apres-gel. Deux niveaux de 27°C qu'a 15°C. On a pourtant observe Ie finesse du hachage ont ete obtenues en contraire pour ce qui est des rendements et recoltant avec ou sans Ie sas recoupeur sur la de la teneur en Cu. Independamment de la fourragere. couleur du sol, une correlation significative La teneur en matiere seche de I'ensilage a existait entre Ie Mn echangeable du sol et la ete de 21,3, 26,3 et 27,8% pour les stades temperature de la serre. Parmi les sols des pateux-mou, pateux-dur et apres-gel, respec- neuf couleurs, les differences de rendements tivement. Ni la gelee avant la recolte, ni la et de teneurs en Cu et en Mn de I;avoine ont finesse de hachage n'a influence la composi- ete tres significatives. tion chimique de I'ensilage. Par aiIIeurs, la maturite des grains a la recolte a grandement Gangue d'amiante pour la culture de la influence la composition chimique de I'ensi- luzerne lage. C'est ainsi que du stade pilteux-mou au stade pateux-dur la proteine est passee de 9,5 L'extraction de I'amiante laisse des quan- a 8,3%, les parois ceIIulaires de 65,0 a 53,4% tites enormes de residus, ou gangue, qui et la lignocellulose de 37,0 a 28,2%. s'accumulent en de veritables montagnes. Or, La gelee avant la recolte a anieliore la on sait que ces residus contiennent environ digestibilite de la matiere seche, celle-ci etant 37% de magnesie (MgO) dont une partie de 6 1,2 et 65,5% pour les stades pateux-dur seulement est facilement assimilable par les et apres-gel, respectivement. Quant a I'ensi- plantes; il faudrait donc I'appliquer a des lage recolte au stade pateux-mou, Ie hachage doses comparables a ceIIes de la pierre a grossier compare au hachage fin a augmente chaux pour faire des apports significatifs de la digestibilite de la proteine de 10%. Par magnesie au sol. Si la gangue d'amiante, contre, pour I'ensilage recoIte apres une dont Ie pH est de 9, I5, avait quelque valeur gelee, Ie hachage grossier a diminue la comme amendement du sol, on pourrait alors digestibilite de 5% par rapport au hachage I'utiliser en agriculture et contribuer ainsi a la fin. disparition de ces immenses amas qui nuisent La consommation journaliere en matiere a la qualite de I'environnement. seche, exprimee par kilogramme de poids metabolique, a ete de 41,6, 57,0 et 57,9 g, et Nous avons donc compare la gangue de celie en energie digestible de 127,7, 158,6 et minerai d'amiante a la pierre a chaux cal- 184,I kcal pour les ensilages recoltes aux cique et au carbonate de magnesium comme stades pateux-mou, pateux-dur et apres-gel. amendement du sol en vue de la culture de la La finesse du hachage n'a pas eu d'influence luzerne. sur la consommation. Dans une premiere experience, nous .avons Proprietes physiques du sol et assimilation melange au sol, un loam limoneux de Coati- du manganese et du cuivre cook de pH 5,0, chacun des trois amendements suivants: pierre a chaux calcique, On a etudie les interactions entre la texture carbonate de magnesium et gangue d'ami- et I'aeration du sol, et entre la couleur du sol ante. Les doses variaient de 0 a 20,6 t/ha (de et la temperature ambiante, en tant qu'eIIes o a IO tonnes/ac). La difference d'une dose a influent sur I'absorption du cuivre (Cu) et du I'autre etait de 2,42 t/ha et nous avions onze manganese (Mn) natifs de certains sols. points dans la courbe. Nous avons ajuste Ie Independamment de la texture, une augc pourcentage de I'eau du sol a la capacite au mentation de la diffusion de I'air a reduit les champ et I'avons maintenu a ce niveau rendements en grain et en racines et la teneur pendant toute la periode d'incubation, soit un en Mn de I'avoine, mais elle en a augmente an.

STATION DE RECHERCHES, LENNOXVILLE, QUE. 49 L'addition de gangue j'amiante au sol ne correspondant a des applications de dalapon l'a pas neutralise. Af.'re~ une periode d'incu- aux taux de 0 et 40 kg/ha, d'azote a 0, 20 et bation de 45 jours,e pH du sol est passe de 40 kg/ha, de phosphore a O. 40 et 80 kg/ha 5,0 a 5,35. Le prok.. 'gerr..ent de la periode a ainsi que de potassium' a 0,20 et 40 kg/ha. un an ne l'a pas accru davantage. II a quand Tous ces traitements, combines selon un meme fallu une application de gangue d'am- dispositif factoriel, ont ete appliques a deux iante a un taux de 20,63 t/ha pour obtenir ce semis differents effectues en pots et en serre. degre de neutralisation du sol. La meme dose Les resultats de l'essai de germination ont de pierre a chaux cal,cique a porte Ie pH du indique que I'equivalent de 40 kg/ha de sol a 7,48 et celie de ,carbonate de magne- dalapon 12,5 G etendu sur buvard a reduit sium l'a eleve a 8,32. de moitie la germination du trefle ladino et La gangue d' lmiante a cependant accru la du lotier, tandis que la luzerne n'en etait pas teneur en magn~sium echangeable du sol de affectee. L'addition d'engrais a tous les 0,6 a 2,0 meq/100 g de sol. L'addition de niveaux a affecte d'une fa~on encore plus chaux calcique a legerement diminue la marquee que Ie dalapon la germination des magnesie echangeable du sol tandis que Ie trois especes etudiees. De fa~on generale, la carbonate de magnesium a la dose de 20,63 germination diminuait avec I'accroissement t/ha a augmente la teneur en Mg echange- de la concentration du milieu en sels solubles. able de 0." a 10.6 meq/lOO g de sol. Le dalapon a reduit les populations de En m',me temps que s'effectuait l'incuba- luzerne et de trefle blanc d'environ 10% et tion du sol, une autre experience recherchait leur croissance, mesuree par la production de la valeur de -:esmemes amendements du sol matiere seche a 6 semaines, de 50%. II n'a appliques a des doses semblables pour la affecte ni la population ni la croissance du culture de la luzerne. On a fait sept coupes de lotier. On a observe des reductions du cette legumineuse cultivee en serre. L'incor- nombre de nodules chez les trois especes poration au sol de la gangue d'amiante a 33 etudiees lorsque traitees au dalapon. Les t/ha (15 tonnes/ac) a produit un rendement apports d'azote n'ont pas modi fie de fa~on de luzerne de 43 g de matiere seche par pot, significative la production par unite de sur- compare a 0,03 g dans Ie sol temoin; pour- face, cependant, les plantules de lotier etaient tant Ie pH du sol traite au residu de minerai significativement mieux developpees la ou il d'amiante n'etait que de 5,2. La teneur en y avait des applications de N equivalant a 40 magnesium echangeable est passee de 0,629 kg/ha. a 3,860 meq/lOO g. Cette augmentation en L'addition de phosphore a 40 kg/ha n'a magnesium echangeable a permis d'obtenir produit aucune augmentation de rendement un rendement de luzerne atteignant 66% de chez la luzerne, cependant, 80 kg/ha ont la normale en depit d'un pH de 5,2. hausse de 50% Ie poids des plants recoltes. Le phosphore a 40 kg/ha a permis un accroisse- II ressort que l'utilisation de la gangue ment de 10% de poids chez Ie lotier tandis d'amiante, meme en quantite massive, n'a pu qu'aucun effet n'a ete observe chez Ie trefle neutraliser l'acidite du sol, mais a fourni blanc. On a observe une plus grande nodula- quand meme assez de magnesium echange- tion des plants de luzerne lorsque des apports able pour permettre a la luzerne une crois- de phosphore ont ete effectues. sance atteignant 66% de la normale. L'addition du potassium n'a pas eu d'effet Influence du dalapon et des elements N, significatif chez la luzerne et Ie lotier, par P, K sur des legumineuses fourrageres contre, chez Ie trefle blanc des quantites de 30 kg/ha ont suffi a diminuer significa- Un projet, destine a ameliorer Ie contenu tivement Ie nombre de plants, et 40 kg/ha en legumineuses des prairies et des paturages ont cause des retards dans la croissance sans travail du sol, a ete initie en 1972. caracterises par des poids de 50% inferieurs a La phase initiale, main tenant achevee, ceux des plants ne recevant pas de potassium. consistait a etudier la germination sur papier De fa~on generale, la nodulation des plantes filtre des semences en contact avec des des trois especes diminuait a mesure que les quantites de dalapon et de N, P et K concentrations de N et de K augmentaient.

50 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 PUBLICAnONS

Recherches d'un melange fourrager. Nat. Can. (Que.) 100:385-393. Bernard, C. S., Fahmy, M. H. et Lalande, G. 1973. The influence of age at first calving and winter Pelletier, G. et Donefer, E. 1973. Nutritive value of feeding management as yearlings on calf fresh and dried marrowstem kale harvested at production from beef Shorthorn cows. Anim. two different periods. Can. J. Anim. Sci. Prod. 17:53-58. 53:257-263. Bouchard, R., Brisson, G. J. et Julien, J. P. 1973. Pelletier, G. et Martin, L. 1. 1973. The blood Nutritive value of bacterial sludge and whey picture of sheep fed on fresh and dried powders for protein in calf milk replacers and marrowstem kale. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 53:229- on chromic oxide as indicator of digestibility. 236. J. Dairy Sci. 56: 1445-1449. Divers Bouchard, R. et Conrad, H. R. 1973. Sulfur requirement of lactating dairy cows. I. Sulfur Bernard, C. S., Fahmy, M. H. et Lalande, G. 1973. balance and dietary supplementation. J. Dairy Effects of early calving and winter nutrition on Sci. 56: 1276-1282. lifetime production. Canadex 420.10. Bouchard, R. et Conrad, H. R. 1973. Sulfur Bouchard, R. 1973. Inorganic sulfur is most effec- requirement of lactating dairy cows. II. Utili- tive in dairy rations. Feedstuffs, July 2:20. zation of sulfate, molasses and lignin-sulfo- Bouchard, R. 1973. Sulfur requirement of lactating nate. J. Dairy Sci. 56: 1429-1434. dairy cows. Canadex 410.53. Bouchard, R. et Conrad, H. R. 1973. Sulfur Bouchard, R. et Conrad, H. R. 1973, Determina- requirement of lactating dairy cows. III. Fate tion of the most limiting amino acid for dairy of sulfur-35 from sodium and calcium sulfate. using plasma acid concentrations. Fed. Proc. 1. Dairy Sci. 56: 1435-1438. 32:905. ~ouchard, R. et Conrad, H. R. 1973. Supplemen- Bouchard, R. et Conrad, H. R. 1973. Sulfur tary value of hydroxy analog of methionine requirements of lactating dairy cows. Ohio and sulfates in diets, of lactating cows. J. Dairy Herd Improv. Obs. Aug. Sci. 56:665. Conrad, H. R. et Bouchard, R. 1973. Sulfur Fahmy, M. H. et Bernard, C. S. 1973. Effe.cts of requirements of dairy cows. Ohio Rep. Res. crossbreeding and certain environmental fac- Develop. 58: 102-103. tors on multiple births, wool production and growth in sheep. Anim. Prod. 16: 147-155. Conrad, H. R., Bouchard, R. et Hibbs, J. 1973. High fiber urea supplemented diets in dairy Fahmy, M. H. et Lalande, G. 1973. Genetic and cows. Rumen Funct. Conf. (Nutr.) Nov. environmental trends in preweaning performance of Shorthorn calves. Can. J. Anim. Sci. Dufour, J. 1973. Chemical shearing of sheep. 53:637-640. Canadex 430.26. Genest, J. et Steppler, H. 1973. Effects of compan- Fahmy, M. H. 1973. Swine crossbreeding research ion crops and their management on the under- at Lennoxville. Will it answer any of your sown forage seedling environment. Can. J. questions? Can. Swine 47(19):22-25. Plant Sci. 53:285-290. Fahmy, M. H., Bernard, C. S. et Lemay, J. P. 1973. Laflamme, L. F. 1973. Biopsy sampling for growth South down vs Suffolk rams as sires of light studies in cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53: 193- and heavy market lambs. Canadex 430.35. 194. Fahmy, M. H. et Lalande, G. 1973. Daily gain and Laflamme, L. F. et Burgess, T. D. 1973. Effect of feed efficiency in beef X dairy crosses. Ca- castration, ration and hormone implants on nadex 420.50. the performance of finishing cattle. J. Anim. F1ipot, P., Lalande, G. et Fahmy, M. H. 1973. Cold Sci. 36:762-767. milk replacer for calves. Canadex 410.60. Pelletier, G. 1973. Influence de certaines methodes Genest, J. 1973. Qui veut economiser $581.00 de de fenaison et de conservation sur la qualite luzerne? Can. Agric. 18(2):22-23.

STATION DE RECHERCHES, LENNOXVILLE, QUE. 51

Station de recherches Sainte- Foy, Quebec

CADRES PROFESSIONNELS

S. J. BOURGET,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S., Ph.D. Directeur C. GAGNON,B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Directeur adjoint J. R. FRAPPIER,B.A. Services administratifs

Support scientifique

P. VENNE,B.Bibl., M.L.S. Bibliotheque

Amelioration des plantes

H. GASSER,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chef de la section; plantes fourrageres M. R. BULLEN,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetique des piantes fourrageres J. M. DESCHENES,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Ecologie J. P. DUBUC,B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Cereales R. MICHAUD,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.sc. Genetique des legumineuses E. ROCHAT,Ing. agron.; M.Sc., D.Sc. Amelioration des graminees C. A. ST-PIERRE,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereales J. C. ST-PIERRE,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiologie des plantes fourrageres

Physiologie des pi antes

R. PAQUIN,B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.sc., Ph.D. Chef de la section; survie a l'luver R. BOLDUC,B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D.' Resistance au froid, cytologie H. J. HOPE, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Resistance au froid, mecanisme C. WILLEMOT,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Resistance au froid, mecanisme

Phytoprotection

C. GAGNON,B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Chef de la section; maladies des legumineuses A. COMEAU,B.Sc., Ph.D. Entomologie G. PELLETiER,B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Maladies des cereales

STATiONDE RECHERCHES,SAINTE-FOY,QUE. 53 C. RICHARD, B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Sc. MaladIes des Iegumineuses J. SANTERRE, B.A., B.Sc., M.Sc. Nematologie

Sols

C. DE KIMPE, B.A., Ing. Chim. et Ind. agr., Chef de la section; genese D.Sc. L. BORDELEAU,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Microbiologie M. LAVERDlIERE,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Pedogenese et mineralogie Y. MARTEL, B.Sc. (At!.), Ph.D. Chimie et fertilite J. ZIZKA, B.A., B.Sc. ,Agr.), M.Sc. Fertilite

Economie

J. V. LEBEAU', B.S.A., M.Sc. Rentabilite C. FALGONJ, Ing. agron. Rentabilite

Ferme experiment ale, La Pocatiere

J. E. COMEAU, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Regisseur G. BARNETT, B.sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Sols L. BELZILE, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Plantes fourrageres H. GENEREUX, B.A., B.S.A., M.Sc. Maladies des pommes de terre R. RIOUX, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.) Herbicides et cultures speciales

Ferme experiment ale, Normandin

J. P. F. DARISSE, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Regisseur R. DRAPEAU, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Plantes fourrageres

SCIENTIFIQUE INVITE

R. J. WILLIAMS, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Biochimie Blood Research Laboratory, Bethesda, Md, U.S.A.

'Detache de la Direction de l'economie du ministere de )'Agriculture du Canada.

RESEARCHBRANCHREPORT 1973 54 INTRODUCTION

Cette publication represente un resume des principaux resultats de recherches obtenus en 1973 a la Station a Sainte-Foy et aux deux fermes experimentales satellites de La Pocatiere et Normandin. Toute demande de renseignement ou de tires-a-part doit etre adressee a: Station de Recherches, Agriculture Canada, 2560 Chemin Gomin, Sainte-Foy, Que. G IV 213.

S. J. Bourget Directeur

LES PLANTES I 493 kg/ha, Climax I 376 kg/ha et Bounty I 289 kg/ha. On a pris trois coupes sur toutes Plantes fourrageres les parcelles en 1973 et aucun resemis n'a ete Une etude ayant pour but de determiner effectue. A la premiere coupe, Ie mil a donne les rendements de la fleole des pres com- 3 581 kg de m.s.lha et la luzerne, 2 584 kg/ munement appelee mil, de la luzerne et du ha. Le trefle rouge avait une production trefle rouge semes separement ou en me- intermediaire d'environ 3 000 kg/ha. Climax langes a ete poursuivie a trois sites differents. etait la variete de milIa plus productive a la A La Pocatiere, les rendements de matiere premiere coupe. seche (m.s.) ont ete tres eleves en 1972 pour Essai de varietes. En 1972, 43 varietes de une annee de semis; ainsi, la luzerne a fourni ray-grass annuel ont ete ensemencees au 6 085 kg de m.s. par hectare et Ie mil, 4 918 mois de juin a Normandin. Certaines varietes kg/ha. Des varietes de mil, Clair a ete ont donne deux coupes et les rendements de superieure a Climax et a Bounty en donnant m.s. s'etalaient de 7 027 a 4---.133kg/ha. En 4521 kg de m.s.lha contre 3 295 et 3 218 1973, 22 varietes de ray-grass annuel et 73 kg/ha pour les deux autres respectivement. varietes de ray-grass vivace ont ete ense- Aucun traitement differentiel n'avait ete mencees au mois de mai a Normandin. Deux applique; done, la difference etait due a la coupes ont ete effectuees mais aucun resultat variete seulement. n'est encore disponible. Trente-sept varietes A St-Augustin, on a fait une seule coupe en de fetuque des pres ont ete ensemencees en 1972, l'annee du semis. La luzerne a donne 1972 et aucune recolte n'a ete pre levee 4 133 kg de m.s.lha et Ie mil, 4 337 kg/ha. durant l'annee du semis. En 1973, sous un A I'inverse de La Pocatiere, les varietes regime de paturage et apres deux coupes, les Climax et Bounty, en rend ant 4 386 et 4 374 rendements de matiere seche vont de 4 097 a kg de m.s.lha respectivement, ont surclasse 2 222 kg/ha. La variete Fetila a ete detruite Clair, qui a donne un rendement de matiere parl'hiver 1972-73. seche de 3 910 kg/ha. En 1973, deux coupes ont ete effectuees avant I'automne sur toutes Hesperie europeenne. L'hesperie eu- les parcelles sauf celles du trefle rouge en ropeenne, Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.), etend semis pur qui ont dft etre reensemencees. Le maintenant son aire de distribution a la mil a eu un rendement de matiere seche de region de Montreal, de l'Outaouais, de 7 432 kg/ha et la luzerne, 6 486 kg/ha. Une l'Abitibi, de Quebec et du bas St-Laurent. troisieme coupe a ete prelevee apres la L'infestation semble devenir critique pres de premiere gelee mortelle. Bounty a ete la Joliette. Au Lac St-Jean, les degats de 1973 variete de milIa plus productive a la pre- ressemblent a ceux de 1972. Nous avons miere coupe. recueilli des donnees preliminaires sur la Suite a une seule coupe egalement en 1972 biologie de l'hesperie au Lac St-Jean, OU 80% a Normandin, Ie trefle rouge en semis pur et du dommage au mil a ete cause entre Ie 18 en melange a donne un rendement d'environ juin et Ie Ier juillet 1973. On note une 3 260 kg/ha. La luzerne semee seule a fourni mortalite significative des larves et des pupes 2 866 kg de m.s.lha et associee au mil, 2 808 vers la fin de juin, mais cette mortalite' kg/ha. Le mil en semis pur a donne 2 629 kg semble arriver trop tard pour contribuer a de m.s.lha. Dans l'essai varietes de mil vs reduire Ie dommage. Certains types de plants taux d'azote, Clair a eu un rendement de de mil semblent preferes a d'autres pour

STATION DE RECHERCHES, SAINTE-FOY, QUE. 55 I'oviposition. Aucun parasite europeen Ste- Nous avons aussi evalue la capacite sym- nichneumon scutellator (Grav.) n'a ete ret;u biotique des inoculants commerciaux des en 1973. Le parasite Phryxe vulgaris (Fallen) Iegumineuses, tels qu'ils sont distribues aux est encore en elevage, mais des liichers n'ont cultivateurs.Ce projet s'est etabli en collab- pu etre effectues. oration avec Ie Departement d'Agrobiologie de l'Universite Laval. II appert qu'environ Rhizobium meliloti. Nous avons evalue Ie 75% des inoculants distribues aux cultivateurs comportement lixateur de I'azote atmo- n'ont aucune valeur, soit a cause du trop petit spherique chez 49 souches de R. meliloti avec nombre de Rhizobium viables par sachet la variete de luzerne Saranac. Six souches ont d'inoculant ou de leur manque de specificite; manifeste un grand pouvoir lixateur et pro- ceci est probablement du a un mauvais voquent des rendements moyens chez la entreposage d'une part, et a I'utilisation des luzerne Saranac nettement superieurs a ceux souches non adaptees d'autre part. des plantes fertilisees a I'azote mineral. II Nematologie. Nous avons continue en 1973 existe une specificite des souches vis-a-vis la l'enquete entreprise au Quebec en 197I afin variete Saranac, ou bien il y a stimulation de d'acquerir une meilleure connaissance des I'activite fixatrice des souches isolees de la types de nematodes parasites des plantes variete Saranac, stimulation provenant de la associes aux principales legumineuses fourra- plante elle-meme; ces effets diminuent avec geres dans I'est du Canada. Apres avoir Ie temps. Nous sommes a etudier I'ecologie parcouru, durant l'ete 1973, 441 ha de des meilleures souches, la stabilite de leurs champs fourragers dans 29 comtes, nous caracteres, ainsi que leur persistance sous les avons recueilli 131 echantillons de sol et de conditions climatiques du Quebec. Le com- racines repartis comme suit: luzerne: 54; portement fixateur d'un melange de souches trefie rouge: 74; lotier: 3. L'analyse de ces tres efficaces au depart avec des souches tres echantillons se fait presentement a notre efficaces apres deux et trois coupes de la Station. Les premiers resultats de l'analyse luzerne nous indique qu'un tel melange serait montrent les frequences suivantes des differ- souhaitable dans l'etablissement d'une luzer- ents types de nematodes extraits des echantil- niere. Ions de sol et de racines: Dans ce projet, nous cherchons aussi a economiser du temps par des methodes de SOL: pre-selection de souches efficaces nous per- Pratylenchus, 92% mettant de manipuler Ie plus grand nombre Paratylenchus, 68% possible de souches, sans avoir a toutes les Criconemoides, 49% verifier avec la plante; la selection finale se Heterodera et Meloidogyne, 36% fait evidemment sur la plante. Nous avons Helicotylenchus,27% trouve une correlation positive entre l'effi- Tylenchorhynchus,9% cacite symbiotique des souches et les changements dans Ie pH du milieu lorsque les bacteries sont cultivees in vitro. Toutes les souches abaissant Ie pH a un niveau inferieur a 6,0 sont inefficaces et peuvent etre elimi- nees, tandis que celles qui changent Ie milieu RACINES: a un pH de 6,25 a 7,2 sont efficaces. Ainsi, Pratylenchus, 64% cette methode nous permet de selectionner Meloidogyne, 30% rapidement des souches efficaces. Des resul- Heterodera, 20% tats preliminaires nous indiquent qu'i! y a Paratylenchus, 16% une correlation negative entre Ie metabolisme Helicotylenchus, 8% oxidatif du Rhizobium en culture in vitro et sa capacite symbiotique a fixer I'azote; cette Criconemoides et Tylenchorhynchus, 2% nouvelle methode nous permet d'eliminer un grand nombre de souches inefficaces. La combinaison sequentielle de ces deux methodes, suivie de la selection sur la plante, nous A ce jour, environ 90% de la superfiCie permettra de manipuler des centaines de totale de foin cultivee au Quebec, luzerne, souches dans un temps relativement court. trefie rouge et lotier, ont ete inventories.

56 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Tolerance au froid heures pour la luzerne, 10 heures pour Ie ble); la perte de resistance au cours du La luzerne. Une etude des effets de l'age desendurcissement est egalement tres rapide: de la plante sur son endurcissement au gel a chezla luzerne, deux jours de desendurcisse- montre que c'est l'age de 5 6 semaines a a ment 20°C et 16 heures de jour suffisent qu'el1e s'endurcit Ie plus. A cet age, Ie taux de a pour eliminer la moitie de la resistance survie atteint 90 92%; l'age de 7 9 a a a acquise au cours d'un mois d'endurcisse- semaines, il atteint 81 82%, l'age de 15 a a ment; les semences de luzerne les plus lentes semaines il est de 62% l

STATION DE RECHERCHES, SAINTE-FOY, QUE. 57 d'obtenir une demande de licence. Une etude thiophanate-methyle, depassant meme celle pathologique determinera si la lignee a une du zinebe. tolerance accrue au Septoria. Si les resultilts en sont positifs, la demande sera faite de la L'orge promouvoir variete sous Ie nom d'Alma; elle Evaluation. La variete d'orge Loyola a ete pourra ainsi etre vendue dans Ie commerce ajoutee a la liste des varietes recommandees aux producteurs et aux consommateurs. A cet pour Ie Quebec. Un peu plus hiitive et a effet, quelque I 400 kg (3 000 Ib) de se- meilleure paille que les varietes Conquest et mence de Selectionneur ont ete produites Champlain, elle se situe entre les deux au sous des conditions strictes de surveillance. point de vue rendement. Vne interaction entre 16 varietes de cereales et les dates de Amelioration. Quelque 230 croisements ont semis a ete observee en 1971 et 1972 a La ete realises en 1973 pour repondre aux Pocatiere. Chez l'orge, la variete Champlain objectifs du Quebec et des provinces Mari- s'est montree tres stable tandis que Bonanza, times, en plus de quelques objectifs speciaux Parkland et Conquest montraient de grandes tels que la hiitivete et la grosseur du grain. variations entre leurs rendements en semis Quelque 200 croisements en segregation (F2 hiitif et tardif. a Fs) ont ete selectionnes pour la hiitivete, Ie rendement et la resistance de la paille, ainsi Amelioration. Un essai d'observation sur que pour les caracteristiques qualitatives du 30 lignees de notre programme a ete etabli a grain determinees en laboratoire. Vingt-trois trois stations en 1973. Une technique de lignees provenant de neuf croisements dif- selection de plants sur table permet a deux ferents ont ete evaluees dans Ie cadre du selectionneurs d 'evaluer pas moins d 'un Groupe du Quebec. Un croisement a ete million de plants en moins d'un mois de elimine tandis que 17 lignees proven ant de selection. Un systeme de boites nous permet huit croisements ont ete retenues pour une d'identifier une seule enveloppe par croise- evaluation plus poussee. Vingt-et-une lignees ment, tout en conservant la sequence com- provenant de cinq .autres croisements sont plete de 15 000 plants selectionnes. Ce entrees en premiere annee d'evaluation. procede a ete applique a 162 populations F2 et environ 150 populations F de croisements Trente croisements ont fourni 50 000 3 differents. grains F dont la moitie a ete selectionnee en 2 Vingt-cinq croisements ont fourni 40 000 serres pour la resistance au BYDV (nanisme grains F qui ont ete inocules de BYDV et jaune de l'orge), ce qui a donne I OOOlignees 2 selectionnes pour la resistance a cette mala- F3 qui ont ete evaluees en champs pour la resistance au BYDV et pour certains carac- die virale trans mise par des pucerons. On a etudie I'effet de I'inoculation tardive du teres agronomiques. Une evaluation de la BYDV sur des lignees a bon potentiel resistance des lignees commerciales se agronomique. poursuit.

Septoriose. Comme il n'existe aucun cultivar d 'avoine resistant a Septoria avenae LES SOLS Frank, moyen Ie plus economique de lutte, il Caracterisa tion importe de rechercher d'autres moyens de prevenir les pertes causees par cette maladie. Profils a horizons indures. On a continue De la, I'utilite de rechercher une substance cette annee I'etude des sols a horizons fongicide adequate. Nous avons donc entre- indures situes dans les Appalaches par I'e- pris de faire l'evaluation relative de differents chantillonnage et I'analyse des series produits fongicides systemiques et non sys- Chapais, Painchaud et Chabot dans la partie temiques. Parmi la gamme des produits ouest de leur zone de repartition, la OU ces essayes, nous avons decele une action tres series s'inserent entre les catenas des series efficace du benomyl et du thirame par la Arago et St-Onesime. Dans cette region, Ie methode de culture sur gelose. Par contre, relief plus accentue n'a pas permis Ie devel- d'autres produits fongicides, tels que Ie oppement de sols tres profonds et souvent les zinebe, se revelent plutot ineffectifs a eli- caracteres typiques du fragipan sont moins miner Ie Septoria d'apres cette methode. Par marques. En consequence, les sols ressem- la culture sur segments de feuilles d'avoine, blent plus a ceux des autres catenas. Nous on constate I'inefficacite surprenante du avons aussi echantillonne un sol Arago

58 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 , profond dans lequel on a atteint Ie till non FERME EXPERIMENTALE touche par les phenomenes d'induration. A 2,5 m (8 pi) environ, les fentes de retrait LA POCATIitRE caracteristiques ainsi que la «fragilitb dispa- raissent. La densite et la compacite du till Plantes fourrageres cependant demeurent les memes. Fertilisation. Le phosphore et l'azote ont II est donc interessant de faire une compa- plus sou vent augmente Ie rendement des raison entre les caracteres micro morpho- graminees que Ie potassium; l'azote a donne logiques et les taux de porosite, comme cela des augmentations plus frequentes que Ie fut fait pour un profil Robertsonville. Alors a phosphore. Les formes de N (NH4N03, uree que, dans les horizons superieurs, Ie diametre et uree-soufre) appliquees aux graminees, moyen des pores se situait aux environs de 25 une ou trois fois par annee, ant provoque des p. m, il s'est reduit a 0,5 p. m dans Ie pan. effets positifs. A faible dose, NH4N03 a ete Ceci aide a com prendre les restrictions Ie plus efficace. A forte dose, l'uree et l'uree- evidentes au passage des racines et de l'eau. soufre ont ete superieures au NH4N03• Les effets residuels. des placements de P sur la Ce sont des phenomenes du meme genre luzerne ont ete minimes. Cependant, la que ceux observes sur les terrasses du St- luzerne a profite des apports d'engrais azotes. Laurent, lorsque des schistes, en profondeur, se decomposent et entrainent un colmatage Regie, Les semis d'aout 1972 ont tres bien d'horizons inferieurs des profils. survecu a l'hiver et Ie rendement diminuait lorsqu'on retardait la date de semis. II y a eu Series a drainage deficient. L'etude des peu de difference entre les rendements sui- catenas Mistouc (series Mistouc, Normandin, vant les dates et les taux de semis varies du printemps 1973. La luzerne et Ie mil semes Albanel) et Larouche (series Larouche, Chi- en association (rangs alternes) et en melange coutimi, Hebertville), echantillonnees dans la ont donne de meilleurs rendements que les region du Lac St-Jean, s'est poursuivie au semis purs. La luzerne coupee apres la geIee coms de la premiere partie de l'annee, semble produire un peu moins l'annee l'emphase etant mise sur certaines proprietes suivante. physiques. La texture des differents horizons vanalt Les cereales du loam limono-argileux a l'argile. Les valeurs maximales de densite apparente ont Date et mode de semis. La preparation du ete determinees au niveau des horizons B sol a l'automne permet un semis plus hatif, 3 (1,94 g/cm pour l'horizon Bgf de la serie mais elle do'it etre suivie d'un leger hersage Hebertville). Les pourcentages de retention au printemps. Le type et Ie temps de ce en eau, obtenus pour les echantillons soumis hersage n'ont eu que peu d'infiuence sur les a differentes pressions (113 et 15 atm), ainsi rendements, mais ont pour fonction essen- que les pourcentages d'agregats stables, tielle la destruction des mauvaises herbes. etaient inferieurs dans ces memes horizons B. Meme avec une plus grande quantite de Des essais ont egalement ete effectues en vue mauvaises herbes, Ie semis hatif est Ie plus producteur. L'orge semble plus sensible la de determiner la conductivite hydraulique a competition si elle est semee tardivement. des differents horizons. Les teneurs en matiere organique varient de 4,5 a 18% dans les Fumure. La fertilisation I'azote et au horizons A et decroissent rapidement moins a a phosphore a ete plus profitable avec Ie semis de 1,5% dans les horizons B sous-jacents. Les hatif. Quant au semis tardif, Ie placement du taux de saturation en bases se situent a 100% phosphore avec la semence a augmente Ie dans tous les horizons. Les valeurs en Fe- rendement sur I'argile Kamouraska et l'a dithionite, Fe-oxalate et Fe-pyrophosphate reduit sur Ie loam St-Andre. Applique a la diminuent avec la profondeur, certaines voIee, Ie phosphore a ete plus efficace sur Ie accumulations etant cependant notees pour Ie loam St-Andre que sur l'argile Kamouraska. Fe-dithionite des horizons Bg (Chicoutimi) et En bande, Ie phosphore a ete efficace sur les Bgf (Hebertville). deux types de sol.

STATION DE RECHERCHES, SAINTE-FOY, QUE. 59 Les pommes de terre rendement moyen respectif de 34, 19, 14 et 5 kg par arbre. Mode de culture. Un buttage a 5% de levee des pommes de terre a permis une bonne repression des mauvaises herbes sans I'addition d'herbicide. Par contre, Ie rendement a FERME EXPERIMENTALE ete plus eleve lorsque Ie buttage avait lieu a NORMANDIN la fioraison. L'usage d 'un herbicide est toutefois necessaire dans ce dernier cas. Le Les plantes fourrageres semis a plat suivi d'un buttage a la fioraison a donne une maturite plus hlitive et un poids Regie du mil. Les varietes Champ et specifique plus eleve des tubercules. Drummond ont ete soumises a dilferents Varietes. Les cultivars hlitifs Norland, regimes de fumure et d'exploitation pendant F61025 et F66095 ont ete tres productifs en trois annees. La production d 'herbage a sol mineral tandis que F59095 excellait en sol augmente regulierement avec des taux de organique. Pungo a ete faible partout. Le fumure allant jusqu'a 112 kg de N/ha (l00 cultivar tardif Kennebec excellait par son Ib/ac). Les apports fractionnes de 34-0-0 ont rendement, suivi de F67070. Hudson a ete contribue a I'obtention de rendements moy- moins prometteur qu'en 1972. Les cultivars ens atteignant 5 960 kg de matiere seche/ha, G6880-1 et F61025 olfrent des possibilites comparativement a 5 431 kg/ha avec une pour les croustilles. La rhizoctonie a alfecte la dose unique de 33-0-0 au printemps et de qualite et Ie rendement. 4 920 kg/ha avec une fumure automnale a base d'uree. Cependant, c'est avec les plus Ftetrissure bacterienne. Les solanacees hauts taux que les ecarts de rendement, Solanum infundibuliforme Phil. 2948, S. resultant des epoques OU I'azote a ete ap- stoloniferum Schlecht. 195166 et S. tubero- portee, ont ete les plus marques. Le mil, sum subsp. andigenum (Juz. & Buk.) Hawkes recolte au debut de I'epiaison ou au debut de Oka 3937, ainsi que les cultivars 1506B (9), la fioraison, a donne des resultats pres- 2070 (30) A et 2070 (54), sont apparus qu'identiques, en depit du fait que Ie peuple- resistants a la fietrissure apres inoculation des ment et fa hauteur des plants alent ete plus racines. Les cultivars F70087 et F70108 eleves au dernier stade. Les deux varietes de etaient exempts de symptomes apres inocula- mil ont produit la meme quantite de matiere tion avec couteau contamine. La desinfection seche et se sont comportees de faeon simi- du couteau contamine a ete efficace au faire sous les dilferents regimes d 'ex- moyen de trempage durant 1 minute dans ploitation. une solution de Hyamine 2389 (500 ppm), de Kem-Klean (6 ppm) et de Dex-deorisant (10 Regie de melanges a foin. Les resultats de ppm) (Kern-San Products Ltd.). deux semis identiques exploites respectivement durant trois et quatre annees ont Les fruits demontre que les melanges mil-luzerne et brome-Iuzerne sont superieurs en producti- Fraisiers. En deuxieme annee de produc- vite aux melanges plus complexes. L'association, Ie rendement equivalait au double de tion mil-luzerne a cependant produit un peu celui de la premiere annee. Les cultivars plus que celie du brome et de la luzerne, car Guardsman, Redcoat, Sparkle et Veestar ont Ie brome semble manquer la persistance du ete les plus productifs. La fraisiere etait mil Champ qui a produit, apres quatre exempte de petale vert. annees, plus que la luzerne Saranac. De plus, Pommiers. Le taux de reprise de la grelfe I'analyse botanique a revele que les le- en tete, pratiquee sur Malus robusta 5, n'a ete gumineuses, particulierement Ie trefie rouge, que de 2%. Le cultivar Quinte etait exempt produisent moins lorsqu'elles sont associees de rouille. au brome. L'addition de trefie ro4ge au melange mil-luzerne n'a apporte aucun avan- Pruniers. Les cultivars Bradshaw et Reine- tage. Claude ont produit respectivement 71 et 45 Parmi les especes en culture pure, Ie brome kg par arbre. et la luzerne ont fourni les meilleurs rende- Poiriers. Les cultivars Bartlett, Phileson, ments, ceux-ci etant meme superieurs a ceux Clapp Favorite et Miney ont donne un de certains melanges. La production du mil a

60 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 cependant ete reduite par suite d'une defolia- periode de quatre annees, que les varietes tion intense resultant de I'attaque de I'hes- Climax et Bounty. perie europeenne. En gen~ral, les melanges fourragers ont produit au moins 2,2 t de Les cereales matiere seche.lha (1,0 tonnes/ac) de plus que Sechage et entreposage de l'avoine. On a les especes semees seules. La culture pure compare les variations de temperature et d 'especes, telles que la luzerne, pourrait d'humidite du grain d'avoine entrepose, soit cependant etre avantageuse dans un semis en couches minces de 45 a 50 cm d'epaisseur, sans plante-abri et desherbe chimiquement. soit ventile. A I'entreposage, la teneur moyenne en humidite du grain etait de Dans un autre essai comportant des fauches hebdomadaires d'un melange de mil, 17,1%. La temperature du grain est passee a 4,5°C (40°F) en moins de quatre semaines de luzerne et de trefie rouge, I'analyse botanique du materiel recolte a demontre dans I'entrepot ventile, comparativement a que la pointe de production des legumineuses 12 semaines pour I'entrepot en couches minces. La diminution de la teneur en eau se situe a la mi-juillet, alors que la contribution au rendement du mil est au maximum n'a pas varie significativement entre les deux semaines plus tard. methodes, bien qu'elle ait ete un peu superieure avec la ventilation. Recolte et conservation. Un melange de Dates de semis et rendement. Le rendement mil, de luzerne et de trefie rouge a ete recolte moyen de neuf varietes' d'avoine s'est accru durant quatre annees comme ensilage de 21,8% dans Ie semis du 15 mai, compa- prefane ou comme foin crepe ou non crepe, rativement a un semis elfectue deux semaines seche dans Ie champ ou a I'air chaud. II plus tard. Chez I'orge, l'ecart a ete encore ressort de cette etude que Ie crepage n'a pas plus prononce, soit 35,7% d'augmentation du reduit Ie temps de sechage et n'a pas produit rendement en faveur du semis fait a la mi- un foin de meilleure qualite. L'ensilage et Ie maioPar contre, neuf varietes de ble ont reagi foin seche a I'air chaud ont donne un a I'oppose des deux autres cereales, accusant fourrage de qualite superieure. Meme si Ie un rendement superieur de 17,7% dans Ie fourrage coupe a un stade de croissance hlitif semis du 30 maio a perdu plus de qualite durant la fenaison et Les petits fruits et legumes I'entreposage, sa valeur alimentaire a ete meilleure que celie du fourrage recolte Regie d'une jraisiere. Les resultats d'une tardivement. L'evaluation de la qualite ali- annee de recolte semblent indiquer que les mentaire du fourrage par des agneaux a varietes repondent dilferemment aux fa90ns revele que les gains de poids etaient les culturales. En elfet, trois varietes ont ete memes a toutes les methodes de conser- comparees dans une plantation sur billon et vation. La consommation d 'un fourrage dans une autre plantation a plat ou conven- recolte en I'absence de pluie a ete la plus tionnelle. La variete de mi-saisonRedcoat a elevee. produit significativement plus de fruits dans Ie semis a plat, comparativement a la Productivite de certaines especes. Apres Guardsman, variete tardive, qui semble etre cinq annees d'essai, la variete de luzerne favorisee par la methode sur billon pour la Iroquois a montre une bonne persistance et a production totale, mais par la methode produit plus de matiere seche que I'autre conventionnelle pour une recolte hlitive. La variete recommandee, Vernal. variete Veestar a presque double Ie rendement des deux precedentes dans la methode Itasca, une nouvelle variete de mil recom- a plat et cette production a ete au maximum mandee, s'est mieux comportee, sur une dans les premiers dix jours de recolte.

STATION DE RECHERCHES, SAINTE-FaY, QUE. 61 PUBLICAnONS

Recherches Drapeau, R., Fortin, 1. A. et Gagnon, C. 1973. Antifungal activity of Rhizobium. Can. 1. Bot. Barnett, C. M. 1969. Rates and methods of 51:681-682. phosphorus placement for corn (Zea mays 1.). These de M.Sc., Universite McGill, Que. Grenier, G., Mazliak, P., Tremolieres, A. et Wille- mot, C. 1973. Influence du froid sur la syn- Belzile, 1. 1972. Effet du chlorure de (2-chloroeth- these des acides gras dans les racines de deux yl)trimethylammonium sur la resistance au varietes de luzerne, l'une tres resistante et froid de l'orge d'hiver (Hordeum vulgare, var. I'autre moins resistante au froid. Physiol. Veg. Dover) et son comportement dans la partie II :253-265. meristematique des feuilles. These de M.Sc., Universite Laval, Que. 70 pp. Hope, H. 1. 1973. Protein synthesis during frost hardening of winter wheat. Plant Physiol. Belzile, 1., Paquin, R. et Therrien, H. P. 1973. 51:26. Effets du chlorure de (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium sur Ie developpement et la resist- Laflamme, G., Baril, R. et De Kimpe, C. 1973. ance au gel de l'orge d'hiver Dover. Can. J. Caracterisation d'un podzol humo-ferrique, Plant Sci. 53:31-36. luvisolique et lithique a Esprit-Saint, comte de Rimouski, Quebec. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:145- Belzile, 1., Paquin, R. et Wille mot, C. 1972. 154. Absorption, translocation et metabolisme du chlorure de (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammo- Laverdiere, M. R. et Cescas, M. P. 1973. Some nium-l ,2, 14C chez I'orge d'hiver (Hordeum characterisitics of La Pocatiere and St-Pascal vulgare). Can. 1. Bot. 50:2665-2672. soils developed on marine sediments in Que- bec. Can. 1. Soil Sci. 53: 155-162. Bolduc, R. 1973. Deformations ultrastructurales chez les membranes du chloroplaste causees Laverdiere, M. R. et Laflamme, G. Y. 1973. par Ie froid chez Ie ble d'hiver. Plant Physiol. Quelques proprietes physiques, chimiques et 51 :27. mineralogiques des series de sol Chaloupe et Boucher, Y., Paquin, R., Willemot, C. et Lachance, Batiscan, reliees a leur evolution pedogenet- ique. Nat. Can. (Que.) 100:407-420. R. A. 1973. Metabolisme de l'asparagenase et de l'acide aspartique chez Corynebacterium Lister, E. E., Fisher, 1. J., Jordan, W. A., Wauthy, sepedonicum (Spieck. et Kott.) Skapt. et Burkh. J. M., Comeau, J. E. et Proulx, J. 1973. Can. 1. Microbiol. 19:603-607. Influence of shelter, level of feeding, and Chiykowski, 1. N., Colpitts, S. R., Coulombe, 1.J., method of forage conservation on packed cell Delbridge, R. W., Gourley, C. 0., Lawrence, volume and plasma metabolite levels in preg- C. H., Murray, R. A., Santerre, J. et nant beef cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:81-88. Thompson, 1. S. 1973. Strawberry green petal Ouellette, G. B. et Pelletier, G. J. 1973. Un autre disease in Quebec and the Maritime Provinces, cas de developpement protoplasmique d'un 1971-72. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53:63-66. pathogene de fletrissure, Ie Verticil/ium Comeau, A. et Roelofs, W. 1. 1973. Sex attraction dahliae. Phytoprotection 54:91. specificity in the Tortricidae. Entomol. Exp. & Paquin, R. 1973. Effet de quelques acides orga- Appl. 16:191-200. niques sur la croissance de Corynebacterium De Kimpe, C. R., Tabi, M. et Zizka, J. 1973. sepedonicum en presence de l'asparagine et de Influence of basic material on soil genesis in la glutamine. Rev. Can. BioI. 32: 143-147. the Thetford - Black Lake area, Province of Paquin, R., Boucher, Y. et Lachance, R. A. 1973. Quebec. Can. 1. Soil Sci. 53:27-35. Role des acides amines soufres dans la crois- De Kimpe, C. R. et Zizka, 1. 1973. Weathering and sance de Corynebacterium sepedonicum clay formation in a dunite deposit at Asbestos. (Spieck. et Kott.) Skapt. et Burkh. Can. J. Can. 1. Earth Sci. 10: 1533-1540. Microbiol. 19:369-373. Deschenes, J. M. 1969. Life-form spectra of Pelletier, G. 1973. Influence de certaines methodes contrasting slopes of the grazed pastures of de fenaison et de conservation sur la qualite Northern New Jersey. Nat. Can. (Que.) d'un melange fourrager. Nat. Can. (Que.) 96:965-978. 100:385-393.

Drapeau, R. 1973. L'influence de rhizobium envers Pelletier, G. J., Santerre, 1. et Leblond, D. 1973. les champignons pathogenes des legumineuses. Les maladies des cereales au Quebec en 1972. These de M.Sc., Universite Laval, Que. Phytoprotection 54:91.

62 RESEARCH BRANcH REPORT 1973 Rioux, R. 1973. Factors influencing glyphosate Barnett, G. M. et Comeau, A. 1973. Fertility activity of quackgrass. These de M.Sc., Uni- disease relationships. Soil Horiz. 14(1): 11-14. versite de Guelph, Ontario. 73 pp. Barnett, G. M. et Mackenzie, A. F. 1972. Phospho- St-Pierre, C. A. 1966. Early generation selection rus efficiency for corn in Quebec. Soil Horiz. under different environments as it influences 13(3):17-19. agronomic characters of barley. These de M.Sc., Universite McGill, Que. 106 pp. Barnett, G. M. et Mackenzie, A. F. 1973. Phospho- rus placement and corn grain in marginal St-Pierre, C. A. 1968. Une poulie variable pour areas. Soil Horiz. 14(1):15-18. reg1er la longueur des semis des parcelles de cereales. Can. J. Plant Sci. 48:224-226. Belzile, 1. et Rioux, R. 1973. Quand faut-i1 semer la luzerne? Can. Agric. 18(2):21-22. St-Pierre, C. A., Klinck, H. R. et Gauthier, F. M. 1967. Early generation selection under differ- Belzile, 1. et Rioux, R. 1973. La meilleure date ent environments as it influences adaptation of pour pour semer la luzerne. Actual. Agric. barley. Can. J. Plant Sci. 47:507-517. 33(6):16-17. St-Pierre, C. A. et Jensen, N. F. 1972. Evaluating Bullen, M. R. 1973. Timothy Plus newsletter. the selection potential of crosses of barley. Forage Notes 18:14-15. Can. J. Plant Sci. 52: 1029-1035. Bullen, M. R. et Venne, P. R. 1973. A computer memory for Ph/eum literature. Timothy Plus St-Pierre, C. A. et Trudel, M. J. 1972. Effects of 1:6. ethre1 on 14 spring wheat varieties. Agron. Abstr.28. Comeau, A. et Barnett, G. M. 1973. Varietal susceptibility to BYDV. Soil Horiz. 14(1):15. St-Pierre, J. C. et Gervais, P. 1972. Influence des coupes differentielles sur les reserves nutritives Comeau, 1. E. et Barnett, G. M. 1973. Semez tot de la luzerne. Nat. Can. (Que.) 99:89-101. pour avoir les minots. Actual. Agric. 33(5): 18- 22. St-Pierre, J. C. et Trudel, M. J. 1973. Influence de l'acide 2-ch10roethylphosphonique sur la crois- Dubuc, J. P. (ed.). 1973. Rapport sur Ie projet sance de 1a fleo1e des pres. Can. J. Plant Sci. d'amelioration de l'avoine. Groupe du 53:791-796. Quebec.

St-Pierrei J. C. et Wright, M. J. 1972. Distribution Dupuis, G., Darisse, F. et Leduc, C. 1973. Sechage of 4C-photosynthates in timothy (Ph/eum du foin dans Ie champ en piles pyramidales de pratense 1.) during the vegetative stage of six balles. Bull. Tech. 21: 1-30. Min. Agric., growth. Crop Sci. 12:191-194. Que. Willemot, C. et Verret, G. 1973. Incorporation of 14 Gagnon, C. 1973. Recherches sur les maladies des choline-1,2- C into different molecular species p1antes fourrageres au Quebec. Agriculture of phosphatidylcholine by alfalfa leaflet tis- 30:4-10. sue. Lipids 8:588-591. Genereux, H. 1972. Resistance des semis et varietes Divers de pommes de terre a la fletrissure bacterienne. Can. Hort. Counc. p. 19. Bandeen, J. D. et Rioux, R. 1973. Quackgrass control in winter wheat. Res. Rep. Can. Weed Genereux, H. 1972. Potato seed treatment. Can. Comm. (East. Sect.) p. 290. Hort. Counc. p. 20. Bandeen, 1. D. et Rioux, R. 1973. Fall plowing Genereux, H. 1972. Disinfection of knives and prior to glyphosate application for quackgrass wooden boxes. Pestic. Res. Rep. p. 274. control. Res. Rep. Can. Weed Comm. (East. Genereux, H. (ed.). 1972. Rapport annuel des Sect.) pp. 290-291. essais regionaux de pommes de terre au Que- Bandeen, 1. D. et Rioux, R. 1973. Fall versus spring bec. p. 92. application of glyphosate for quackgrass con- Godbout, E. 1971. Le rutabaga. Minist. AgriC. trol. Res. Rep. Can. Weed Comm. (East. Sect.) Can. Publ. 1430.39 pp. p.291. Martel, Y. 1973. Pourquoi utiliser des engrais Bandeen, J. D. et Rioux, R. 1973. Fall application chimiques? Actual. Agric. 33(3): 16-18. of glyphosate for quackgrass control. Res. Rep. Can. Weed Comm. (East. Sect.) pp. 291- Martel, Y. et De Kimpe, C. 1973. Votre sol est-i1 292. trop acide? Actual. Agric. 33(3): 19-21. Barnett, G. M. et Bullen, M. R. 1972. Controlled Pelletier, G. J. et Couture, 1. 1973. Rapport water tables and crop yields. Soil Horiz. d'enquete pathologique-Parcelles d'essai d~ 13(3): 13-16. varietes de cereales au Quebec. c.p .V.Q. 21 p.

STATION DE RECHERCHES, SAINTE-FaY, QUE. 63 Pelletier, G. et Grenier, G. 1973. Sechage et St-Pierre, C. A. (ed.). 1973. Rapport sur l'ameliora- entreposage des petites recoltes d'avoine. Ag- tion de l'orge. Groupe du Quebec. N° 16.41 dex 113.6. St-Pierre, C. A. et St-Pierre, 1. C. 1972. Une grosse recolte commence par des semences certifiees. Rioux, R. 1973. Effet a long terme de la pronamide Actual. Agric. 33:26-28. sur la luzerne et Ie chiendent. Res. Rep. Can. Weed Comm. (East. Sect.) p. 106. St-Pierre, 1. C. 1973. Augmentez la valeur de vos fourrages. Actual. Agric. 33(6): 18-29. Rioux, R., Comeau, J. E. et Genereux, H. 1972. Turnbull, 1. C. et Darisse, 1. P. F. 1973. Ventilation Controle des mauvaises herbes et methodes de of dairy barns with porous ceiling inlet sys- culture des pommes de terre. Can. Hort. tems: part 2. Pap. N° 73-216. Can. Soc. Agric. Counc. p. 19. Eng. Annu. Meet., Victoria, B.C.

64 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Station de recherches Saint-Jean, Quebec

CADRES PROFESSION NELS

J. J. JASMIN, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Directeur Y. BONNEAU Services administratifs

Cultures fruitieres

R. O. PARADIS, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Chef de la section; ecologie de la faune entomologique A. BELANGER, B.Sc., Ph.D. Chimie des pesticides L. J. COULOMBE, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Phytopathologie R. L. GRANGER, B.A., B.S.A., M.Sc. Physiologie M. LAREAU, B.Sc. (Agr.) Regie des cultures B. PARENT, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Ecologie et repression des acariens et des homopteres I. RIVARD, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Ecologie et repression des insectes G. L. ROUSSELLE!, B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Genetique

Cultures maraicheres

E. J. HOGUE, B.A., B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chef de la section; physiologie et malherbologie R. BERNIER B.A., B.Sc. (Agr.) Regie des cultures M. S. CHIANG, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetique R. CRETE, L.S.A., M.Sc. Phytopathologie H. A. HAMILTON, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Chimie des sols organiques M. HUDON, B.S.A., M.Sc. Ecologie et repression des insectes du mars K. A. MACMILLAN, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Nutrition des plantes P. MARTEL, B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. Toxicologie T. C. VRAIN2, M.B.V., D.E.A. Nematologie

Depart

P. RICARD, B.Sc., M.Sc. Chimie des pesticides Demission, janvier 1973

STATIONDE RECHERCHES,SAINT-JEAN,QUE. 65 SCIENTIFIQUE EN SEJOUR D'ETUDE

J. FOREST, B.S.A. Entomologie Etudiante post-graduee

DIVISION DE LA DEFENSE DES CULTURES

Ministere de ['Agriculture du Quebec

M. MAILLOUX, B.S.A., M.Sc. Protection des vergers

2EnI conge d'etude a l'Universite Rutgers, New Brunswick, N.J. En conge d'etude a l'Universite North Carolina State, N.C.

66 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT, 1973 INTRODUCTION

Le rapport qui suit donne une idee des travaux les plus significatifs, qui ont ete realises en 1973, dans les domaines de competence assignes a la Station de recherches de Saint-Jean, soit les productions fruitieres et maraicheres. Durant I'annee, M. Pierre Ricard (chimie des pesticides) nous a quittes et a ete remplace par Ie Dr Andre Belanger. M. Thierry Vrain est egalement venu rejoindre les rangs de notre equipe de chercheurs. Nous avons essaye, en 1973, d 'evaluer aussi impartialement que possible notre programme de recherches et de I'orienter graduellement vers les problemes prioritaires de I'industrie horticole du Quebec et de l'est du Canada. II nous a fallu pour cela une etude systematique des principales productions. La productivite de la Station a quelque peu augmente en 1973 et un effort particulier a ete marque dans Ie domaine de la publication d'articles de vulgarisation. On peut obtenir des exemplaires des publications mentionnees a la fin de ce rapport ou des informations additionnelles en adressant sa demande directement aux chercheurs ou a la Station, comme suit: Station de recherches, Agriculture Canada, Casier postal 457, Saint- Jean, Que. J3B 6Z8.

J. J. Jasmin Directeur

ARBRES FRUITIERS Cochenille virgule. Dans une recherche sur la lutte biologique, les populations de la Entomologie cochenille Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.) ont di- Tetranyque rouge du pommier. Nous avons minue sensiblement a la suite de l'augmenta- maintenu une parcelle ecologique experi- tion des predateurs et des parasites, particu- mentale exempte d'insecticides, a I'exception lierement de l'acarien Hemisarcoptes malus d'un traitement a I'arseniate de plomb contre (Shimer) et du chalcide Aphytis proclia la mouche de la pomme, Rhagoletis pomo- (Wlk.). Dans une recherche sur la lutte nella (Walsh). Une lutte biologique s'y est integree contre L. ulmi, les traitements a exercee contre Ie tetranyque rouge, Pano- I'huile emulsionnable et au leptophos paru- nychus ulmi (Koch), mais non contre I'erio- rent moins nocifs aux ennemis naturels que Ie phyide du pommier, Aculus schleehtendali phosmet, Ie fenitrothion et Ie methidathion. (Nal.), sans doute parce que les acariens predateurs du genre Typhlodromus etaient Charanr;on de la prune. Dans des essais peu nombreux. Quant a la recherche sur la insecticides contre Conotrachelus nenuphar lutte integree, Ie fongicide Dikar (Rohm & (Hbst.) infestant les pommiers, deux applica- Haas Co.) et I'acaricide Acarthane (Rohm & tions des produits methidathion, PP-484 Haas Co.) se sont reveles passablement (Chipman Chemicals Ltd.), Torak (Ciba- efficaces contre P. ulmi et peu nuisibles aux Geigy Canada Ltd.) et phosalone ont fourni ennemis naturels. Dans les essais d'acaricides de 97 a 99% de fruits sains, alors que Ie taux effectues au debut de l'ete, Ie produit Carzol de pommes infestees sur des arbres voisins (chlorhydrate de formetanate; FMC of Can- non traites etait de 32%. ada Ltd.) s'est revele tres efficace par sa remanence. D'autres essais d'acaricides ef- Attraction sexuelle. Des pheromones sex- fectues en serre ont demontre que les pro- uelles de synthese employees comme meth- duits Vydate (DuPont of Canada Ltd.) et ode de piegeage a perm is de capturer 2 073 BTS 27419 (The Boots Co.) etaient tres males de la pyrale de la pomme, Carpocapsa prometteurs contre P. ulmi. Des essais de pomonella (L.), 936 de la tordeuse a bandes fumigation de pommes pour tuer les oeufs rouges, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Wlk.) et d'hivernement de P. ulmi ont demontre que 284 de la tordeuse a bandes obliques, Choris- Ie dibromoethane au taux de 9,3 mg/litre toneura rosaeeana (Harr.). Dans chacun des pendant 4 heures avait produit une mortalite vergers inventories, les degats ont ete syste- de presque 100%(99,71%). matiquement evalues afin de determiner les

STATION DE RECHERCHES, SAINT-JEAN, QUE. 67 densites cntiques necessitant I'emploi de Cultivars de pommes a cidre. Nous poss- traitements insecticides. edons main tenant trois lignees d'un cultivar utile a la fabrication du cidre en raison de sa Mouche de la pomme. L'emergence des riche teneur en anthocyanine et en tanin, adultes de R. pomonella a debute une se- ainsi que de sa forte resistance a la tavelure. maine plus tot mais a semble moins abon- Nous avons introduit, en outre, 15 cultivars dante qu'en 1972. En raison probablement de pommes a cidre en provenance de Suisse de la faible infestation naturelle qui en est et d'Angleterre. resultee, quatre pulverisations d 'une vingtaine de produits insecticides mis a I'essai Cultivars de Cortland a lambourdes. Nous et appliques aux moments les plus opportuns, avons obtenu du Danemark, Ie 24 janvier soit a intervalles de 10 a 12 jours a partir du 1973, trois lignees de mutants artificiels du debut de juillet, ont pu fournir une recolte de cultivar Cortland que nous avons multipliees fruits pratiquement sains a 100%. pour fin experiment ale seulement. Phytopathologie Developpement de cultivars de pommiers resistants a la tavelure. La saison de polli- Tavelure du pommier. Une seule applica- nisation artificielle 1973 a ete difficile a cause tion de captafol a dose massive (5,7 Iitres/ des conditions climatiques et seulement II 450 Iitres ou 45 litres/ha) a ete elfectuee sur des 21 croisements controles elfectues ont des pommiers McIntosh aduItes a la fin produit quelques fruits hybrides. d 'avril, soit au stade du debourrement Plus de I 800 semis resistants a la tavelure avance. Environ un mois apres ce traitement, se sont ajoutes en pepiniere aux quelque il y a eu cinq applications de dodine a dose 6 000 deja etablis depuis Ie printemps 1972. nurmale du 31 mai au 28 juin. Une repres- Tous ces semis ont ete inocules en serre avec sion adequate de la tavelure du pommier, des cultures de V. inaequalis et se sont Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint., a ete montres resistants. Quelque 5 000 semis obtenue, ce qui corrobore les resultats obte- resistants a la tavelure sont deja etablis dans nus au cours des trois annees precedentes. un verger a haute densite sur leurs propres Dans des essais de traitements reguliers racines pour I'evaluation des fruits. contre la tavelure sur des pommiers McIn- Des scions de 0-531, 0-532 et 0-533 sont tosh, 13 applications des fongicides dodine, benomyle, Dikar, thiophanate de methyle et disponibles en quantite Iimitee pour ceux qui voudraient faire I'essai de ces trois selections UniRoyal 2013 (UniRoyal Chemical Ltd.), resistantes a la tavelure. employes aux doses recommandees par les fabricants, ont donne un taux de repression Evaluation de cultivars de prunes et de de la tavelure de 98% et plus malgre des poires. L'evaluation des cultivars s'est POIlf- conditions tres favorables au developpement suivie en collaboration avec la Station de de I'organisme. recherches de Ste-Foy, a leur ferme satellite de La Pocatiere. Le cultivar de prunier Genetique Bradshaw donna en 1973, a I'age de 13 ans, Introduction d'un nouveau cultivar de Ie meilleur rendement moyen par arbre, soit pommes. A I'automne 1973, la selection de 71,2 kg. Les autres pruniers ages de 13 ou de pomme mi-saison 0-294 fut nommee Blair. 29 ans rapporterent de 19 a 45 kg en Le nouveau cultivar, du type McIntosh, murit moyenne. 10jours avant celle-ci. Bartlett, Ie meilleur cultivar de poirier, rapport a, en 1973, 284 kg de fruits en Introduction d'un nouveau clone porte- moyenne, a I'age de 55 ans. Les autres greffe de pommier. Le nouveau clone porte- cuItivars ages de 30 ou de 52 ans rap- grelfe de pommier Ottawa-3, a la fois na- porterent entre 102 et 159 kg de fruits en nisant, rustique et favorisant la precocite du moyenne. scion, gardera son nom et sera distribue aux pepinieristes au printemps 1974. Ottawa-3 Regie des pommeraies s'est avere, selon nos essais, difficile a multiplier en cepee, mais relativement facile a Evaluation des atomiseurs a pulverisation multiplier par boutures de bois non aoute ou concentree. Des essais de pulverisations par boutures de racines. concentrees avec quatre atomiseurs a prise de

68 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 pouvoir au tracteur (P.T.O.) ont ete poursui- 15 a 18 t/ha s'est montre souvent superieur vis en 1973. L'emploi de teinture phosphore- au Redcoat quant a son rendement, a son scente ainsi que des comptages sur Ie epoque de cueillette et a la qualite de son pourcentage d'infection a la tavelure nous fruit a l'etat frais et pour la transformation. indiquent l'efficacite de chaque machine a Les cultivars Veestar et Vibrant, quoique distribuer Ie produit d'arrosage dans toutes moins productifs, sont egalement prom- les parties des arbres. Les resultats obtenus a etteurs en raison de leur epoque de cueillette date nous indiquent qu'il est possible d'uti- et de la qualite de leur fruit a l'etat frais et liser efficacement ces pulverisateurs meme pour la transformation. dans des vergers plantes avec des pommiers standards. Regie des cultures

PETITS FRUITS Nouvelle methode de culture du jram- boisier. Des tiges completes de deux cultivars Entomologie de framboisier, Willamette et Latham, ont Ecologie. L'etude de la faune des fraisieres ete arrachees a I'automne et mises en caveau. et des framboisieres nous a fait decouvrir une Ces tiges, plantees au printemps de 1973, ont foule d'insectes nuisibles ou utiles, en tout produit la meme annee et des rendements quelque 70 especes differentes parmi allant jusqu'a 355,86 g de fruits par tige ont lesquelles les especes nuisibles suivantes qui ete obtenus avec l'une des 27 differentes se trouvaient dans les deux cultures: la applications d'engrais chimique. chrysomele rhizophage du fraisier, Paria jragariae Wilcox, la cicadelle de la pomme de terre, Empoasca jabae (Harr.), la punaise terne, Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.), et plusieurs autres sur l'une ou l'autre culture. II est a MAIS noter que Ie tetranyque rouge, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), infestait les framboisiers en Genetique aussi grand nombre que Ie tetranyque a deux points, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Resistance a la pyrale du mars. Dans Ie Phytopa thologie cadre d 'une cooperation internationale en Blanc du jraisier. Les essais de fongicides vue de l'amelioration du maYspour la resistance a la pyrale, quatre lignees canadiennes visant a enrayer Ie blanc du fraisier, (C01l4, 221, 103 et 106) furent mises a Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burr., ont ete I'essai dans 12 pays. A Saint-Jean, sauf continues afin d'augmenter les rendements chez les cultivars Earlidawn, Grenadier, CO 114, elles ont semble resistantes a la pyrale. Certaines lignees provenant de l'Au- Cavalier et Redcoat. Quatre applications des triche (NRI240), des E.-V. (A619) et de la produits dinocap, thiophanate de methyle et Kolospray (FMC of Canada Ltd.) ont ete Roumanie (Tl46, T34l) furent tres resis- effectuees du 19 juillet au 29 aout 1972 sur tantes a la pyrale pour ce qui est de la les plantations de premiere annee. D'apres criblure du feuillage. Quatre hybrides sim- les resultats obtenus en 1973, aucun de ces ples d'VRSS ont demontre une certaine fongicides n'a contribue a une augmentation resistance, tandis que six hybrides simples de significative des rendements chez tous les Yougoslavie furent classes intermediaires. cultivars. L'heredite de la resistance aux attaques sur feuilles par la pyrale du maYs grain a ete Genetique etudiee par un essai de croisements en Evaluation de cultivars et selections de dialleles 6 X 6. Les resultats indiquent, jraisiers. Depuis ces dernieres annees, nous comme Ie test 8 X 8 de l'annee derniere, que avons evalue entre 8 a 20 cultivars de I'action additive des genes fut la plus impor- fraisiers a L'Acadie et La Pocatiere. A date, tante; cependant, la variation provenant des au moins trois cultivars se sont montres tres effets de dominance des genes (HI) fut prometteurs aux deux endroits. Le cultivar statistiquement significative au niveau de 5%. Bounty dont les rendements varierent entre L'heredite de ce caractere est estimee a 43%.

STATION DE RECHERCHES, SAINT-JEAN, QUE. 69 CAROTTE ET MINI-CAROTTE semees a l'aide d'un semoir Planet Jr N° 7 pour en evaluer Ie rendement, la forme Entomologie exterieure, Ie diametre au collet et la Charanqon de la carotte. L'enquete menee longueur et Ie pourcentage vendable en cello. en 1973 chez les producteurs indique que Le rendement moyen total et vendable, I'insecte a agrandi son aire de distribution. respectivement de 12,61 et 4,98 tlha, est au L'infestation se repartit dans les 15 premiers moins 50% sous la normale. La longueur et Ie rangs du champ. Les adultes redeviennent diametre au collet furent en moyenne de actifs au printemps lorsque la temperature du 108,6 mm et 19,7 mm. Le pourcentage sol s'eleve au-dessus de 4,4°C. Les resultats moyen de racines vendables s'est chilfre a de la lutte chimique obtenus en 1973 demon- 39,1% et a varie de 3,8% pour la variete trent la possibilite de repression avec les Chantenay 6028 a 50,3% pour la variete insecticides a courte remanence. Amstel. Malherbologie La hauteur moyenne du feuillage a la Nouvelles mauvaises herbes. Plus de 75% recolte est de 27 mm et varie de 18 mm pour de l'etendue de carottes en sol organique du la variete Baby Finger (Stokes) a 35 mm sud-ouest du Quebec est envahie par une pour Chantenay 6028 (Hollande). Le court nouvelle plante adventice. Le bident penche, feuillage de Baby Finger peut devenir un Bidens cernua L., s'est repandu rapidement probleme lors de la recolte mecanique, dans cette culture et est un probleme serieux surtout apres les gelees du debut d'octobre. sur quelques centaines d'hectares, grace sans Le rendement mediocre est dfi aUKcondi- doute a des pratiques culturales et a des tions climatiques adverses, pluies abondantes conditions climatiques particulieres. Les pro- et manque de drainage. Cinq varietes furent ducteurs qui ont un probleme serieux avec retenues pour une etude ulterieure plus cette plante ne pratiquent pas de rotations et poussee, dont les varietes Amstel et Baby emploient les herbicides seulement en post- Finger qui sont actuellement cultivees de emergence. De plus, cette mauvaise herbe faryoncommerciale. semble etre particulierement adaptee a des conditions de sol humide, conditions qui ont prevalu durant les dernieres deux saisons de vegetation dans les sols organiques du Quebec. OIGNON Fertilisation et nutrition Phytopathologie Engrais potassique. Une augmentation dans la dose d'application de la potasse se Epidemiologie et repression du charbon. traduit par une augmentation dans Ie rende- Des dix preparations fongicides utilisees en ment de la carotte, independamment de la traitements de semences contre Ie charbon, presence ou de l'absence d'azote ou de aucune n'a surclasse Ie Pro-Gro 80D phosphore. En presence de N et de P, Ie (UniRoyal Chemical Ltd.), a 25 g/kg, avec rendement optimum apparait au taux de seulement 2,6% de charbon. Cinq autres 179,2 kg/ha de K alors qu'en absence de N traitements ont donne aussi d'excellents et de P, Ie rendement optimum apparait a resultats, avec 3 a 6% de charbon. Quatre des des doses plus elevees de K. Le pourcentage cinq meilleurs traitements contre Ie charbon, de racines vendables est plus eleve lorsque N incluant Ie Pro-Gro a demi-dose, ont aussi et P sont appliques avec Ie potassium (50,3 a donne les rendements les plus eleves, 25 a 27 61,5% vendable) que lorsque N et P ne sont tlha comparativement a 10 a 13 tlha pour Ie pas appliques (40,3 a 52,4% vendable). Derosal (HOE 174110F; Hoechst Chemi- Nouvelle culture cals), Ie quintozene et Ie temoin. Une epreuve de resistance au charbon a demontre la La mini-carotte. Une etude preliminaire en susceptibilite de 16 varietes d'oignons. Les parcelle sur la mini-carotte fut entreprise au varietes Buccaneer, Mustang et Northern cours de rete 1973 a la suite de quelques Oak avaient de 15 a 20% de charbon tandis essais en serre. Une dizaine de varietes que les 13 autres avaient jusqu'a 55% de d'origines europeenne et americaine furent charbon.

70 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 CHOU DIVERS Genetique Nutrition des plantes Vne epreuve de resistance a la hernie des La transformation des formes azotees en cruciferes, races 2 et 6, comprenant plusieurs sol organique. L'application en laboratoire de lignees et introductions de chou et de navette dilferents sels d'ammonium, soit NH4Cl, (Brassica napus L.) a ete realisee en 1973. N~N03' (N~)2S04 et N~HP04' a un sol Seules la lignee de chou F7 (24-127 X 8-41) organique a influence, de farron negligeable, et la navette cv. Nevin ont montre de la la transformation des formes azotees. Le resistance. chaulage, cependant, au taux de 9 t/ha fait Des croisements entre Ie rutabaga cv. passer Ie pH de 3,8 a 4,3 apres 24 semaines Wilhelmsberger et Ie chou cv. Badger Ship- d'incubation. Ceci produit une accumulation per furent realises en vue de transferer au d'azote sous forme de N03- et non de N~ + chou Ie gene (ou les genes) de resistance comme il existe sous des conditions plus appartenant au Wilhelms berger. acides. L'echantillonnage de dilferents Le pollen de chou peut etre entrepose a niveaux de sols demontre que la transforma- 4°C pour une periode de 25 jours sans perte tion de l'azote organique en azote sous forme (je viabilite; par contre, Ie pollen ne survit de N03 - ou de NH4 + diminue avec la pas a la cvngelation. profondeur de l'echantillon. Variations saisonnieres dans la transformation des formes azotees. Des sols organiques, TOMATE supportant diverses cultures et soumis a dilferents regimes de fertilisation, ont ete Regie des cultures echantillonnes de mai a novembre a cinq On a demontre qu'en utilisant une variete niveaux de profondeur, 0 a 20, 20 a 40, 40 a de tomate hiitive, des techniques tres precises 60, 60 a 80 et 80 a 100 cm, pour y determiner de production de plants et une regie spe- l'azote present saus forme de N~ + et N03-. cifique en champs, on pouvait obtenir des L'application de K, a dilferentes doses, a rendements de primeurs tres eleves. Les apporte peu de variation dans les concentra- facteurs les plus importants, d 'apres nos tions de N03- et N~ + au cours de la saison. essais, sont d'abord une variete hiitive telle la Dans un champ ou il y a eu production de New Yorker; ensuite, dans la production du carottes, celeri, oignons et laitue de farron plant, on doit eviter de soumettre les plan- continue sur une periode de huit annees sans tules au stress tel que cause par Ie desseche- addition de fertilisants, on n'a observe ment du sol, la temperature tres elevee du aucune influence de la recolte sur les concen- jour ou de la nuit, un niveau de fertilite trop trations de N~ + mais un elfet prononce sur bas et la presence d'insectes. La transplanta- les concentrations de N03 . Dans les echan- tion faite au moment voulu est critique dans tillons proven ant des couches de surface, les Ie cas des varietes a croissance determinee. concentrations de N03 au cours de la salson L'emploi du regulateur de croissance Ethrel ont ete plus elevees dans les parcelles de (Amchem Products Inc.), au stade des trois celeri, suivi en ordre decroissant par les vraies feuilles, suivi d'une autre application parcelles d'oignons, de carottes et de laitue. dans Ie champ lorsque 5% des fruits sont Dans tous les traitements, les concentrations frappes, est Ie facteur qui a contribue Ie plus de N03- ont augmente jusqu'en aout, pour a produire un rendement eleve de primeurs ensuite decroitre. Le pH aeide du sol n'a pas (cueillis avant Ie 1er aout), soit 20 000 kg/ha, retarde Ie taux de formation du N03- tel L'emploi de paillis de plastique clair a aussi qu'indique par l'absence d'accumulation de contribue a ce haut rendement. NH4+.

PUBLICA nONS

Recherches H., Seaman, W. L., Toms, H. N. W., Wong, S. Basu, P. K., Crete, R., Donaldson, A. G., Gourley, I. et Zimmer, R. C. 1973. Prevalence and C. 0., Haas, J. H., Harper, F. R., Lawrence, C. .severity of diseases of processing peas in

STATION DE RECHERCHES, SAINT-JEAN, QUE. 71

L Canada, 1970-7 I. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. Rivard, I. 1973. Inventaire historique sur les 53:49-57. fluctuations de population de la mouche de la pomme, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), dans Ie Bedard, P. R., Hsu, C. S., Spangelo, L. P. S., Fejer, sud-ouest du Quebec. Ann. Soc. Entomol. S. O. et Rousselle, G. L. 197 I. Genetic, Que. 18:126-137. phenotypic and environmental correlations among 28 fruit and plant characters in the Rivard, I., Parent, B., Paradis, R. O. et Mailloux, cultivated strawberry. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. M. 1973. Les ravageurs des cultures fruitieres 13:470-479. dans Ie sud-ouest du Quebec en 1972. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Que. 18:5-6. Benazet, 1. et Parent, B. J. 1973. Essais de fumigation de pommes avec Ie dibromoethane pour Spangelo, L. P. S., Hsu, C. S., Fejer, S. 0., Bedard, tuer les oeufs d'hivernement de Panonychus P. R. et Rousselle, G. L. 1971. Heritability and ulmi (Koch). Phytoprotection 54:96-104. genetic variance components for 20 fruit and plant characters in the cultivated strawberry. Chiang, M. S. et Hudon, M. 1973. Inheritance of Can. 1. Genet. Cytol. 13:443-456. resistance to the European corn borer in grain corn. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:779-782. Divers Chiang, M. S. et Nip, W. K. 1973. Free amino acid Chiang, M. S. et Crete, R. 1973. Chateauguay content in leaf and root tissues of clubroot- cabbage/Le chou Chateauguay. Canadex resistant and club root-susceptible cabbages. 252.33. Euphytica 22:393-398. Chong, C. et Lareau, M. 1973. Outlook for a Chiykowski, L. N., Colpitts, S. R., Coulombe, L. J., buoyant strawberry industry. Macdonald J. Delbridge, R. W., Gourley, C. 0., Lawrence, 34:7-9. C. H., Murray, R. A., Santerre, J. et Thompson, L. S. 1973. Strawberry green petal Coulombe, L. 1. 1973. Pommes tavelees, prunes disease in Quebec and Maritime Provinces, coulees et cerises vereuses. Bull. des Agri- 1971-72. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53:63-66. culteurs, mars, pp. 74-76. Coulombe, L. J. 1973. Vos cereales se font manger Coulombe, L. J. 1973. Le faux-gui sur Ie sapin par les pucerons. Bull. des Agriculteurs, mai, baumier. Phytoprotection 54:46-47. pp. 15, 54-55. Crete, R. et Tartier, L. 1973. Trois annees d'essais Hudon, M. 1973. Factors affecting corn borer de lutte chimique contre Ie charbon de epidemic, 1973. Canadex 111.622. I'oignon, Urocystis magica. Phytoprotection 54:32-42. Hudon, M. 1973. Les causes de l'epidemie de la pyrale du maYsen 1973. Actual. Agric. 33:8-9. Granger, R. L. 1973. Register of new fruit and nut varieties list 28: Apple, Blair. HortScience Hudon, M. 1973. La lutte con~re la pyrale du maYs 8:378. conduit M. Marcel Hudon a travers l'Europe centrale. Quebec Hortic. 13:20-22. Hamilton, H. A. et Bernier, R. 1973. Effects of lime on some chemical characteristics, nutrient Hudon, M. and International Cooperators on availability, and crop response on a newly Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.). 1973. International broken organic soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53: 1-8. reactions of dent corn inbred lines to Euro- pean corn borer populations. Canadian vs Hudon, M. et Martel, P. 1973. Les insectes des pooled international data. Rep. Int. Project on cultures maraicheres dans Ie sud-ouest du O. nubilalis. Phase I: Results of 1969-70. Quebec en 1972. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Que. Agric. Res. Inst. Hungarian Acad. Sci., Mar- 18:3-4. tonvasar, Hungary. pp. 62-86. Martel, P. et Daneau, J. 1973. Evaluation of Hudon, M. and International Cooperators on the furrow applied insecticides for the control of corn borer. 1973. International reactions of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.), dent corn inbrcd lines to European corn borer in southwestern Quebec. Phytoprotection populations. Canadian vs pooled international 54:51-56. data. 7th Meet. Eucarpia, Maize and Sorghum Sect., Zagreb, Yugoslavia. Disease and Pests Parent, B. 1973. Natural population densities of Sect. p. 7. the European red mite on apple in Quebec. Environ. Entomol. 2: 1064-1068. Jasmin, J. J. 1973. La protection, un facteur important de I'economie et de I'ecologie. Parent, B. et Pitre, D. 1973. Selection de nouveaux Phytoprotection 54:78-82. acaricides en serre sous des conditions climatiques constantes. Phytoprotection 54: 105- Jasmin, 1. J. 1973. La Station de Recherches dc, 119. Saint-Jean, Quebec. Quebec Hortic. 13: 12-15.

72 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Jasmin, 1. J. 1973. La production des fruits et des Paradis, R. O. 1973. Quelques notes historiques- legumes au Quebec: situation et avenir. Ac- Historical highlights. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Que. tual. Agric. 33: 16-19. 18(2), suppl., pp. 4-5. (Aussi dans Bull. Ento- mol. Soc. Can. 5:106.) Lareau, M. et Granger, R. L. 1973. La Spartan, pomme rentable au Quebec. Quebec Hortic. Parent, B. 1971. La Societe de Protection des 3: 14-16. Plantes du Quebec. Discours presidentiel, Maltais, J. B. et Paradis, R. O. 1973. Notice 1971. Phytoprotection 52:84-86. necrologique: Georges Gauthier, 1901-1972. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Que. 18:103-107. Voisey, P. W., Buckley, D. J. et Crete, R. 1973. Evaluation of a system for measuring small Martel, P. 1973. Oil en sommes-nous avec Ie deformation in the physical testing of food. charan~on de la carotte? Rev. Annu., Assn. des Rep. 7221, Eng. Res. Serv. Jardiniers-Maraichers de la region de Mon- treal, pp. 38-39. Vrain, T. et Hogue, E. J. 1973. Les pertes causees Paradis, R. O. 1972. Notice biographiq ue: Dr J. L. par les nematodes sur la carotte d'automne. Auclair, President, Societe entomologique du Rev. Annu., Assn. des Jardiniers-Maraichers Quebec. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Que. 17:115-116. de la region de Montreal, pp. 66-68.

STATION DE RECHERCHES, SAINT-JEAN, QU€. 73

Research Station Delhi, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

L. S. VICKERY, B.S.A., M.S. Director

Tobacco

H. H. CHENG, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Entomology W. A. COURT, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chemistry J. M. ELLIOT, B.SA, M.SA Soil science S. K. GAYED, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant pathology R. S. PANDEYA, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetics and plant breeding N. RosA, B.Sc., Ph.D. Plant physiology E. K. WALKER, B.S.A., M.S. Plant science F. H. WHITE, B.Sc., M.Sc. Genetics and plant breeding B. F. ZILKEY, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant physiology

EXTENSION SERVICES'

M. C. WATSON, B.S.A. Tobacco N. W. SHEIDOW, B.Sc. Tobacco

'Provided by Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food.

RESEARCHSTATION,DELHI, ONT. 75 ------

INTRODUCTION

The Research Station, Delhi, specializes in tobacco research with emphasis on production and health. Cooperative programs with Health and Welfare Canada, the University of Waterloo, and the University of Kentucky are in progress. This report contains summaries of major accomplishments during 1973. Detailed information may be obtained from the individual scientists or by writing for any of the publications listed. Correspondence should be addressed to: Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Delhi, Ont. N4B 2W9.

L. S. Vickery Director

SOIL SCIENCE leaves. The amount of nicotine in a cigarette increased as the rate of applied N was Soil Fertility increased, but the smoke tar was lower at the Nitrogen. In a loamy sand treated with the two intermediate levels. fumigant nematicide DD, levels of N~ +-N tended to be higher and N03 --N lower throughout June 1971. Seven weeks after PLANT SCIENCE fumigation, the level of N~ +-N reached 16 Ethrel ppm compared with 6 ppm in the control plots; 10 wk after fumigation, all plots Two days after they were sprayed with decreased to 3 ppm and remained constant Ethrel, tobacco leaves showed no effects, but until harvest time. The highest levels of N03 - leaves harvested at that time yellowed 24 hr -N (about 20 ppm) occurred 9-10 wk after sooner and their grade indexes were as much fumigation. In 1972, after treatment with as 10 cents/kg lower than those of untreated DD, the level of NH4 +-N tended to be leaves. Similar results were obtained by higher and N03 --N lower throughout the harvesting after the effect of Ethrel became monitoring period; 4 wk after fumigation, apparent in the field, that is, 3 or 4 days after N~ +-N reached a peak of 20 ppm com- treatment. Certain analogues of Ethrel af- pared with 13 ppm in the control treatment. fected color change and grade index less Levels decreased by the 9th wk to 4 and 2 than the commercial Ethrel. The response of ppm for the DD and control treatments. Ten leaves to Ethrel was found to be related to weeks after fumigation, levels of N03 --N weather conditions at the time of application. were 29 and 14 ppm for the control and DD Harvesting Leaves treatments, but fell to 12 and 6 ppm 2 days later, after a heavy rainfall. Mocap, a nonfu- A standard variety, Delhi 34, and a yellow migant nematicide, had no apparent effect on mutant, TI.l4, were both fertilized at two N~ +-N and no consistent effect on N03--N rates, topped at two heights, and harvested in in 1971 and 1972. In 1973, Telone and one or two passes. Duplicate plots of Delhi Telone C resulted in higher levels of N~ +-N 34 were sprayed with Ethrel 2 days before in the soil from May 17 until July 3, and harvest of the second pass of two-pass Vorlex gave higher levels only until June 12. treatments. At this time, no leaves had been Vydate, a nonfumigant nematicide, had no removed from one-pass treatments. Similar effect on the levels of N~ +-N. The levels of grade indexes were obtained from one- and N03 --N were lower from the 2nd to the 4th two-pass harvests, except where Ethrel had wk after application of the fumigants and been applied. Ethrel reduced the grade index tended to be lower than in the control plots of one-pass treatments, but had little effect for another 7 wk. on that of two-pass treatments. TI.14 had a A comparison of four rates of N, 0, 22.4, lower yield and grade index than Delhi 34. 44.8, and 67.2 kg/ha (0, 20, 40, and 60 lb/ Yield was increased and grade index de- ac), showed that each increment tended to creased in both varieties when topping height increase yield, total N, and total alkaloids was increased. Variations in fertilizer had and to decrease reducing sugars of the cured little effect on yield or grade index.

76 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Harvesting and Curing the Whole Plant to the soil after harvest was complete, when the roots decomposed in the soil. This cycling Chopping the entire plant at harvest is a of the DDT between the soil and the root new method that promises to reduce the cost and back to the soil, and the chemical of production and to increase the yield. stability of the DDT molecule, resulted in its Research has been directed toward the prolonged persistence and relatively long development of production equipment, facil- half-life in the soil. ities, and techniques that will result in a product that is acceptable for use in tobacco Analysis of Leaf Position sheet. A lot of progress was made during 1973 by comparing the effects of different Paired-leaf harvesting of Virginia 115 forage harvesters, variable cutting speeds, showed that smoke tar and nicotine per plant populations, cultivars, topping heights, cigarette increased linearly with stalk posi- and rates of fertilizer on the color and tion by 119% and 85%; similar increases of chemical composition of the cured product. 90% and 57% were found for Delhi 34. These results emphasize an increased varia- Physical Analysis bility for smoke tar and nicotine based on Firmness of cigarettes increased with in- stalk position for Virginia 115 over Delhi 34. creased compression distance, pressure drop The lowest ratio of smoke tar to nicotine was through the cigarettes, and cut width of usually found in the sand leaves, and the tobacco shreds, and it was highly correlated, highest ratio was in the 11th to 14th leaves of positively, with force readings obtained when both varieties. The combined ratios of leaf shredded tobacco was compressed. tar to nicotine were 12.5 and 15.6 for Delhi 34 and Virginia 115, with the upper eight leaves of Virginia 115 mainly accounting for PLANT PHYSIOLOGY the difference in the ratios. Physiological Maturity Bioassay Program Tobacco grown under field conditions Early results suggest that a variety low in showed distinct variation in physiological smoke tar tends to produce a lower biological maturity, when measured by the plastochron activity than one that is high in tar. These leaf index. There can be up to 7 days results were determined by means of the difference in maturity at any time during short-term bioassay test of sebaceous gland harvest. The observed variation of plant suppression and epidermal hyperplasia in maturity reflected variations in chemical mice. composition, physical properties, and quality. Translocation of DDT GENETICS AND PLANT Tobacco can readily take up and translo- BREEDING cate p,p'-DDT; the extent of uptake is greatly dependent on availability from the growth Interspecific Gene Transfer medium. Soil has a great affinity for DDT, and only very limited amounts are released Two varieties of Nicotiana rustica L. for plant uptake. The mechanism of absorp- (NR T and Babor), when used as pistillate tion and the subsequent release of DDT are parents in crosses with four tetraploid (4n) not completely understood. cultivars of N. tabacum L. (Delhi 34, Virginia The distribution of DDT within plants 115, Delerest 66, and Strain 205), produced grown under controlled conditions has been partially sterile interspecific hybrids. A single established to be very similar to that of DDT backcross to their respective normal diploid in field-grown plants. Approximately 80% of (2n) parents, N. tabacum, produced 159 total DDT isomers in field-grown plants was progenies. recovered from the root system. Plants grown Agronomic characteristics of each individ- under controlled conditions showed some- ual progeny differed vastly. Chemical analy- what higher proportions of DDT in the root, ses of the three flue-cured leaves from the but the distributions were similar. Evidence mid position of each plant indicated alkaloid suggested that most of the available DDT contents of 1.01-8.05%. Of the 159 proge- accumulated in the root system and returned nies, 50 had alkaloid contents over 3.75%.

RESEARCH STATION, DELHI, ONT. 77 About one-third of the high-alkaloid individ- wet tar per cigarette and TPM per gram of uals contained 5-8% alkaloid. This suggested tobacco smoked, were positively correlated that new alkaloid genes from the rustica with TPM per cigarette, nicotine per cig- sources are contained in the tabacum type arette, wet tar per gram of tobacco smoked, segregants due, possibly, to homologous percentage of total alkaloids in the leaf, and pairing and subsequent exchange of chromo- weight of leaf lamina; and negatively corre- somal segments between the N. tabacum and lated with weight of tobacco per cigarette, N. rustica genomes. pressure drop, and number of puffs per However, first-backcross progenies (BC.) cigarette. are still highly sterile and are being backcrossed with Lonibow, a very low nicotine flue-cured tabacum variety, to restore fertility PLANT PATHOLOGY and to isolate the segregants with new Black Root Rot alkaloid genes. Fumigation in the row with chloropicrin at Evaluation of New Varieties 22.46 litres/ha (2 gallac) and Terr-O-Cide 30 at 89.84litres/ha (8 gallac) in sandy loam In the evaluation of new flue-cured varie- soil heavily infested with Thielaviopsis basi- ties from foreign sources, the two U.S. cola (Berk. & Br.) Ferr. reduced root lesions varieties Cokers 347 and Speight G41 were by 45% and increased plant weight by 100% most productive in yield and crop returns. and 80%. Chloropicrin treatment had no They matured slower than Canadian varie- effect on leaf or smoke quality. ties and unfortunately flowered 5 to 7 days The application of benomyl and thio- later than the standard variety Delhi 34. phanate-methyl in the planting water was Speight G41 suffered from leaf drop and less effective in controlling the disease. tended to produce more dark-colored to- Benomyl at 125 ppm reduced root lesion bacco. The Indian varieties Dhanadayi and rating by 30% and increased plant weight by Kanaka Prabha were satisfactory in leaf 40%. In the laboratory, benomyl applied at quality, were low in yield, and had fairly 33 and 66 mg/kg of organic soil infested high tolerance for black root rot, but their with T. basicola reduced the population of smoking qualities were most undesirable and, the pathogen for 6 mo by 70% and 90%. consequently, both varieties were discarded. Although the German variety S.C.R. was Damping-off favorable in leaf and smoking quality, it was low in yield and in tolerance for black root Isolates of Pythium from diseased tobacco seedlings were identified as P. ultimum Trow, rot. Several U.S. varieties were later in maturity, lower in leaf quality, and low in the first record of this species on tobacco in Canada. Capt an, UniRoyal 2030 (Vitavax tolerance for the diseases black root rot and + weather fleck. capt an), and Daconil were effective in suppressing P. ultimum growth in culture. Smoke Characteristics of Variable UniRoyal 2030 was also effective against Alkaloid Varieties Rhizoctonia. In the greenhouse, muck treated with UniRoyal 2030 at up to 50 g/93 m2 In an evaluation study of the smoke of 13 showed no phytotoxic effect, whereas at varieties and strains of flue-cured tobacco double the rate the effect was slightly toxic. having total alkaloid contents of 0.14-3.66%, PP395 was effective against Pythium in significant differences were found among the culture and its effect was not changed when entries in total particulate matter (TPM), used with benomy!. smoke nicotine, wet tar, and number of puffs A laboratory study of leaf disks in a per cigarette. When the data were calculated controlled environment showed that more on the basis of I g of tobacco smoked, pole rot, caused by Rhizopus arrhizus significant differences were found among the Fischer, developed on sand leaves and tip entries for TPM and smoke nicotine. The leaves than on cutter and middle leaves. low-nicotine varieties, Lonibow, Vinca, and Fumes of formaldehyde and Fumite effec- Strain 205, produced significantly lower tively reduced the severity of the disease TPM, wet tar, and smoke nicotine per cig- without damaging the leaves. arette than the higher nicotine lines, Hicks In a three-tier curing chamber, tobacco Broadleaf and Strain M3-2. Both variables, laths exposed to Fumite and formaldehyde

78 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 fumes for 30 min before curing reduced the than from the fumigant or contact action. severity of pole rot on leaves of the lower, The toxic action in the stomach was the most and probably the middle, but not the upper effective treatment for killing the larvae tier. during this study. When tobacco leaves were tied to a lath Five chemicals were tested in a field for with twine treated with dichloran, pole rot control of E. messoria larvae after trans- was less severe than when the leaves were planting. Leptophos 3 emulsifiable concen- tied with untreated twine. trate (EC) and 45% wettable powder (WP) gave the best control of E. messoria larvae, but the 3 EC formulation injured the tobacco ENTOMOLOGY seedlings. Endosulfan, N-2596, and trichlor- fon were more effective than carbaryl, which Cutworms is currently recommended, and they had no visible effect on the tobacco seedlings. A field study on the hatching rate of overwintered eggs of the darksided cutworm, Root Maggots Euxoa messoria (Harris), was started in 1968. Chlorpyrifos, CGF-2600, diazinon, fono- Overwintered eggs began to hatch as early as fos, leptophos, and Vydate were applied in March 27 in 1968 and as late as April 14 in planting water for control of Hylemya spp. 1972, depending upon the weather; hatching on flue-cured tobacco. All materials signifi- was completed about April 22. cantly reduced the number of tunneled Laboratory tests to determine the toxic plants as compared with the untreated con- action of chlorpyrifos on fourth- to sixth- trol, and CGF-2600 at 0.73 kg/ha (0.65 Ib/ instar larvae of E. messoria showed that the ac) was numerically the most effective treat- first day after treatment more larvae died ment and gave the highest yield and crop faster from the toxic action in the stomach index.

MANUFACTURERS OF PESTICIDES IDENTIFIED BY TRADE NAMES

Trade name Manufacturer

CGF-2600 Ciba-Geigy Canada Ltd. Daconil Diamond Shamrock Chemical Co. DD Shell Canada Ethrel Amchem Products Inc. Fumite Chipman Chemical Co. Mocap Mobil Chemical Co. N-2596 Stauffer Chemical Company PP395 Chipman Chemical Co. Telone Dow Chemical of Canada Ltd. Telone C Dow Chemical of Canada Ltd. Terr-O-Cide Great Lakes Chemical Corporation UniRoyal 2030 (Vitavax UniRoyal Chemical Co. .+ captan) Vitavax UniRoyal Chemical Co. Vorlex Nor-Am Agricultural Products Ltd. Vydate DuPont of Canada Ltd.

RESEARCH STATION, DELHI, ONT. 79 PUBLICATIONS

Research alkaloids, sugars, filling value, and lamina weight. The Lighter 43(1):25-27. Cheng, H. H. 1973. Further field evaluation of insecticides for control of the dark-sided Elliot, 1. M. 1973. A survey of flue-cured tobacco cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on tobacco grown in Ontario in 1972. Part II: Soil charac- in Ontario. Can. Entomol. 105: 1351-1357. teristics, nutrient elements, and smoke analysis. The Lighter 43(4): 11-16. Cheng, H. H. 1973. Laboratory and field tests with Bacillus thuringiensis against the dark-sided Elliot, J. M. 1973. Nematicides for control of cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Lepidoptera: Noc- nematodes. The Simcoe Reformer, Tobacco tuidae), on tobacco. Can. Entomol. 105:941- Ed. 945. Gayed, S. K. 1973. The effect of chemicals on weed population in tobacco seed-beds. The Cheng, H. H. 1973. Observations on the bionomics Lighter 43(1):28-3 I. of the dark-sided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in Ontario. Can. Gayed, S. K. 1973. Viruses-Possible threat to Entomol. 105:311-322. tobacco. The Can. Tobacco Grower 21(5):15 and 18. Gayed, S. K. 1972. The effect of deep fumigation on yield of flue-cured tobacco in Ontario. Tob. Marks, C. F., and Elliot, J. M. 1973. Nematicides Sci. 16:169-17 I. in the soil environment. The Lighter 43(2): 18- 20. Marks, C. F., and Elliot, 1. M. 1973. Damage to flue-cured tobacco by the needle nematode Scott, W. A., and Elliot, J. M. 1973. A survey of Longidorus elongatus. Can. J. Plant Sci. burley tobacco grown in Ontario in 1972. The 53:689-692. Lighter 43(4): 17-21. Walker, E. K. 1973. Comparison of flue-cured Olthof, T. H. A., Marks, C. F., and Elliot, 1. M. tobacco transplants variable in time of trans- 1973. Relationships between population densi- planting and method of culture. The Lighter ties of Pratylenchus penetrans and crop losses 43(3): 18-23. in flue-cured tobacco in Ontario. 1. Nematol. 5:158-162. Walker, E. K. 1973. Some causes of poor cures. The Simcoe Reformer, Tobacco Ed. Rosa, N. 1973. Sampling of Nicotiana tabacum L. leaf lamina to surmount the problem of non- Walker, E. K. 1973. Time of transplanting and uniform distribution of total alkaloids. Can. J. hardening of transplants. The Simcoe Re- Bot. 51:289-29 I. former, Tobacco Ed. Rosa, N., and Cheng, H. H. 1973. Uptake of DDT White, F. H. 1973. Comparison of Canadian and by Nicotiana tabacum. Can. J. Plant Sci. American seed sources of the flue-cured to- 53:443-446. bacco variety, Virginia 115. The Simcoe Re- former, Jan. 23. Miscellaneous White, F. H. 1973. Evaluation of new variety Cheng, H. H. 1973. Microplot test using microbial introductions. The Lighter 43(2): 10-15. and chemical insecticides for control of to- White, F. H. 1973. Flue-cured tobacco varieties are mato horn worms on tobacco in Ontario. The compared and evaluated. The Simcoe Re- Lighter 43(3): 10-13. former, Tobacco Ed. Elliot, J. M. 1973. A survey of flue-cured tobacco White, F. H. 1973. Variety development and grown in Ontario in 1972. Part I: Nitrogen, testing. The Tillsonburg News, Tobacco Ed.

80 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Research Station Harrow, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

G. C. RUSSELL,B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Director D. H. LEE Administrative Officer K. M. SUTHERLAND(Miss), B.S., B.L.S. Librarian

Chemistry and Weed Science Section

G. M. WARD,B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Greenhouse crops nutrition A. S. HAMILL,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Weed ecology P. B. MARRIAGE,B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Weed physiology F. G. VONSTRYK,Dip!. Chern., Ph.D. Pesticide chemistry

Crop Science Section

C. G. MORTIMORE,B.S.A., M.S. Head of Section; Corn breeding L. J. ANDERSON,B.S.A. Varietal evaluation J. W. AYLESWORTH,B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. White bean breeding B. R. BUTIERY,B.Sc., Ph.D. Soybean physiology R. I. BUZZELL,B.S., Ph.D. Soybean breeding W. A. SCOTT,B.S.A. Burley tobacco management

Entomology Section

W. M. ELLIOTT,B.Sc., Ph.D. Vegetable insects W. H. FOOTT, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Field and vegetable crop insects R. P. JAQUES,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Insect pathology R. J. MCCLANAHAN,B.A., M.sc., Ph.D. Greenhouse insects B. C. SMITH,B.A. Ecology of field crop insects

Horticultural and Soil Science Section

J. M. FULTON,B.Sc., M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Soil moisture and irrigation E. F. BOLTON,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Soil management

RESEARCHSTATION,HARROW,ONT. 81 W. I. FINDLAY,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil fertility R. E. C. LAYNE,B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Tree fruit breeding V. W. NUTIALL,B.S.A., M.S.A. Vegetable breeding H. A. QUAMME,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Tree fruit breeding

Plant Pathology Section

B. N. DHANVANTARI,B.Sc.; M.Sc., Ph.D. Tree fruit diseases W. G. BONN,B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Bacterial diseases L. F. GATES,B.S., Ph.D. Cereal viruses and corn diseases J. H. HAAS,I B.S., Ph.D. Soybean and white bean diseases P. W. JOHNSON,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant parasitic nematodes

Soil Substation, Woodslee, Ontario

J. W. AYLESWORTH,B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Officer in Charge

Departures

J. DUECK,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Bacterial diseases Resigned March 23, 1973 J. HOPKINS,B.Sc. (Agr.) Fruit crops Resigned June 15, 1973 W. E. KAYLER,B.Sc. (Agr.), M. Dipl. Vegetable crops Resigned October 12, 1973 C. D. McKEEN, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Vegetable Transferred; Research Coordinator, Ottawa, Ont., diseases June 8, 1973 C. D. F. MILLER,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Cereal and Transferred; Research Coordinator, Ottawa, Ont., forage crop insects April 23, 1973 W. J. SAJDAK,B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Weed science Transferred; Research Coordinator, Ottawa, Ont., June 25, 1973 R. N. WENSLEY,B.S.A., Ph.D. Soil microbiology Retired October 31, 1973 H. B. WRESSELL,B.S.A. Field and vegetable crop insects Retired April 30, 1973

82 RESEARCHBRANCHREPORT1973 EXTENSION SERVICES2

J. C. FISHER, RS.A. Greenhouse and vegetable crops K. H. FISHER (Miss), RSc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Fruit and vegetable crops

IOn a transfer of work from July I, 1973 to June 30, 1974 at the Agricultural Research Organization, 2 The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel. Provided by Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food.

RESEARCH STATION, HARROW, ONT. 83 INTRODUCTION

The Research Station at Harrow is located in southwestern Ontario where a diversified agricultural industry involves a greenhouse industry and the production on a large scale of a large number of field, fruit, and vegetable crops. The plant breeding programs at the Station in tree fruits, and field and horticultural crops resulted in the release in 1973 of a new variety of white bean named Kentwood and of two new corn hybrids. Programs on disease, insect, and weed control for a number of crops such as corn, soybeans, tomatoes, and other field and horticultural crops have produced results modifying and improving recommended practices for such control. Crop management studies dealing with fertilizer application practices, plant population and spacing, or harvesting practices with crops such as asparagus, cucumbers, cabbage, tomatoes, and corn have led to more economical production practices for these crops. This report deals with some of the highlights of the results of research in 1973. More detailed results may be found in the journals and reports listed under Publications. For more information on projects or for reprints of published papers write: Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Harrow, OntoNOR IGO.

G. C. Russell Director

FIELD CROPS This year's surveys of alfalfa mosaic in alfalfa crops have confirmed infection levels Burley Tobacco of about 10% in first year's crop and 40% in crops in their second or later years. Fertilization. In a 5-yr experiment the yields of cured, burley tobacco leaf were Corn approximately 2,800, 3,030, 3,140, and 3,250 kg/ha (2,500, 2,700, 2,800, and 2,900 Ib/ac) Breeding. Based on their performance in for N fertilizer applied at 84, 140, 196, and the Ontario corn tests in 1972 and 1973, two 252 kg/ha (75, 125, 175, and 225 Ib/ac) Harrow hybrids, 721 and 725, were declared respectively, with P fertilizer at a basal 168 eligible for license and the recommended list kg/ha (150 Ib/ac) and K fertilizer at 252, by the Ontario Corn Committee. Production 420, or 588 kg/ha (225, 375, or 525 Ib/ac). rights for Harrow 721 have been granted to The 420- and 588-kg rates of K increased United Co-operatives of Ontario, who will yield only 3-4% over basal yield even when market the hybrid as Co-op 320. Rights to applied with 252 kg/ha of N. The grade Harrow 725 were granted to Otto Pick & value of tobacco leaf was depressed 4-6% Sons Ltd., and it will be marketed as Pick- when N application exceeded 140 kg/ha, but seed 185. In addition to high yields both grade value did not change with an increase hybrids exhibited good standability. in rate of K fertilizer. Herbicide residues in drainage water. Atra- Cereals and Forages zine residues measured in tile runoff effluent Viruses. Wheat spindle streak mosaIC In- from corn plots, continuous or in rotation, fected an average of 39%, 46%, and 30% of were in the parts per billion level and are the shoots in Essex, Kent, and Lambton considered to constitute only a minimal counties respectively. Neither fumigation source of pollution in agricultural areas. with Yorlex (Nor-Am Agricultural Products Ltd.) nor plowing in a green crop of kale Insects. Damage from the northern corn shortly before planting affected disease inci- rootworm was negligible in 1973, even in dence. Five varieties showed markedly less fields not treated with a pesticide. In spite of spindle streak mosaic than 15 others. Crosses this, soil pesticides were widely used by were made between the most resistant vari- farmers. The development of a method to ety, Halytchanka, and three commercial predict damaging populations is under varieties. investigation.

84 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Leaf blights. Counts of viable Helmintho- decreased to 4,729.1 kg/ha at 15.2 m spacing sporium turcicum Pass. spores on corn resi- where it appeared to level off. The observed dues in the field declined to very low levels yield responses to tile drainage were espe- over the winter, but viable spores were cially noteworthy because there were no detected in May. Fungi with the spore type periods of excessive rainfall in either season. of" H. maydis Nisik. & Miyake were frequently isolated from small lesions on corn Weed control. The relatively new herbicide with N cytoplasm, but no isolates were found Roundup (Monsanto Canada Ltd.) has been that attacked corn with N cytoplasm to the tested in greenhouse and field and has given same extent as corn with T cytoplasm. excellent control of Canada thistle. It has proved to be as effective as amitrole and Movement of nitrate-N in sandy soils. leaves no soil residue. Shoots are completely Nitrogen accumulation in a coarse-textured killed in 3 wk and roots within I mo. A soil was studied in a field of corn by taking combination herbicide, Ekko (atrazine + soil samples to a depth of 2.7 m (9 ft) and simazine; Ciba-Geigy Canada Ltd.) gave water samples from wells 6.4 m (21 ft) deep. excellent control of a wide range of weeds. In mid-July 1972, the soil profile contained Bladex (Shell Chemical Co.) gave effective 119,213, 399, and 558 kg/ha (106, 190, 356, control of velvetleaf. Two promlSlng new and 498 Ib/ac) nitrate-N on plots that had chemicals are CGH 2430 and CGH 3680 been fertilized annually at planting time (Ciba-Geigy Canada Ltd.). since 1970 with N at 0, 112, 224, and 336 kg/ha (0, 100, 200, and 300 Ib/ac) respec- Soybeans tively. In mid-June 1973, one month after application of the annual treatments, the Biochemical genetics. Previous studies at the Station have shown that nine flavonol plots contained -N at 02, 104, l80, and 337 glycosides occur in various soybean cultivars. kg/ha (55, 93, 161, and 301 Ib/ac). This The sugars of these glycosides have been . decline in nitrate level may be evidence of leaching losses. Altfiough no sigmficant con- identified, and their inheritance has been centration of nitrate-N has been found in the determined. A monoglucoside is the basic well waters, it is suggested that extensive glycoside; it is present even when the four flavonol glycoside genes are recessive. The dilution could have occurred. The water table at this site rose in 1973 to 2.7 m (9 ft), up dominant alleles of these four genes control, from 4.1 m (13.5 ft) in 1972. probably through appropriate glycosyltrans- ferases, the addition of glucose or rhamnose Nutrient leakage. Measurement of nutri- units to' the glucose of the mono glucoside in ents in drainage effluent indicated that rec- the formation of four diglycosides and four ommended rates of fertilizer applied for corn branched triglycosides. Gene FgJ adds a on Brookston clay did not produce significant glucose by a f3 (1-6) linkage (i.e., position 6 changes in P and nitrate-N compared with of the basic glucose) to form the gentiobio- nutrients originating from unfertilized areas. side, Fg2 adds rhamnose 'Y (1-6) to form the The yield data showed that recommended rutinoside, Fg3 adds glucose f3 (1-2) to form fertilizer applications, especially N, were the sophoroside, and Fg4 adds rhamnose 'Y essential to produce commercial yields of (1-2) to form the neohesperidoside. In gene corn. combinations, FgJ plus Fg3, FgJ plus Fg4, Root and stalk rot. Ear development in the Fg2 plus Fg3, and Fg2 plus Fg4 form the 2°- 2 wk after mid-silk was most rapid for glucosyl gentiobioside, the 2° -rhamnosyl gentiobioside, the 2° -glucosyl rutinoside, and Pioneer 3773 and least rapid for BI4 X CH9, in line with eventual stalk rot. Pith in the 2° -rhamnosyl rutinoside respectively. In the lower parts of the stalks of hybrids the other two gene combinations, FgJ and deteriorates rapidly in this period, and the Fg2 both involve a 1-6 linkage, whereas Fg3 more rapid ear development may accentuate and Fg4 both involve a 1-2 linkage; thus no early deterioration of pith cells. triglycosides are formed because the same position of the basic glucose is involved in Tile spacing. Corn yield data for 1972 and each case. Various flavonol glycoside geno- 1973 on Brookston clay soil at Oil City types were tested in the field; FgJ Fg3 had a indicated a marked yield increase as the lower photosynthetic rate "(P), lower specific distance between tile decreased. Yield on 6.1 leaf weight, and lower chlorophyll content m spacing averaged 7,030.9 kg/ha and than the other genotypes. The simplest

RESEARCH STATION, HARROW, ONT. 85 interpretation is that kaempferol 2° -glucosyl Baby Carrots gentiobioside has an inhibitory effect on P or on chlorophyll formation. Succession cropping and seeding rates. Two years' trials showed that succession cropping Weed control. Control of velvetleaf was is probably feasible on organic soils in the obtained with Sencor (Chemagro Corp.) or Point Pelee marsh near Leamington, Onto In Basagran (BASF Corp.) alone or in combina- 1972, baby carrots were successful after sett tion with other herbicides. When Sencor was onions; in 1973, a fall crop was seeded July used with soybeans on soil formerly treated 25 after the spring crop. Of five cultivars, with atrazine, it produced slight injury and Amsterdam Coreless Forcing gave the best delayed maturity but did not affect yield. yield at the highest of three seeding rates: 2 538,860, and 1,182 seeds/m • White Beans Breeding. Kentwood, a new variety devel- Cabbage oped at the Station, was licensed and re- Insect pathology. Field tests showed that a leased to seed growers in 1973. It has heavy application of the viruses of the resistance to the alpha, beta, and gamma cabbage looper and cabbageworm followed races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum by two late-season applications of a chemical (Sacc. & Magn.) Bri. & Cav. and to strains I insecticide or Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and 15 of common bean mosaic. In the root- was as effective as five applications of the rot nursery here, Kentwood has shown more latter materials in the control of the cabbage tolerance than Sanilac and Seafarer. In 23 looper and cabbageworm on late cabbage. tests at four locations over 5 yr Kentwood This indicated the crop protection effected by averaged 4.0% and 7.0% higher in yield than the viruses established in the field early in the Sanilac and Seafarer respectively. In 1973 crop season. when root rot and bronzing were more A new formulation of B. thuringiensis and severe, Kentwood averaged 16% higher in a broad-spectrum virus (the nuclear-polyhe- yield than these two varieties. It is a bush drosis virus of A utographa cali/ornica type, which matures I to 2 days earlier than [Speyer]) were highly effective in the control Sanilac and has slightly larger seed than of the cabbage looper. Seafarer. Kentwood tends to hold the pods off the ground, and this would result in better Maggot control. The recommended plant- seed quality during adverse harvest ing drench treatments provided 100% con- conditions. trol, but untreated plants were severely damaged. Two experimental treatments were as effective, but four others allowed some HORTICULTURAL CROPS damage. Cucumber Field Vegetables Breeding, testing, and management. Selec- Asparagus tions were made for white-spine pickling types tolerant of angular leaf spot, Pseudo- Harvest duration and yields. There was an monas lachrymans (Sm. & Bryan) Carsner, interaction between cultivars and harvest and for earlier monoecious pollinators to durations. Nine cultivars produced less in 52 advance fruit s.:t and harvest by 1 wk in than in 60 days; the yields of three were commercially grown gynoecious hybrids. reduced by 561 kg/ha. A 68-day harvest Harrow H71.21 F hybrid pickler was in- depressed yields by as much as 538 kg/ha. creased for extensive testing in 1974. Three cultivars produced lowest, intermedi- Early-Pik and Pickmore cultivars are pres- ate, and fhe greatest yields respectively at the ently the best for both hand and machine 52-, 60-, and 68-day harvest durations. harvest in southwestern Ontario. On Fox Pesticide residues. Recommended treat- sandy loam, plant stress at 247,100 plants/ha ments for asparagus beetles resulted in results in shorter fruits, a smaller proportion residues below the tolerance level 24 h later. of high-priced grades, and faster yellowing. The rate of disappearance was fast for Using Early-Pik at 148,260, 197,680, and malathion and slightly slower for carbaryl, 247,100 plants/ha, gross returns were $2,- methoxychlor, and rotenone. 068, $1,932, and $1,7521ha respectively.

86 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Sweet Corn the tomato root zone was much less than for corn. This latter observation appears to European corn borer control. A number of explain the fact that tomatoes extract 5 cm of insecticides provided good control of the first soil water compared with 7.5 cm for corn generation of borers, but with a very heavy without restricting yield. second generation a 5-day spray schedule proved inadequate even with the best Weed control. Sencor as a postemergence insecticide. spray gave effective control of all weeds except black nightshade. As a preplant Tomatoes application it gave better control when Cultivation for tomatoes. One or more combined with some other herbicides. shallow cultivations increased tomato yield over the uncultivated check in 1973, similar to the results of most previous years. The Greenhouse Vegetables greatest effect was at early harvest, Sept. 5, where yield after three shallow cultivations Cucumber was more than 6.7 t/ha greater than on the uncultivated check where weeds had been Breeding and testing. At two locations, controlled with chemicals alone. To ensure Harrow HG70.72 seedless F hybrid equaled that weed growth was not a factor influenc- Toska 70 in numbers and weight of fruits per ing results, any further weed growth on the plant. HG70.72 was increased for commer- check or cultivated treatments was removed cial greenhouse and market acceptance tests by surface scraping with a hoe. in Ontario and for further trials in the USA Insects. Previous work showed that and Europe. After 14 days in storage at Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say), a nitidu- 12.3°C and Sl % relative humidity, the resid- lid beetle that infests damaged processing ual shelf life of HG70.72 and other Harrow tomatoes, breeds in ears of corn. Burial of lines was superior to that of Toska 70. Best the ears in the fall or spring at depths of 7.6 storage appeared to be associated with skin and 15.2 cm (3 and 6 in.) did not prevent thickness. Using an Ottawa Texture Mea- oviposition. Recent work showed that if the surement System with a 0.16-cm diam steel ears could be broken up by some type of probe, the average force for three-position machinery into partial ears before burial, the skin punctures (stem and blossom ends and reproductive potential of the beetle would be center) of fresh, unpeeled fruits, for the greatly reduced. Treatment of hampers with firmest to the least firm was HG 72 (9S1), malathion ultralow volume 95% technical HG73 (910), HG70.72 (S33), and Toska 70 gave good control of beetles when damaged (SI6g). tomatoes occurred only on the bottom of the Pruning seedless cucumbers to either main- hamper, moderate control when damaged stem fruit production or the conventional tomatoes were distributed throughout the pruning resulted in no significant yield dif- hamper, and poor control when damaged ferences between methods. This is contrary tomatoes occurred only in the upper and to results in Holland where gynoecious types central parts of the hamper. with laterals removed set more fruits. Root distribution. The vertical and horizon- Calcium deficiency. A sand culture study tal distribution of processing tomato roots with both seeded and seedless cucumbers was measured in the field four times during confirmed the observation that cucumber the season. The maximum number of roots fruits do not develop a condition similar to appeared about July IS, and the number blossom-end rot on tomatoes or peppers. decreased thereafter. The maximum depth of Under severe deficiency the symptoms are rooting was very similar to that of potatoes, curled leaves and aborted growing tips, and cucumbers, field corn, and early tomatoes, any fruits that set remain small and become measured earlier. The horizontal distribution deformed with constricted blossom end or of processing tomato roots was very dense center. Small deformed fruit from calcium- near the surface but decreased sharply to a deficient plants had a calcium content of depth of about 20 cm and then remained 0.05-0.06% compared with 0.45-0.55% in more or less constant to 40 cm. The total mature normal fruit. Reduction in calcium number of roots exposed in a cross section of content was found in all plant tissues.

RESEARCH STATION, HARROW, ONT. 87 Tomatoes was grown with 15% less sunshine than the Cage plant. A cage plant, complete~y 54-yr average, and the distribution was untrimmed, cultivar Vendor, was grown In uneven. An unusual amount of blossom one corner of a greenhouse remote from any abortion occurred and fruit size was reduced. competition from other plants for light or Plants grown with the aid of supplementary water. The cage, constructed of stakes and artificial light from Jan. 15 to Mar. 15 by string, restrained side growth but permitted extending day length to 16 h produce~ a easy access for harvesting. A canopy at the slightly higher yield than check plants wIth- out supplementary light. Fruit size was larger top reached a spread of 3.7 m (12 ft) during the last 2 mo of growth occupying a space and the percentage of nonmarketable fruit covered by 10 standard plants. The normal was smaller. Mercury vapor lamps and fluorescent lamps produced about the same cultural practices of fertilizing, ~atering, ~nd pollinating were followed. Dunng the spnng results. Two cultivars, Vendor and MRI2, responded in a similar manner. crop season, Jan. 15 to July 15, the plant produced 562 fruits weighing 51.48 kg Translocation of benomyl. A study with (113.5 Ib), and 50 I marketable fruits radioactive tracers has shown that the fun- weighing 45.32 kg (99.92 I~). This d~mon- gicide benomyl and its metabolite, MBC strates the possible production capacIty of (methyl benzimidazole-2-carbamate), are one plant grown with no limit on light. translocated more efficiently through tomato Leaf miner biological control. Two para- seedling tissues when applied as a foliar sites of the vegetable leaf miner, Liriomyza spray rather than as a soil drench. munda Frick, provided considerable control of the pest in some greenhouse tomato crops. Colonies of the leaf miner and one of the Tree Fruits parasites were established. Apricots Nematodes. In microplot studies in a sandy Presoaking and fall planting apricot seed- loam greenhouse soil, the southern root-knot ling rootstocks. Four apricot seedling root- nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & stocks were tested: Haggith, Toovey, Gold- White) Chitwood, moved vertically in both cot, and Earle Orange. The pits were plant~d directions through a soil depth of 150 cm. after soaking for 0, 24, 36, or 48 h, or the pItS High population densities of nematodes and were removed and the seeds similarly root-gall indexes were recorded throu~h treated; then both groups were planted on depths Of 150 cm in soil inoculated WIth Nov. 9, 1972. Emergence data were recorded 4,400 nematodes/kg in the top 30 cm or in May and June 1973, and plant height and 120-135 cm below the surface. In the top 30 stem diameter were recorded in September. cm of soil this initial population density In general, fall planting of apricot pits gave reduced tomato yield by 20% in the first crop acceptable stands of budable trees of Hag- and 70% in the second. Similar population gith (72%) and Goldcot (65.3%) the next densities 120-135 cm from the soil surface year, but stands of Toovey (33.5%) and Earle reduced tomato yield by II % in the first crop Orange (23.0%) were not. a~ceptable. and 59% in the second. Presoaking pits before plantmg Improved This rapid upward movement explains the emergence. Fall planting seeds gave P?or short-term effect of greenhouse control mea- stands with each rootstock, and presoaking sures and accounts for the recurring problem of seeds had no appreciable effect on of infestation in many houses. Nematodes emergence. escape control at depths below which present control methods are effective and subse- Peaches quently move up to infest the next crop. Cold hardiness of peach rootstocks. Three Growers experiencing a recurring nema- peach rootstocks were tested for hardiness by tode problem can expect a 60-70% reduction freezing intact root systems through a range in yield in infested areas if control measures of temperatures from -5 to -23°C in incre- are omitted before the next crop. ments of 3°C. Cold hardiness was assessed Supplementary light. In 1973 the growing by regrowth tests. Siberian C was sig~fi- season was exceptionally poor for green- cantly hardier than either Elberta or Bailey. house crops in Essex County. The spring crop It showed positive regrowth and new roots at

88 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 -17°C, whereas Bailey and Elberta did not, mild periods. It appeared that varietal dif- although they did at -14°C but to a lesser ferences in rates of acclimation and deaccli- extent than Siberian e. Intact root systems of mation may have greater survival value than I-yr-old nursery trees of Siberian C were the ability to survive cold temperature by frozen at -5 to -14°C, and 2-yr-old trees at itself. -5 to -23°C. The lethal temperature for I-yr- old roots was between -8 and -11°C and for Herbicide residues in orchard soils. Exami- 2-yr-old roots it was between -14 and -17°C. nation of orchard soils treated with her- Thus, 2-yr-old peach roots could withstand bicides for a number of years showed that about 6°C more cold than I-yr-old roots. atrazine and simazine did not accumulate in the soil, but diuron, a urea type of herbicide, Controlled freezing tests of hardy peach was considerably more persistent. varieties and selections. Eleven of the hardi- Nematode resistance of peach rootstocks. A est peaches in the Harrow cultivar collection preliminary study was conducted to test the were tested for relative and absolute cold resista!1ce of 14 cold-hardy peach seedling hardiness on \Feb. 14, 1973. The lethal rootstocks for resistance to Pratylenchus temperature for flower buds of Redhaven penetrans (Cobb), the most important nema- and Lemon Free was -20°C, but -26°C was tode pest of peach in Ontario. The most lethal for Siberian, Babygold 8, Y322, Y461, resistant rootstocks with the lowest total Reliance, and Tzim Pee Tao, and -28°C was increase in nematode population compared lethal for Bailey, Harrow Blood, and Y327. with the initial population included Yeh Maximum separation of varieties for bud Hsiemtung Tao, H661511, H661203, Harrow hardiness at a single stress temperature Blood, and Y327. Siberian C was very occurred at -22°C. The hardiest varieties susceptible. Further tests will be conducted in included Bailey, Y327, Siberian, and Tzim 1974 to refine techniques and reassess nema- Pee Tao. Varieties differed significantly in tode resistance of the most promising stocks. wood hardiness. The widest separation in varieties occurred at -26°e. The hardiest Peach bacterial spot. During the growing varieties included Siberian, Y461, Y32 7, season of 1973, epiphytic populations of the Tzim Pee Tao, and Harrow Blood, which causal organism Xanthomonaspruni sustained only very light to light tissue injury. (E.F.Sm.) Dowson were recovered from the Bailey and Y327 were next, then those with surface of developing fruits of the suscepti- the most tissue injury (moderate to severe), ble Babygold 5 as well as the less susceptible Reliance, Babygold 8, Redhaven, and Redhaven and the resistant Loring peach Lemon Free. cultivars long before the appearance of fruit spots. In Babygold 5, a population of 106 was Effect of outdoor temperatures on cold attained early in the season and was sus- hardiness acclimation of peach buds. Six tained throughout, whereas such a high level cultivars were selected that represented the was reached only a week before harvest in full range of cold hardiness recognized in the Redhaven and Loring. Loring was character- Harrow cultivar collection: (I) very hardy, ized by carrying the lowest population most Babygold 8 and Bailey; (2) hardy, Siberian of the season. The microflora on the surface C; (3) medium hardy, Redhaven; (4) me- of the fruits, buds, and leaves consisted dium tender, Elberta; (5) tender, Loring; and predominantly of Erwinia herbicola (Gei- (6) very tender, Redglobe. They were tested linger) Dye, Aureobasidium pullulans (de for relative and absolute bud hardiness on Bary)Arn., Rhodotorula, and other yeasts. Jan. 4 after a mild period with temperatures Peach canker. Natural flower-bud mortal- fluctuating between -6 and 11°C; then on ity was related to incidence of cytospora Jan. 12 during a cold period with tempera- canker at node and apex of peach shoots. tures fluctuating between -12 and _3°C; and Such cankers were fewer in the cultivars then again on Jan. 29 during another mild Bailey and Siberian C whose bud mortalities period with temperatures fluctuating between were I and 3% respectively and abundant in -8 and 9°e. The range in lethal temperatures Redhaven, Loring, Redglobe with flower- among cultivars was relatively small (2 to bud mortalities of 17, 40, and 100% respec- 4°C) at any given time. During cold periods tively. In controlled freezing and inoculation all varieties gained several degrees of cold experiments, the number of such cankers hardiness, which were quickly lost during generally increased with the increase in

RESEARCH STATION, HARROW, ONT .. 89 flower-bud mortality. Water leachates of each of four seedling rootstocks at the end of cold-injured buds stimulated the germ tube February and frozen to several stress temper- growth of spores of Leucostoma cincta (Fr.) atures, and then assessed for bud mortality. Hohn. (Cytospora cincta (Fr.) v. Hohnel) and There was a significant rootstock influence on L. persoonii (Nits.) Hohn. (Cytospora leucos- bud hardiness of Loring. The least cold toma Sacc.), the causal fungi, suggesting the injury to Loring was sustained with Siberian predisposing role of winter-injured tissue in and Rutgers Red Leaf as rootstocks and the canker incidence. most was recorded with Veteran and Harrow Blood. Peach crown gall. In an experiment designed to avoid unintentional wounding of Pears potted plants, it was found that the root-knot Breeding. A total of 9,500 pear seedlings nematodes Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood and were screened for fire blight resistance and M. incognita (Kofoid & White) and the root- 2,000 were field planted. Three selections, lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans did designated H-300, H-301, and H-302, were not predispose peach plants (cultivar Rutgers propagated for advance trials. A series of Red Leaf) to crown gall by a virulent strain dwarfing rootstocks for pear received from of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Sm. & Oregon were also propagated for trial at the Towns.) Conn. Four months after soil inocu- Station. lation it was found that the bacterium alone or in combination with any of the nematodes Fire blight. Work continued on develop- used had induced crown gall in 100% of the ment of a bactericidal dip fot apples destined for export to countries free from fire blight. plants. Several combinations of bactericides elimi- Peach rootstock influence on leaf nutrient nated all bacterial cells under severe test levels of scion varieties. A study was initiated conditions. Under more moderate test condi- in 1973 to determine whether peach root- tions a !O-min dip in 1.0 M acetic acid at stocks influenced nutrient levels in the leaves room temperature provided satisfactory con- of scion varieties, which in turn might trol. influence scion growth, yield, and cold hardi- The populations of the fire blight orga- ness. Leaf samples were col.Jected from nism, Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et Loring and Redhaven on each of four aI., on leaves of symptomless branches of rootstocks: Harrow Blood, Siberian C, Rut- pear and apple was monitored on a weekly gers Red Leaf, and Veteran; and from basis from mid-June to early October. De- Babygold 5 on the same rootstocks and two tectable populations first noted in mid-June others, Bailey and Halford. Peach rootstocks increased to higher levels in late July and significantly influenced nutrient levels of early August. Bacteria were not detected in leaves when sampled in June, July, and either September or early October. Twig August. The nutrients affected depended on blight counts in pear revealed an association the scion as well as the rootstock. Elements between the presence of bacteria on lear that were consistently affected by rootstocks surfaces and shoot blight. included potassium, calcium, magnesium, Assays for E. amylovora in dormant buds and zinc. of pear revealed that the bacterium was present in the buds of Old Home and Peach rootstock influence on scion hardi- Flemish Beauty in February and March and ness. Scions were collected from Loring, on in Flemish Beauty in April.

PUBLICAnONS

Research Buttery, B. R., and Buzzell, R. I. 1973. Varietal differences in leaf flavonoids of soybeans. Crop Sci. 13: 103-106. Bolton, E. F., and Aylesworth, J. W. 1973. Use of black polyethylene mulch to reduce flooding Dueck, J., and Quamme, H. A. 1973. Fire blight in effects on tomato yields. Can. 1. Plant Sci. southern Ontario in 1972. Can. Plant Dis. 53:857-861. Surv. 53: 101-104.

90 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Elliott, W. M. 1973. A method of predicting short Marriage, P. B. 1973. Herbicidal actlVlty and term population trends of the green peach metabolism of dyrene in Canada thistle. Weed aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphidi- Sci. 21:389-392. dae), on potatoes. Can. Entomol. 105: 11-20. McKeen, C. D., and Thorpe, H. J. 1973. Patho- Elliott, W. M., and Dhanvantari, B. N. 1973. Tree genic species of Verticillium in horticultural cricket (Orthoptera: Oecanthidae) damage to crops and weeds in southwestern Ontario. young peach trees. Can. Entomol. 105: 1035- Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:615-622. 1038. Miller, C. D. F., and Guppy, 1. C. 1972. Notes on Findlay, W. I. 1973. Influence of fertilizer use on the, biology of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera the phosphorus and potassium status of sandy postica (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculioni- soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53: 103-110. dae) in southern Ontario. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Onto 102:42-46. Foott, W. H., and Timmins, P. R. 1973. Effects of infestations by the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosi- Quamme, H., Weiser, C. J., and Stushnoff, C. 1973. phum maidis (Homoptera: Aphididae), on The mechanism of freezing injury in xylem of field corn in southwestern Ontario. Can. Ento- winter apple twigs. Plant Physiol. 51:273-277. mol. 105:449-458. Smith, B. c., Starratt, A. N., and Bodnaryk, R. P. Founk,1. 1973. Modification of a knapsack sprayer 1973. Oviposition responses of Coleomegilla for more efficient use. Can. J. Plant Sci. maculata lengi (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to 53:419. the wood and extracts of Juniperus virginiana and to various chemicals. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Gates, L. F. 1973. Incidence of wheat spindle Am. 66:452-456. streak mosaic in Essex, Kent, and Lambton counties, Ontario, 1969-72. Can. Plant Dis. Ward, G. M. 1973. An improved technique for Surv. 53:58-59. freeze-drying fruit samples. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:603. Hamill, A. S., and Penner, D. 1973. Butylate and Ward, G. M. 1973. Calcium deficiency symptoms carbofuran interaction in barley and corn. in greenhouse cucumbers. Can. J. Plant Sci. Weed Sci. 21:339-342. 53:849-856. Hamill, A. S., and Penner, D. 1973. Ward, G. M. 1973. Causes of blossom-end rot of Chlorbromuron-carbofuran interaction in corn tomatoes based on tissue analysis. Can. J. and barley. Weed Sci. 21 :335-338. Plant Sci. 53: 169-174. Hamill, A. S., and Penner, D. 1973. Interaction of Wressell, H. B. 1972. A comparison of European alachlor and carbofuran. Weed Sci. 21:330- corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), moth 335. flight to light traps in southwestern Ontario Hunter, R. B., Mortimore, C. G., and Kannenberg, and the relationship to borer infestation. Proc. L. W. 1973. Inbred maize performance fol- Entomol. Soc. Ont. 102:63-71. lowing tassel and leaf removal. Agron. J. Wressell, H. B. 1973. The role of parasites in the 65:471-472. control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in south- Jaques, R. P. 1973. Methods and effectiveness of western Ontario. Can. Entomol. 105:553-557. distribution of microbial insecticides. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 217:109-119. Miscellaneous Jaques, R. P. 1973. Tests on microbial and chemi- Aylesworth, 1. W. 1973. Breeding for quality in cal insecticides for control of Trichoplusia ni white beans. Soils & Crops, pp. 146-147. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on cabbage. Can. Bird, G. W. (Revised by Wensley, R. N.) 1973. Entomol. 105:21-27. Orchard replant problems. Can. Dep. Agric. Publ. 1375.4 pp. Johnson, P. W., and McKeen, C. D. 1973. Vertical movement and distribution of Meloidogyne Buzzell, R. I. 1973. What is acceptable stand of incognita (Nematodea) under tomato in a soybeans? Cash Crop Farming 34(2):33. sandy loam greenhouse soil. Can. J. Plant Sci. Dhanvantari, B. N. 1972. Bacterial spot of peach in 53:837-841. Ontario. Agdex 2121634. Marks, C. F., Saidak, W. J., and Johnson, P. W. Dhanvantari, B. N. 1972. Peach canker in Ontario. 1973. Effects of soil management on numbers Agdex 212/634. of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans in soils of Ontario peach orchards. Can. Foott, W. H. 1973. Corn aphid-insect with a big J. Plant Sci. 53:181-185. appetite. Cornette 10:4.

RESEARCH STATION, HARROW, ONT. 91 Foott, W. H. 1973. Picnic beetles-Pests of process- McClanahan, R. J. 1973. Integrated control of ing-tomatoes in southwestern Ontario. Can. greenhouse pests. Can. Agric. 18(3):34-35. Agric. 18(2):32-33. Miller, C. D. F. 1973. Alfalfa weevil-Blessing in Haas, 1. H., and Bolwyn, B. 1973. Predicting and disguise? Can. Agric. 18(I): 16-17. controlling white mold epidemics in white beans. Can. Agric. 18(\):28-29. Scott, W. A. 1973. Progress of the Canadian Jaques, R. P. 1973. The persistence of viruses of tobacco crop. The Lighter 43(1):10; 43(2):8; Trichoplusia ni and Pieris rapae in field plots. 43(3):8; 43(4):9. Proc. Vth Int. Colloq. of Insect Pathol. and Microb. Control, Oxford, Engl., pp. 57(1), Scott, W. A., and Elliot, J. M. 1973. A survey of 57(2), 57(3). burley tobacco grown in Ontario in 1972. The Lighter 43(4): 17-21. Layne, R. E. C. 1973. Peach rootstocks and winter bud hardiness of the Harrow peach series. Ward, G. M. 1973. Leaf analysis for greenhouse Md. Fruit Grower 43:15-16. vegetable crops. Agdex 290/532.

92 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Research Station Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

F. K. KRISTJANSSON,B.S.A, M.S., Ph.D. Director L. H. LYALL,B.S.A., M.S. Assistant Director J. G. R. LOISELLE,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant gene resources R. W. MARTIN Administrative Officer

Cereal Crops Section

V. D. BURROWS,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Plant physiology, oats and barley R. V. CLARK,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant pathology I. DE LA ROCHE,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Quality G. FEDAK,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Barley S. O. FEJER,Ing. Agr., Dr. Sc. Tech. Barley J. E. FISHER,B.S.A, M.Sc., Ph.D. Morphology V. A HELSON,B.A, M.A Environmental physiology D. P. HOLMES,B.Sc., Ph.D. Growth analysis A G. PLESSERS,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Hybrid winter wheat D. R. SAMPSON,B.Sc., AM., Ph.D. Wheat J. T. SLYKHUIS,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Virology S. SYMKO,Ing. Agr. Barley and triticale

Crop Loss Section

V. R. WALLEN,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Aerial photography, methodology P. K. BASU,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Surveys and methodology W. C. JAMES,B.Sc., Ph.D. Surveys and methodology W. L. SEAMAN,B.Sc., Ph.D. Surveys and Editor, Canadian Plant Disease Survey

Cytogenetics Section

T. RAJHATHY,Ing. Agr., M.Sc., D. Agr. Sci. Head of Section; Cereal crops K. C. ARMSTRONG,B.S.A, Ph.D. Forage crops

RESEARCHSTATION;OTTAWA,ONT. 93 W. A. KELLER, B.S.A., Ph.D. HaploIdy B. E. MURRAY (Miss), B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Protein genetics

Entomology Section

D. G. HARCOURT, B.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Population dynamics R. BOCH, Dr. Rer. Nat. Physiology and behavior of bees T. BURNETT, B.S.A., Ph.D. Population ecology T. A. GOCHNAUER, B.A., M.S., Ph.D. Pathology of bees J. C. Guppy, B.S.A., M.S. Population dynamics

Forage Crops Section

W. R. CHILDERS, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S., Ph.D. Head of Section; Legumes and grasses H. BAENZIGER, Ing. Agr., M.Sc., Ph.D. Legumes L. M. CASSERLY,B.A., B.S.A., M.Sc. Corn C. C. CHI, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant pathology L. DESSUREAUX,B.A., B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Alfalfa genetics L. S. DONOVAN, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Corn and soybeans D. R. GIBSON, B.Sc. (Agr.) Corn R. W. ROBERTSON, B.S.A. Plant introduction H. D. VOLDENG, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant physiology F. S. WARREN, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Corn

Horticultural Crops

G. R. JOHNSTON,! B.S.A., M.S.A. Potatoes

Experimental Farm, Kapuskasing, Ont.

J. M. WAUTHY, B.Sc. (Agr.) Superintendent; Crop management and evaluation

Experimental Farm, Smithfield, Onto

H. B. HEENEY, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Superintendent; Plant nutrition and irrigation H. L. HOUSE, B.S.A., Ph.D. Insect physiology and nutrition S. J. LEUTY, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Fruit crop management S. R. MILLER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant physiology and biochemistry W. P. MOHR, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Food processing L. G. MONTEITH, B.S.A., M.S.A. Fruit management, pest control

94 RESEARCHBRANCH REPORT 1973 Experimental Farm, Thunder Bay, Onto

W. B. TOWILL,B.S.A. Superintendent; Crop management and evaluation

Departures

A. T. BOLTON,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant pathology Transferred April 1973 to Plant Research Institute, Ottawa (now partly Ornamentals Research Service) M. K. MUKERJI,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Population dynamics, energetics Transferred July 1973 to Research Station, Saskatoon, Sask.

'Stationed at University of Guelph, Guelph, Onto

RESEARCH STATION, OTTAWA, ONT. 95 INTRODUCTION

The program at the Research Station, Ottawa, Ont., emphasizes research on animal feed crops, including cereals, com, and forage crops. Termination of the tomato breeding program in 1973 completed the phasing out of research on fruit and vegetable crops. Seed stocks of Ottawa tomato cultivars and potentially valuable breeding lines will still be maintained. The plant breeding programs continued to be productive; two oat cultivars and one com hybrid were iicensed in 1973. This report summarizes some of the more important research results from the Station in 1973. Requests for further information should be directed to: Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6.

F. K. Kristjansson Director

CEREAL CROPS mixograph development time, percent protein, and kernel hardness. The kernel hard- Wheat ness test developed here accounted for 93% Breeding. The new soft white winter wheat of the total variation among soft wheats. Highly significant year X location interac- Fredrick is being well received by seed tions occurred for most of the 28 tests, growers and industry. In addition to pastry- quality wheat, increased emphasis is being pointing to the need for control varieties in field trials to represent different quality placed on breeding high-yielding winter feed classes. wheats for southern Ontario and spring feed types for areas where winter wheat does not Winter survival. Using electron spin reso- succeed. Wheatlike derivatives from wheat nance we have demonstrated differences in X triticale crosses provide a rich genetic base the physical structure of. membranes in for improving the yield, winterhardiness, and hardened vs. nonhardened tissues. Field virus resistance of winter wheat. Spring studies showed that plant survival is a wheat improvement depends on the cross function of a slower dehardening rate in the Opal X Pitic 62; selection criteria include spring and reduced metabolism under an ice delayed double ridge formation during cover. spikelet development, giving more kernels per spike. Physiology. External application of gibber- Five groups of winter triticale crosses, ellic acid (GA) on Marquis wheat accelerated ranging in generation from ~ to C12, are the' early development and elongation of the under evaluation. Excellent success has been apex, hastened the formation of the apical achieved in selecting true breeding strains spikelet, and increased the rate of primor- that are high yielding, have plump nonshriv- dium production. Chlormequat chloride eled kernels, and are disease resistant and (Cycocel) had little effect on apex develop- winter-hardy. Some of these strains cross ment of Marquis. GA, applied to the cultivar readily with normal wheat. Work on spring Pitic 62, accentuated the Norin 10 type of triticale is less advanced. apex development pattern. GA-treated plants The hybrid winter wheat program is had longer apices with more "stacked" single broadly based on about 50 different strains ridges before spikelet development than or cultivars, and we now have over 80 male- untreated plants. Plants treated with sterile lines. Fertility restoration and cross- chlormequat chloride showed the reverse pollination are excellent at Ottawa. The first effect, with fewer "stacked" single ridges. field trial of 19 hybrids was seeded at two locations in the fall of 1973. Developmental morphology. Morphological evidence of a latent floret primordium in the Quality. Comparison of 28 quality predic- axil of the second sterile glume of the lateral tion tests, using 100 cultivars, showed that spikelets of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid 95% of the variance in bread and pastry wheat, and of rye, has been found. The quality was accounted for by three tests, primordium may be a relict of a previously

96 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 existing floret in a primitive ancestor of the and amino acids on comparative rates of Triticinae. Potentially, this inhibited primor- senescence of excised leaf sections from oat dium represents an extra grain in each lines differing in grain protein content. Senes- spikelet of the head-if it could be induced to cence of the sections was delayed differen- develop. tially by kinetin solution over a concentration range of I to 5 ppm. Treated leaf sections Virology. Improved procedures for root-to- from the three high-protein lines senesced root transmission of wheat spindle streak more slowly than those from the three low- mosaic virus, in the absence of infectious soil, protein lines. Thus, at 4 to 5 days after show promise as an aid in determining how excision the former sections appeared the virus is carried in nature. In a yield test in which soil from an infected field was placed :I::green, whereas the latter appeared :I::yellow. This work demonstrated the feasibility beneath the seedbed before the plots were of a rapid screening test for protein content seeded in the fall, Talbot suffered 51.6% of the grain by using excised leaf sections. yield reduction and Genesee, 43.2%. Severe development of spindle streak mosaic in Diseases. Seed yields of oats were in- 1973 enabled the selection of many triticale creased by 68 to 100% when plots were lines that appeared to be immune, like the sprayed with the fungicide maneb. At matur- rye parents. ity, the sprayed crops were erect, had good color, and were practically disease-free. In Oats contrast the straw of the unsprayed plots was Breeding. Cultivars Gemini (OAI23-1) black in color and severely lodged. and Hinoat (OAI23-3-3) were licensed in Tolerance for crown and stem rust was 1973, and seed was distributed to seed again observed to be greater in dormoats growers. Both cultivars are of interspecific sown in fall than in those sown in spring. The origin being derived from crosses of Avena tissues of fall-sown dormoat plants are sativa X A. strigos(l. Gemini is a high- apparently modified by early-spring growing yielding seed oat adapted across Canada. conditions, causing them to be more tolerant Hinoat is a high-protein type and is the first of diseases. Canadian oat cultivar bred for the food- processing industry. Its yield per hectare is Barley approximately 25% less than that of the recommended feed-type cultivars, but its Breeding. The barley strain OB95-21 was seed contains approximately 25% more pro- licensed under the name Vanier and released tein. A food manufacturer arranged produc- to growers of pedigreed seed. Vanier is tion of the variety under contract in Sas- resistant to loose smut and stem rust and has katchewan in 1973, and paid a premium to field tolerance for prevalent races of pow- growers to offset the lower yield potential. dery mildew. It is similar in height to Champlain, but is higher yielding and more, Physiology. A growth-chamber screening resistant to lodging. Vanier is well adapted to procedure for identifying single plants with growing conditions in eastern Ontario, and high seed yield and high seed-protein poten- may serve as a replacement for Champlain in tial has been tested, using the seed yields this area. from Eastern Cooperative Oat Tests from Sixty homozygous lines were produced by 1968 to 1972 inclusive. Fresh and dry doubling haploids obtained from Hordeum weights of 4-wk-old oat shoots grown in vulgare X H. bulbosum crosses and enough growth chambers indicated the discarding of seed was obtained for field plot testing in 67% of the cultivars that were actually 1974. discarded by the Eastern Cooperative Oat Tests. Because seed yield in the plots is not Interspecific barley breeding. Intercrosses the only criterion used for discarding culti- of H. bulbosum and H. murinum with H. vars in the breeding program, this rapid, vulgare have created unique new gene pools growthcchamber screening procedure may for harley improvement. Different strains of have merit as a means of reducing the H. bulbosum were intercrossed before cross- number of cultivars grown in plots at the ing with H. vulgare. A number of tetraploid different stations. strains have showrr good fertility combined A series of experiments was carried out to with good winterhardiness and lodging study the effects of various growth regulators resistan ce.

RESEARCH STATION, OTTAWA, ONT. 97 Genetics. Strains with pubescent leaves and fumigation with Yorlex (Nor-Am Horticul- sheaths were isolated from H. spontaneum tural Products Ltd.) at the rate of 560 litres/ collections and from H. vulgare X H. bul- ha (50 gallac). bosum hybrids. Pubescence in each structure Peas. By using a uniform method of is controlled by single dominant genes inher- survey, common root rot, caused by Fusar- ited independently. Genes from the two ium spp., was found to be the most prevalent strains appear to be identical. Pubescent disease of processing peas in Canada. It was leaves offer the potential for resistance to the shown that yield loss due to Fusarium spp. cereal leaf beetle. could be estimated from the percentage of Quantitative genetics. Levels of heterosis most severely affected plants. were studied in progenies of various winter Alfalfa. A stem-smear technique was de- X spring barley hybrids. Levels of heterosis veloped to identify bacterial wilt, Corynebac- for grain yield relative to the spring parent terium insidiosum (McCull.) Jensen, of al- decreased from 62% under spaced planting falfa, irrespective of variable external disease to 22% under solid seeding, due to restriction symptoms. A simplified method of estimating of head number under higher plant competi- the incidence of alfalfa foliage diseases in tion. In a factorial experiment composed of farmers' fields has been developed. conventional varieties and short-strawed introductions, heterosis for grain yield was Potatoes. Plots in an experiment represent reduced from 48% in spaced-planted F1 to a farmer's field only when the treatments do 11% in solid-seeded F2• not interfere with each other. When late blight of potato was allowed to develop in Quality. In cooperation with Dr. A. R. one treatment in a field experiment, interplot Mack, Soil Research Institute, proximate interference was confirmed. In trials designed fractions were examined of Brock and to screen cultivars for resistance to late Fergus barley planted at four dates spaced at blight, this could lead to unjustified rejection weekly intervals, each under three moisture of a cultivar or-underestimation of cultivar levels of 25, 50, and 90% field capacity. The performance. later planting dates caused significant in- A computer program (PHYTOSIM) has creases in protein content of both varieties. In been built that simulates the development of addition the ash content of Fergus and the late blight of potato, and is currently being fat and fiber content of Brock were increased incorporated in a disease management by delayed planting. These results will have scheme that maximizes potato production important implications if studies are initiated and decreases fungicide usage to a minimum to determine genetic differences in feeding level commensurate with rational disease quality between strains of barley. control. Remote sensing. An automatic computer analysis technique to determine levels of CROP LOSS ASSESSMENT aphid infestation in cornfields was devel- Methodology oped, by using photographic color separation and image enhancement procedures from Tomatoes. Field-plot experiments with infrared aerochrome photographs. Panels of nine tomato cultivars (John Baer, Fireball healthy and infested cornfields were selected YR, New Yorker, Mini-Rose, Trent, Ottawa for enhancement whereby density ranges of 78, Heinz 1350, Campbell 19, and Jet Star) the cyan layer were compressed to a high- at Ottawa showed that the progress of early contrast mode. Finally the panels were blight, caused by Alternaria porri f. sp. solani scanned and the information recorded on (Ell.) Ciferri, could be determined by count- magnetic tape and analyzed by computer. ing the dead leaves and infected fruits; that In 1972, 65 beanfields totaling 614 ha yields were not significantly reduced until (1,519 ac) were aerially photographed in the defoliation exceeded 60%; and that the fruit vicinity of Hensall, Onto Fifty-one of the 65 losses of moderately and severely infected fields were infected with bacterial blight. plants were 4-13% and 13-37% respectively. Although most fields had less than 1% The cultivar Mini-Rose suffered no loss from infection, levels ranged up to 6%. The overall the disease. It was also found that 75% of the infection was low, 0.668% or 4.04 ha (10 ac) primary infection was controlled by soil of the total bean acreage under the flight

98 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 path. This level of infection is the lowest (iii) autotetraploidy. Clones were established, since the aerial photography program was but due to very irregular heading no seed was started in 1968. obtained. The plants have not responded to vernalizationorto photoperiodic treatments. Surveys A mean chromosome pairing of 0.131 6.0611 Missing plants. Experimental results were 3.93IV was typical for an autotetraploid. used to interpret survey data, which showed that the average Netted Gem crop in New Aneuploidy. The seven primary trisomics Brunswick in 1972 had only 75% of the of A. strigosa Schreb. were identified by normal stand. The yield loss due to missing karyotype analysis and phenotypic differ- plants at emergence in New Brunswick in ences and the segregating desynaptic gene 1972 was equivalent to a financial loss of (ds ds) was removed by selection. This set is approximately $11f2 million. now available for gene dosage studies and for associating markers and agronomically Potato late blight. Despite the fact that useful genes with their linkage groups. The potato late blight was not prevalent in 1972, series of 21 monosomics of A. sativa L. has every farmer in Prince Edward Island used been completed. Because these lines orig- fungicides. They applied an average of 5.4 inated from six different genotypes, they are sprays, using over 72.57 t (80 tons) of being backcrossed into the cultivar Sun II. fungicide to protect 12,950 ha (32,000 ac) at The use of the cultivar Kanota as a recurrent an estimated total cost of half a million parent was discontinued because the Kanota dollars. Mancozeb was the fungicide most monosomics, with the exception of one line, commonly used, followed by maneb and were poor yielders of nullisomics. The metiram. marked effect of the genotype on the male Ergot. Cooperative field surveys in the transmission of monosomes is being Prairie Provinces indicated that ergot was investigated. less prevalent than in 1972 in most of the wheat-growing areas where it has been a Electrophoretic studies in Avena. Electro- problem in recent years. Roadside grasses phoretic patterns of natural populations of not cut before heading continue to serve as a Avena species indicate that selection reservoir of inoculum from year to year. processes differentiate patterns with wide and with narrow geographic distribution. The Barley diseases. A survey of 35 fields in 10 diploid A. canariensis Baum, Rajhathy & counties of western Ontario in July 1973 Sampson, from an island habitat, was poly- showed that spot blotch, caused by the morphic for both electrophoretic patterns fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc. in So- and morphological characters; associations rok.) Shoem., was the most prevalent and were found between specific allozymes and serious disease. This organism is also the some morphological characters and elevation primary cause of root rot of barley. gradients. Clinal patterns and narrow distri- New disease problems. The unrestricted bution were characteristics of the polymor- importation of large quantities of seed of phic A. longiglumis DuT. and of A. hirtula fababeans, Vicia jaba vaT. minor, from Lag., populations from the Mediterranean Europe has resulted in the appearance of region, and of A. barbata Pott, from the several potentially serious pathogens in many Middle East. However, a Mediterranean A. areas of Canada. These include Botrytis barbata and a western Mediterranean A. jabae, Ascochyta jabae Speg., bean yellow hirtula type, with wide adaptation, were mosaic, and Uromyces viciae-jabae. identified. Natural populations of A. sterilis L. from Iran were polymorphic with the exception of a specific zymotype that was CYTOGENETICS associated with a particular soil-climate environment. Oats The esterase zymotype A. canariensis was Cytogenetic architecture. Living specimens distinctive from that of the A and C genome of Avena macrostachya Bal. were studied for diploids and had allozymes in common with the first time. This species was found to have tetraploid and hexaploid species, providing three characters unique in the genus: (i) evidence of a progenitor role for A. perennial growth habit, (ii) allogamy, and canariensis.

RESEARCH STATION, OTTAWA, ONT. 99 Bromegrass oviposition punctures, which are randomly Chromosome pairing in an F, hybrid distributed. The counts provide a valid index of the number of eggs until late in the (Bromus erectus Huds. X B. pumpe/lianus hatching period. This second method is Scribn. ssp. dicksonii Mitchell & Wilton), genome AAAB, was complete indicating that slightly less accurate but requires a single bouquet from just 32 quadrats. the A and B genomes are nearly homologous. However, evidence was found of several Seasonal development of field populations of the weevil may now be predicted. A gross structural differences. In an F1 hybrid, genome AAABBB (B. pumpellianus ssp. mathematical model, derived from time- dicksonii X B. pumpe/lianus Scribn.), there temperature data obtained under controlled was evidence of chromosome pairing conditions, is used to calculate trends in between the A and B genomes, but the development using mean daily temperature tendency was toward preferential pairing, values. It also permits calculation of thermal indicating differentiation between the A and requirements in terms of degree-days within B genomes. These results support the conclu- a specified temperature range. Accumulated sion that bivalent pairing in B. pumpe/lianus degree-days (base 10°C) during development ssp. dicksonii (AABB) is a result of preferen- of the weevil at two Ontario locations did not tial pairing, but that occasional pairing could differ significantly from thermal require- occur between the A and B genomes as a ments calculated. result of homology. Chromosome pairing in Two-spotted mite. As part of a statistical an F1 hybrid from B. erectus X B. pumpellianus was the same as that observed in B. technique for predicting the degree of predation by Amblyseius jallacis (Gar.) needed to erectus X B. inermis Leyss. implying that the control Tetranychus urticae Koch, the two- genome formulas of the hybrid and B. pumpellianus were AAAABB and spotted mite, a mathematical model was AAAABBBB respectively. developed to measure dispersal of the predator in relation to that of the prey. The model has been programmed for testing with field and greenhouse data. ENTOMOLOGY To provide the additional predation esti- Insect Population Dynamics mated by the model, two methods were developed for producing small, self-sustain- Alfalfa weevil. Populations of the alfalfa ing colonies of A. jallacis. Initially, the weevil, Hypera postica (Gyll.), increased to predator was reared on fresh pollen of the epidemic levels throughout south-central white hyacinth and of gladiolus. Then, a Ontario in 1973. Numbers of eggs in study food chain was constructed consisting of a plots in Hastings and Northumberland coun- 2 2 chemically defined diet, the mold Tri- ties reached 8,600/m (800/ft ), but popula- choderma sp. growing on the diet, a tarsone- tions were annihilated in early June from an mid mite feeding on the mold, and A. jallacis epizootic caused by a fungus new to the predating the tarsonemid mite. However, insect in North America. Larval mortalities both methods proved to be too costly and ranged from 80 to 94% and loss of larvae labor-intensive for field use. A large number and pupae in cocoons, from 43 to 54%. of less expensive substitutes for the chemi- A biometrically orientated sampling sys- cally defined diet have been tested as a basis tem has been developed for recording num- for the food chain; the predator developed bers of eggs in the spring growth of alfalfa. from egg to adult and mated, but produced It comprises two methods: the first is based few eggs. on direct counts of the eggs, which are laid in clusters and hence are overdispersed in Honey Bees distribution. For typical levels of infestation, estimates with acceptable precision and Behavior. Worker bees of a line recognized probability may be obtained by taking a for its aggressive behavior were found to be single three-stem bouquet of alfalfa from 80 more alert to disturbances by intruders, and randomly selected 0.09-m2 (l_ft2) quadrats much more responsive to the alarm sub- within a field. However, the sampling re- stance, than bees of a gentle line. The former quirement increases sharply at low densities. contained about 33% more isopentyl acetate The second method consists of courtting the in their sting apparatus than the latter. The

100 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 behavior of F1 hybrids suggested that gentle- indicate great differences in leaf area, a ness is dominant; however, production of the feature that may influence forage and seed alarm pheromone resembled that of the yields. aggressive parent with indications of heterosis. Bromegrass. The high-seed-yielding syn- When given a choice, worker bees prefer- thetic D-9 showed considerable promise in a red their own queen and rejected a strange forage yield trial at nine stations in Eastern .queen. The mechanism by which they can Canada. The Breeder seed field yielded 518 differentiate between their own and a similar kg of cleaned seed per ha (462Ib/ac), almost strange queen was found to be based on the twice the yield of Saratoga, Baylor, and recognition of hive odors which the queen Redpatch. In 1974, data will be available for has absorbed and which are peculiar to her assessment and possible licensing. hive. To distinguish accurately between two queens, a worker must have direct antennal Alfalfa and proboscal contact. New cultivars. Seed multiplication of the Nutrition. Ethylene oxide fumigation re- two new varieties, Angus and Algonquin, is duced the content of histidine in stored progressing under the Canadian Forage Seed dandelion pollen and of histidine and methi- Project. Foundation plantings established in onine in rape pollen. It also destroyed a 1973 were 29.3 ha (72.5 ac) for Angus and number of unidentified lipid attractants. As a 26.3 ha (65 ac) for Algonquin, most of which result, foraging bees collected less pollen, are located in the Prairie Provinces. In and bees in the hive consumed less and addition, crops were established for produc- reared fewer larvae. ing Certified seed of both varieties, and seed Diseases. Strains of Bacillus larvae White, for forage production will be available in the the causal organism of American foul brood, spring of 1975. varied in their capacity to produce spores and In 12 station-years of forage trials in proteases in aerated broth culture. However, Ontario, Angus outyielded Saranac 6,949 kg/ the addition of activated charcoal to the ha (6,199 lb/ac) to 6,753 kg/ha (6,024 lb/ medium increased both products. The small- ac), and Algonquin at 6,919 kg/ha (6,172lb/ molecular-size protease appeared first; opti- ac) compared favorably with Vernal at 6,695 mal sporulation was accompanied by release kg/ha (5,972lb/ac). of the large-molecular-size enzyme. Contin- ued incubation usually resulted in reduction Breeding methods. Progress was made in of free spores and the disappearance of combining two synthetics so as to maximize proteases. selection for both heterozygosity and more favorable alleles for vigor. Seed of a new synthetic, BBWWl, has been increased for FORAGE CROPS establishment of extensive trials in 1974.

Grasses Corn Orchardgrass. Seed yields of individual Breeding. With the steady expansion of plants of the progenies of Kay orchardgrass grain corn production in eastern Ontario and clones indicate considerable opportunity for southern Quebec, increasing attention is selection for seed yield in this cultivar. being paid to development of greater resist- Evidence from the Grassland Experimental ance to stalk rot and the European corn Station at Teulon, Man., indicates that the borer. Sources of good stalk quality used to new cultivar Juno is winter-hardy and yields date include corn belt hybrids and stiff-stalk well under beef pasture management. synthetics. Programs are under way to de- Timothy. An application has been submit- velop lines from backcross progenies, using ted to license the experimental strain Sr9 adapted early-maturing lines as recurrent under the cultivar name Basho. It is a pasture parents, and from the earliest segregates in type, taller and slightly higher yielding than the synthetics. We hiwe been able to produce Champ, with a greater seed-yielding poten- only a few of the latter at Ottawa. In tial. Leaf-area studies on improved parental contrast, the synthetics resistant to the corn plants of the experimental strain Labelle borer have provided several early segregates.

RESEARCH STATION, OTTAWA, ONT. 101 In off-station testing, response of the When butylate (Sutan; Stauffer Chemical experimental hybrid OX450 was quite varia- Co.) was used for control of annual weeds in ble from one area to others with approx- corn, incorporation into the soil immediately imately the same heat unit accumulation. In after spraying gave the best results. At southern Manitoba, stalk rot was extensive, Ottawa, butylate application increased yields whereas in southern Alberta it was essentially of silage and grain, and these were further absent. The Alberta tests were grown under increased if butylate was incorporated after irrigation, minimizing the drought stresses application. However, delays of up to 2 h in that predispose corn to stalk rot. Also, light 1972, and 24 h in 1973 had no effect on weed autumn rainfall ensured against high soil control or corn production. moisture as the crop matured. High soil moisture near the end of the season favors Soybeans the development of stalk rot. Breeding. In a program to develop high-oil Growth and development. The response of and high-protein strains adapted to areas corn to stress imposed by interplant competi- having less than 2,700 heat units, 16 high-oil tion was studied by varying row width, strains produced an averaged yield of 3,725 distance between plants within the row, and kg/ha (55.5 bu/ac) and 12 high-protein the number of plants per hill. Plant arrange- strains averaged 2,475 kg/ha (36.9 bu/ac). ment had only a small effect on the yield of This one-third reduction in yield by the high- grain; the area of land per plant was the protein strains in a favorable growing season critical factor. illustrates the main obstacle in breeding competitive varieties. The higher protein Leaf area, rate of dry matter production, content of the beans does not yet compensate and dry matter yield at maturity of a tillered for the lower yield. and a single-stalk hybrid were compared at plant populations of 20,400, 40,000, and Two high-protein lines were grown in 112,000 plants/ha (8,260, 16,200, and 45,- growth chambers at 17.5 and 22.5°C until the 000 plants/ac). The greatest differences were beginning of pod development, and after- in leaf area. At the lowest density, the tillered ward at temperatures of 17.5, 22.5, and hybrid had over twice the leaf area of the 27.5°C. The higher vegetative temperature in single-stalk hybrid. all cases resulted in greater seed production. One genotype had an optimal reproductive Agronomic practices. Grain loss in eight temperature 5°C below that of the other. recommended corn hybrids during harvest- Increasing the vegetative temperature had ing was measured over a 3-yr period with only small effects on N and oil content and four successive harvests each year. Total fatty acid composition. In contrast, increasing grain loss per year averaged about 5%. the reproductive temperature by WOC halved Losses were higher for the earlier harvests, the content of linolenic acid. when grain moisture levels were over 28%, and increased again for the later harvests as Pathology moisture decreased below 25%. Most of the Toxins of Bipolaris sorokiniana. The rela- loss was attributable to machine deficiencies. tion between seedling survival of Triticum Hybrid performance was highly consistent; varieties or lines and reaction to toxic metab- certain hybrids had relatively low losses for olites of B. sorokiniana (Sacc. in Sorok.) each harvest every year. Shoem. has been developed. There was little Over a 3-yr period on Grenville sandy relation between the speed of germination loam, herbicides, cultivation, and added N and survival of seedlings after inoculation each contributed to increased corn-silage with B. sorokiniana. The great sensitivity of yield. Grain yield response was similar but wheat to culture filtrates showed that toxic more variable. Increases due to cultivation metabolites may playa part in the infection and herbicides were largest at the lower N process at a later stage of growth. Under levels. Each of the herbicides accounted for natural conditions, there was little relation large increases in corn yield, but differences between the aggressiveness of different iso- between herbicides were small. A combina- lates of B. sorokiniana toward wheat seed- tion of adequate N fertilization, effective lings and toxicity of culture filtrates. The herbicide application, and one timely culti- differential germination and growth re- vation gave the most efficient production. sponses of host varieties to culture filtrates

102 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 show that more than one factor may be EXPERIMENTAL FARM, involved or else that the toxin has greater KAPUSKASING, ONT. specificity than has been thought. Special Crops Preliminary studies on the compatibility reaction of ascospore isolates demonstrated Fababean management and adaptation. that some were cross-fertile with one or the Fababeans were evaluated under various other of the parental isolates, whereas others management methods. Early seeding greatly did not mate with other parents. increased grain yields: 800 kg/ha (7141b/ ac) from seeding on June 14, 4,019 kg/ha (3,585 Ib/ac) from May 22, and 4,829 kg/ha (4,307 Introductions Ib/ac) from April 26. A higher seeding rate significantly increased grain production. In- Many introductions showed promise: alfal- creasing the N fertilization resulted in fas, Medieago sativa L., from Poland and slightly lower grain yields, but there were USSR outyielded the controls (Iroquois and significant increases from application of P at Saranac) in forage production; crownvetch, rates up to 30 kg/ha (26.8 Ib/ac). A N x P Coronil/a varia L., from Austria compared interaction indicated that a higher level of P favorably in forage yield with the above was required at a lower level of N. The alfalfa checks; cicer milkvetch, Astragalus earliest variety, Hertz Freya, out yielded cieer L., a new improved strain yielded 336.3 Ostlers by 548 kg/ha (4891b/ac) and Acker- kg/ha (300 Ib/ac) of Breeder seed; Hungar- perle by 1,217 kg/ha (1,0861b/ac). ian clover, Trifolium pannonieum Jacq., from When the same management practices Romania equaled red clover in forage pro- were applied to silage production, the April duction and had greater persistence and and May seedings significantly outyielded the tolerance for flooding; bromegrass, Bromus June seeding. There was a highly significant inermis Leyss., from Romania and the USSR increase in silage yield when the seeding rate outyielded Redpatch in forage production; was increased from 250,000 to 375,000 orchard grass, Daetylis glomerata L., a hardy plants/ha (101,250 to 151,875 plants/ac). strain from the USSR and an early-maturing Silage yield showed little effect from changes strain from Czechoslovakia, gave higher in Nand P levels, although there was a slight forage production than Rideau; and timothy, increase when P was added at 30 kg/ha. Phleum pratense L., from Czechoslovakia Ostlers outyielded Hertz Freya by 1,362 kg/ gave a higher forage yield than Champ. ha (1,215 Ib/ac) and Ackerperle by 1,854 kg/ha (1,6541b/ac) in silage production. Fababeans seem to have a limited potential as a grain crop in our area because of their ripening period and habit. However, HORTICULTURAL CROPS they may be of some use as a silage crop.

Potatoes EXPERIMENTAL FARM, Breeding and testing. Fredericton-bred SMITHFIELD, ONT. F61025 can be recommended for release to Vegetables growers when sufficient seed is multiplied. It is main-crop in vine maturity, but the tubers Relation of pea tenderometer readings to size early. It is resistant to verticillium wilt, is yield and seasonal rainfall. In the period a good yielder, and is excellent for table use 1963-70 the correlation coefficients between and for chipping. Abnaki, a high-yielding, tenderometer reading and yield of shelled main-crop, multiple disease-resistant table- fresh peas of the cultivar Pride averaged stock variety, developed by the USDA, was +0.751 and the regression coefficients aver- licensed in 1973. Hudson (NY 41) continued aged + 0.811. In 1973 the correlation coef- to be a top yielder, but the culinary quality is ficients ranged from + 0.792 to + 0.923 for mediocre. Both Fredericton-bred F58010 nine varieties and the regression coefficients and Guelph-bred G6880-1 produced tubers averaged +0.815. In long-term studies on of excellent table and processing quality, but canning peas, yields can be corrected to a the 1973 yields were disappointing. tenderometer reading of 105 and a seasonal

RESEARCH STATION, OTIAWA, ONT. 103 rainfall of 6.5 in. by the following equation: the Ottawa clonal rootstocks was not corre- Log Corrected Yield (cwt/ac) = Log Actual lated with tree height (r = -.2540). Height of Y + Log (105 - 50) - Log (Actual Tender- 4-yr grafted trees was related to dry weight ometer - 50)0.811 + (0.300 - b), where b = of leaf samples from ungrafted rootstocks 0.1076 (in. rainfall) - 0.406. grown either in stoolbeds (r = -.867**) or as free-standing nursery trees (r = -.751**). Color studies in high-color tomato lines. Leaf dry weight may serve as a useful Tomato fruits with the gene for either high selection tool for predicting dwarfing poten- pigment (hp) or crimson (ogc), or both, have tial of.apple rootstocks. higher flesh color than normal lines. Canning altered color, but differences that existed Control of growth and fruitfulness of young before processing remained after canning Spy apple cultivar on M 26 rootstock. Spring and storage. Fresh samples can be used to applications of SADH (Alar B-9; UniRoyal indicate the color differences expected after Co.) reduced tree size by 16, 22, and 56% canning and storage. Unlike normal types, hp respectively when applied during one, two, or and ogC lines processed slightly immature three successive seasons. Reduction in tree were not downgraded for juice quality. size was associated with increased flower-bud Lycopene and f3 -carotene were distinguished formation and control of the amount of structurally within the cell by electron mi- barren wood caused by blind buds. Increased croscopy, but high-color and normal lines fruit yield brought about by SADH treat- could not be differentiated on the basis of ment was greater than would be predicted on subcellular structures. Biochemical analyses the basis of flower counts. indicated the principal difference is the relative levels of the two pigments. Influence of rootstock progenies on precocity of apple cultivars. There was no difference Fruits in precocity, as measured by total productivity, of Quinte after 4 yr on seedling root- Relation of potassium and zinc levels to stocks from crosses between Ottawa clonal strawberry winter survival. Potash applied to rootstocks 1,4,5,.7,8, and 13. McIntosh was Redcoat strawberries in the spring increased most productive on progenies involving the the level of foliar K from 1.1 to 1.3% on a clonal rootstock Ottawa 13 as a parent, dry-weight basis (DWB) in October. ZnS04 suggesting a potential genetic source of applied as a 0.15% foliar spray increased the precocity. Productivity of Ottawa hybrid level of Zn in the foliage in October from 20 rootstocks OH-I and OH-3 included in this to 25 ppm, DWB. Higher K and Zn were test ranked among the lowest when McIntosh correlated with increased runner production, was the indicator. winter survival index, and yield, in both parent and daughter plants. Optimum K and New clonal apple rootstock. Seven years of Zn levels in the foliage in October should be results from Ottawa and Smithfield show 1.30% and 25 ppm respectively. that McIntosh and Quinte, grown on the winter-hardy clone Ottawa 3, are equivalent Influence of Dikar on magnesium levels in in size, vigor, productivity, and production apple tissues. With regular use of Dikar efficiency to their counterparts on the less (Rohm & Haas Inc.) to control apple scab the hardy M 26 roots. Ottawa 3 is to be released several kilograms of Mn accumulated per in early 1974 by the research establishments hectare could result in. toxicity. Mn levels in at Ottawa, Smithfield, and St. Jean. washed leaves from trees treated with Dikar for three seasons were four times greater Artificial propagation of parasites. A than levels in leaves from dodine-treated means of preserving asepsis in the artificial trees. After 3 yr of application, Mn levels "host" was developed, factors conducive to were doubled in Dikar-treated leaves and oviposition and egg eclosion were deter- were increased by 21h to 4 times in fruit mined, and an improved food medium was spurs. These results suggest that Dikar should designed. Through these innovations, to- not be used in orchards with Mn levels in the gether with a recently developed means of high adequate range. providing suitable ventilation of the "host," we have almost succeeded in the propagation Prediction of apple tree vigor. After 4 yr of of an endoparasitic Hymenoptera without growth, the percentage of bark in the roots of resort to an insect host.

104 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 EXPERIMENTAL FARM, Response of Vernal alfalfa to boron fertil- THUNDER BAY, ONT. ization. Spring applications of B at 0, 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg/ha (0, 0.5, I, and 2 Ib/ac), Forage Management in combination with K at 125.6 kg/ha (100 Effect of nitrogen, choice of species, and Ib/ac), have not increased yields of alfalfa grown in sandy loam' soils, even though time of harvest on grass yields. In a comparison of six rates of N: 0, 44.8, 89.6, 132.9, symptoms of B deficiency were identified in 179.3, and 20 I.7 kg/ha (0, 40, 80, 120, 160, leaf samples taken at the late-bud stage of and 180 Ib/ac) broadcast on the sod in the plant development. Visible deficiency symp- early spring, dry matter production of reed toms were observed after periods of pro- canarygrass, bromegrass, and timothy was longed soil moisture stress. significantly increased with each increment. Cereals for silage. Oat lines 1863-515 and Species differed in their response to N; OA 123-81 have demonstrated excellent po- bromegrass and reed canarygrass were supe- tential, both yielding an average of 17.2% rior to timothy in yield of dry matter at the more forage than the cuItivar Fraser. Forage higher rates. Over the past 3 yr, maximum yield of Glenlea wheat was equal to the high- production of timothy was obtained when N yielding oat lines and superior to the feed was applied at 89.4 kg/ha (80 Ib/ac), but for wheat Pitic 62. reed canarygrass and bromegrass, 179.3 kg/ ha (160 Ib/ ac) were required. Grasses dif- Special Field Crops fered significantly in dry matter production Fababeans. Initial evaluation of nine varie- at anyone harvest date, due to differences in ties clearly showed that the productivity of growth rates between species. In 1973, timo- this species may be seriously affected by thy reached maximum dry matter production chocolate spot and ascochyta leaf spot dis- on July 8, bromegrass on July 20, and reed eases, which thrive well in areas having a canarygrass on July 30. cool, moist growing season. In 1973, all Fertilization of grasses with N increased varieties were equal in productivity, averag- the crude protein in all species, with brome- ing 1,933.4 kg/ha (1,725 Ib/ac) in yield and grass and reed canarygrass averaging 5% 82.5 kg/hI (66.3 Ib/bu) in weight. Average higher than timothy, for all treatments harve- moisture content of the seed at time of sted at the late-jointing to early-boot stage of harvest on September 28 was 38.6%, necessi- plant development. tating auxiliary drying for safe storage.

PUBLICAnONS

Research Baum, B. R., Rajhathy, T., and Sampson, D. R. 1973. An important new diploid Avena species discovered on the Canary Islands. Can. 1. Bot. Armstrong, K. C. 1972. The significance of meiotic 51 :759-762. chromosome pairing in tetraploid (2n = 28) Bromus pumpellianus Scribn. ssp. dicksonii. Boch, R., Shearer, D. A., and Shimanuki, H. 1973. Can. J. Genet. & Cytol. 14:763-771. Effect of ethylene oxide fumigation on amino acid composition of pollen. Environ. Entomol. 2:937~938. Armstrong, K. C. 1973. Chromosome pairing in hexaploid hybrids from Bromus erectus (2n = Bolton, 1. L., Goplen, B. P., and Baenziger, H. 28) X B. inermis (2n = 56). Can. J. Genet. & 1973. World distribution and historical devel- Cytol. 15:427-436. opments. Alfalfa Sci. Technol., Monogr. 15:1- 34.

Basu, P. K., Crete, R., Donaldson, A. G., Gourley, Buckley, D. J., Reid, W. S., and Voldeng, H. D. C. 0., Haas, J. H., Harper, F. R., Lawrence, C. 1973. A digital leaf area measuring system H., Seaman, W. L.; Toms, H. N. W., Wong, S. using a television-scanned conveyor. Eng. Res. I., and Zimmer, R. C. 1973. Prevalence and Servo Paper No. 73-324. severity of disease of processing peas in Canada, 1970-71. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53:49- Childers, W. R., and Grant, E. A. 1973. Bounty . 57. timothy. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 53: 131-133 .

RESEARCH STATION, OTTAWA, ONT. 105 Clark, R. V., and Johnston, H. W. 1973. Tolerance James, W. c., and Shih, C. S. 1973. Size and shape of oats to the septoria disease. Can. J. Plant of plots for estimating yield losses from cereal Sci. 53:471-475. foliage diseases. Exp. Agric. 9:63-71. de la Roche, I. A., Andrews, C. J., and Kates, M. James, W. c., and Shih, C. S. 1973. Relationship 1973. Changes in phospholipid composition of between incidence and severity of powdery a winter wheat cultivar during germination at mildew and leaf rust on winter wheat. Phyto- 2°C and 24°C. Plant Physiol. 51:468-473. pathology 63: 183-187. Fedak, G. 1973. Increased chiasma frequency in James, W. c., Shih, C. S., Callbeck, L. c., and desynaptic barley in response to phosphate Hodgson, W. A. 1973. Interplot interference treatments. Can. J. Genet. & Cytol. 15:647- in field experiments with late blight of potato 649. (Phytopthora injestans). Phytopathology 63: 1269-1275. Fedak, G., and Loiselle, R. 1973. Vanier barley. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 53:495-496. James, W. c., Shih, C. S., Hodgson, W. A, and Callbeck, L. C. 1973. A method for estimating Fejer, S. O. 1973. Genotype X year interactions the decrease in marketable tubers caused by and ecovalence in raspberry selection. Can. J. potato late blight. Am. Potato J. 50: 19-23. Genet. & Cytol. 15:226-229. Latheef, M. A, and Harcourt, D. G. 1973. A Fejer, S. 0., Johnston, F. B., and Hammill, M. M. sampling plan for studies on the population 1973. The inheritance of ascorbic acid in red dynamics of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Cole- raspberry. Can. 1. Genet. & Cytol. 15:372-375. optera: Chrysomelidae) on tomato. Entomol. Fejer, S. 0., and Spangelo, L. P. S. 1973. Red Exp. & Appl. 16:365-372. raspberry yield components and their relation Leuty, S. J. 1973. Identification of maximum to mechanical harvesting. 1. Am. Soc. Hortic. sensitivity of developing apple fruits to naph- Sci. 98:432-436. thaleneacetic acid. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. Fisher, J. E. 1973. Developmental morphology of 98:247-252. the inflorescence in hexaploid wheat cultivars Lister, E. E., Fisher, L. J., Jordan, W. A, Wauthy, with and without the cultivar Norin 10 in their J. M., Comeau, 1. E., and Proulx, 1. 1973. ancestry. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:7-15. Influence of shelter, level of feeding, and Fisher, J. E., and Symko, S. 1973. Tetralogical method of forage conservation on packed cell stamens in the flowers of triticale. Can. J. volume and plasma metabolite levels in preg- Plant Sci. 53:61-63. nant beef cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:81-88. Fowler, D. B., Siminovitch, D., and Pomeroy, M. Lougheed, E. c., Franklin, E. W., Miller, S. R., and K. 1973. Evaluation of an artificial test for Proctor, J. T. A 1973. Firmness of Mcintosh frost hardiness in wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. apples as affected by alar and ethylene re- 53:53-59. moval from the storage atmosphere. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:317-322. Gochnauer, T. A 1973. Growth, protease formation, and sporulation of Bacillus larvae in Maclean, A. J., and Donovan, L. S. 1973. Effects aerated broth culture. J. Invertebr. Pathol. of soil temperature on early growth of six 22:251-257. single-cross corn hybrids. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53: 128-129. Guppy, J. c., and Harcourt, D. G. 1973. A sampling plan for studies on the population Matthewman, W. G., and Harcourt, D. G. 1972. dynamics of white grubs, Phyllophaga spp. Phenology of egg-laying of the cabbage mag- (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Can. Entomol. got, Hylemya brassicae (Bouche), on early 105:479-483. cabbage in eastern Ontario. Proc. Entomol. Soc.Ont. 102:28-35. Harcourt, D. G. 1973. Agromyza jrontella (Rond.) Mohr, W. P. 1971. Freeze-thaw damage to proto- (Diptera: Agromyzidae): A pest of alfalfa plasmic structure in high moisture, edible plant new to Canada. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Que. tissues. J. Texture Stud. 2:316-327. 18:49-5 I. Mohr, W. P. 1972. Soggy-centred french fries. Holmes, D. P. 1973. Inflorescence development of Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J. 5: 179-183. semidwarf and standard height wheat cultivars in different photoperiod and nitrogen Mohr, W. P. 1973. Applesauce "grain". J. Texture treatments. Can. J. Bot. 51:941-956. Stud. 4:263-268. Holmes, D. P. 1973. Effects of defoliation on Mukerji, M. K. 1973. The development of sam- chlorophyll loss in senescing wheat inflores- pling techniques for populations of the tar- cences and on grain maturation. Can. J. Plant nished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Sci. 53:499-500. Miridae). Res. Popul. Ecol. (Kyoto) 15:50-63.

106 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Mukerji, M. K., and Guppy, J. C. 1973. Changes in James, W. C. 1973. Assessing severity of plant the lipid and nitrogen content during postem- diseases. (Evaluation de la gravite des mala- bryonic development of Pseudaletia unipuncta dies des plantes). Canadex 111.630; 258.630. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Can. EI,ltomol. James, W. C. 1973. Development of a model for 105:471-478. estimating crop losses due to late blight of potato caused by Phytophthora infestans. Proc. Mukerji, M. K., and Guppy, J. C. 1973. Quantita- 2nd Int. Congr. Plant Pathol. 0588. tive relationship between consumption and excretion by larvae of Pseudaletia unipuncta James, W. C. 1973. Disease appraisal and loss: (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Can. Entomol. How do we find the answers-a blueprint for 105:491-492. tomorrow. Proc. 2nd Int. Congr. Plant Pathol. 0023. Pomeroy, M. K., and Fowler, D. B. 1973. Use of lethal dose temperature estimates as indices of Schneider, E. F., and Seaman, W. L. 1973. frost tolerance for wheat cold acclimated Changes in fine structures during the conver- under natural and controlled environments. sion of conidia cells into chlamydospores in Can. 1. Plant Sci. 53:489-494. Fusarium. Plant Physiol., Suppl. 51. 61 p. Slykhuis, J. T., and Barr, D. 1. 'S. 1973. Wheat Pratt, 1. J., Jr., House, H. L., and Mansingh, A. spindle streak mosaic. Can. Agric. 18(2): 18- 1972. Insect control strategies based on nutri- 20. tional principles. Pages 651-688 in J. G. Rodriguez, ed. Insect and mite nutrition. Voisey, P. W., Heeney, H. B., and Nonnecke, I. L. North Holland Publishing Co., A,msterdam. 1973. The effect of variety on the relationships between readings from instruments for mea- Slykhuis, 1. T. 1973. Characteristics of suppression suring pea maturity and tenderness. Rep. of wheat spindle streak mosaic by nitrogen 6820, Eng. Res. Servo fertilizers. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 53:477-483. Wallen, V. R. 1973. Quantification of remote sensing systems. Proc. 2nd Int. Congr. Plant Voldeng, H. D., and Blackman, C. E. 1973. The Pathol. 0762. interrelated effects of stage of development and seasonal changes in light and ternpera- Wallen, V. R. 1973. Seed quality research sympo- tures on the components of growth in Zea sium: II. Pathological testing. Seed Sci. Tech- mays. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 37:895-904. nol. 1:201-202. Warren, F. S. 1973. Butylate incorporation on corn. Wallen, V. R., Galway, D., Jackson, H. R., and Canadex 64 I. Philpotts, L. E. 1973. Aerial survey for bacterial blight, 1970. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53:96- Warren, F. S. 1973. Comparative efficiency of 98. weed control by herbicides and/or cultivation for field corn. Res. Rep., Can. Weed Comm., Miscellaneous East. Sect., p. 88. Warren, F. S. 1973. Delayed incorporation of Burrows, V. D. 1973. Daylength insensitive oats. butylate for annual grass control in field corn. Can. Agric. 18(1):7-9. Res. Rep., Can. Weed Comm., East. Sect., p. 87. Jackson, H. R., and Wallen, V. R. 1973.. Crop and soil studies through photographic remote sens- Warren, F. S. 1973. Losses in harvesting grain ing. Can. Agric. 18(3): 19-22. corn. Can. Agric. 18(4):37-39.

RESEARCH STATION, OTTAWA, ONT. 107

Research Station. Vineland Station, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

A. J. MCGINNIS,B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Director M. CHIBA,B.Sc., D.Sc. Residue chemistry D. R. MENZIES,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Agricultural engineering W. B. Ross Administrative officer e. M. SIMPSON Pesticide evaluation

Entomology Section

E. A. e. HAGLEY,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Section Head; Fruit pest management R. W. FISHER,B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D. Pesticide application D. H. C. HERNE,B.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Acarology J. H. H. PHILLIPS,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Fruit pest management A. B. STEVENSON,g.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Vegetable pest management R. TROTIIER,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Fruit pest management

Nematology Section e. F. MARKS,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.S.A., Ph.D. Section Head; Chemical control T. H. A. OLTHOF,B.Sc. (Agr.), Ph.D., D.T.A. Host-parasite relations J. W. POTIER, B.S.A., M.s.A., Ph.D. Ecology J. L. TOWNSHEND,B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Le. Ecology

Plant Pathology Section

W. R. ALLEN,B.A., Ph.D. Section Head; Fruit virology T. R. DAVIDSON,B.Sc., M.Sc. Fruit virology H. F. DIAS,Eng. Agr., Ph.D. Fruit virology W. G. KEMP,B.A., M.A. Vegetable virology J. NORTHOVER,B.Sc., Ph.D., DJ.e. Fruit mycology A. A. REYES,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Vegetable mycology

RESEARCHSTAT[ON,VINELANDSTAT[ON,ONT. [09 INTRODUCTION

The experimental orchard sprayer designed last year was built and tested. It functioned according to design specifications, and tests in an apple orchard showed that the experimental sprayer produced only one-quarter as much drift as did a conventional air-blast sprayer. Insects and mites were controlled in five commercial peach orchards and in one commercial apple orchard by using about one-half the generally recommended amount of pesticide. This reduction in use of chemical was made possible by monitoring the orchards for pest populations throughout the season and applying the chemicals at the most suitable times for effective control. For example, a single application of an acaricide in early July controlled mites until harvest if the population did not exceed 7 to 10 active mites per leaf at the time of spraying. From one to five pesticide applications can be eliminated without any increase in insect damage by monitoring carrot rust fly populations in carrot fields and applying pesticides accordingly. Incidence of virus disease in peppers was inversely related to the cleanness of cultivation in the plots. Moreover, a clover crop planted between the rows of peppers reduced the incidence of virus disease from 81% to 32%. Research also continued on the biology and control of nematodes and on other insects and diseases that attack horticultural crops. For more information on our research projects or for reprints of published papers, please write: Director, Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Box 185, Vineland Station, OntoLOR 2EO.

A. J. McGinnis Director

PESTICIDES carried out to assess the deposit characteristics, and amount of drift from the machine. Application Fluorescent dye and captan were used, with percentage of fluorescence and micrograms Improved efficiency of application in con- of captan/cm2 as criteria for assessing tree trol of strawberry gray mold. By means of the and downwind deposits. Drift samples were hydraulic boom sprayer with drop arms collected by both horizontal and vertical developed in 1972, benomyl 50% wettable cards on a 6 X 6 grid with sampling points powder (WP) was applied to strawberries at spaced 10 m apart starting 10 m downwind 1.121, 0.840, and 0.560 kg/ha (1, 34, and Yz from the outside row of the orchard. Initial Ib/ac). Spray coverage was better in 61.0-cm assessment of data indicates that drift was (24-in.) rows than in 91.5-cm (36-in.) rows. reduced to as little as 25% of that of a Mold was below 1% for all treatments until 4 conventional air-blast sprayer. For orchard days after the last spray, and slowly in- tests in the 1974 season, droplet separation creased to 7% by the 14th day. Efficiency of devices will be mounted on the machine to spraying was increased in the field by dou- limit the size of droplets emitted. bling the speed to 4.827 km/h (3 mph), halving the amount of chemical applied per unit area, and decreasing the amount of Metabolism water used from 2.246 kllha (200 gallac) to 1.123 kllha (100 gallac). The refill time was Metabolism of organophosphorus pesti- decreased accordingly. cides. Metabolism of cyanophos (Cyanox; Sumitoto Chemical) and S-4087 (Surecide; Experimental orchard sprayer. The basic Sumitoto Chemical) in bean plants was machine was constructed and tested to ensure studied. Both compounds followed the typi- that all systems functioned as designed. cal metabolic pathway for organophosphorus Calibration curves were established for hy- compounds, but in neither case did the draulic pressure versus air volume for each nitrate group seem to be involved. There was of the blowers. A preliminary field test was a remarkable quantitative difference in the

110 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 rate of metabolism between the two. Cyano- problems on 3-yr-old peach trees planted at phos was lost rapidly from treated leaves and densities of 397, 868, and 1,157 trees/ha. its half-life was I day or less, whereas the Injury by the oriental fruit moth ranged from half-life of S-4087 was about 2 wk. Cyano- 4.6% to 14.7%of the harvested fruit, whereas phos also dissipated from soil more rapidly injury by the tarnished plant bug ranged as than did S-4087. The persistence of S-4087 high as 35%. Average yields were 2,442, may cause a residue problem in soils. (The 4,484, and 8,151 kg/ha for 397, 868, and work was carried out at the Tokyo University 1,157 trees/ha respectively. of Agriculture.) Phenology of European red mite development in Ontario apple and peach orchards. INSECTS AND MITES Phenological observations on development of overwintering eggs of Panonychus ulmi Ecology and Integrated Control (Koch) in Ontario apple and peach orchards, over a 25-yr period, revealed inconsistent Integrated control of peach pests. The relationships between fruit bud development experimental program for management of and hatching dates. In the Jordan-Vineland peach pests was extended in 1973 to five region, depending on the year, development orchards, totaling about 55 ha (136 ac). Pests of Elberta peach buds ranged from swollen and pest injury were monitored weekly from to full bloom when mite eggs first hatched. bloom to harvest. Sex pheromone traps were Similarly, in several apple-growing areas, used to measure numbers and activity of the McIntosh apple bud development ranged oriental fruit moth, and parasitism was from green tips to pink when mites first estimated by rearing samples of larvae. The hatched. Depending on the year, the interval European red mite and its predators were between first hatch of mite eggs and bloom estimated from counts made on samples of ranged from 5 to 18 days on apple, whereas leaf clusters. first hatch usually occurred after bloom on Because of above-average temperatures in peach. For precise timing of miticide applica- July and August, there were four generations tions, essential in _integrated control pro- of the fruit moth instead of the usual three. grams, an alternative method for predicting The moth numbers in pheromone traps mite development such as degree-day accu- warned of this additional generation in time mulation must be used. for an additional spray to be applied. Where the extra spray was not applied, fruit injury Bioclimatic models for an apple pest moni- was above an acceptable level even where toring program. The importance of biocli- the number of moths trapped was low. This matic modeling for better timing of pesticide fl,lrther supports the view that pheromone applications in the various apple-growing traps cannot be used to indicate probability areas of Ontario has been established. Sev- of fruit injury. Four sprays of phosmet were eral predictive models based on weather necessary on late cultivars to limit insect indexes are now available. To establish a injury to I% of the harvested fruit. Where warning system for Ontario, further labora- spray coverage was fairly uniform over the tory and field studies will be carried out on trees, phosmet 50 WP at 1.78 kg/ha gave the abiotic factors affecting development and adequate control of the fruit moth. At this behavior of apple pests. rate of application the residue of phosmet 2 Management of apple aphid populations. averaged 2.14 X 10-6 g/ cm of leaf surface in the best-sprayed orchard. During 1972 and 1973 heavy infestations of the apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer, occur- Corrective rather than protective sprays for red in a young McIntosh orchard at Vin- the European red mite gave satisfactory control at reduced cost. One spray of propar- eland. In 1972, when the trees were 2 yr old:! one application of phosalone at 1.5 kg/m gite 30W at 3.56 kg/ha applied in early July, (1.5 IbllOO gal) applied July 17 satisfactorily when active stages of the mite averaged 7 to reduced aphid numbers. In 1973 the aphid 10 per leaf, held mites below this number till population was maintained at a tolerable after harvest of late peaches in mid- level early in the season by several predators, September. mainly Campylomma verbasci Meyer. Several High-density peach planting. There was species of syrphids, coccinellids, lacewings, I:ttle or no difference in extent of pest and other mirids were also present

RESEARCH STATION, VINELAND STATION, ONT. 111 throughout the season. One spray of phosa- used as traps. Infestation of the new crop of lone at 3-4 kg/m3 (3-4 Ib/100 gal) applied carrots occurred by June 6 in 1972. In tests July 22 effectively reduced the aphid popula- on dates of planting, weevils attacked carrots tion, but did not seriously affect occurrence throughout June and most of July, but of the main predator. maximum infestation occurred during the first week of June. In similar studies with Monitoring the European red mite and celery the most severely damage"d were predatory mites. Populations of the European seeded May 18 and 85% of the plants were red mite, P. ulmi (Koch), and four species of destroyed. The succeeding generation of predatory mites, Amblyseius fallacis (Gar- adults emerged from late July until October, man) (Phytoseiidae), Zetzellia mali (Ewing) but caused little subsequent damage. and Agistemus fleschneri Summers (Stigmae- idae), and Balaustium putmani Smiley (Ery- thraeidae), were followed in six apple and five peach orchards under pest management NEMATODES programs. In most orchards P. ulmi began to increase rapidly during the first week of July Ecology and reached maximum numbers about mid- July during the third generation of the mite. Soil sampling techniques. To achieve preci- An acaricide applied when the mite popula- sion such that 95% of the possible estimates tion reached 7 to 10 active mites per leaf of the nematode density in each 4.3 X 24.4- during early July usually provided control m plot are within 20% of the true mean throughout the season. When there were density, five subsamples from each of five more than 10 mites per leaf in early July two 40-core samples were required. The time or more sprays were often required for required for such sampling is impractical. control. During this period of rapid popula- Estimates of nematode population densities tion increase, a delay of even a few days in based on one subsample of one 20-core applying the acaricide could result in failure sample ptk plot, a typical sampling scheme to control the mites. used in field experimentation, indicated that when the true mean density was 500 P. Monitoring the carrot rust fly. By monitor- penetrans per 0.45 kg of soil, 95% of the ing second-generation carrot rust fly adults counts would be in the interval 150-1,200. It on sticky traps and timing sprays accordingly, is apparent, therefore, that with general field some growers in the Holland Marsh could experimentation high precision cannot be have saved 1 to 5 insecticide applications in attained in estimating nematode population 1973. Plots in six locations to which sprays densities in the soil. In field studies this lack were applied only when so indicated required of precision must be accepted and other an average of 3.3 sprays (range I to 5), experimental procedures and conclusions instead of the 5 to 7 sprays that were adjusted accordingly. normally applied during the same period. Rust fly damage in these plots averaged 2.3% Hosts of the pin and root-knot nematodes. injury at harvest. By determining seasonal Host ranges of the pin nematode, Paratylen- development of the rust fly in emergence chus projectus Jenkins, and the root-knot cages placed in unsprayed plots, sprays could nematode, Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, also be timed more effectively. Dates of the were determined in the greenhouse in sepa- first and peak emergence from 1970 to 1973 rate experiments. For the pin nematode the for both first and second generations of the crops, in decreasing order of suitability, were rust fly varied by as much as a week, Empire birdsfoot trefoil, Ottawa red clover, indicating that the use of average dates of Merit white clover, Stormont oats, Climax emergence for timing sprays is timothy, Tetra Petkus rye, Herta barley, unsatisfactory. Genessee winter wheat, Rideau orchardgrass, and Pride 137 corn. Saranac Seasonal history of the carrot weevil in alfalfa was a questionable host and Saratoga Ontario. The carrot weevil has become more bromegrass was not a host. For the root-knot widespread in the Holland Marsh since 1970; nematode the crops, in decreasing order of it attacks both carrots and celery. In 1972 suitability, were red clover, birdsfoot trefoil, and 1973 overwintered adult weevils began and alfalfa. Grasses and cereals are not hosts ovipositing about May 25 in 2nd-yr carrots of M. hapla and were not tested.

112 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Population densities and crop loss. Three failed. Nematodes fed on infected cucumber table vegetables and sugar beets were grown did transmit the strain to cucumber, but not in field microplots consisting of 20-cm clay to any other host. These results confirm field tiles that contained 0, 3,700, 11,100, 33,300, studies, showing that grape yellow vein or 100,000 Heterodera schachtii larvae/kg of disease spreads very slightly, if at all, in Vineland loam. Losses of marketable pro- infected vineyards. duce at these initial densities were, respec- Peach X-disease. The destructive disease tively, for Market Prize cabbage 11%, 30%, found in some peninsula peach orchards in 62%, and 92%; Idol cauliflower 14%, 28%, 1972 has been positively identified as X-dis- 61%, and 94%; Detroit Dark Red beets 43%, ease. Surveys indicate that spread during 40%, 49%, and 94%; and sugar beets (Mono- 1972 varied from 0 to 5% in district orchards. germ, C.S.F.) 38%, 56%, 64%, and 92%. Fluted and misshapen apple fruits. Over a Cereal grain yields in relation to nematicide 4-yr period, a number of apple orchards in applications. Field plots infested with moder- the southern Georgian Bay region produced ate numbers of root-lesion nematodes, Praty- severely misshapen fruits. Trees moved to lenchus neglectus (Rensch) Chitwood & Vineland outgrew the condition, and neither Oteifa, pin nematodes, Paratylenchus projec- graft transmission nor virus indexing indi- tus Jenkins, and oat-cyst nematodes, Het- cated a virus problem. Apparently the disor- erodera avenae Wollenweber, were fumi- der is physiological, presumably induced by gated with EP-162 (Vorlex; Nor-Am Agricul- effects of repeated low temperatures. tural Products Inc.) at 0.089 kl/ha (8 gal/ac) or 0.449 kl/ha (40 gal/ac), or were treated Induction and control of Leucostoma le- with Bay 68138 (Nemacur; Bayer) 15% sions on peach shoots. Peach leaf scars granular (G) at 3.4 kg/ha (3 Ib/ac) or exposed in early November were more carbofuran lOG at 6.7 kg/ha (6 Ib/ac) prior susceptible to infection and subsequent lesion to spring seeding with Kelsey oats and York formation by the peach canker fungus, barley. Grain yields at harvest showed in- Leucostoma cincta (Fr.) Hohn., than were creases of 112 kg/ha (3 bu/ac), 300 kglha (8 those exposed in late October. Also, an bu/ac), and 380 kg/ha (10 bu/ac) with the application of captafol in mid-November lower rate of EP-162, Bay 68138, and was more effective for the control of this type carbofuran, respectively. These increases at of infection than one made in late October. current prices were not sufficient to offset the Consequently, the commercial use of capta- cost of the chemicals applied. EP-162 was fol in early November primarily for the phytotoxic at the higher rate and decreased control of peach leaf curl, caused by Taph- grain yield. rina deformans (Berk.) Tu!., will also provide substantial control of Leucostoma lesions on Fruit Virology shoots. A new disease of grapes. At two locations Precalyx control of apple scab with a single in the Niagara Peninsula, vines of the application of captafol. A single application cultivar Seibel 9549 showed yellow and of captafol at late-dormant to half-inch curled leaves, short internodes, poor fruit set, green bud development was an effective and stunting. Indexing is in progress in an alternative to three to six applications of effort to identify the disease, which resembles dodine, during the first 6 wk of the growing 'flavescence dort~e,' a mycoplasma disease season, for control of apple scab, caused by known in France and Germany. Venturia inaequalis(Cke.) Wint. Supplemen- Strain-host specificity. .Previous work tary protectant fungicide programs begun at showed that a strain-host specificity, inde- calyx formation provided excellent control of pendent of the nematode vector Xiphinema secondary infections. Delaying these pro- americanum, existed for two strains of the grams until second cover allowed up to 6% tomato ring spot virus (Ontario type and fruit infection. peach yellow bud). Work in 1973 failed to confirm this specificity for the grape yellow Vegetable Virology vein strain because the nematode did not Effect of crop background on epidemiology feed on grape roots. Attempts to transmit this of stylet-borne virus diseases in peppers. Virus strain to cucumber, grape, peach, and rasp- incidence and populations of the aphid berry with nematodes fed on infected grapes vector in pepper plots were reduced by a

RESEARCH STATION, VINELAND STATION, ONT. 113 clover background crop between the rows. symptom complex was duplicated by using Eighty-one percent of the plants were virus- purified virus with cultivars Michigan Ohio, infected in clean-cultivated plots; 47 and Ohio W.R. 25, Vantage, Veegan, and 32% of plants were infected in plots with Vender. Inoculations made at all truss stages sparse and heavy cover, respectively. The except the first induced fruit blemishes above aphid vector of pepper viruses was also and below the point of inoculation. As much scarce on the clover crop. as half the fruit on affected trusses was blemished. There was no evidence of cross Effect of systemic insecticide and summer protection with a mild tomato strain of TMV. oil sprays on incidence of aphid-transmitted Vegetable Mycology virus diseases of peppers. Dimethoate sprays failed to reduce aphid-transmitted viruses in Phytotoxicity of benomyl on crucifers. peppers, whereas 0.5 and 2.0% summer oil Symptoms of phytotoxicity of benomyl on sprays decreased virus incidence by 35 to crucifers include savoying of the leaves, 45%. Combinations of dimethoate and oil chlorosis of the leaf margins, and wilting or were no better than oil sprays alone. Di- dwarfing of the plant. Newly germinated methoate alone and with 0.5 and 2.0% crucifer seedlings were more sensitive to summer oil reduced aphid infestation by benomyl than were transplants. Seedling approximately 90% at the time of the max- emergence of Eastern Ballhead cabbage imum recorded population per leaf. (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) was reduced by benomyl at 0.28 g ai/pot in the Viruses of umbelliferous plants. Two pre- greenhouse at soil temperatures of 70° or viously unrecorded viruses of carrots in 80°F (20° or 27°C), but not at 40° or 50°F Ontario, one with isometric particles, the (4° or lO°C). The insecticide chlorfenvinfos other a flexuous rod, have been identified used to control the cabbage maggot, tentatively as a cucumber mosaic virus and a Hylemya brassicae Bouche, was compatible member of the potato virus Y group. Both with benomyl when mixed with it in trans- were isolated from stunted plants with early- plant water, and good control of clubroot, maturing, chlorotic-spotted leaves. caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor., was obtained. Chlorfenvinfos alone has no Fruit blemishes on glasshouse tomatoes. A effect on clubroot. The spreader Tween 20 tobacco strain of tobacco mosaic virus (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) was (TMV) was isolated from severely blemished not phytotoxic to seedlings and when added glasshouse tomatoes, cultivar Ohio W.R. 25, to benomyl for clubroot control resulted in grown in the tobacco region of southwestern increased plant growth and greater market- Ontario. Under growth-room conditions, the able yield.

PUBLICAnONS

Research Chiba, M., Fisher, R. W., Northover, J., Herne, D. C, and Neff, A. 1973. Evaluation of three types of vineyard sprayers by measurement of Bond, E. 1., Herne, D. H. C, and Dumas, T. 1973. carbaryl deposit, dye distribution, and control Control of overwintering stages of mites on of powdery mildew and two-spotted mite. apples using ethylene dibromide. Can. Ento- Can. 1. Plant Sci. 53:189-197. mol. 105:903-908. Fisher, R. W., and Hikichi, A. 1973. Control of Chiba, M. 1972. Environmental pollution by pesti- botrytis rot in strawberries with captan ap- cides and polychlorinated biphenyls and the plied from a boom sprayer with drop arms. biological significance of their residues in Proc. Entomol. Soc. Onto 103:40-46. food. New Food Ind. 14:17-24 (In Japanese). Fisher, R. W., and Hikichi, 'A. 1973. Efficiency of Chiba, M. 1973. Polychlorinated biphenyls in the an air-blast sprayer in applying a fungicide to environment and their analysis. Lattis Publish- control botrytis rot in strawberries. Proc. ing Co., Tokyo. 236 pp. (In Japanese). Entomol. Soc. Ont. 103:47-54.

114 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Fisher, R. W., and Menzies, D. R. 1973. Relation- Olthof, T. H. A., and Potter, J. W. 1973. The ship of spatial density of spray droplet to relationship between population densities of frequency of contact by European red mite Pratylenchus penetrans and crop losses in (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Can. Entomol. summer-maturing vegetables in Ontario. Phy- 105:999- 100I. topathology 63:577-582. Hagley, E. A C. 1973. Timing sprays for codling Phillips, J. H. H. 1973. Monitoring for oriental moth (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) control on fruit moth with synthetic sex pheromone. apple. Can. Entomol. 105:1085-1089. Environ. Entomol. 2: 1039-1042. Hagley, E. A. C., and Hikichi, A. 1973. The Potter, J. W., and Townshend, J. L. 1973. Distri- arthropod fauna in unsprayed apple orchards bution of plant parasitic nematodes in field in Ontario. 1. Major pest species. Proc. Ento- crop soils of southwestern and central Ontario. mol. Soc. Ont. 103:60-63. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53:39-48. Herne, D. H. C. 1973. Methodology for assessing Reyes, A A., and Chadha, K. C. 1973. Interaction resistance in the European red mite. Proc. 3rd between Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. congluti- Int. Congr. Acarology, Prague. pp. 663-667. nans and turnip mosaic virus in Brassica campestris var. chinensis seedlings. Phytopa- Herne, D. H. c., Simpson, C. M., and Townshend, thology 62: 1424-1428. J. L. 1973. Aldicarb: a systemic soil pesticide useful for establishing apple plantings. Proc. Stevenson, A. B., and Roberts, M.-D. 1973. Tar- Entomol. Soc. Ont. 103:27-29. nished plant bug rearing on lettuce. J. Econ. Entomo!. 66: 1354-1355. Kasting, R., and McGinnis, A J. 1973. Construc- tion and operation of a 'clean room' to avoid Townshend, J. L. 1973. Survival of Pratylenchus infectious disease when rearing the pale west- penetrans and P. minyus in two Ontario soils. ern cutworm. Lab. Pract. 33:368-369. Nematologica 19:35-42. Marks, C. F., and Elliot, J. M. 1973. Damage to Townshend, J. L., Potter, J. W., Marks, C. F., and flue-cured tobacco by the needle nematode Loughton, A. 1973. The pin nematode, Longidorus elongatus. Can. J. Plant Sci. Paratylenchus projectus, in rhubarb in Ontario. 53:689-692. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:377-381. Marks, C. F., Saidak, W. J., and Johnson, P. W. Trottier, R. 1973. A controlled temperature and 1973. Effects of soil management on numbers humidity cabinet for recording the emergence of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus pen- behaviour of aquatic insects. Can. Entomo!. etrans in soils of Ontario peach orchards. Citn. 105:971-974. J. Plant Sci. 53:181-185. Trottier, R. 1973. Influence of temperature and Marks, C. F., and Townshend, J. L. 1973. Multipli- humidity on the emergence behaviour of Anax cation of the root lesion nematode Pratylen- Junius (Odonata: Aeshnidae). Can. Entomo!. chus penetrans under orchard cover crops. .105:975-984. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 53: 187-188. Wu, L. Y., and Townshend, 1. L. 1973. Paratylen- McGinnis, A. J., and Kasting, R. 1973. Quantita- chus tateae n. sp. (Paratylenchinae, Nema- tive nutrition and evaluation of protein in toda). Can. 1. Zoo!. 51: 109-111. foods of phytophagous insects. Pages 57-71 Miscellaneous in 1. G. Rodriguez, ed. Insect and mite nutrition. North-Holland, Amsterdam. 1972. Dustan, G. G., and Davidson, T. R. 1973. Dis- eases, insects and mites of stone fruits. Can. McGinnis, A. J., and Loschiavo, S. R. 1973. Dep. Agr. Pub!' 915. 59 pp. Revised. Repellency of wheat germ extracts prepared with peroxide-containing ether to adults of Herne, D. H. C. 1973. Effect of pesticides on Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrioni- beneficial insects and mites. Canadex 605. dae). Can. Entomol. 105:133-137. Marks, C. F. 1973. Nematicides in the soil environ- Olthof, T. H. A., and Hopper, B. E. 1973. Distri- ment. Canadex 628. bution of Pratylenchus spp. and other stylet- Marks, C. F., and Elliot, 1. M. 1973. Nematicides bearing nematode genera in soils in the flue- in the soil environment. The Lighter 43(2): 18- cured tobacco area of southern Ontario. Can. 29. Plant Dis. Surv. 53:31-33. McGinnis, A. J. 1973. Research Station function Olthof, T. H. A, Marks, C. F., and Elliot, J. M. varied. The Grower 22(8):8. 1973. Relationship between population densities of Pratylenchus penetrans and crop losses Northover, J. 1973. New developments in the in flue-cured tobacco in Ontario. J. Nematol. control of peach canker. The Mountaineer 5: 158-162. Grower 324: 17-19.

RESEARCH STATION, VINELAND STATION, ONT. 115 D. W. FRIEND,B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Swine nutrition, sows R. M. G. HAMILTON,3B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Poultry nutrition, egg quality N. K. SARKAR,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Poultry, protein metabolism I. R. SIBBALD,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Poultry, energy utilization

Reproductive Physiology Section

L. AINSWORTH,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chief of Section; Steroid hormones and reproduction A. J. HACKETT,4D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D. Reproductive and light physiology W. G. HUNSAKER,B.SA, M.SA, Ph.D. Reproductive physiology H. A. ROBERTSON,B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.I.C., F.R.S.E. Reproductive physiology C. P. W. TSANG,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Steroid hormones F. A. VANDENHEUVEL,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., D.LC., Steroid identification F.C.I.C.

Ruminant Nutrition Section

F. D. SAUER,D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D. Chief of Section; Rumen metabolism J. D. ERFLE,B.SA, M.Sc., Ph.D. Rumen metabolism and metabolic diseases L. J. FISHER,B.SA, M.Sc., Ph.D. Dairy cattle nutrition, proteins and energy, pollution D. P. HEANEY,B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Forage conservation and evaluation H. W. HULAN,5B.Sc:, M.Sc., Ph.D. Rapeseed oil nutrition W. A. JORDAN,B.S.A. Beef cattle nutrition J. R. LESSARD,B.S., B.SA, M.S., Ph.D. Forage conservation E. E. LISTER,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Beef cattle and calf nutrition S. MAHADEVAN,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Short-chain and long-chain fatty acid metabolism D. S. WALSH(Mrs.), BA Hormones of energy metabolism

Trace Minerals and Pesticides Section

K. J. JENKINS,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chief of Section; Selenium metabolism and nutrition T. S. FOSTER,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide metabolism and residues M. HIDIROGLOU,D.V.M., D.N. Selenium and vitamin E nutrition J. K. G. KRAMER,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide syntheses and analyses

Departures

J. R. AITKEN,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Poultry nutrition, proteins Appointed Research Coordinator (Animal Science), Ottawa, March 1973

ll8 RESEARCHBRANCHREPORT1973 J. E. GAZELEY(Mrs.), B.A., B.L.S. Librarian Transferred to Department of Manpower & Immigration, Ottawa, August 1973 J. R. HUNT, B.S.A., Ph.D. Poultry nutrition, egg quality Transferred to Research Station, Agassiz, B.C., September 1973 E. S. MERRITT,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Poultry breeding, broilers and Appointed Research Coordinator (Animal geese Breeding), Ottawa, May 1973 M. ZAWALSKY,'B.S.A., M.S. Computer systems and Transferred to Research Station, Brandon, Man., programming April 1973

VISITING SCIENTISTS

National Research Council postdoctorate fellows

A. S. ATWAL,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., 1971-73 Ruminant ketosis H. M. MUKHOTY,B.V.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., 1972-74 Sheep breeding and meat quality E. IBRAHIM,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D., 1973-74 Ruminant nutrition

~Seconded from Data Processing Service. 3Assigned to Animal Research Institute, April 1973. l'ppointed November 1973. sAppointed December 1973. Appointed March 1973.

ANIMAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE 119 ------

INTRODUCTION

During the year the reproductive physiology program was strengthened and the experimental work diversified. More experimental work is being directed toward the development of the applied program on reproduction of sheep and cattle. The multidisciplinary program on the nutritional value of rapeseed oil was expanded and intensified. This program involves biochemists, nutritionists, and organic chemists in this Institute, and pathologists in the Animal Diseases Research Institute. This report records only the highlights of our research in 1973; more detailed information is available in the publications listed at the end of the report. Reprints of the research publications and copies of this report are available on request from Animal Research Institute, Headquarters Building, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, OntoKIA OC6.

R. S. Gowe Director

ANIMAL AND POULTRY rapid growth because of a negative correla- BREEDING tion between resistance to MD and body weight. Poultry A study of 12 blood group systems in several populations of chickens did not Genetic resistance to Marek's disease. reveal any obvious relationship between Research on Marek's disease (MD) was resistance to MD and red blood cell antigens. continued in cooperation with the Animal Blood pressure and production traits. Indi- Diseases Research Institute, Hull, Que. rect systolic blood pressures of egg-type A survey of mortality in 18. strains of chickens were higher in males than in fe- chickens at the Animal Research Institute males. Additive type of genetic inheritance was completed. In Leghorn hens vaccinated was indicated with a heritability estimate of for MD and kept to 497 days of age, 0.26 for females over five generations. In two mortality due to MD was 2.1% and total related strains, the mean blood pressure of mortality II %. In vaccinated and nonvacci- the birds that died before 500 days of age nated meat-type hens observed to 392 days was lower than that of the survivors. In a of age, the mortality due to MD was 5.4% third and unrelated strain, no relationship and 16.4% and total mortality was 27.1% and was found between blood pressure and 43.7%. The results indicated that, although mortality. A significant strain by sex interac- the losses from MD were significantly re- tion was observed in blood pressure. Genetic duced by vaccination, MD still remains an correlations between blood pressure and economically important disease. Mortality economic traits were low: blood pressure was from lymphoid leukosis, another disease of positively correlated with body weights and the avian leukosis complex, was relatively most egg quality traits but negatively corre- low (1.2-3.4%) and was not affected by lated with egg production and age at first vaccination. Strain of chickens significantly egg. influenced MD mortality, lymphoid leukosis mortality, and total mortality. Dairy Cattle In another study, the relationship between Field test of Finnish Ayrshires. A compari- resistance to MD and production traits was son of proven Finnish, proven Canadian, and examined. The results suggested that the young Canadian Ayrshire sires in coopera- observed positive genetic correlation between tion with 60 breeders of registered Ayrshires resistance to MD and rate of egg production in Quebec and Ontario is continuing as calves would tend to maintain or increase genetic are born. In Ontario, the three groups of resistance to MD in populations under selec- matings have so far yielded 114 bull calves tion for high egg production. Resistance to and 134 heifers. In Quebec, where 1,000 MD may decrease in populations selected for matings were made using semen from proven

120 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Finnish and proven Canadian bulls, 36 bull in P than in Q. There was evidence suggest- calves and 38 heifer calves have been born. ing that milk production could be improved Cooperating breeders were consulted for more effectively by selecting for w than for assistance in developing forms for recording m. information on the calves and in planning Sheep data-gathering procedures. Sire evaluation will be based on milk and butterfat produc- The effect of environment on reproduction tion in first lactations for daughters of all of the ewe. Studies are continuing on the bulls in the project. effect of ambient temperature and various light treatments on the reproductive perform- Evaluation of selection and crossbreeding. ance of the Suffolk ewe. During May and This project was designed to take advantage June 1973, 85% of a group of ewes in a of expected improvement in livability and reverse-phase light regime were bred success- reproductive efficiency from crossbreeding. fully. Of a group born and raised in a The two pure lines being used to develop the constant regime of 10 h of light and 14 h of crossbred line (C) are Holstein (H) and a dark, 73% conceived when bred during synthetic (A) consisting mainly of Ayrshire October and November 1972 and 55% con- with the addition of Brown Swiss, Nor- ceived when they were rebred during May wegian Red, and Finnish Ayrshire. Matings and June 1973. of superior cows using semen from outstanding AI bulls were completed, and the pre- Increasing lambing percentage. The num- scribed number of bull calves were selected. ber of lambs born per ewe in the breeding One-quarter of the H and A females will be flock has been increased from 0.33 in year- bred by the selected bull calves to produce ling ewes and 1.33 in mature ewes in 1967 to C-line females. 0.90 in yearling ewes and 1.58 in mature ewes in 1973. These increases resulted from Comparative studies of growth and livabil- improvement in both conception rate and ity are planned for the A-line, H-line, and prolificacy. C-line animals. Facilities used in this project In 1973 at the Greenbelt Farm, the per- also provide a. means of studying production centages of ewes that lambed were 39% of and management techniques for large-scale the sire-strain, 32% of the Suffolk strain, and dairy operations. The data acquisition and 79% of the dam-strain for yearling ewes; and processing system (DAPS) provides, at reg- 84%,84%, and 91% for mature ewes of these ular intervals, a contemporary evaluation of populations. The corresponding numbers of all heifers and their sires based on level of lambs born per ewe lambed were 1.08, 1.17, milk-protein production. Also, all scheduling and 1.39 for yearling ewes and 1.54, 1.74, and inventory control for herds cooperating and 1.98 for mature ewes. The sire-strain in this project at Lethbridge, Normandin, group consisted of the Ottawa MM strain Lennoxville, Charlottetown, and Ottawa are and' related crosses. Of the dam-strain group, performed weekly by the DAPS. 46% carried Finnish Landrace ancestry. Of Mouse research. Data from two popula- the 12 yearling and 28 mature Finnish tions (P and Q) of different origin were Landrace purebred ewes, 75% of the yearling analyzed to construct a selection index com- and 96% of the mature ewes lambed, with bining the average body weight of individu- 2.11 and 2.89 lambs born per ewe lambing. als within a nursed litter at 12 days (m) and Distribution of muscle weight in lamb the body weight of individuals of a nursed carcasses. A study was completed on the litter at 42 days (w). The nursed litter influence of breed (sire-strain vs. half-Finn- contained eight young from four dams. The ish Landrace crossbreds) and sex on the index constructed for P was I = w - 0.17m weight of muscle in eight joints of lamb and for Q, I = w + 0.18m. These indexes carcasses. No major difference was detected indicate that major emphasis is placed on w in distribution of muscle weight between the when the two traits are to be selected two breed groups. Ram lambs showed more concurrently. An experiment using a line (M) muscle weight in the neck region, and ewe selected for m, a line (W) selected for w, and lambs showed slightly more leg muscle. At a line (B) selected for both m and w showed comparable carcass weight, the Finnish-cross that response in m for B relative to M and the lambs exceeded the sire-strain lambs in response in w for B relative to W were larger intermuscular, internal, and total fat content,

ANIMAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE 121 despite a lower content of subcutaneous fat; is incorporated into the skeletal system and a but, because of a higher muscle-to-bone large portion is voided in the excreta. ratio, the Finnish-cross lambs were similar to Protein content, digestibility, and lysine the sire-strain lambs in total muscle content. availability of Canadian cereals. Twenty-five Ewe lambs carried more fat, and despite a samples of wheat, 15 of oats, and 12 of slightly higher muscle-to-bone ratio, they barley, representing various varieties, species, were lower than the ram lambs in total and years of production, were analyzed for muscle content. their protein content. The results varied from 9% to 21% in wheat, from 11% to 19% in oats, and from 10% to 14% in barley. The MONOGASTRIC NUTRITION total amount of amino acids released (digest- Poultry ibility) when different amounts of wheat, oats, and barley containing 20 mg of protein Growth restriction of broiler breeder stock. were initially digested by 4 mg pepsin at pH The feeding of whole wheat plus supplemen- 2.0 for I h and then by 8 mg chick pancreatin tary vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus to at pH 8.0 for 3 (or 5) h showed differences two strains of birds from 8 to 21, 12 to 2 I, or between cereals, but no significant differences 16 to 21 wk of age was compared with were observed between samples within ce- feeding a 14% protein mash (control) on reals. Available lysine, determined by a alternate days. Sexual maturity (age at 25% modification of Carpenter's method and production) was influenced in both strains multiplied by a correction factor of 1.2, tested. Maturity was reached on the different yielded data of a similar pattern. treatments at approximately half-weekly intervals in the order 16-21, 12-21, control, Swine and 8-21. In egg production, both strains Age of puberty in gilts. Gilts were fed peaked 5% higher on the control than on the equal, but limited amounts of a basal corn other rearing treatments. At 69 wk of age, diet, the basal diet plus lysine, or a corn- one strain showed a favorable response in soybean diet. In a study that compared their egg production to the control treatment, ages at puberty with that of a positive control whereas the other strain did not. Feeding group fed ad lib. the corn-soybean diet, the whole wheat from 8 to 21 wk gave the control gilts reached puberty at 173 days of poorest egg production in both strains, but age compared with (P< 0.01) 201, 200, and mortality, egg size, fertility, hatchability, and 194 days for the other three groups. The growth rate of the progeny were not affected control gilts were heavier at puberty and by rearing treatment. Rearing treatment their average daily gains greater (P < 0.01) dramatically influenced body weight at hous- than those of the other gilts. This was due ing (21 wk of age) and, although these partly to greater daily feed consumption and treatment differences had diminished by 33 the improved feed efficiency (P < 0.0 I) of wk (when the birds had reached their max- the controls. imum body size), they still ranked in the order 16-21 (heaviest), 12-21, control, and 8-21. REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY Factors affecting eggshell formation. In Hormones in Body Fluids and Tissues feeding trials with laying hens, 17 strains or strain-crosses were fed 5% of their dietary The synthesis of over 300 commercially calcium carbonate as particled limestone or unavailable neutral steroids and a study of oyster shell or as finely ground limestone. No their properties by gas-liquid chromatogra- effect was detected on eggshell quality or on phy (GLC) and thin layer chromatography any of the other production traits mea,sured. (TLC) has allowed the development of a These results were the same as those of the faster, more effective method, based on the previous year, when the control birds were correlation of GLC retention time with fed pulverized (feed grade) limestone. Using steroid structure, of identifying neutral a 45Ca-labeled Ca supplement, it was shown steroids extracted from body fluids and that during shell formation the transfer of tissues. dietary Ca from the digestive tract to the Changes in plasma levels of progesterone eggshell is almost immediate; a small portion and estrogens during pregnancy and at

122 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 panurition in the sow have been determined. Biorhythms-Behavior and Reproductive The mean plasma level of progesterone (n = Function 5) remained fairly constant at 13 ng/ml until S~veral physiological, behavioral, and day 90 of pregnancy, when a gradual decline envIronmental parameters in a group of began that continued to a mean level of 4.7 sheep have been recorded continuously for ng/ml on the day of parturition (day 114). A ~everal months with the aid of a computer- further rapid decline to 0.5 ng/ml occur- <: Ized data acquisition system. Computer pro- red within 24 h of farrowing. Estrone and grams have been set up for initial summari- estradiol-17{3 were first detected in plasma zation and time series analysis, and for between days 70 and 80 of pregnancy, and preparation of analogue plots and chrono- the mean levels (n = 5) rose steadily to grams of the data. These programs will be peaks ?~4 ng/ml and 250 pg/ml just before used to establish biorhythms for the parame- partuntIOn. After parturition the plasma ters ~ecorde~. The effect of intensity and estrogen levels dropped rapidly to 15 pg/ <: duratIOn of I1ghton these biorhythms will be m!. In an attempt to gain some insight into the studied to determine whether these rhythms physiological significance of estrogen sul- can be used as an indirect measurement of fates, plasma levels of estrone sulfate were the rhythm of sensitivity to light and whether measured throughout pregnancy in the sow they can be correlated with changes in and for 80 h (before, during, and after reproductive function in sheep. A telemetric parturition) in the sheep. In the sow, the system designed to record copulation in plasma level of estrone sulfate (assessed as sh~ep and the data acquisition system are bemg used to record the mating pattern in a estrone equivalents) began to rise at day 16 group of sheep throughout the breeding of pregnancy and peaked at 3 ng/ml season. between days 23 and 30. The plasma level declined sharply to a low of 35 pg/ml on about day 50 and then rose gradually to a RUMINANT NUTRITION secon~ 'peak of 3 ng/ml on the day before parturItion. The second rise was similar to Beef Cattle Nutrition that observed for estrone and estradiol-17{3 Dairy beef production on corn silage diets. during the second half of pregnancy. In the One hundred and twenty Holstein-Friesian sheep, a rapid rise in the plasma levels of steers ~ere fed diets made up of various estrone and estrone sulfate began about 40 h proportIOns of corn silage and concentrates. ~efore parturition, reached a peak at parturi- Those steers fed a ration in which corn silage tIOn, and then dropped rapidly to non detect- made up 60% or 90% of the dry matter (DM) able levels by 15 h after parturition. The grew more slowly than steers fed alI-concen- mean plasma level of estrone sulfate (n = 8) trate diets or rations in which 30% of the DM at the peak was 82.5 pmollml compared to a was corn silage. Feed DM per unit gain was mean plasma level of 3.3 pmollml for 5".64,6.18, 6.33, and 6.46 for all-concentrate estrone. Work on the synthesis of steroid diets, and diets having 30%, 60%, and 90% of sulfates during pregnancy in domestic species DM from corn silage. When the highest has demonstrated that fetal liver tissue of the amount of corn sila~e DM was fed, dressing pig has the capacity to synthesize sulfates of ~ercent an.d fat thIckness over the longis- neutral and phenolic steroids. sImus dorSI were reduced and cooler shrink An ovine 'pla~ental somatomammotropic :-vas incr~ased. There was a progressive hormo~e, dIffenng from ovine pituitary mcre.ase m feed required per unit gain, prolactm, has been identified in the plasma dressmg pe:cent, area of longissimus dorsi, of pregnant sheep. Its concentration in and fat thIckness, but a decrease in the maternal plasma has been. measured proportio.n of the carcass in the hindquarter throughout pregnancy. and the changes in as hvewelght at slaughter increased. plasma concentration have been found to Housing and weaning age on feed require- correlate very closely with the changes in ments. At Kapuskasing, Ont., Shorthorn cows plasma progesterone. Tests have failed to were ~ept either in a warm barn (In-warm), detect the presence of a similar placental an unmsulated cold barn (In-cold), or out-of- hormone in the maternal plasma of the cow doors with a wind shelter (Out) and fed 1.35, and the pig during pregnancy. 1.45, or 1.80 kg DM/lOO kg initial weight

ANIMAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE 123 until calving under the three confinement elevated levels of FF A in the plasma are systems (In-warm, In-cold, Out). Confine- normal during pregnancy and that attempt- ment systems with their appropriate feeding ing to feed to prevent such elevation would level resulted in similar weight losses by the greatly overestimate true energy needs. cows during the winter. Calves weaned at 48 h resulted in poorer growth rate to 120 days Dairy Cattle Nutrition (672 g/day) compared with 820 and 918 g/day to 120 days for calves weaned at 56 Oat silage for lactating cows. Corn silage and 120 days. Estimated annual digestible ensiled at 33% DM (treatment CS), oats energy (DE) required for a cow and her calf harvested at the milk stage of maturity and to 120 days, after allowing for weight losses ensiled with oat grain (treatment OG), oats of cows and differences in growth rates of harvested at the milk stage of maturity and calves, was 5,970, 6,360, and 6,560 Mcal DE wilted before ensiling (treatment OM), and for weaning at 48 h, 56 days, or 120 days, oats harvested at the soft-dough stage of and 5,850, 6,170, and 6,880 Mcal DE for maturity and ensiled (treatment OSD) were cows confined In-warm, In-cold, and Out. fed to each of 16 lactating cows during four successive 49-day periods, following a Sheep Nutrition switchback design. The silages as fed con- Intensive rearing of lambs. During 1973 tained 34.5, 34.2, 31.9, and 36.6% DM and the age at which lambs were abruptly 8.6, 14.0, 14.4, and 10.5% protein for treat- weaned from milk replacer was successfully ments, CS, OG, OM, and OSD. The intake of reduced to 21 days. Death losses during the forage DM was significantly greater (P < liquid-feeding phase were 9% and were 0.01) on treatment OG than on CS and inversely related to litter size and birth significantly less (P < 0.0 I) on treatment OM weight. Over 70% of the mortality occurred than on CS, OG, or OSD. Milk yield was during the 1st wk. The overall average daily significantly higher (P < 0.05) on treatment gain on milk replacer (1,140 lambs were OG than on OM. There was no significant weaned) was 249 g. effect (P> 0.05) of treatment on the acetate- After weaning (from 21 to 140 days of to-propionate ratio in the~rumen fluid; how- age), high-concentrate diets were fed. Nei- ever, molar percent of rumen butyrate was ther an increase of protein in the diet from significantly lower (P < 0.05) on treatment 17% to 20% for the first 5 wk after weaning OM than on CS or OG. The apparent nor a reduction of protein from 17% to 14% digestibilities of silage DM were 58.6, 58.0, at 100 days of age affected the rates of gain. 60.8, and 52.9, and of silage crude protein When 30% of the dietary crude protein was were 43.3, 65.3, 63.8, and 55.0 for treatments provided in the form of urea, lamb gains CS, OG, OM, and OSD. were reduced. However, the age at which Amino acid synthesis in mixed rumen urea feeding was started (21 vs. 56 days) did not appear to affect results, indicating that culture. An artificial rumen for continuous the 3-wk-old lamb is able to adapt to urea as culture of rumen microflora has been established and kinetics of 14Cfixation in bacterial well as the 8-wk-old lamb under intensive proteins are being measured. The results conditions. indicate that the synthesis of glutamate and Energy needs of the pregnant ewe. When asparate is faster than that of other amino fed a high-energy diet ad lib., pregnant ewes acids. maintained maternal body composition during the last 5 wk of pregnancy, whereas Production and utilization of ammonia in nonpregnant ewes on the same diet gained the rumen. To regulate the rate of release of body protein, fat, and water. Of particular ammonia from nonprotein nitrogen sources significance was the fact that free fatty acid in the rumen, detailed studies on the proper- (FFA) levels in the plasma rose markedly ties of the rumen urease systems were during late pregnancy, a phenomenon usu- undertaken. For the first time, stable purified ally attributed to fat catabolism and, there- urease from rumen microorganisms was fore, assumed to be indicative of malnutri- isolated by a procedure that consisted of tion. However, the ewes were fed ad lib. and sonication of bacterial suspensions contain- there appeared, in fact, to be no loss in ing 50 mM of Cleland's reagent, followed by maternal energy reserves. This suggests that fractionation with ammonium sulfate and

124 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Sephadex column chromatography. The pu- cultivar Oro and Brassica campestris cultivars rified urease was maximally active at pH 7.0- Arlo, Echo, and Span were studied. The 7.5, was not metal-ion dependent, but was content of free and total fatty acids in heart inhibited by Mn++, Mg+'!', Sr, Ba, Co++, and tissue of rats fed regular (a mixture of Arlo

sulfhydryl blocking reagents. The Km for and Echo) and Span rapeseed oils, but not urea was 4 mM. The enzyme was inhibited, Oro rapeseed oil, increased significantly reversibly by hydroxyurea and irreversibly compared with that of controls. Elev.ated by phenylurea, acetohydroxamate, and a levels of C-22 and C-20 monoenoic acids number of amino acid hydroxamates. The were detected in both neutral and polar inhibition by hydroxyurea and the hydrox- lipids. The possibility that free fatty acids amates was dependent on the concentration may cause uncoupling of oxidative phospho- of the inhibitor and the length of time the rylation and impaired respiration in mito- enzyme was. incubated with the inhibitor. chondria of heart muscle was investigated, Hydroxyurea was found to be substrate for and negative results were obtained. These rumen urease, being hydrolyzed about ISO . results do not agree with those obtained by times slower than urea. Other urea deriv- research workers at Unilever Research, atives with substituents on one or both N Vlaardingen (The Netherlands). Boars (105 atoms are being investigated as possible animals) and gilts (lOS animals) were fed a substrates for the slow release of ammonia diet of 10% and 20% soybean or Span by rumen urease. rapeseed oil for 16 wk. Average weight gain and feed efficiency was higher with the two Carnitine levels in milk during the first 8 wk vegetable oils than with the control, this of lactation and in various tissues of dry and lactating cows. The level of milk carnitine in improvement being shown by increased backfat thickness. Careful histopathological cows was high (0.5 IL moles/ml) at parturi- examination of the 210 pig hearts showed no tion, but it decreased thereafter. The rate at fibrotic lesions, as were found in male rats which the concentrations of milk carnitine fed rapeseed oils. Also, the incidence of decreased after parturition was highest in control cows and lowest in ketotic cows. The minute infiltrative lesions was the same for difference between the level of milk carnitine both groups that had been fed soybean oil and Span oil. The incidence of fat accumula- in the control and the level in ketotic animals tion in the heart was apparently slightly was greatest during the 3rd wk (P < 0.05) of greater in pigs fed Span oil than in pigs fed lactation when concentrations of blood me- soybean oil. tabolites indicated symptoms of ketosis (decreased glucose and increased ketones Span rapeseed oil (2 't) was fractionated by and levels of FFA). Correlation coefficients molecular distillation to determine whether calculated for milk carnitine and blood the pure triglycerides or some other fraction metabolites showed that during ketosis ele- was responsible for cardiac myopathy obs- vated ketones and levels of FF A and de- erved in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Eleven creased glucose are associated with high separate fractions were obtained. The frac- concentrations of milk carnitine. Tissue car- tionation separated pure triglycerides (3.2- nitine did not appear altered by stage of 7.3% erucate) from unsaponifiable compo- lactation, as shown in dry, early-, and late- nents. Fractions with 20-fold more enrich- lactation cows. The concentration of carni- ment of sterols and sterol esters than the tine was highest in skeletal muscle (3-4 original oil levels were isolated. Nutritional IL moles/ g wet weight) and heart (IlL mole/ g studies of the various fractions are being wet weight), and lowest in other organs conducted. (0.075 to 0.15 IL moles/ g). The levels of blood carnitine found in the tissues of a Pollution ketotic cow were three times higher than in those of normal (control) animals. These Influence of feeding system on the composi- changes in tissue carnitine in the ketotic cow tion of excreta. The results of some 400 do not agree with the increased turnover and individual digestibility trials with lactating decreased body pool size found in other cows have been summarized in an attempt to animals under stress. provide a more accurate estimate of the amount of feces and. urine voided by cows Nutrition of rapeseed oil. The nutritional fed rations consisting of either hay-concen- and biochemical properties of Brassica napus trate or silage-concentrate. The average feces

ANIMAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE 125 yields were 20.8 and 31.4 kgll 00 kg of other metabolites that had been detected metabolic body weight for cows on the hay previously in eggs from control hens fed and silage feeding systems. Hay feeding standard rations and in eggs and excreta regimes resulted in a fecal dry matter of from treated hens were further investigated. 19.2% compared with 15.9% for silage. The The gas chromatographic retention times of proportion of urine in total excreta voided these two metabolites appeared to be identi- was 39.8% for hay compared with 28.0% for cal with those of two metabolites produced silage feeding systems. In both feeding from atrazine after hydrolysis with sulfuric systems, the amount of feces decreased acid. More recent findings with different approximately 20% and the percentage of column packings indicated the presence of fecal N increased from 1.90 to 2.10 as the metabolites in eggs and excreta with reten- digestibility of the ration increased from 60% tion times similar to those of the dealkylated to 70%. metabolites des-ethylatrazine and des-isopro- pylatrazine. Also, mass spectrometric data Bacteriological content of liquid manure. In indicated the presence of 2,4-dichloro-6-iso- the Bacteriological Laboratories of Environ- propylamino-s-triazine, which could be a ment Canada, standard bacterial pollution contaminant formed during the commercial indicators-coliforms, fecal coliforms (FC), production of atrazine. The identity of the and fecal streptococci (FS)-and hetero- metabolites is being investigated further. trophic bacteria (Standard Plate counts, 20°C and 35°C) have been determined in rectal Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy samples of feces from cows and sheep and at various stages of the liquid-manure storage Selenium and vitamin E included in the system operative at the Institute's Greenbelt mineral mix fed to cows and ewescduring Farm. All test parameters of animal feces pregnancy, for prevention of nutritional increased significantly immediately after muscular dystrophy (NMD) in their off- excretion, when FC:FS usually exceeded 4.0. spring, did not result in abnormal selenium During extended periods of tank storage the concentration in the blood and milk of the trend reversed, and a marked reduction in dams, or in the blood and tissues of the index bacterial numbers occurred. calves and lambs from birth to 5 wk of age. The results indicate that the use of selenized minerals in preventing NMD in ruminants TRACE ELEMENTS AND should be considered. PESTICIDES Metabolism of ex -Tocopherol in Pesticide Residues and Metabolism Ruminants The metabolism of methoxychlor in laying Studies were conducted on the effect of hens is being studied witl~ the use of ring- passage of vitamin E through various parts labeled 14C-methoxychlor. Hens fed a low of the gastrointestinal tract of mature sheep total dose of approximately 0.1 ppm of on the destruction and availability of the labeled methoxychlor produced eggs in vitamin. Higher levels of vitamin E were which no radioactivity could be detected, found in the plasma and tissues of sheep whereas the excreta were found to contain after intraduodenal dosing than after intraru- 80% of the radioactivity. Radioactivity was minal or intra-abomasal dosing. No differ- separated into four fractions by solvent ences were observed between intraruminal or extraction. In order to increase the level of intra-abomasal dosing, indicating that the metabolites in eggs for identification pur- destruction of vitamin E probably occurs in poses, the experiment was repeated with hens the abomasum. fed a diet containing 100 ppm methoxychlor Selenium Deficiency in Farm Animals in addition to the labeled methoxychlor. Metabolites have been extracted by solvents, The selenium-deficiency conditions of but they have not yet been identified. muscular dystrophy (MD) and exudative Studies on the metabolism of atrazine in diathesis (ED) were produced in chicks, and laying hens that had been fed 100 ppm MD was produced in lambs and beef calves. atrazine in their diet were continued. Neither Higher erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase atrazine nor hydroxyatrazine was detected in activity was found in the control animals that eggs, but both were identified in excreta. Two were given selenium supplements than in the

126 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 selenium-deficient animals: lambs were 12% diagnosing selenium deficiency because there higher; calves 19%; and chicks with MD isa large and variable nonenzymatic oxida- 16%, and with ED 14%. The differences were tion of NADPH in the assay, and the not statistically significant because of wide increase in enzyme activity due to selenium variability for animals within groups. Al- though glutathione peroxidase activity in supplementation is small because very little erythrocytes tends to be lower in selenium- selenium is required to prevent the deficient farm animals, it cannot be used for deficiencies.

PUBliCA nONS

Research Hidiroglou, M., and Jenkins, K. J. 1973. Le sort du radioselenium administre dans Ie rumen ou la Atwal, A. S., and Sauer, F. 1973. An in vitro study caillette du mouton. Ann. BioI. Anim. Bio- of control mechanisms of gluconeogenesis in chim. Biophys. 12:599-616. beef liver. Int. J. Biochem. 4:283-292. Hidiroglou, M., and Jenkins, K. J. 1973. Absorp- ErlIe, J. D. 1973. Acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA tion of 75Se-selenomethionine from the rumen carboxylation by Mycobacterium Phei. Partial of sheep. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:345-347. purification and some properties of the enzyme. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 316: 143-155. Hidiroglou, M., and Jenkins, K. J. 1973. Fate of 75Se-selenomethionine in the gastrointestinal Fisher, L. J., ErfIe, J. D., Lodge, G. A., and Sauer, tract of sheep. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:527-536. F. D. 1973. Effect on propylene glycol or glycerol supplementation of the diet of dairy Hidiroglou, M., Jenkins, K. J" and MacKay, R. R. cows on feed intake, milk yield and composi- 1973. Fatty acid composition of blood serum tion and incidence of ketosis. Can. J. Anim. and liver in beef calves as influenced by Sci. 53:289-296. maternal diet and incidence of nutritional muscular dystrophy. Can. J. Anim. Sci. Foster, T. S. 1973. Evaluation of the possible 53:297-305. estrogenic activity of methoxyclor in the chicken by means of feeding. trials. Bull. Hidiroglou, M., Jenkins, K. J., Wauthy, J. M., and Environ. Contam. ToxicoI. 9:234-242. Proulx, J. E. 1973. Changes in plasma and milk tocopherol levels in beef cattle turned out Friend, D. W. 1973. Influence of dietary amino to pasture. Anim. Prod. 16:179-183. acids on the age of puberty of Yorkshire gilts. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 37:701-707. Hollands, K. G., and Merritt, E. S. 1973. Blood pressure and its genetic variation and co- Friend, D. W. 1973. Self-selection of feeds and variation with certain economic traits in egg water by unbred gilts.. Can. J. Anim. Sci. type chick~ns. Poult. Sci. 52: 1722-1728. 37:1137-1141. Jenkins, K. J., and Winter, K. A. 1973. Effects of Gowe, R. S., Lentz, W. E., and Strain, J. H. 1973. selenium supplementation of naturally high Long-term selection for egg production in selenium swine rations on tissue levels of the several strains of white leghorns: performance element. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:561-567. of selected and control strains including genetic parameters of two control strains. 4th Kramer, J. K. G. 1973. Changes in liver lipid Eur. Poult. Conf., London. pp. 225-245. composition of male rats fed rapeseed oil diets. Lipids 8:641-648. Heaney, D. P. 1973. Effects of the degree of selective feeding allowed on forage voluntary Kramer, J. K. G., Mahadevan, S., Hunt, J. R., intake and digestibility assay results using Sauer, F. D., Corner, A. H., and Charlton, K. sheep. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:431-438. M. 1973. Growth rate, lipid composition, metabolism and myocardial lesions of rats fed Heaney, D. P., Bender, F., and Lister, E. E. 1973. rapeseed oils (Brassica campestris var. Arlo, The use of steamed aspen poplar in a finishing Echo and Span, and B. napus var. Oro). J. ration for Holstein steers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. Nutr. 103: 1696-1708. 53:739-740. Lister, E. E., Fisher, L. J., Jordan, W. A., Wauthy, Hickman, C. G. 1973. Herd level methods for age J. M., Comeau, J. E., and Proulx, J. 1973. adjustment of milk yields. J. Dairy Sci. Influence of shelter, level of feeding, and 56:947-951. method of forage conservation on packed cell

ANIMAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE 127 ------~~------

volume and plasma metabolite levels in preg- Sarkar, N. K. 1973. Characteristics of chicken liver nant beef cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:81-88. post-mitochondrial preparation after gel filtration in cell-free amino acid ,incorporating Lister, E. E., and Lodge, G. A. 1973. Effects of systems. Int. 1. Biochem. 4:521-530. increasing the energy value of a whole milk diet for calves. II. Growth, feed utilization Sarkar, N. K. 1973. Differences between rats and and health. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:317-325. chickens in response to synthetic glucocorti- costeroids. J. Steroid Biochem. 4: 163-170. Lodge, G. A. 1973.Improving the nutrient compo- Sauer, F., Erfle, J. D., and Fisher, L. J. 1973. sition of meat producing animals. Pages 215- Propylene glycol and glycerol as a feed addi- 230 in M. Rechcigl, ed. Man, food and tive for lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. nutrition. CRC Press, Cleveland. Sci. 53:265-271.

Lodge, G. A, and Heaney, D. P. 1973. Composi- Sauer, F., and Mahadevan, S. 1973. Metabolite tion of weight change in the pregnant ewe. synthesis by rat liver cells and rat liver mito- Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:95-105. chondria. Can. 1. Biochem. 51:1567-1580. Spencer, 1. L., Grunder, A. A., and Robertson, A Lodge, G. A., and Heaney, D. P. 1973. The energy 1973. Titers of precipitins in strains of chick- cost of pregnancy in single and twin-bearing ens exposed to Marek's disease. Avian Pathol. ewes. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:479-489. 2: 17-26. Lodge, G. A, and Lister, E. E. 1973. Effects of Thorlacius, S. 0., and Lodge, G. A. 1973. Absorp- increasing the energy value of a whole milk tion of steam volatile fatty acids from the diet for calves. I. Nutrient digestibility and rumen of the cow as influenced by diet, buffers nitrogen retention. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:307- and pH. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:279-288. 316. Miscellaneous Mahadevan, S., Malaiyandi, M., Eille, 1. D., and Emmons, D. B., and Lister, E. E. 1973. Protein Sauer, F. 1973. An evaluation of the chemical quality for calf milk replacers. Proc. 9th Annu. identity of acyl carnitine esters of hexadeca- Guelph Nutr. Conf. for Feed Manuf., To- noic acids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 296:234- ronto. Canadian Feed Manufacturers Associa- 340. tion; Richmond Hill, ant. pp. 2-5.

Nagai, J. 1973. Factors affecting a measure of milk Fisher, L. 1. 1973. Incorporation of manure in production in mice. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. livestock feeds. Canadex 400.60. 15:660-661. Hickman, C. G. 1973. Selecting large dairy cows. Canadex 410.30. Robertson, H. A, and Smeaton, T. C. 1973. The concentration of unconjugated oestrone, oes- Hickman, C. G. 1973. Aims in breeding. ant. Milk tradiol-17a and oestradiol-1713 in the plasma Prod. 49(3): 13. of the ewe in relation to the initiation of Kelly, P. A, Shiu, R. P. C., Friesen, H. G., and parturition and lactation. J. Reprod. Fertil. Robertson, H. A. 1973. Placental lactogen 35:761-768. levels in several species throughout pregnancy. Proc. 55th Annu. Meet. Endocr. Soc. A-233. Sarda, I. R., Robertson, H. A., and Smeaton, T. C. 1973. Sequential changes in plasma progester- Turnbull,J. E., and Hickman, C. G. 1973. Ventila- one levels in the ewe during the estrous cycle, tion of dairy barns with porous ceiling inlet and during pregnancy in intact and ovariecto- systems. Part I. Can. Dep. Agric. Eng. Res. mised sheep. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:25-34. Serv., Contrib. No. 371.

128 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Biosystematics Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

D. F. HARDWICK,B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director D. R. OLIVER,B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Assistant Director R. Roy Administrative Officer M. KHAN(Mrs.), B.Sc., M.L.S. Librarian, Botany N. B. SUSSMANN(Mrs.), B.A., M.L.S. Librarian, Entomology J. E. H. MARTIN Head, National Identification Service

Cultivated Crops

B. R. BAUM,M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Tamarix, Aveneae W. G. DORE, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Gramineae, Bromus R. J. MOORE,B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Buddleia, Caragana, Medicago E. SMALL,B.A., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cannabis, Daucus

Noxious and Native Plants

G. A. MULLIGAN,B.Sc. Head of Section; Weeds, Cruciferae I. J. BASSETT,B.A., Anemophilous groups, palynology B. BOIVIN,L.Sc., B.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.C. Canadian flora W. J. CODY,B.A. Curator of Vascular Plant Herbarium; Flora of continental Northwest Territories, ferns J. McNEILL, B.Se., Ph.D. Weeds, Caryophyllaceae

Aquatic Biology, Hemiptera. and Nematology

i D. R. OLIVER,B.A., M.A:., Ph.D. Head of Section; Diptera: Chironomidae R. V. ANDERSON,B.A., M.S., Ph.D. Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae, Tylenehorhynchidae, Aphelenchoidea

BIOSYSTEMATICSRESEARCHINSTITUTE 129 K. G. A. HAMILTON,B.SA, M.Sc., Ph.D. Homoptera: Cicadellidae Hemiptera: Corixidae L. A. KELTON,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Hemiptera: Miridae, Anthocoridae R. H. MULVEY,B.Sc., M.S. Nematoda: Heteroderidae, Tylenchidae W. R. RICHARDS,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Homoptera: Aphidoidea, Coccoidea, Psyllidae Collembola, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera L.-Y. Wu (Miss), B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Nematoda: Criconematidae, Paratylenchidae

Coleoptera, Siphonaptera, and Arachnida

D. E. BRIGHT,B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Head of Section; Coleoptera: Scolytidae E. C. BECKER,B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Coleoptera: Elateridae J. M. CAMPBELL,B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Alleculidae C. D. DONDALE,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Arachnida: Araneida, Opiliones G. P. HOLLAND,B.A., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.C. Siphonaptera E. E. LINDQUIST,B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Arachnida: Acarina A. SMETANA,M.D.Dr., Cando Sc. bioI. Coleoptera: aquatic families, Staphylinidae

Diptera

J. F. McALPINE,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section: Lonchaeidae, Chamaemyiidae J. A. DOWNES,B.Sc. Ceratopogonidae B. V. PETERSON,B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Simuliidae, Nycteribiidae G. E. SHEWELL,B.Sc., M.Sc. Lauxaniidae, Calliphoridae H. J. TESKEY,B.Sc., M.S.A., Ph.D. Tabanidae, Diptera larvae J. R. VOCKEROTH,B.A., M.A., D.PhiI. Syrphidae, Scatophagidae D. M. WOOD,B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Tachinidae, Culicidae

Experimental Taxonomy

E. H. SALKELD(Miss), B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section: Physiology, histochemistry J. W. ARNOLD,B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Hematology, morphology J. R. BYERS,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology, electron microscopy C. F. HINKS,B.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology, endocrinology B. N. A. HUDSON(Miss), B.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology, chemotaxonomy R. MATSUDA,B.A., Ph.D., D.Sc. Morphology, systematics of Hemiptera

130 RESEARCHBRANCHREPORT1973 Hymenoptera

L. MASNER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Proctotrupoidea, Bethyloidea, Evanioidea, Sphecoidea J. R. BARRON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Ichneumonidae, Braconidae; Trogostidae C. C. LOAN, B.A., M.S., Ph.D. Ichneumonidae, Braconidae; Euphorinae W. R. M. MASON, B.Sc., Ph.D. Braconidae O. PECK,I B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chalcidoidea G. S. WALLEY,I B.S.A., M.S. Ichneumonidae C. M. YOSHIMOTO,2B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chalcidoidea, Cynipoidea

Lepidoptera and Trichoptera

W. C. MCGUFFIN,2 B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Lepidoptera: Geometridae S. A. ALLYSON (Miss), B.Sc. Lepidoptera: larvae J. D. LAFONTAINE, B.A. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae E. G. MUNROE, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.C. Lepidoptera: Pyralidae A. MUTUURA, B.Sc., Ph.D. Lepidoptera: Pyralidae F. SCHMID, Lie. es. Sc. Nat., D. es Sc. Nat. Trichoptera

Mycology

R. A. SHOEMAKER,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Pyrenomycetes R. ARNOLD (Mrs.), B.A., M.Sc. Pyrenomycetes on woody plants D. J. S. BARR, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Phycomycetes M. P. CORLETT, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Pyrenomycetes M. E. ELLIOTT (Miss), B.A. Discomycetes J. H. GINNS, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Wood-inhabiting Hymenomycetes S. J. HUGHES, B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Sc., F.L.S. Fungi Imperfecti, Hyphomycetes D. W. MALLOCH, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Agaricales J. A. PARMELEE,B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D. Curator of Mycological Herbarium; Uredinales and other parasitic fungi K. A. PIROZYNSKI, B.Sc., M.Sc., D.P.P., Ph.D. Pyrenomycetes including Fungi Imperfecti D. B. O. SAVILE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.C. Uredinales L. K. WERESUB (Miss), B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Thelephoraceae and Hydnaceae

Departures

H. E. MILLIRON, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Apoidea, Symphyta, Chrysididae Retired September 1973 T. MOSQUIN, B.Sc., Ph.D. Reproductive biology of vascular Resigned March 1973 plants A. WILKES, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Genetics Retired December 1973

BIOSYSTEMATICSRESEARCHINSTITUTE 131 VISITING SCIENTISTS

G. A. BRADLEY,B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Hymenopterous parasites Environment Canada

National Research Council postdoctorate fellows

R. ELLIS,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., 1973-74 Diptera: Culicidae I. SMITH,B.Sc., Ph.D., 1973 Taxonomy of water mites (Acari)

] 2Honorary Research Associate. Seconded from Environment Canada.

132 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 INTRODUCTION

In August of 1973, the former Entomology Research Institute was amalgamated with the Mycology Section and the Vascular Plant Section of the former Plant Research Institute to form the new Biosystematics Research Institute. All the taxonomic, floristic, and faunistic research of the Research Branch has thus been combined in a single establishment. The Biosystematics Research Institute provides a National Identification Service for Canada on fungi, vascular plants, insects, arachnids, and nematodes. To meet this responsibility, the Institute conducts research on various aspects of biosystematics and maintains custody of the National Mycological Herbarium, the Agriculture Canada Vascular Plant Herbarium, and the Canadian National Collections of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes. Subsequent to the formation of the new Institute, the Vascular Plant Taxonomy Section was reorganized into two new sections. One, the Cultivated Crops Section, will specialize in the taxonomy of cultivated plants, whereas the other, the Noxious and Native Plants Section, will specialize in the tax(;nomy of weeds and other plants detrimental to man. Reprints of research publications are available from the authors. Correspondence should be addressed to Director, Biosystematics Research Institute, Research Branch, Canada Agriculture, Ottawa, Onto KIA OC6.

D. F. Hardwick Director

THE NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION Mackenzie River Pipeline Survey and will be SERVICE identified in due course. The accompanying tables show the number of specimens identi- As a result of reorganization within the fied, their various sources, and the distri- Research Branch, the newly formed Biosyste- bution within the group. matics Research Institute has been able to integrate the identification services provided by the former Entomology Research Institute Numberof vascularplants identifiedduring 1973 and the former Plant Research Institute. During the year, 1,475 shipments of material Agriculture Canada 1,110 containing more than 261,000 specimens Environment Canada 617 were received for identification. The amount Other federal departments 233 of material received from the Department of Agriculture increased by almost 50% over Provincialdepartments 381 last year; the 412 shipments that were Industry 9 received comprised 34,510 specimens (13% of the total submissions). The Department of Universities 1,534 the Environment submitted 159 shipments Private inquiries 406 comprising 158,534 specimens (67%). Of these, 146,540 specimens were arthropods United States o and nematodes from the Mackenzie River Other countries 110 Pipeline Survey. Canadian universities con- Total identifications for 1973 4,400* tinued to make use of the service by submit- ting 188 shipments comprising 28,013 specimens (11 %). Several thousand specimens *The figures refer to the number of sheets of were received from amateurs and private botanical specimensidentified. The number of individuals, and material of medical impor- specimensper sheet variesfrom one to fifteen. tance was received from hospitals and health units. More than 182,500 specimens of nematodes, arthropods, plants, and fungi were identified and returned. The accumulation of insect material is largely from the

BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 133 •.....•. Number of mycological collections and cultures identified during 1973

(l) 2 (l) 2 (l) 2 (l) 0 2 (l) '" (l) (.) (.) ..<:: (l) (.) (.) >, (l) 0- >, "2 >, >, ~ (l) 0 E '"0 E ..<:: (.) (.) E 0 E 0- 0 ~ 0 •... ;;, 0 ..<:: (.) <: ~ '"•... "Vi E "0 ~ (l) (l) -;; ..<:: 0- >, •... -"0:> OJ) 0- ~ >, o <:- ..<:: '" C ..<:: '" (l) ~ ~ E '0 -< -< a UJ :c: Q., ~ if C 0::: IZl 5 E-< Coil. *Cult. * CoII.Cult. CoII.Cult. Coll.Cult. Coll.Cult. Coll.Cult. CoII.Cult. Coll.Cult. Coll.Cult. Coll.Cult. Coll.Cult. Canada

Agriculture Canada - 8 2 - 44 59 41 10 280 26 82 2 9 - 6 4 470 103 Environment Canada 253 133 6 7 I 12 5 12 I 7 I 6 IO 3 2 310 149 Other federal departments 2 2 I - - 42 3 45 5 Provincial departments I - 2 2 - - 2 3 4 Universities 45 48 30 II 19 71 I 16 3 10 19 4 15 12 203 101 Ottawa Civic Hospital 17 - - 53 - - 17 53 General public 401 6 10 7 1 1 2 I 13 - - 12 1 445 IO United States Government departments 88 - 2 5 - 95 Universities I I - - - 9 - - 11 ::0 tTl Other en tTl Other countries - 22 - - 7 - 5 - ::0> 14 3 42 93 () ::t Total 464 425 135 47 7 12 87 197 60 32 293 38 148 6 37 119 IO 1,692 425 t:C ::0 > Total identifications of collections and cultures = 2,117 Z () ::t *The term collection is used to designate a sample of a fungus population. The sample consists of an indefinite number of ::0 tTl individuals, ranging from a few in larger fungi, to several thousands in microfungi. The term collection is used in contra- "0 0 distinction to specimen, which in zoology and phanerogamic botany is the equivalent of an individual. The term culture ::0 -l denotes a living fungus population aseptically cultivated on various substrata under a variety of conditions usually to :;; obtain identifiable structures or different states in the life cycle. -..J •.... 0= til -<: til -l Number of zoological specimens identified during 1973 ~tT1 » ~ -l 0 ?i P.. til •..'" '"•.. ~ 0 •.. ~ ~ OJ •.. ;:c •..'" •.. '" P.. '" ..<:: tT1 '" '" P. '" 1:: "0'" '" 0 p. 0 '" 0 til '" '" P. .:: 0 05 :g'" tT1 P. •.. .:: .::'" •... 0 '" P. 0 "0 0 •.. •..'" )- '" ..<:: 0t:: '".:: OJ ;:c p.'" °e E E os.. ..<::'" '" E'" "0'" 0 >. P.. OJ'" ;S '"•.. '0 xn u is ::c'" ::c ::c j U5 0 < 0 < Z'" E-< Z Canada til -l 18,583 =1 Agriculture Canada 1,529 1,965 524 1,514 1,708 1,316 13 309 416 13 1,926 7,350 c: -l Environment Canada 1,019 52,082 151 2,331 5,465 257 8 31,361 61 14 103 2,181 95,033 tT1 Other federal departments 34 585 8 45 19 77 33 - 801 Provincial departments 381 242 2 359 73 127 336 16 12 2 - 18 1,568 Industry 8 1 1 6 - 2 8 - - 26 Universities 857 2,644 399 314 1,005 292 291 435 22 679 14 6,952 Private inquiries 2,277 429 25 250 181 710 100 351 167 58 11 1 4,560

United States Government departments 332 31 573 50S 653 206 - 87 - 30 2,417 Universities 1,356 1,775 22 85 281 - - 201 29 - 3,749 Private inquiries 279 - - - 32 1 - - 312 Industry

Other countries 653 239 - 1,138 192 21 IS - 148 - 2,406

Total 8,725 59,993 1,705 5,957 9,214 3,710 678 32,413 1,561 109 2,778 9,564 136,407

W V> RESEARCH Noxious and Native Plants

Cultivated Crops Weed biology. The floral characteristics most important in the long-distance attrac- The Cultivated Crops Section is a new tion of pollinating insects to the blossoms of section in the Institute, resulting from the weeds are apparently the color and bright- recent reorganization. In addition to tax- ness of flowers, the size of the flower target, onomic studies on Avena, which continue, and the odor of the flowers. Weed flowers three new activities have been initiated; these that are occasionally or frequently visited by will be integrated with ongoing breeding insects tend to have a higher reflectance in programs and agronomic studies. The new ultraviolet and in blue than do flowers that activities will be directed to the taxonomy of are rarely visited. The flowers most visited alfalfa (Medicago), bromegrass (Bromus), generally have flower targets over 20 mm in and carrots (Daucus). diam, or flowers that are odoriferous, or both. None of these characteristics appear to Oats. A visit to major European herbaria be of prime importance in determining the has permitted the detection, examination, kinds of insects that visit the flowers of and elucidation of hundreds of types of weeds. The flowers or flower heads of many Avena names for nomenclatural aspects of weeds have an outer portion that reflects the taxonomy of oats. A new species of ultraviolet or blue wavelengths, or both, and Avena was discovered in South Morocco a central portion that absorbs these from a l20-yr-old collection, and efforts are wavelengths. These flower characteristics, being made to obtain live material from the and information on life duration, breeding site for cytogenetic investigations and related systems, and pollen vectors, are useful in biosystematic work. evaluating the different strategies that enable a rapid buildup of large populations in Range grasses. Taxonomic studies were constantly disturbed habitats. A simple gray conducted on wood millet (Milium), Pani- scale for measuring reflectance and color in cum, and manna grass (Glyceria) in Canada. the insect and human visual spectra was Glyceria maxima, one of 14 species studied, developed. has the greatest productivity and palatability and its distribution and habitat requirements Weed taxonomy. A manuscript for a new should be explored more fully for its use as a color-illustrated bilingual publication on the range grass. common weeds of Canada was submitted for publication. Descriptions, photographs, and Cleavers. Investigation of cleavers (Galium summaries of abundance and distribution of species), which are weedy in the grain and pollen and fungus spores were prepared for rape fields of the Prairie Provinces, reveals 169 Canadian species that cause respiratory that two species occur: G. spurium L., an allergies. introduction from Europe, and G. aparine L., A survey of the pollen morphology of a a native and introduced species. Galium representative sample of the four subgenera spurium is the more serious weed and is the of Minuartia (Caryophyllaceae) has revealed species found in rape fields. These plants that in one of these subgenera the pollen is have usually been classed as a single species trizonocolpate, a condition otherwise un- (G. aparine), but two distinct species should known in the subfamily Alsinoideae, to be recognized. which Minuartia belongs. Cannabis. Analysis of variation in 232 Other activities. The confused chromosome populations of Cannabis by numerical tax- number situation in Sanguisorba canadensis onomic techniques indicated that the genus is L. was clarified. Checksheets and reports for best treated as mono typic, and that pre- 10 sites in the District of Mackenzie, exam- viously recognized species, other than C. ined during the summer of 1972 for the sativa L., do not merit recognition. Analysis International Biological Program (IBP ICT by multivariate methods indicated that wild Panel 10), were completed and submitted to specimens can almost invariably be distingu- the Panel. Work on the first volume of a ished from cultigens by seed characteristics; comprehensive flora of Canada was started. and that morphology is not useful for distin- On the basis of pollen morphology, an guishing "drug strains" from "fiber strains." identification key has been provided for 45

136 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 North American species of Trifolium. The valvular apparatus at the dorsal duct termi- Index Seminum, first issued by the Depart- nus, which regulates emission of gland ment in 1938, was discontinued at the end of secretions during feeding. Application of the 1973. scanning electron microscope in comparative A numerical taxonomic study of the Portu- studies of the cyst nematodes has provided laceae subfamily Montioideae has been new data on the characteristics and associa- completed and establishes the generic limits tions of perineal tubercles and vulval bodies, of Claytonia. In association with this, the thus facilitating identification of species. value of space-dilating strategies in numeri- Collaboration with other agencies. Super- cal classification above the species level is vision of the revision of the genus Orthocla- demonstrated. dius by a graduate student (A. Soponis) at Aquatic Biology, Hemiptera, and Carleton University continued. Cooperative Nematology taxonomic studies include aquatic insects and nematodes of the Mackenzie River system Aquatic insects. An investigation of the with Environment Canada; the root-knot host specificity of water-mite larvae on nematode with the Research Station at chironomid adults was started. Preliminary Harrow; and the root-lesion nematodes with results indicate that the adaptive radiation of the Research Station at Vineland Station. A some water-mite groups is related to certain display of the insects and nematodes occur- chironomid lineages. ring in the National Capital Area is being Hemipteru. Analyses and descriptions were prepared for the National Museum. completed for the 35 species included in a handbook on the Lygus bugs of North Coleoptera, Siphonaptera, and Arachnida America. Keys to subfamilies, genera, and Handbooks. A handbook entitled The species have been completed for handbooks Scolytidae of Canada and Alaska has been on prairie Miridae and Canadian Anthocori- submitted for publication; 213 species in 44 dae. Illustrations are being prepared for the genera are treated. Substantial progress was 183 genera to be treated in a manual of the made on the illustrations and distributional genera of Aphidoidea in Canada. Analyses data for a handbook of the fleas of Canada, of the generic limits and revisions for the Alaska, and Greenland. A provisional key to nearctic species of the leafhopper tribes the families of spiders of Canada has been Macropsini and Aphrodini are well ad- completed. vanced. This includes special reference to the host preference and host specificity of species Arachnida, The preliminary research on of Oncopsis. Generic reviews have been the spider genera Philodromus and Apollo- completed for the leafhopper genera Rose- phanes has been completed and a revision of nus, Palus, Paraphlepsius, Pendarus, and the species in Oxyptila is ready for publica- Amblysellus. A review of the world fauna of tion. A review of the taxonomic characters the beech-inhabiting aphid genus Phyllaphis used to classify genera of Tarsonemidae has was completed. It is concluded that a new been broadened into a full-scale review of species is restrictively associated with the generic and family-level concepts in the North American be"ech, Fagus grandifolia Tarsonemidae from a world standpoint. The Ehrh. results of a study of the relationships between mites and other arthropods in forest Nematology. An illustrated key being pre- floor habitats were presented at the Third pared for the Canadian species of spiral Soil Microcommunity Conference at Syra- nematodes (Helicotylenchus) includes their cuse, New York. distribution and descriptions of four new species. Studies on the distribution of the Coleoptera. The 200 or more species of the grass cyst nematode (Heterodera) in Canada bark beetle genus Pityophthorus have been and the description of a new, closely related arranged in species groups and a key for species are nearly completed. Completed distinguishing the groups has been devised; ultrastructural studies on the esophagus of a description of the species and the accumula- stylet nematode (Tylenchorhynchus) empha- tion of distributional data is continuing. sizes new structural features of the corpus, Substantial progress has been made on a metacorpus, glands, and esophagointestinal revision of the staphylinid subfamily Tachy- valve. Most significant was the finding of a porinae, with about half the genera revised.

BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 137 Research has been completed on a revision the First International Congress of System- of the 16 eastern North American species in atic and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colo. the elaterid genus Athous; two new species Biochemical and cytotaxonomic investi- are described and several new synonyms are gations were carried out on 35 species of discussed. Preparatory work on a revision of horse flies. Some progress was made on host- the hydrophilid subfamily Sphaeridiinae of parasite relationships between species com- North America has begun; 10 genera and plexes of cutworms (Euxoa spp.) and tachin- about 90 species will eventually be treated. ids (Gonia spp.). Collaboration with other agencies. The Other research on Diptera. About 15,000 postdoctorate program of Mr. J. Robillard, pieces of Canadian amber of Cretaceous age who is specializing in acarology at Carleton were collected; some 12,000 pieces were University, is being supervised by an Institute processed, yielding 470 fossil insects. A fossil scientist. ironomyiid, a rare family now known only Diptera from Australia, was described. Analysis and descriptions of about 100 fossil Ceratopo- Handbooks. Satisfactory progress was gonidae continued. A paper on the morphol- made on The Manual of the Genera of North ogy, function, and phylogenetic significance American Diptera, scheduled for completion of larval mouthparts of culicine Diptera was in 1975. A handbook on the mosquitoes of completed. Canada was about half completed. Another handbook on immature stages of tree-inhab- Experimental Taxonomy iting Diptera was drafted. Similar treatments of blood-sucking Ceratopogonidae, aphid- Biosystematics of Euxoa. The program killing Syrphidae, Chamaemyiid predators of concentrated on hybridization experiments Adelgidae, and the blow flies of Canada among three populations of E. campestris were advanced. and two populations of E. declarata, all of which had been collected in various locations Biting flies. Work continued on separate in Saskatchewan during August 1971. Mating revisions of the black fly genera Simulium, occurred in all 12 combinations and fertile Cnephia, Prosimulium, and Eusimulium, and eggs were obtained in eight. E. declarata a taxonomic treatment of the black flies of males mated more successfully with E. Iceland was about half completed. Descrip- campestris females than vice versa. Indeed, tions were prepared for larvae of many horse more fertile eggs were obtained from these flies; these were collected in British Columbia crossings than were obtained from either of and rearing of adults is in progress. the parent stocks when inbred, and the larvae Parasites and predators. Five papers on and adults were larger and more vigorous. Syrphidae were completed. Field work was However, each hybrid that has been reared completed for the tachinid fauna (50 species) to date has exhibited a marked sexual of northern Canada and descriptions were desynchronization of emergence. Pinned prepared for six species; papers were com- series of the parent stocks and the hybrid pleted on the genera Masistylum and Allo- progeny have been made for analysis of the phorocera; and progress was made on re- genitalic characters. Electrophoretic analysis visions of Periscepsia, Macquartia, and of proteins and certain enzyme systems from Palpexorista (parasites of forest Lepidop- adults and eggs of parents and progeny are tera). Descriptions were written for a number being performed. The external morphology of new genera and species of chamaemyiid of the eggs of some 30 Euxoa species has predators of aphids. been examined. Biosystematics. A comprehensive project Biosystematics of Tabanidae. Esterase paton feeding and mating behavior of insectiv- terns of flies of several species in the subfam- orous Ceratopogonidae in relation to classi- ily Tabaninae are rather similar but do differ fication was completed. A paper on the in certain areas from those in the Chrysopsi- feeding habits of adult Chironomidae was nae. However, data to date suggest that finalized, and two papers dealing with the esterase patterns reflect the habitat so that feeding habits and the origin of the non- species from two genera that occur in a single bloodsucking habit in primitive Diptera, habitat have a greater similarity in their moths, and other insects were presented at esterase patterns than do two species from

138 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 the same genus that occur in different is in preparation. A new highly aberrant habitats. genus and species of Diapriidae from Brazil was described. New structures and functions. A great diversity in the pattern of microsculpturing Other groups. Research indicated that large and in the form of the structural units within populations of the ant species Formica obscu- the pattern has been found on the cuticle of ripes Forel have a stabilizing effect on Lepidoptera larvae. The pattern appears to populations of the scale insect Toumeyella be constant within a species and has been numismaticum Pettit & McDaniel and its found to be a useful character for distingu- coccinellid predator Hyperaspis congress is ishing between some species of Euxoa, but Watson; large ant populations enable the not others. The biological significance of predator to maintain itself from year to year these patterns in terms of reflective proper- and provide effective control of the scale ties and the enhancing of cryptic or acryptic population. properties of the larvae has been examined. Faunistics. A report on studies of wind Cuticular structures that can be used to dispersal of insects in Alaska during 1966 easily and reliably sex the penultimate and and 1969, based on trapping techniques, was ultimate instars of noctuid larvae were found completed. and described. Earlier instars can also be sexed, but with somewhat more difficulty. Collaboration with other agencies. A study The ability to determine the sex of larvae has of the Provancher types of Ichneumonidae at proved to be of much value in behavioral, Universite Laval and a history of the collec- biochemical, and cytogenetic studies. tions of Provancher were completed. A study Previously undescribed peripheral neu- of the Provancher collection of Sphecoidea rosecretory cells associated with the dorsal with a review of the types was undertaken. vessel and the transverse nerves have been Lepidoptera and Trichoptera found in larvae of several Euxoa species. Differences in the number of cells within Handbooks. Two handbooks were started each neurosecretory cell mass are being in 1972, one devoted to the cutworm moths examined for species specificity. Morpholog- of Ontario and Quebec and the other to the ical distinctions, sufficient to distinguish lepidopterous leaf miners of temperate between species in some cases, have been North America. Both works are well ad- found in the hemocytes from 24 species of vanced. noctuid larvae. Part III of the Guide to the Geometridae of Canada is in preparation. This part qeals Hymenoptera with several pests of economic importance Parasitic wasps. Thirty-one new North such as the linden looper, Erranis tiliaria American and one European species of the (Hare.), and the spring cankerworm, Pa- braconid genera Leiophron Nees and Periste- leacrita vernata (Peck). nus Foerster, parasitic on plant bugs of the A list' of 50 Canadian species of a caddis family Miridae, were described and details fly genus (Limnephilus) has been prepared on biology, and on collecting and rearing and the distribution of each established. methods, were obtained. Two economic Faunal monographs. Work continues on species of the braconid genus Microctonus the pyralid part of Moths of America North Wesmael, parasitic on weevils, were de- of Mexico. The first of two fascicles dealing scribed, one from Britain and one from with the Pyraustinae is in preparation. Argentina. Some species of the braconid genus Meteorus were transferred to Zemiotes, Taxonomy. Moths of the pyralid genera tribe Zelini. A new subgenus and two Nearc- Diaphania, Polygram modes, and Anomobia tic species of the chalcid genus Derostenus were studied at the British Museum and Westwood were described. The North Amer- other museums. A world revision of these ican species of Chrysocharis Foerster were and closely related moths is in preparation. A reviewed; two subgenera were recognized, study is in progress of the larvae of 10 Kratochviliana with 15 new species, and species of the genus Tetralopha (Pyralidae). Chrysocharis with 6 new species. A key to Studies of the species groups punctigera, and review of approximately 350 genera of terrena, and misturata of the cutworm genus Scelionidae and Platygasteridae of the world Euxoa are nearing completion.

BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 139 Mycology rusts and 97 hosts, throws much light on Ascomycetes. Light and electron micros- relative age of various genera and sections of copy elucidated the structure of the ascus the hosts, and occasionally supports the apex of Ciboria acerina Whetzel & Buchwald redisposition of anomalously classified spe- ex Groves & Elliott of the family Sclerotini- cies. A comparative study of the grass rusts acea, a large group of seed- and fruit- throws light on the composition and interre- infecting Discomycetes. The ascus structure is lationships of the grass tribes. A cytological a useful taxonomic character and is function- investigation of the rust Roestelia brucensis ally important in the forcible discharge and Parmelee on juniper showed that this is a true repeating aecial species. The dicaryotic dissemination of infectious ascospores. In cooperation with Dr. G. Ouelette, Canadian nuclear condition prevails throughout the Forestry Service (CFS), Sainte-Foy, Que., complete cycle. This condition is known in work was concluded on the reassessment of other rusts, but this is the first demonstration of it in Roestelia. the genus Tympanis in which 38 species were recognized. These are mainly canker orga- Basidiomycetes, Hymenomycetes. A world nisms of orchards and forests. In a joint monograph was concluded for the genus study with the CFS at Victoria, and the Merulius, including nearly 400 names and University of Manitoba, on needle blight incorporating results of natural collections organisms of spruce and fir, a new genus and and studies of pure cultures. Cultural charac- three new species were described. Among the teristics were extremely important in deter- contributions to Fungi Canadenses were mining species relationships. Serology was three species of Marsonnina that cause leaf used to confirm the distinctions between spots of poplars, and a Pleiochaeta that is some morphologically similar species of very destructive of lupines in the United Gloeophyllum and Fomes. Genetic data gov- States as far north as Alabama; it was erning compatibility of a number of Hyme- recently discovered in Canada. With J. D. nomycetes were critically reexamined and Smith, of the Research Station at Saskatoon, some new interpretations given for the basis work was concluded on 10 bromegrass para- of compatibility. Additional isolations were sites, 5 of which were new records for made of sclerotium-producing fungi, Canada; only 2 of the 10 had previously Serpula, Typhula, and allies, including the been recorded on bromegrasses in Saskatche- rarely seen naturally formed sclerotia of wan. A total of 33 air-borne fungi were Serpula pinastri (Fr.) W.B. Cooke. Work on identified and illustrated from spore trap- mushrooms was concentrated on the prepa- pings made over bromegrass crops. Work ration of an illustrated manual on lawn was concluded on type studies of 65 species mushrooms occurring in Canada, to aid in of Massaria. Most of the Canadian Hy- the identification of the most commonly poxylon species have been collected and collected edible and poisonous species. studied in pure culture. Illustrated descriptions are in preparation. The canker orga- Fungi Imperjecti. Six species of Spadi- nism found on Russian olive (Elaeagnus coides known in Canada were included in the angustifolia L.) proved to be Phomopsis first fascicle of Fungi Canadenses. Continued elaeagni (Carter & Saccamano) Arnold & studies on sooty molds confirmed the regular Carter and was recorded in Canada for the pleomorphy and bring order into a hitherto first time. A species of Botrytis has been confused group. A joint project with the found causing wilting of Erythronium ameri- University of Waterloo was completed on II canum Ker in the Ottawa area. Although species of Hyphomycetes referrable to Cha- many Botrytis species correlate to Botry- lara and a new genus Fusichalara. otinia, no discomycetous state has been found in nature or developed in artificial Phycomycetes. Olpidium brassicae (Wor.) Dang., a zoosporic fungus and vector of culture. The last of three seasons of field work for collecting powdery mildews (Erysi- several plant virus diseases, has been recov- ph ales) in Ontario was carried out at Black ered from the main carrot-growing areas of Sturgeon Lake. Ontario and Quebec. There are different strains of this fungus, but no correlation Basidiomycetes: rusts and smuts. A tax- between the virulent "carrot" strain and onomic-ecogeographic study of rusts (Puc- carrot rusty root disease in. Ontario. Zoo- cinia spp.) on Saxifragaceae, covering 33 sporic fungi and Pythium species are being

140 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 investigated in cooperation with the Ottawa crop loss in Ontario. Ultrastructural studies Research Station as possible vectors of wheat on zoospores of four fungi have shown spindle streak mosaic, a virus that causes fundamentally different zoospore types.

PUBLICAnONS

Research Boyes, J. W., and Shewell, G. E. 1973. Cytotaxon- omy of Bombyliidae (Diptera). Can. J. Genet. Barr, D. J. S. 1973. Six Rhizophydium species & Cytol. 15:21-37. (Chytridiales) in culture. Can. J. Bot. 51 :967- 975. Bright, D. E. 1973. Xy/eborus howdenae, new name, and some corrections to "The Scolytidae and Bassett, I. J. 1973. The plantains of Canada. Can. Platypodidae of Jamaica". Coleopt. Bull. Dep. Agric. Monogr. 7. 47 pp. 27:18. 1973. Bassett, I. J., and Crompton, C. W. The Bright, D. E., and Stark, R. W. 1973. Bark and genus Atrip/ex (Chenopodiacea) in Canada ambrosia beetles of California (Coleoptera: A. and Alaska. III. Three hexaploid annuals: Scolytidae). Calif. Insect Surv. Bull. 16: 1-169. subspicata, A. gmelinii and A. a/askensis. Can. J. Bot. 51:1715-1723. Byers, .I. R., and Anderson, R. V. 1973. Morphol- ogy and ultrastructure of the intestine in a Baum, B. R. 1972. Material for an international oat plant-parasitic nematode, Ty/enchorhynchus register. Can. Dep. Agric. Publ., Information dubius. J. Nematol. 5:28-37. Canada, Ottawa. 266 pp. Campbell, 1. M. 1973. A revision of the genus Baum, B. R. 1973. The concept of relevance in Tachinomorphus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) taxonomy with special emphasis on automatic of North and Central America. Can. Entomol. classification. Taxon 22:329-332. 105: 1015-1034. Baum, B. R. 1973. The genus Danthoniastrum, about its circumscription, past and present Campbell, J. M. 1973. New species and records of status, and some taxonomic principles. Osterr. New World Micropeplinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Can. Entomol. 105:569-576. Bot. Z. 122:51-57. Baum, B. R. 1973. Extrapolation of the predomes- Campbell, J. M. 1973. A revision of the genus ticated hexaploid cultivated oats. Evolution Taehinus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of 27:518-523. North and Central America. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. No. 90. 137 pp. Baum, B. R., and Findlay, J. N. 1973. Preliminary studies in the taxonomy of Danthonia in Campbell, J. M. 1973. A new ecitophilous species Canada. Can. J. Bot. 51 :437-450. of Ecitoxenia Wasmann (Coleoptera, Staph- ylinidae) from Colombia. Papeis Avulsos Baum, B. R., and Lefkovitch, L. P. 1973. A Zool. 27:27-30. numerical taxonomic study of phylogenetic and phenetic relationships in some cultivated Chong, 1., and Barr, D. J. S. 1973. Zoospore oats, using known pedigrees. Syst. Zool. development and fine structures in Phlycto- 22: 118-13 I. chytrium arcticum (Chytridiales). Can. J. Bot. 51:1411-1420. Baum, B. R., Rajhathy, T., and Sampson, D. R. 1973. An important new diploid Avena species Cody, W. J., and Boivin, B. 1973. Purple discovered on the Canary Islands. Can. J. Bot. coneflower, Echinacea purpurea, in Ontario. 51 :759-762. Can. Field Nat. 87(1):70. Borch, H., and Schmid, F. 1973. On Ornithoptera Corbet, P. S., and Danks, H. V. 1973. Seasonal priamus cae/estis Rothschild, demophanes emergence and activity of mosquitoes (Dip- Fruhstorfer and boisduvali Montrouzier (Pa- tera: Culicidae) in a high-arctic locality. Can. pilionidae).1. Lepid. Soc. 27: 196-205. Entomol. 105:837-872. Botosaneanu, L., et Schmid, F. 1973. Les Trichop- Corlett, M., Hughes, S. 1., and Kaufert, M. 1973. teres du Musee d'Histoire naturelle de Geneve. New Zealand fungi. 19. Centrum organisation Rev. suisse Zool. 80:221-256. in some Euantennariaceae and Metacapnodi- aceae. N.Z. 1. Bot. 11:213-230. Bottimer, L. 1. 1973. Two new American bruchids in the Sordidus group of Stator (Coleoptera: Corlett, M. 1973. Surface structure of the conidium Bruchidae) with notes on other species. Can. and conidiophore of Stemphylium botryosum. Entomol. 105:545-55 I. Can. 1. Microbiol. 19:392-393.

BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 141 Danks, H. V., and Corbet, P. S. 1973. Sex ratios at Hardwick, D. F. 1973. A new species of Euxoa emergence of two species of high-arctic Aedes (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resembling Euxoa (Diptera: Culicidae). Can. Entomol. 105:647- obeliscoides.Can. Entomol. 105:75-78. 65 I. Hardwick, D. F. 1973. A new species of Schinia Danks, H. V., and Corbet, P. S. 1973. A key to all (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Steens Mt., stages of Aedes nigripes and A. impiger (Dip- Oregon. Can. Entomol. 105: 1003-1004. tera: Culicidae) with a description of first- instar larvae and pupae. Can. Entomol. Hudson, A. 1973. Biosystematics in the genus 105:367-376. Euxoa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Can. Ento- mol. 105:1199-1209. Dondale, C. D. 1972. Laboratory breeding between European and North American popu- Hughes, S. 1. 1973. Antennatula shawiae n. sp. lations of the spider Philodromus rufus Trans. Mycol. Soc. India I: 1-4. Walckenaer (Araneida: Thomisidae). Bull. Brit. Arachnol. Soc. 2:49-52. Hughes, S. J., and Nag Raj, T. R. 1973. New Zealand fungi: 20. Fusichalara gen. nov. N.Z. Dondale, C. D. 1972. Effects of carbofuran on 1. Bot. 11:661-671. arthropod populations and crop yield in hay- fields. Can. Entomol. 104: 1433-1437~ Ivanochko, M. 1973. An evaluation of some of the factors that may contribute to proliferation of Dondale, C. D., and Redner, J. H. 1972. A braconid parasites. Proc. Entomol. 'Soc. Ont. synonym proposed in Periomones, a synonym 102:109-114. rejected in Walchenaera, and a new species described in Cochlembolus (Araneida: Erigoni- Kevan, P. G. 1973. Parasitoid wasps as flower dae). Can. Entomol. 104: 1643-1647. visitors in the Canadian High Arctic. Anz. Dondale, C. D., Redner, J. H., and Semple, R. B. Schaedlingskd. pflanzenschutz 46(1):3-7. 1972. DieI activity periodicities in meadow Kevan, P. G., Grainger, N. D., Mulligan, G. A., arthropods. Can. J. Zool. 50: 1155-1163. and Robertson, A. R. 1973. A gray-scale for Dondale, C. D., and Hegdekar, B. M. 1973. The measuring reflectance and color in the insect contact sex pheromone of Pardosa lapidicina and human visual spectra. Ecology 54:924- Emerton (Araneida: Lycosidae). Can. J. Zool. 926. • 51:400-40 I. Lafontaine, 1. D. 1973. Eastern North American Downes, J. A. 1973. Lepidoptera feeding at pud- species of Antispila (Lepidoptera: Heliozeli- dle-margins, dung, and carrion. J. Lepid. Soc. dae) feeding on Nyssa and Cornus. Can. 27:89-99. Entomol. 105:991-994. Dumais, J.,.Perron, J.-M., and Dondale, C. D. Lindquist, E. E. 1973. Observations on the generic 1973. Elements du comportement sexuel chez classification of Tarsonemid mites (Prostig- Pardosa xerampelina (Keyserling) (Araneida: mata). Pages 293-296 in Proc. 3rd Int. Congr. Lycosidae). Can. J. Zool. 51:265-271. Acarol., Prague. Findlay, J. N., and McNeill, J. 1973. IOPB chro- Loan, C. C., and Bilewicz-Pawinska, T. 1973. mosome number reports: XL. Taxon 22:285- Systematics and biology of four Polish species 291. of Peristenus Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconi- dae, Euphorinae). Environ. Entomol. 2:271- Gillett, J. M., Bassett, I. J., and Crompton, C. W. 278. 1973. Pollen morphology and its relationship to the taxonomy of North America Trifolium Loan, C. c., Drea, J. J., Dysart, R. 1., and Coles, L. species. Pollen & Spores 15:91-108. W. 1972. Microctonus stel/eri (Hymenoptera: Ginns, 1. H. 1973. Coniophora: study of 22 type Braconidae, Euphorinae), a new parasite of specimens. Can. J. Bot. 51:249-259. the alfalfa weevil introduced into the United States. Can. Entomol. 104:1445-1456. Hardwick, D. F., and Lefkovitch, L. P. 1973. Species separation in the declarata group of Loan, C. c., and Matthews, R. 1973. Cosmophorus the genus Euxoa, a computer analysis based capeki n. sp. from New York (Hymenoptera: on structural characters. Can. Entomol. Braconidae: Euphorinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. 105:501-508. Wash. 75:205-208. Hardwick, D. F. 1973. A synopsis of the albipen- Loan, C. c., and New, T. R. 1972. An account of nis-lil/ooet-declarata series of the genus Euxoa the North American species of Euphoriel/a (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with descriptions of Ashmead with descriptions of seven new a new species and a new subspecies. Can. species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Euphori- Entomol. 105:493-500. nae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 102:92-108.

142 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Loan, C. C., and Thompson, L. S. 1972. Pygostolus Munroe, E. 1973. A new genus and species of falcatus found in Prince Edward Island (Hy- Odontiinae from Arkansas (Lepidoptera: Pyr- menoptera: Braconidae, B1acinae). Can. Ento- alidae). Can ..Entomol. 105:669-671. mol. 104:779-780. Munroe, E. 1973. A supposedly cosmopolitan Malloch; D. 1973. Ascospore sculpturing in insect: The celery webworm and allies, genus Morchella (Ascomycetes: Pezizales). Can. 1. Nomophila HUbner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Bot. 51: 1519-1520. Pyraustinae). Can. Entomol. 105:177-216. Malloch, D., and Benny, G. L. 1973. California Munroe, E. 1973. A new species of Trischistogna- Ascomycetes: Four new species and a new tha from Venezuela (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: record. Mycologia 65:648-660. Evergestinae). Can. Entomol. 105: 1081-1083. Malloch, D., and Cain, R. F. 1973. The Tricho- Munroe, E. 1973. A new genus for Noctueliopsis comaceae (Ascomycetes): synonyms in recent radialis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Odontiinae). publications. Can. J. Bot. 51:1647-1648. Can. Entomol. 105:1361-1362. Malloch, D., and Cain, R. F. 1973. The genus Mutuura, A., and Munroe, E. 1973. American Thielavia. Mycologia 65: 1055-1077. species of Dioryctria (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). McAlpine, J. F. 1973. A fossil ironomyiid fly from IV. The Schuetzeella group and the taxonomic Canadian amber (Diptera: lronomyiidae). status of the spruce cone moth. Can. Entomol. Can. Entomol. 105: 105-111. 105:653-668. McGuffin, W. C. 1973. The Rheumaptera of North New, T. R., and Loan, C. C. 1972. Records of America (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Can. Psocoptera collected near Belleville, 'Ontario. Elltomol. 105:383-398. Proc. Entomol. Soc. ant. 102: 16-23. McNeill, J. 1973. Gypsophila and Stellaria: an Ohira, H., and Becker, E. C. 1973. Elateridae unexpected problem in generic delimitation. (Coleoptera) from the Canadian Nepal Expe- Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 32:389-395. dition (1967). 2. Descriptions of four new species of Glyphonyx and Parhemiops with a McNeill, J. 1973. Lewisia triphylla (S. Watson) new record for Hemiops jlava (Lap. de Cast.). Robinson and Spraguea umbellata Torrey, a Orient. Insects 6:135-140. new species for Canada. Syesis 6: 179-181. Ohira, H., and Becker, E. C. 1973. Elateridae Milliron, H. E. 1973. A monograph of the Western (Coleoptera) from the Canadian Nepal Expe- Hemisphere bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Api- dition (1967). 3. Descriptions of new species dae; Bombinae): II. The genus Megabombus and records of Dima, Penia, and Neocsikia subgenus Megabombus. Mem. Entomol. Soc. new genus. Orient. Insects 6:531-537. Can. No. 89. 237 pp. Ohira, H., and Becker, E. C. 1973. Elateridae Milliron, H. E. 1973. A monograph of the Western (Coleoptera) from the Canadian Nepal Expe- Hemisphere bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Api- dition (1967). 4. Descriptions of new species dae; Bombinae). III. The genus Pyrobombus, and records of the subfamilies Negastriinae subgenus Cullumanobombus. Mem.Entomol. and Hypnoidinae. Orient. Insects 7:69-77. Soc. Can. No. 91. pp. 239-333. Parmelee, 1. A., and Coriett, M. 1973. Develop- Mulligan, G. A. 1973. A clarification of the ment of the aecium and nuclear condition of chromosome number situation in Sanguisorba Roestelia brucensis. Rep. Tottori Mycol. Inst. canadensis. Can. J. Bot. 51:2075-2077. 10:189-201. Mulligan, G. A., and Cody, W. J. 1973. 10PB Pirozynski, K. A., and Hodges, C. S., Jr. 1973. chromosome number reports: XL. Taxon New Hyphomycetes from South Carolina. 22:290-291. Can. J. Bot. 51: 157-173. Mulligan, G. A., and Kevan, P. G. 1973. Color, Pirozynski, K. A. 1973. Three hyperparasites of brightness, and other floral characteristics Ascomycetes. Mycologia 35:761-767. attracting insects to the blossoms of some Canadian weeds. Can. J. Bot. 51: 1939-1952. Richards, W. R. 1973. Aulacorthum rhusifoliae (Homoptera: Aphididae), a new poison ivy Mulvey, R. H. 1973. Morphology of the terminal inhabiting aphid from Ontario. Can. Entomol. areas of white females and cysts of the genus 105:173-174. Heterodera (s.g. Globodera). J. Nematol. 5:303-311. Salkeld, E. H. 1973. The chorionic architecture and shell structure of Amanthes c-nigrum (Lepi- Mulvey, R. H. 1973. Nematodes of the family dcptera: Noctuidae). Can. Entombl. 105: 1-10. Mononchidae (Dorylaimida: Mononchoidea) from Sable Island, Canada. Can. J. Zool. Savile, D. B. O. 1973. Rusts that pass import 51:237-242. inspection. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53: 105-106.

BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 143 Savile, D. B. O. 1973. Fungal spores: their libera- Wilkinson, C. 1973. Computers in biology. Can. tion and dispersal. Mycologia 65:259-263. Entomol. 105:1193-1197. Savile, D. B. O. 1973. Aeciospore types in Puccinia Wu, L.-Y., and Townshend, J. L. 1973. Paratylen- and Uromyces attacking Cyperaceae, Junca- chus tateae n. sp. (Paratylenchinae, Nema- ceae and Poaceae. Rep. Tottori Mycol. Inst. toda). Can. 1. Zool. 51: 109-111. 10:225-241. Yoshimoto, C. M. 1973. Review of North Ameri- Savile, D. B. O. 1973. A variety of Puccinia can Chrysocharis (Kratochviliana) (Eulophi- centaureae on Centaurea diffusa. Can. J. Bot. dae: Chalcidoidea) north of Mexico, especially 51: 1077-1078. species attacking birch casebearer (Lepidop- Schmid, F. 1973. Sur quelques sous-especes tera: Coleophoridae) and birch leafminer d'Orithoptera victoriae (Lepidoptera, Papilion- (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Can. Ento- idae). II. Can. Entomol. 105:701-708. mol. 105:1309-1349. Sewell, R. 1973. Plant-parasitic nematodes from Miscellaneous Canada and abroad, 1971. Can. Plant Dis. Surv.53:34-35. Arnold, 1. W. 1973. Blood or hemolymph cells: Insects: respiration and circulation. Fed. Am. Small, E. 1973. Photosynthetic ecology of normal Soc. Exp. BioI. and variegated Aegopodium podagraria. Can. J. Bot. 51: 1589-1592. Barr, D. J. S. 1973. The use and misuse of pine pollen in chytrid research. No. 532, p. 65. 24th Small, E., and Beckstead, H. D. 1973. Cannabinoid Annu. ALB.S. meeting of Biological Societies. phenotypes in 350 stocks of Cannabis. Lloydia 36:144-165. Biosystematics Research Institute. 1973. Fungi Canadenses. Elliott, M. E. Ciboria betu/icola, Small, E., and Beckstead, H. D. 1973. Common No. I. Hughes, S. J. Spadicoides bina, No.4; cannabinoid phenotypes in Cannabis. Nature S. atra, No.5; S. obovata, No.6; S. grovei, (Lond.) 245: 147-148. NO.7; S. klotzchii, No.8; S. canadensis, No. Smetana, A. 1973. A note of the genus Bohemiel- 9. Malloch, D. Agaricus semotus, No.2; /ina Mach. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Can. Inocybe dulcamara, NO.3. Pirozynski, K. A Entomol. 105:351-352. Microthynum macrosporum, No. 10. Smetana, A 1973. Eine neue Art der Gattung Boivin, B. 1973. Marcel Raymond, 1915-1972. Thinobius Kiesw. aus der slowakei (Col. Taxon 22:275-278. Staphylinidae). Entomol. BI. BioI. Syst. Kaefer Boivin, B. 1973. Lionel Cinq-Mars, 1919-1973. 69:42-46. Can. Bot. Assoc. Bull. 6(4):3-4. Smetana, A. 1973. Ueber einige von Dr. M. Cody, W. J. 1973. Ram's-head lady's-slipper. Blue Bernhauer beschriebene Gabrius-Arten (Cole- Jay 31: 180-181. optera, Staphylinidae). Nouv. Rev. Entomol. 3:125-136. Cody, W. J. 1973. Index Seminum' 1973. Plant Smetana, A. 1973. Die Leptusa-Arten der tschecho- Research Institute, Can. Dep. Agric. Publ. 37 slovakischen republik einschlieBlich Karpato- pp. ruBlands (Col., Staphylinidae). Stuttg. Beitr. Cody, W. J., and Spicer, K. W. 1973. Report on the Naturked. 255: 1-46. Vascular Plant Herbarium-I 972. Green- Vockeroth, J. R. 1973. A review of the world house-Garden-Grass 12:27-32. genera of Mydaeinae, with a revision of the Cody, W. 1., and Talbot, S. S. 1973. The pitcher species of New Guinea and Oceania (Diptera: plant, Sarracenia purpurea L. in the north- Muscidae). Pac. Insects Monogr. 29: 1-134. western part of its range. Can. Field Natur. Vockeroth, J. R. 1973. Some new or uncommon 87:318-320. Syrphini (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Southern Downes, J. A. 1973. Biting flies: the necessity for a Africa. Ann. Natal. Mus. 21:595-608. new systematics. Pages 115-123 in A Hudson, Vockeroth, J. R. 1973. The identity of some genera ed. Symposium on biting fly control and of Syrphini (Diptera: Syrphidae) described by environmental quality, Edmonton, Alta. ORB Matsumura. Can. Entomol. 105: 1075-1079. Publ. No. 217. Vockeroth, J. R. 1973. Three additional synonyms Downes, J.A. 1973. The biting midges (Diptera: of Allograpta (Diptera: Syrphidae). Can. En- Ceratopogonidae) as predators. Proc. Ento- tomoI.105:1101-1104. mol. Soc. Onto 102:181. Weresub, L. K. 1973. Oidium (Fungi) nom. cons. Ginns, J. H. 1973. An extraordinary fungus, the prop. Taxon 22:696-70 I. giant puffball. Trail & Landscape 7: 104-105.

144 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Hudson, A., ed. 1973. Proceedings of a symposium Shetler, S. G. et al. (incl. J. McNeill). 1973. A guide on biting fly control and environmental qual- for contributors to Flora North America ity, Edmonton, Alta. DRB Pub I. No. 217. (FNA). FNA Report 65, Smithsonian Inst., Washington. McNeill, J. 1973. The sixth annual conference on numerical taxonomy, Philadelphia, October Slykhuis, J. T., and Barr, D. J. S. 1973. Wheat 1972. Syst. Zool. 22: 185-190. spindle streak mosaic. Can. Agric. 18(2): 18. 20. Moore, R. J. 1973. Index to plant chromosome numbers 1967-1971. Regnum Veg. 90:539. Small, E. 1972. The hemp problem in Canada. Peterson, B. V. 1973. Discussion-Biological con- Greenhouse-Garden-Grass 11:46-52. trol of biting flies. Pages 89-92 in A. Hudson, ed. Symposium on biting fly control and Yoshimoto, C. M. 1973. Biography of Dr. Herbert environmental quality, Edmonton, Alta. DRB Milliron, "Busy as a Bumblebee". Bull. Ento- Publ. No. 217. mol. Soc. Can. 5:90-91.

BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 145

Chemistry and Biology Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

G. FLEISCHMANN,B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Director J. W. ROUAIT, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Assistant Director M. G. BOITEN(Mrs.) Administrative Officer

Agricultural Microbiology

L. R. BARRAN,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cell membrane biochemistry C. MADHOSINGH,B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Enzymology of pathogenic fungi R. W. MILLER,B.S., Ph.D. Fungal metabolism and enzymology E. A. PETERSON,B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Rhizosphere fungi R. B. PRINGLE,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., FAA.A.S. Host-specific toxins J. W. ROUAIT, B.SA, M.Sc., Ph.D. Rhizosphere bacteria and culture collection' E. F. SCHNEIDER,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Rest period and dormancy

Cell Bioengineering

R. M. BEHKI,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant cell transformation S. M. LESLEY,B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D. Plant cell hybridization; anther culture

.Environmental Chemistry

R. GREENHALGH,B.Sc., Ph.D. Organophosphorus insecticides M. IHNAT,B.Sc., Ph.D. Inorganic chemistry S. U. KHAN,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Herbicides W. D. MARSHALL,B.Sc., Ph.D. Fungicides; analytical methods J. G. SAHA,B.Sc., M.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. Organochlorine and carbamate insecticides J. C. YOUNG,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Analytical organic chemistry

CHEMISTRYANDBIOLOGYRESEARCHINSTITUTE 147 Winterhardiness

C. J. ANDREWS, B.Sc., Ph.D. Winter survival of seed F. D. H. MACDOWALL, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Frost damage; chloroplast membrane M. K. POMEROY, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Frost resistance; biochemistry and cytology D. SIMINOVITCH,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., Ph.D., Frost hardiness; lipids and F.R.S.C. membrane J. C. SIROIS, B.A., RSc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Growth regulators

Host-Parasite Relationships

L. N. CHIYKOWSKI,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Leafhopper-transmitted viruses Y. C. PALIWAL, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Transmission by aphids and microscopic v~ctors R. C. SINHA, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Virus and mycoplasma vector relationships

Agrometeorology Research and Service

W. BAIER, Diplomlandwirt, Dr. agr., M.Sc. Head; Agrometeorology R. L. DESJARDINS, B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D. Micrometeorology S. N. EDEY, B.Sc. Climatology H. N. HAYHOE, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Biomathematics C. E. OUELLET, B.A., B.Sc.A., M.Sc. Ecoclimatology and plant survival W. K. SLY, B.A. Applications G. D. V. WILLIAMS, B.S.A., M.A. Agroclimatology

Analytical Chemistry Services

D. A. SHEARER, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., F.C.I.C. Head R. GREENHALGH, B.Sc., Ph.D. Advisor; Instrumentation Centre

Electro~ Microscope Centre

G. H. HAGGIS, B.Sc., Ph.D. Head J. BRONSKILL(Miss), B.A., Ph.D. Postal service Y. C. PALIWAL, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Advisor

148 RESEARCHBRANCHREPORT 1973 VISITING SCIENTISTS

J. KOVACICOVA, BSc., Ph.D. Organophosphorus insecticides Research Institute of Agrochemical Technology, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia

National Research Council postdoctorate fellows. 1973-74

H. R. DAVIDSON, B.Sc., Ph.D. Agrometeorology J. SINGH, B.Sc., Ph.D. Winterhardiness; biochemistry

CHEMISTRYAND BIOLOGYRESEARCHINSTITUTE 149 INTRODUCTION

The Chemistry and Biology Research Institute was enlarged in 1973 by the addition of the Agrometeorology Research and Service, formerly part of the Plant Research Institute. An Environmental Chemistry section, consisting of the former Pesticide Residue and Chemical Methodology sections, was also established this year to provide the Research Branch with the capacity to react to environmental problems in the field of agriculture. The chemical services provided by the Institute to Branch establishments were combined under the Analytical Chemistry Services. These include: the Technological Services Unit, the Instrumentation Centre, Amino Acid Analysis Laboratory, Microchemical Laboratory, and Pesticide Residue Laboratory. This report records the highlights of our progress in research and analytical services provided during 1973. Detailed information is available in the published papers listed at the end of the report. Reprints are available on request from the Chemistry and Biology Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, OntoKIA OC6.

G. Fleischmann Director

AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY Metabolic Control of Sterol Synthesis

Alfalfa Inhibitor of Fusarium Growth An inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis obtained from mitochondria of starved rats' A relatively rapid (4-h) bioassay technique liver inhibited sterol synthesis in Fusarium. It has been developed for determining the was purified 20-fold by acid precipitation at concentration and purity of a growth inhib- pH 3 of the tryptic digest on the nondialy- itor of Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. ex- zable part of the mitochondrial extract. This tracted from alfalfa roots. It is applicable precipitate has the characteristics of a low- also to studies on the effect of such things as molecular-weight conjugated peptide and toxins and pesticides on the growth of also inhibited hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Fusarium spp. The assay is based on the reductase in preparations from rat livers, unique sensitivity of the germ-tube initials to yeasts, and F. oxysporum. adverse conditions, subsequent to preserving a uniformly germinating batch of homogeneous microconidia. . Formation of Chlamydospores in Fusarium

Light Effects on Sterols and Fusarium Survival During differentiation of Fusarium conid- ial cells to chlamydospores, a previously Qualitative and quantitative gas-liquid undescribed functional organelle is formed chromatograph assays were made of the free in the endoplasmic reticulum. The organelle, sterols in the mycelia. Eleven different sterols which has a unit limiting membrane, begins were separated; the major one was ergos- development before there are other recogniz- terol. able changes in the cells. It attains a complete Studies have not yet established definite stage of development and contains vesicles correlations between sterol content, age of and other microbodies before the chlamydo- mycelia, and temperature tolerance. spores are fully formed. In vitro studies have demonstrated the As the thick-walled chlamydospores ma- photooxidation of cholesterol and ergosterol ture, the contents of the organelles become to their respective peroxides under the effect granular and closely resemble a vacuole. The of light (380-nm light emitted from a 150-W granular substance is thought to be derived medium pressure mercury lamp) with por- from the vesicles and microbodies that phyrin mediating the peroxidation. Sterol formed within the organelle. The formation peroxides have been shown to be destructive of the organelle and its breakdown parallel to certain cells. chlamydospore development.

150 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Cell Wall Studies of Fusarium sulphureum Helminthosporium. A number of new toxic metabolites were isolated; the most interest- Pure cell walls of F. sulphureum Schlecht. ing one is victoxinine, a nitrogen-containing were isolated and the chemical composition sesquiterpenoid base, which had been identi- was studied. The cell-wall lipid, fatty acid, fied some years before as a component of the amino acid, amino sugars, and neutral sugar host-specific toxin of H. victoriae Mehan & contents were determined. The inner part of Murphy. This compound will kill wheat the cell wall was found to be composed plants at a concentration as low as 200 JL g/ mainly of chitin. ml. In addition, several peptide conjugates of Cell Transport Studies of Fusarium victoxinine were identified among the various sulphureum strains that were tested. These compounds are analogues, in a chemical sense, of the H. The transport systems for phenylalanine victoriae toxin. Several compounds with and lysine uptake in conidia were character- ionophore properties were also found in the ized with respect to kinetics of uptake, metabolism solutions and mycelial mats of specificity, and the effect of respiratory H. sativum. They are able to transport a inhibitors. The respective permeases were highly polar ion, such as K +, from an found to be relatively nonspecific for amino aqueous environment into a nonaqueous acid uptake. phase such as lipid and are able to kill plants by causing the leakage of essential ions from Membrane Studies their cells. Electron spin labeling studies of membranes of conidia and mycelia of Fusarium Root Rot of Cereal Crops spp. are in progress. Information has been A study of interactions between Cochliob- obtained on the identity of key membrane olus sativus (Ito & Kurib.) Drechsl. ex Dastur components and on alterations in membrane and microorganisms from the root zone of structure that are necessary for survival of two varieties of wheat that differ in common the pathogen in the dormant state. Consider- root-rot reaction showed that actinomycetes able experience in the field of electron spin from both varieties have the capacity to labeling has been developed through attend- stimulate growth of the root-rot pathogen by ance at workshops and scientific meetings. production of volatile metabolites. Some species of root-zone fungi common to both Biological Oxidation varieties may also enhance growth of C. A special reagent was developed for iden- sativus in a similar manner, but other species tification of the sites of formation of acti- tend to restrict its growth. vated forms of oxygen in aerobic metabolism. The reagent specifically reacts with free-radical forms of oxygen and provides a CELL BIOENGINEERING method for the quantitative determination of the concentration of such unstable radicals. Cell Transformation The enzyme (superoxide dismutase) responsi- A requirement exists for plant cell DNA ble for the removal of such radicals has been containing a 14C or 3H label of high specific characterized in Fusarium. This enzyme activity to be used in experiments on genetic plays an important role in protection against transformation of other plant cells. The toxic products of endogenous metabolism of limited incorporation of the commonly used the dormant spore and is a site of possible DNA precursor 2_14C thymidine into plant attack by agents that might lead to control of cells growing in liquid suspension cultures the fungus. was shown to be caused by a very active pyrimidine phosphorylase found to be local- Host-specific Toxins ized in the cell wall. The first degradation Seventy isolates of Helminthosporium sa- product, thymine, is rapidly metabolized tivum Pamm., King & Bakke were tested for through {3-ureidoisobutyrate to {3-aminoiso- toxin production with the seedling assay butyrate (BAIB) with the loss of the label in method developed by Pringle and Braun. carbon 2 as 14C02. With a tritium label in the The metabolites produced by these 70 iso- Cs methyl position of thymidine the 3H is not lates in culture were compared with those of lost but remains, as BAIB, in the cell where it other species of host-specific toxin-producing can be mistaken for labeled DNA. Many

CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 151 pyrimidine analogues and other possible Organic inhibitors of this phosphorylase were tested and two of these will be examined further Honey bee pheromones. Volatile constitu- because they inhibit this enzyme without ents of pollen that are attractive to worker interfering with incorporation of 14C-labeled bees have been investigated. A number of thymidine into the nucleic acid of cultured attractams have been isolated and partially cells. characterized. Problems arising from the bioassay of extremely volatile compounds Haploid Plants from Anther Cultures have been overcome. The anthers of most cultivars of tobacco Field tests with natural and synthetic at- routinely yield some haploid plantlets, but tractants. Synthetic 9-oxo-trans-2-decenoic several modifications to the media and tech- acid and ether extracts of queen heads nique have not been effective in augmenting proved to be equally attractive to drones at a the success ratio. About 25 cultivars of distance from a lure. Other substances in the potato, including virus-free stock, have now heads of both virgin and mated queens been tested, but none have produced haploid caused drones to examine a lure. However, plantlets. 9-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid failed to attract drones from a distance or to affect their behavior in the presence of the oxo compound. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY The response of worker bees differed from Inorganic that of the drones, in that the synthetic oxo compound was only slightly attractive and Maleic hydrazide on tobacco and vegeta- the synthetic hydroxy compound was inac- bles. A spectrophotometric method for mea- tive. On the other hand, ether extracts of suring maleic hydrazide has been developed, whole queens or queen heads were highly which includes a preliminary distillation step attractive. These substances were more abun- to reduce levels of interfering compounds. dantly produced by mated, laying queens The recoveries of microgram amounts added than by virgin queens. to 0.5 g pipe, cigar, or flue-cured tobacco, or dry or commercial dehydrated potatoes and Pesticides carrots, ranged from 71% to 81%. The mean Methods were developed and evaluated .relative standard deviation of the analyses for determining toxaphene and diazinon in for both field-treated and fortified tobacco animal tissues and wool; dimethoate in samples containing 1-28 p,g/g was 3%. The wheat grain, straw, and rapeseed oil; Ethrel procedure has been submitted for interlab- (Amchem Products Inc.) in apples; mala- oratory study in conjunction with the Associ- thion in lettuce; and atrazine in chicken ation of Official Analytical Chemists. tissues, feces, and eggs. The methods were Analysis of selenium in foods. The fluori- subsequently used at the Institute and at metric procedure previously developed for research stations to study the persistence of determining total selenium in foods provided these pesticides in agricultural produce. excellent precision and sensitivity for the Organophosphorus insecticides. Diazinon analysis of samples containing 5-750 p, g was used on sheep in blow fly control native or added selenium. The minimal experiments. After treatment with 0.2% and detectable amount was 10 ng. 0.4% diazinon, decay curves were established A collaborative study of the method was over a 2-wk period. Pesticide levels in blood, carried out. The study involved 19 laborato- kidney, and liver fat were less than 0.02 ppm ries and 10 samples of vegetables, cereals, after 3 days. Wool showed levels in the order dairy products, meat, and fish containing of 1,000 ppm. It was impossible to correlate naturally occurring selenium. The coefficient the differences between the amount of pesti- of variation ranged from 65% at the 16-ng cide found on top, side, and bottom samples level to 5.6% at the 427-ng level. The of wool. precision and accuracy of the procedure were Levels of dimethoate and its oxon in wheat deemed acceptable, and the method was and soil were examined in connection with a adopted for official first action by the Associ- grasshopper control program. After 7 days, ation of Official Analytical Chemists. wheat plants contained less than 0.01 ppm of

152 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 dimethoate, which had been applied at 140 Herbicides. Column chromatographic tech- g/ha (2 oz/ac). niques were employed to study the interac- A method for determining Ethrel in apples tion of bipyridylium herbicides with humic involved cleanup by ion exchange chroma- and fulvic acids. Paraquat appeared to be tography followed by derivatizations as the complexed more than diquat; the amount of methyl ester. Levels of the growth regulant both was higher in humic than in fulvic acid. present in Delicious apples treated with 300 The order for increasing absorption for the ppm before being stored at lOoC for 3 mo two herbicides was the same; aluminum was were in the range 1.3 to 0.4 ppm. the strongest. Evidence was obtained for the The uptake of fenitrothion by pine seeds involvement of ion exchange and change was studied, and transportation through the transfer mechanism in the absorption seed coat and endosperm was established. process. After 10-12 days germination, two possible The equilibrium data resulting from metabolites were identified and characterized studies of the adsorption of 2,4-D and by gas chromatography. These were the picloram on humic acid followed the Freud- fenitrooxon and the S-methyl isomer. The lich type of isotherm. Kinetic data indicated oxon was the result of microsomal oxidation, a physical type of adsorption, with the rate- whereas the S-methyl isomer is thought to determining step for the initial period being arise from dealkylation by glutathione alkyl the diffusion of the herbicide molecules to transferase followed by alkylation. . the humic acid surface. At longer time Chemical derivatization studies with pesti- intervals, the rate-determining step was cides were continued. In compounds with an thought to be intraparticle diffusion of the aryl nitro moiety, e.g., parathion, feni- herbicide molecules into the interior of the trothion, and EPN, metal-acid reduction was humic acid particles. compared with that using chromo us chloride. The latter method proved to be more suitable for residue confirmation. WINTERHARDINESS Organochlorine insecticides. Work on the metabolism of the radioactive compounds in Levels of Unsaturation of Membrane wheat plants was completed. About 39% of Lipids During Frost Hardening the radioactivity in wheat plants grown from lindane-14C treated seed was due to lindane Comprehensive seasonal studies in the itself and 61% due to metabolites. Several current year on changes in tree cell lipids metabolites have been identified including all during frost hardening have failed to confirm the isomers of trichlorobenzene, dicWoroben- the findings of the previous year in respect to zene, 1,2,3,5- and 1,2,3,4-tetracWorobenzene, changes in the degree of saturation of 'Y-PCCH, pentacWorobenzene, 2,4,5-tricWo- component fatty acids of these lipids. Con- rophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, and trary to the previous year's findings, rela- 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Studies on the metab- tively little increase has been observed this 4 olism of lindane.I C by stored grain showed year in the degree of unsaturation of compo- this compound is not appreciably degraded nent fatty acids of the membrane lipids of by stored grain. these cells during the critical stages of The persistence and translocation of tech- hardening. The results of the previous year nical chlordane, AG-cWordane, fonofos, and are being attributed tentatively to oxidation lindane were not affected by irrigation. occurring during protracted processing and Similar amounts of residues were present in storage of extracted lipids before analysis. wheat, potatoes, carrots, rapeseed, alfalfa, However; evidence of increases in total and peas whether or not the treated plots membrane lipids with hardening, which were irrigated. implies augmentation of membranes during The ingestion of lindane or Vita vax hardening, continued to be found and sub- (UniRoyal Chemical) or both by hen pheas- stantiates the findings of all previous investi- ants had no effect on the number of eggs laid gations. per bird, hatchability, or survival of the Thus in regard to the degree of unsatura- young. Vitavax was rapidly eliminated from tion of membrane lipids, the results from tree the birds' bodies and residues in eggs per- cells appear to stand in marked contrast to sisted less than a week. those from winter wheat and alfalfa wherein

CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 153 considerable unsaturation of membrane lip- Environmental Effects and Endogenous ids occurred during hardening at low temper- Processes in Hardening atures. Endogenous rhythms have. been further It is evident that in the case of tree cells the implicated in the physiological processes of underlying causes of their tolerance of the hardening in trees by the observation that extreme stresses of freezing are to be sought, hardening to temperatures of liquid nitrogen not in changes in fluidity of membranes as can be achieved in completely severed trunks such arising from increased unsaturation of of trees collected in mid-September and component fatty acids, but rather in changes maintained in the dark for 3 mo at a constant in other properties of the membranes of temperature of lOoC(50°F). which augmentation of membranes must be Dehardening of winter wheat in the field one. in the spring proceeded more rapidly under ice cover in known nonhardy cultivars than in Changes in Mitochondria and hardy ones, which could account in part for Mitochondrial Membranes During the reduced winter survival of the former. Hardening Tolerance of winter wheats exposed to ice cover or ice encasement at intervals during Indications that the above considerations hardening was minimal before hardening also apply to the problem of hardiness in and increased progressively with hardening. winter wheat even where unsatutation of Total encasement had a more depressing lipids is observed during hardening were effect overall than partial ice cover on the found in the results of studies made on the final expression of the intrinsic hardiness structural and functional responses of mito- potential. Exposure of winter wheats to chondria and mitochondrial membranes of periods of mild freezing during hardening different varieties of winter wheat grown at increased the level of hardiness that was low temperatures. These studies have re- ultimately attained. vealed a depression of respiratory control ratio and phosphorylative efficiency and an Growth Regulators increase in unsaturation of the lipids respec- The peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of tively in the mitochondria and mitochondrial indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) has been shown to membranes during hardening, but both be competitively inhibited by the coumarin events appear to be unrelated to hardiness scopoletin, presumably by preferential oxida- because they occur to the same degree in all tion of the latter. Promotion of growth varieties. As in the tree cells, therefore, other observed in oat coleoptiles in media contain- changes in the membranes or cells must ing scopoletin can be explained by this account for the differences in the hardiness inhibition. Scopoletin free radicals appear to between different varieties of winter wheat. be involved and have been isolated and A temperature-dependent structural change characterized. occurring only in the mitochondrial membranes of the hardier wheats identified by spin labeling may provide a clue to one of HOST -PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS these changes. Wheat Striate Mosaic Virus Proton Magnetic Resonance Studies on Heating purified preparations of wheat Wheat striate mosaic virus (WSMV), obtained from infected wheat plants, up to 100°C for 20 Proton magnetic resonance spectrometry min in the presence of I M NaCI (pH 7.0) has been used to measure the changes in did not release the viral ribonucleic acid nonfreezable or bound water with hardening (RNA). WSMV-RNA was obtained by treat- in different varieties of winter wheat. The ing the virus with phenol. The percentage amount of bound water increased with composition of RNA was: guanine 26.4, hardening, but the increase was found to be adenine 21.3, cytosine 22.5, and uracil 29.8. as great in a less hardy spring wheat as in a The thermal inactivation point of WSMV winter wheat. Reduction in growth was noted was between 55° and 60°C as determined by to be the physiological process most respon- infectivity bioassays. Serological studies sive to low temperature during hardening. showed that WSMV-related protein can be

154 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 detected in several internal organs of virulif- agent and the aster leafhopper vector, Ma- erous leafhopper vector Endria inimica crostelesfascifrons (St~l), includes weeds and (Say), but complete virus particles could not cultivated crop plants and emphasizes the be found in any of the tissues. The concen- potential importance of the disease. tration of WSMV antigens was about the same in infected plants and leafhoppers, but Newly Discovered Vectors that of infectious entity of the virus was Athysanus argentarius Metc., a grass- higher in the latter per unit weight of tissues. feeding leafhopper, transmitted a celery- infecting strain of aster yellows from barley Southern Bean Mosaic Virus to barley. Transmission was less efficient by Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) was A. argentarius than by M. fascifrons. degraded chemically to a subviral entity Aphrodes bicincta (von Schrank), a polyph- (SVE) comprising the full complement of agous feeder, transmitted the same aster viral RNA and about one-third of the total yellows strain from celery and aster to virus protein. Unlike SBMV, SVE was unsta- Ladino clover and appeared to be a relatively ble in vitro and sensitive to ribonuclease, and efficient vector. the particles lacked discrete morphology. It appears that in SBMV particles, about two- thirds of the total protein subunits are AGROMETEOROLOGY RESEARCH arranged to constitute an outer rigid capsid, AND SERVICE which surrounds an internal "loose" complex of RNA and the remainder of the viral Agroclimatic Data protein. The first year of cooperation in data Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus acquisition through worldwide experiments organized by the Commission for Agricul- Using globulins isolated from a barley tural Meteorology of the World Meteorolog- yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) antiserum hav- ical Organization was successfully coming a titer of 1/512 (ring interface test), a pleted. Meteorological and biological data bentonite flocculation test for detecting small relative to eight varieties of wheat were amounts of antigens was standardized for collected in eight major wheat-producing BYDV. Of the several concentrations of countries according to standardized experi- globulins tested, the most sensitive bentonite- mental conditions. The participants will antibody conjugates were obtained at a obtain computer listings of these crop- globulin concentration corresponding to weather data to be used in the development about one-half the antiserum titer. Sensitized and testing of crop simulation models and bentonite detected as little as 0.9 p, g of their application to agroclimatic surveys. purified virus in O.I-ml samples. Scientists also participated, for the first year, in a second global experiment concerned Strawberry Green Petal Survey with physical measurements relative to the A coordinated survey was made in the first minimum temperature near the ground. production year of commercial fields of the These data will also become available for cultivars Redcoat, Sparkle, and Cavalier in research. Quebec and the Maritime Provinces in 1971 and 1972. The low level of infection (less Model Development than 3%) and low calculated losses indicated Ecosystem assessment. A statistical descrip- that .the disease was not of economic impor- tion of the radiation, temperature, wind, and tance for strawberries. The occurrence of the CO2 fluctuations above and within a corn disease in the Terrebonne - Deux Montagnes crop showed that CO2 enrichment under field area of Quebec suggested' a westward spread conditions would be inefficient under most of the disease. meteorological conditions because turbulent diffusion would be too active to maintain CloverPhyllody Host Range high CO2 concentration in plant canopies. Additional plant species were found sus- A system that measures the atmospheric ceptible to clover phyllody, bringing the total CO2 flux for any crop was used to measure known host range to 79 species in 22 fami- the CO2 evolution from bare soil and the lies. The wide host range of both the causal atmospheric CO2 flux above a legume hay

CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 155 Chiykowski, L. N. 1973. Factors affecting the Miller, R. W. 1973. Allosteric inhibitors. Pages infection of plants with clover phyllody agent 1-44 in Hochster, Kates, and Quastel, eds. transmitted by Macrosteles fascifrons. Ann. Metabolic inhibitors. Vol IV. Academic Press, Entomol. Soc. Am. 66:987-990. New York. Chiykowski, L. N., Colpitts, S. R., Coulombe, L. J., Miller, R. W., and Rapp, U. 1973. The oxidation Delbridge, R. W., Gourley, C. 0., Lawrence, of catechols by reduced flavins and dehydro- C. R., Murray, R. A., Santerre, J., and genases. An electron spin resonance study of Thompson, L. S. 1973. Strawberry green petal the kinetics .and initial products of oxidation. disease in Quebec and the Maritime Provinces J. BioI. Chern. 248:6084-6090. in 1971 and 1972. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53:63-66. Ouellet, C. E. 1973. Macroclimatic model for estimating monthly soil temperatures under Cochrane, W. P., Wilson, B. P., and Greenhalgh, short-grass cover in Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. R. 1973. Determination of sulphur and chlo- 53:263-274. rine containing pesticides and electrolytic conductivity detectors. J. Chromatogr. 75:207- Parups, E. V., and Peterson, E. A. 1973. Inhibition 218. of ethylene production in plant tissues by 8-hydroxyquinoline. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:351- de la Roche, I. A., Andrews, C. J., and Kates, M. 353. 1973. Changes in phospholipid composition of a winter wheat during germination at 2°C and Pomeroy, M. K., and Fowler, D. B. 1973. Use of 24°C. Plant Physiol. 51:468-473. lethal dose temperature estimates as indices of frost tolerance for wheat cold acclimated Desjardins, R. L., Sinclair, T., and Lemon, E. 1973. under natural and controlled environments. Light fluctuations in corn. Agron. J. 65:904- Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:489-494. 908. Pomeroy, M. K., de la Roche, I., and Miller, R. W. Fowler, D. B., Siminovitch, D., and Pomeroy, M. 1973. Structural and functional responses of K. 1973. Evaluation of an artificial test for wheat mitochondria to growth at low temper- frost hardiness. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:53-59. ature. Plant Physiol. 51, Suppl. 26. Greenhalgh, R., and Wood, P. J. 1973. The Pringle, R. B. 1973. Abolishment of specific toxic- detection of boron and the response of some ity of host-specific toxin of Helminthosporium boronate derivatives of carbohydrates with an carbonum by electrolytic reduction. Plant alkali flame ionization detector. J. Chro- Physiol. 51:403-404. matogr.82:41O. Rapp, U., Adams, W. c., and Miller, R. W. 1973. Haggis, G. H., and Brooks, S. 1973. Scanning Purification of superoxide dismutase from electron microscopy of rat liver. Lab. Invest. fungi and characterization of the reaction of 29:60. the enzyme with catechols by electron spin Hayhoe, H. N. 1973. Weather effects' on field resonance spectroscopy. Can. J. Biochem. 51:158-171. drying of forages-A review. Nat. Can. (Que.) 100:393-405. Rorke, M. A., Gardner, D. R., and Greenhalgh, R. Ihnat, M., Westerby, R. J., and Hoffman, I. 1973. 1973. Lethality and behavioural symptoms Determination or'maleic hydrazide residues in produced by some organophorphorus com- tobacco and vegetables. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. pounds in snails. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Chern. 56:1164-1172. Toxicol. 9:1210. Karapally, J. C., Saha, J. G., and Lee, Y. W. 1973. Saha, J., Burrage, G. H., Neilson, M. A., and Metabolism of lindane-14C in the rabbit; Sumner, A. K. 1973. Chlordane residues in ether-soluble urinary metabolites. J. Agric. potatoes grown in treated soil and their reduc- Food Chern. 21:811-818. tion by home processing. J. Econ. Entomol. 66:1125-1127. Lesley, S. M., and Behki, R. M. 1973. Sensitivity of Myxin of Escherichia coli treated with ethy- Saha, M., Sumner, A. K., and Saha, J. G. 1973. lenediaminetetraacetic acid. Can. J. Microbiol. Comparison of three extraction and cleanup 19:531-533. methods for determining. carbon-14-labeled residues from wheat plants grown in soil Macdowall, F. D. H. 1973. Growth kinetics of treated with Dyfonate-ring-14C. J. Assoc. Off. Marquis wheat. IV. Temperature dependence. Anal. Chern. 56:45-48. Can. J. Bot. 51:729-736. Schneider, E. F., and Seaman, W. L. 1973. Macdowall, F. D. H. 1973. Growth dependence of Changes in fine structure during the conver- Marquis wheat. V. Morphogenic dependence. sion of conidia cells into chlamydospores in Can. J. Bot. 51:1259-1265. Fusarium. Plant Physiol. 51:61.

158 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Sinha, R. C. 1973. Viruses and leafhoppers. Pages Edey, S. N. 1973. Climatic conditions in tobacco 493-511 in A. J. Gibbs, ed. Viruses and growing areas. The Lighter 43(1):44-45; invertebrates. North Holland Publishing Com- (2):36-37; (3):40-41; (4):44-45. pany, Amsterdam. Haggis, G. H. 1973. Curso de microscopia eletron- Sinha, R. C. 1973. Virus-like particles in salivary ica. CENA publication, Piracicaba, Brazil. 57 glands of leafhoppers Endria inimica. Virol- pp. ogy 51:244-246. Macdowall, F. D. H. 1973. Tobacco and photo- Thottappilly, G., and Sinha, R. C. 1973. Serolog- chemical air pollution. The Lighter 43(3):5-7. ical analysis of wheat striate mosaic virus and its soluble antigen. Virology 53:312-318. Macdowall, F. D. H. 1973. Protection from ozone by nitric oxide. The Lighter 43(3): 14-17. Williams, G. D. V. 1973. Estimates of prairie provincial wheat yields based on precipitation Ouellet, C. E. 1973. Plant growth-two tempera- and potential evapotranspiration. Can. J. Plant ture regimes. Can. Agric. 18(2):24-25. Sci. 53:17-30. Ouellet, C. E. 1973. Freezing temperatures in the Young, J. C., Brownlee, R. G., Rodin, J. 0., top soil layer. Soil Horiz. 14(1): 1-2. Hildebrand, D. N., Silverstein, R. M., Wood, D. L., Birch, M. C., and Browne, L. E. 1973. Saha, J. G. 1973. Biting fly control ana environ- Identification of Iinalool produced by two mental quality. Proc. Symp. Univ. Alta. Ed- species of bark beetles of the genus Ips. J. monton, May 16-18,1972. pp. 19-34. Insect Physiol. 19: 1615-1622. Siminovitch, D., de la Roche, I., and Rheaume, B. Young, J. c., Silverstein, R. M., and Birch, M. C. 1973. New net synthesis of membrane phos- 1973. Aggregation pheromone of the beetle pholipids of increased unsaturation correlated Ips con/usus: Isolation and identification. J. with development of extreme frost resistance InseCtPhysiol. 19:2273-2277. in black locust tree bark. Abstracts. Proc. Annu. Meet. Am. & Can. Soc. Plant Physiol. Miscellaneous 5"1:25. Andrews, C. J., Pomeroy, M. K., and de la Roche, Sly, W. K. 1973. Maps of derived climatic data for I. A. 1973. Cold acclimation of winter wheat agriculture. Can. Agric. 18(3):36-39. during early seedling growth. Plant Physiol. Abstr. 51:26. Williams, G. D. V. 1973. Urban expansion and the Desjardins, R. L. 1973. Plant growth-the response Canadian agroclimatic resource problem. to an everchanging environment. Can. Agric. Greenhouse-Garden-Grass 12(1):15-26." 18(3):7-9. Williams, G. D. V. 1973. The loss of good Desjardins, R. L., and Baier, W. 1973. The use of agricultural land due to urban expansion in micro meteorological techniques to evaluate Canada. In Abstracts: Canadian Association field management practices. Greenhouse-Gar- of Geographers 1973 Conference, Lakehead den-Grass 13(1): 1-5. University, Thunder Bay, Ont.

CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 159

Food Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

M. R. SAHASRABUDHE,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Acting Director J. JOANISSE Administrative Officer

Food Research Liaison

M. R. SAHASRABUDHE,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Liaison Officer

Food Processing

D. B. EMMONS,B.SA, M.S., Ph.D. Dairy technology H. W. MODLER,B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Dairy technology A. C. NUNES,B.Sc. Dairy technology D. PATON,B.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal technology C. J. RANDALL,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Meat technology R. J. WASIK,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal technology

Food Microbiology

J. A. ELLIOTT;B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Section Head; Bacteriophage R. P. SINHA,B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Microbial genetics A. R. YATES,2B.S.A., Ph.D. Milk quality

Food Chemistry

W. A. MCGUGAN,B.S.A., Ph.D. Section Head; Cheddar cheese aroma A. B. DURKEE,B.Sc., M.Sc. Chemistry of phenolics M. E. McKILLICAN(Miss), B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Lipids

Carbohydrates

I. R. SIDDIQUI,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.I.C. Section Head; Rapeseed carbohydrates

FOODRESEARCHINSTITUTE 161 P. J. WOOD, B.Sc., Ph.D. Rapeseed carbohydrates

Protein

M. KALAB,M.Sc., Ph.D. Section Head; Milk protein gelation V. R. HARWALKAR,3B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Milk protein gelation J. D. JONES,B.SC., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.I.C. Rapeseed protein J. R. QUINN,B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Functional properties C. G. ZARKADAS,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Beef muscle

Research Services

M. R. SAHASRABUDHE,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Section Head E. LARMOND(Mrs.), B.Sc. Sensory evaluation

Departures

G. W. HOPE, B.Sc., M.A. Rape protein technology Resigned June 1973 R. P. A. SIMS,B.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.I.C. Director Appointed Research Coordinator (Field and Oilseed Crops), April 1973

VISITING SCIENTISTS

F. BENDER,D. Ingr. Chern. Chemistry of sulfur compounds, Research Associate Oilseed Program A. HOSONO,B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Microbial physiology, National Research Council postdoctorate fellow, Dairy Program 1972-73

(Seconded to be Acting Coordinator (Food). 20n loan to FAO, Malaysia, until April 30, 1973. 30n transfer of work at The Netherlands Institute for Dairy Research, Ede, The Netherlands.

162 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 INTRODUCTION

The programs of the Food Research Institute are concerned primarily with research and development for the optimum utilization of Canadian agricultural raw materials for food. The Institute carries out extensive research in chemistry, microbiology, and processing technology of dairy products, oilseeds, meats, cereals, and field crops. The Institute also provides a research service to the food industry in product development, quality criteria development, and product evaluation. Representatives from eight food industries across Canada participated in the short course on sensory evaluation this year. This report summarizes the progress made during 1973 in research on some of the projects. During the year, Dr. R. P. A. Sims, who has been the Director of the Food Research Institute for the past 11 yr, became Research Coordinator (Field and Oilseed Crops). Dr. John Holme was appointed as the Director effective January 2, 1974. Reprints of the papers listed at the end of this chapter and further details about research projects are available upon request by writing to: Food Research-Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6.

Madhu R. Sahasrabudhe Acting Director

DAIRY PRODUCTS Milk-coagulating Enzymes Bovine pepsin. Extracts from adult bovine Cheddar Cheese Flavor stomachs with a pepsin-to-rennin ratio of 94:6 were compared with those from calf stomachs with a pepsin-to-rennin ratio of Fruity flavor. Commercial Cheddar cheese 6:94 in two commercial cheese-making oper- samples were analyzed for ethanol and ethyl ations. Ten pairs of vats were made with the esters. With one exception, six samples of two enzymes at each factory in June 1973. fruity-flavored cheese showed a direct rela- Minor differences were noted in the rate of tionship between flavor and high ethanol and coagulation and the development of acidity. ethyl ester contents. Ethyl esters of fatty Flavors and textures were similar at 3 wk and acids are the principal components responsi- at 3 mo of age. Fat and N (protein and ble for the fruity flavor as confirmed by gas- nonprotein) levels in whey were higher with liquid chromatography (GLC) of the distil- bovine pepsin and yields were lower by lates from fruity cheese. 0.74%. Starter Cultures Volatile flavor components. Attempts were renewed to simulate Cheddar flavor with Bacteriophage. Pseudoplaques were obs- mixtures of compounds known to be present erved on lawns of several strains of starter in Cheddar. The incorporation of low levels bacteria when calcium borongluconate was of phenolic compounds had a blending effect used as the source pf calcium ions. Material as well as imparting characteristics that from plates showing many plaques was used closely approach the flavor of the fat fraction to infect lawns of all the strains in our of aged Cheddar. laboratory. None of the strains showed plaques. It is unlikely that all these strains would be lysogenic. Calcium chloride was Flavor thresholds. The lowest concentra- found to be a satisfactory source of calcium. tions of P -Ionone that could be detected by odor varied among individuals by factors up Multiple antibiotic resistance in starter to 500. If such a broad range of sensitivity is cultures. The presence of multiple-drug- general for volatile flavor components, the resistant factors (R factors) is known in number of trace components of significan~ certain types of bacteria. The R factors are in a food flavor will be greater for individu- extrachromosomal, small DNA molecules, als with the high sensitivities. which are much smaller than the. nuclear

FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE 163 chromosome. They are of public health linked by some bridging material. At 60% concern because they can be transferred, at total solids (20% protein), the micelles were least among related strains of pathogenic fused and offered a considerably higher organisms. resistance when examined with a penetrome- Several strains of Streptococcus cremoris ter. Additives that promoted gelation and showed resistance to seven antibiotics: neo- increased gel firmness "(ammonium persul- mycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, kanamy- fate, calcium chloride) caused the micelles to cin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and chloram- fuse; chemicals that inhibited gelation and phenicol. One strain (AMI) was selected for produced soft gels (sodium hexametaphos- further testing by ultracentrifugation "in a phate) caused the casein micelles to cesium chloride density gradient and was disintegrate. found to contain an extrachromosomal band of DNA (R factor). A substrain, isolated by curing, was sensitive to all the drugs and did Sulfur in milk gels. In addition to calcium not contain the R factor; it was slower cations, sulfhydryl groups present in milk growing and sensitive to ultraviolet rays. The proteins play an important role in the gela- data indicated that R factors exist in bacteria tion of milk. The ultrastructure of heat- used for cheese making and that some induced gels consists of casein micelles linked important characteristics of the bacteria are with each other by some bridging material. associated with drug resistance. Whey proteins added to milk strengthened the ultrastructure. Because it has been found Milk Protein Gels that whey proteins contain about 80% of the total sulfur content of milk, a study con- Ultrastructure of yogurts. Yogurts were cerned with the distribution of sulfur (sulfhy- made from plain skim milk with or without dryl and disulfide groups) in the gels was thickening agents such as carrageenin, gela- started. Sulfur in the SH form was coupled tin, and starch. Ultrastructure of such yogurts with silver and then studied by TEM. Prelim- was studiec by scanning (SEM) and trans- inary results indicated that most of the sulfur mission electron microscopy (TEM). is in casein micelles and not in the binding The globular shape of casein micelles was material in gels. This may mean that whey preserved in all yogurts, and the micelles proteins permeate the porous casein micelles were linked into short chains or quasispheri- and are trapped during gelation. cal clusters composing the three-dimensional network. In contrast to gelatin and starch, carragee- New Fluid Milk Products nin changed the ultrastructure drastically. A great proportion of thin and long fibers permeating the entire yogurt ultrastructure Based on a consumer attitude study con- was found in the presence of carrageenin. ducted by the Ontario Milk Marketing This typical ultrastructure was not observed Board, two new products were developed: a with other additives. Starch-supplemented fortified low-fat (0.5%) milk, and flavored yogurts contained some fibers, but gelatin did milks that appeal to adults. not produce any significant changes in the Milks of varied fat content (0.0%, 0.25%, ultrastructure of yogurts. 0.5%, and 2.0%) with up to 3% added solids- TEM showed the presence of small elec- not-fat (SNF) were rated by panels of 12 tron-dense particles associated with lactic tasters for riChness, sweetness, off-flavor, bacteria in some yogurts. appearance, viscosity, acceptability, and Relationship between firmness and ultra- preference. Concentrated skim milk as a structure of heat-induced milk gels. Skim milk source of SNF was preferred for flavor to gels of varying firmness were made by low-heat skim-milk powder; optimum levels heating suspensions of 40-60% milk solids in of added SNF were 1.5%, 1.5%, and 1.0% for water or in solutions of various salts. SEM milks containing 0.0%, 0.25%, and 0.5% fat and TEM showed a close correlation between respectively. The three levels were tested by the ultrastructure and firmness of the gels large panels (100-120 persons) for prefer- under study. In gels containing 40% and 50% ence over skim milk and 2% milk. Milk total solids (14% and 17% protein), casein containing 0.5% fat and 10% SNF (1.0% micelles appeared as individual globules added) was selected for market testing.

164 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Flavored milks containing 0.5% fat were that the arabinan has a highly branched similarly. developed with flavors of mint- structure with an average repeating unit of chocolate, mocha, and coffee. Of these, mint- 27 sugar residues comprising/ II terminal, chocolate and mocha were selected for nonreducing end groups, 9 residues involved market testing. in branching through the 3,5 and 2,3,5 Whey utilization. A survey on whey dis- positions, ana -1 nontermlnal- residues with posal and utilization, conducted in coopera. I ~ 5 linkages. The highly negative specific tion with the Dairy Division, showed that in optfcaIiotauon orthe- unmeillyfateOlta TD 1972 .cheese factories in Canada, produced -181°) and methylated ([a lD -167 S) ara- 1.2 billion (lO9) kg (2.6 billion lb) of whey of binans suggests that the majority of sugar which 0.1 billion kg (0.2 billion lb) (8%) were residues are of the a -L-type. fed to animals, 0.6 billion kg (1.3 billion lb) Rapeseed and mustard seed arabinans (48%) were utilized as a concentrate or dry differ in structure from those of soybean in powder, and 0.5 billion kg (l.l billion lb) their lack of 1,2,5-linked arabinose residues. (44%) were disposed of by municipal or plant Hemagglutinating activity (HA). The HA sewage systems or by spraying on fields. factor in rapeseed has been partially frac- Milk Powder tionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and O-(carboxymethyl)cellulose chromatog- Moisture in skim milk powder. A Kraft bag 'raphy. Difficulties were encountered in re- laminated to aluminum foil and polyethylene taining the HA during fractionation. with a rolled-steel tie closure proved to be the most suitable container for transporting and Phenolic and other physiologically active storing samples of skim-milk powder. Over a compounds. Significant amounts of sinapic period of 21 days at 30°C and 75% relative acid and lesser amounts of p-coumaric, humidity, moisture absorption in the powder p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, and ferulic acids was less than 0.1%. were identified in meals and hulls of rape- Problems in reproducing moisture determi- seed and yellow mustard. These occur as nations by the method of the Association of. soluble and insoluble esters rather than Official Analytical Chemists were traced. to glycosides. Water extraction of the oil-free the differences in temperature at various meal only partially removed the phenolic points in a vacuum oven. In four out of the compounds. five ovens evaluated, the temperature varied The absence of gallic, syringic, and vanillic by 13 to 21°C; in the fifth oven the range was acids and the occurrence of significant quan- less than 4°C. An oven enclosed in an oil tities of soluble sinapic acid suggested that bath (no longer available commercially) the lignin content of rapeseed {meal is low. showed a variation of only rc. The phenolic compounds identified to date are common to many plant species and are not considered toxic at existing levels, but OIL SEEDS they may cause problems of discoloration and off-flavor during processing. Rapeseed and Mustard Seed Quantitative measurement of glucosino- Investigations on the chemical composition lates in rapeseed flours continues to be a of rapeseed and mustard seed were contin- problem because the acceptable levels are ued. Quantities of meals were processed for difficult to quantitate. A method based on detoxification and evaluation as sources of spectrophotometric measurement of substi- protein for food use. tuted thioureas formed by conversion of isothiocyanates is being investigated in col- Rapeseed carbohydrates. The characteri- laboration with other laboratories. zation and fractionation of the oxalate- soluble polysaccharides of rapeseed have Proteins. Solubility and molecular-weight been continued. A purified homogeneous profiles in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) arabinan free of N and ash was prepared by solutions were determined for rapeseed meal fractionation on 0-( diethylaminoethyl)cellu- extracted with water, sodium chloride, and lose (borate form) and Sephadex G-75. The calcium chloride at pH values ranging from arabinose units are exclusively in the fu- 2.5 to 11.0. Most of the solubilized proteins ianoid form and occur as the L-isomer. fall into three molecular-weight groups: I, Methylation and periodate oxidation showed 15,000-20,000; II, 25,000-30,000; and III,

FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE 165 about 60,000. Reduction of disulfide groups Rapeseed oil was fractionated into four lowered the molecular weight of all groups. fractions based on unsaponifiable matter and Calcium chloride solutions (5%) agglomer- neutral triglycerides, by molecular distillation ated the proteins of groups II and III to for nutritional evaluation. polymers of high molecular weight, which Mink are sensitive to glucosinolates. There remained undissociated in 1% SDS or in were indications that diets containing rape- dithiothreitol solution. Unlike soybean pro- seed flour were less palatable than .the teins, the rapeseed proteins could not be control diets based on meat. However, the purified or concentrated by pH manipulation test diets improved the fur characteristics. alone. A sample of Echo (B. campestris) flour was evaluated for subacute toxicity with beagle Lipids. Free and bound lipids were l;X- dogs and rats. The dogs showed a mild tracted from mature seeds of Brassica hypothyroidism when the test flour com- campestris L. var. Yellow Sarson and sepa- prised 40% of the dietary protein. The rats rated into polar and nonpolar fractions by produced more discernible effects compatible chromatography. The nonpolar fractions of with hypothyroidism. The growth rate and both free and bound lipids. consisted mainly clinical health of both dogs and rats ap- of triglycerides with small amounts of steryl peared to be unaffected, and there was no esters, free sterols, mono glycerides, diglycer- evidence of toxic effects other than those ides, and free fatty acids. The principal caused by isothiocyanates and goitrin (gluco- components of the polar bound lipid were sinolates). Further tests with flours contain- phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanol- ing a lower level of glucosinolates are amine, phosphatidyl inositol, and steryl warranted. glycoside. In the polar free lipid there was Several rapeseed and mustard flours were more phosphatidyl inositol and less phos- subjected to protein quality assessment in phatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanol- rats. It has been demonstrated consistently amine. The erucic acid content was much that both rapeseed and mustard flours con- greater in the nonpolar fractions and in the tain protein nutritionally equal to casein, as polar free lipid than in the polar bound lipid. shown by evaluation of the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER). Processing and evaluation. Processing com- Similar tests on Span rapeseed flours prised removal and separation of the seed prepared by various heat treatments showed coats (hulls), detoxification by hot water no improvement over a 2-min boiling water treatment accompanied by water leaching of treatment. Flours prepared without heat the glucosinolates, and solvent extraction of treatment and aqueous extraction were very the oil from the dehulled, water-extracted toxic to rats. seed. The process yields hulls, aqueous Bronowski flour preparations showed no extract, oil, and meal. goitrogenic effects in weanling rats when fed Hull fractions separated from six varieties over a 28-day period. This observation, of rapeseed, one of brown mustard, and one together with calculations of the possible of yellow mustard were evaluated for toxic- significance of goitrogenic intake by man, ity. When incorporated in diets of rats all the suggested that Bronowski flour preparations rapeseed varieties except Bronowski, which is might be suitable for use as food. low in glucosinolate, produced enlarged The rapeseed harvest of 1972 contained thyroids and livers. The mustard hulls frost-damaged green seed. Efforts to prevent showed no toxic effect. The hulls had no the extraction of chlorophyll pigments with detrimental effect on the test animals apart the oil proved unsuccessful, and the oil from from the toxicity caused by their goitrin green, frost-damaged seed was unsuitable contamination. for oil refining. Aqueous extracts contained 20-25% by A commercial pulverized Bronowski meal weight of the dehulled seed. The chemical (crude protein 43%, fiber 13.8%) was air composition of the extracts indicated that classified into a protein-enriched fraction extracts would have to be treated before (protein 49%, fiber 8.6%) and a fraction high disposal. in fiber (protein 40%, fiber 18.8%). A sample of rapeseed oil with a very low Rapeseed and mustard seed flours were content of erucic acid (0.25%) was prepared successfully incorporated into bakery pro- for nutritional evaluation. ducts (5-10% in white bread, cakes,

166 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 doughnuts, and butter cakes; 5%, 10%, and steers fed the higher protein diet was rated as 15% in whole-wheat bread) and meat mix- superior in eating quality on the basis of tures (25% replacement of beef in meat loaf). odor, tenderness, _andjuiciness. There was no The products compared favorably with those difference in flavor. containing soya flours used at the same levels. Lambs. In cooperation with the Research Station at Fredericton roast legs from lambs that were fed three different milk replacer MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS formulations, namely, soya protein with 30% fat, soya protein with 40% fat, and milk Proteins protein with 30% fat, were compared with those from lambs nursed by the ewe. No Amino acid analysis. A simple chromato- significant differences in the intensity of lamb graphic method was developed for the flavor or tenderness were noted by eight estimation of methylated basic amino acids experienced judges. Shear values of the in proteins. cooked meat obtained with the Warner- The novel quantitative separation of meth- Bratzler shearing device were also similar for ylated lysines, histidines and arginines, hy- all four groups. droxylysines, other basic amino acids, and related compounds is achieved with Durum- type DC-6A spherical (11.0 :f: 1 1L m) resin on a single column (58 X 0.9 cm), using one CEREAL AND FIELD CROPS buffer (pH 5.734 :f: 0.02), one flow rate (30.0 mllh), and one temperature (28°C). The Oats method is being applied to the estimation of meat proteins in foods. f3 -1,3-Glucanase activity. In 10 common and II high-protein oat cultivars examined, Effects of rigor mortis on beef muscle. some of the high-protein varieties were Proteins of bovine cardiac and skeletal found to be lacking in the f3 -glucanase muscles, namely, myosin, actin, actomyosin, activity. Hinoat and CI 4492 are two geneti- and phosphorylase, were isolated from the cally unrelated varieties that are free from muscle at death and at regular time intervals the activity. This has made possible the during onset and resolution of rigor mortis. extraction of a highly viscous gum. They were purified and characterized with respect to their enzymic, optical, and physico- Chemical modifications. A refined oat flour chemical properties, and their amino acid has been modified to yield a series of composition. Preliminary results indicated oxidized, acetyl and hydroxyalkyl flours, all that both skeletal and cardiac myosins are of which show interesting gelatinization highly asymmetric semirigid molecules with a curves. Paste viscosities and stability suggest molecular weight in the order of 4.7 X 105. that some of these derivatives may be suit- They display nonideality even in solvent able as thickeners in food systems. buffers of high ionic strength at neutral pH. The two proteins are also very similar in Buckwheat terms of molecular size, shape, and secondary structure. Myosin solutions exhibited Preliminary milling studies showed that a negative dicroic bands at 221 and 209 1L m fraction containing 40% protein, can be and time-dependent melting profiles at isolated from buckwheat by conventional 43.5°C, expressed as the difference in molar milling procedures. absorbance atLi 283. E Durum Wheat Feeding Practices and Carcass Quality Quality criteria for consumer acceptance Beef Sensory evaluation tests for eating of spaghetti were established. Out of the six quality were conducted at the Research varieties supplied by the Grain Research Station, Charlottetown, on roast beef from Laboratory, two were selected as most prom- steers fed. two diets, both high in potatoes. ising. An international collaborative study One group was fed diets containing 100% has been planned to determine the parame- and the other 75-80% of the levels of protein ters for the evaluation of durum wheat and recommended by NRC (USA). Beef from pasta quality.

FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE 167 Onions The alkali flame ionization detector was shown to be specific and sensitive for BBE. Twelve varieties of onions, grown at Har- Linear responses obtained with BBE allowed row in 1972, were evaluated for pungency quantitative analysis of mixtures of glucose and pyruvic acid content during the storage and fructose; however, mixtures of fucose, period of October to June. Threshold concen- arabinose, xylose, and glucose showed errors trations of aroma ranged from 6 to 43 ppm indicative of interaction between sugars. A of extracted juice. Pyruvic acid content number of benzene boronate esters and BBE ranged from 11 to 14 JJ- moUml of juice. were synthesized and characterized by means Pyruvic acid content reached a peak in of IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. February, which was reflected in the lower thresholds for aroma. Eighteen onion cultivars and onions sub- Analysis of Citrus Juices jected to nine chemical treatments were One hundred and fifty commercial sam- evaluated for firmness as a criterion of quality. Firmness determined by instrumen- pl~s of concentrates and single-strength tal techniques related directly to sensory JUIceSof orange, grapefruit, and their blends, originating from different geographical re- evaluation. gions such as Brazil, Israel, Mexico, Califor- nia, and Florida, were analyzed for free MISCELLANEOUS amino acids, total polyphenolic compounds, and potassium. Boronate Esters of Carbohydrates With a few exceptions all samples met the GLC response factors and retention times minimum criteria established by the Health of butane boron ate ester (BBE) derivatives Protection Branch of the Department of of some monosaccharides were determined. Health and Welfare.

PUBUCATIONS

Research Larmond, E., Gilbert, J., and Todd, E. 1973. Temperature effect on the organoleptic quality Durkee, A. B., and Harborne, J. B. 1973. Flavonol of barbecued chickens. Can. Inst. Food Sci. & glycosides in Brassica and Sinapis. Phyto- Techno!. J. 6:29-31. chemistry 12:1085-1089. Larmond, E., and Voisey, P. W. 1973. Evaluation of spaghetti quality by a laboratory pane!. Fejer, S. 0., Johnston, F. B., and Hammill, M. M. Can. Inst. Food Sci. & Techno!. J. 6:209-211. 1973. The inheritance of ascorbic acid in red raspberry. Can. J. Genet. & Cyto!. 15:372-375. Leslie, A. J., Summers, J. D., and Jones, J. D. 1973. Nutritive value of air-classified rapeseed frac- Greenhalgh, R., and Wood, P. J. 1973. The tions. J. Anim. Sci. 53: 153-156. detection of boron and the response of some McGugan, W. A., and Howsam, S. G. 1973. boronate derivatives of carbohydrates with an Silylation of microgram samples in a gas alkali flame ionization detector. J. Chro- chromatography trap. J. Chromatogr. 82:370- matogr.82:410-414. 372. Kalab, M., and Harwalkar, V. R. 1973. Milk gel Moran, E. T., Larmond, E., and Somers, J. 1973. structure. 1. Application of scanning electron Full-fat soybeans for growing and finishing microscopy to milk and other food gels. J. large white turkey. II. Effect on tissue fatty Dairy Sci. 56:835-842. acids and organoleptic evaluation. Poult. Sci. 52: 1942-1948. Kalab, M., Voisey, P. W., Harwalkar, V. R., and Moran, E. T., Somers, J., and Larmond, E. 1973. Larose, J. A. G. 1973. Heat-induced milk gels. Full-fat soybeans for growing and finishing VI. Effect of temperature on firmness in large white turkey. I. Live performance and comparison with some common food gels. J. carcass quality. Poult. Sci. 52:1936-1941. Dairy Sci. 56:988-993. Quinn, J. R. 1973. Conversion of bovine myoglo- Larmond, E. 1973. Physical requirements for bin into multiple, charge-heterogeneous sub- sensory testing. Food Techno!. 27(11):28-32. fractions. J. Food Sci. 38:289-293.

168 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Quinn, J. R. 1973. The reduction of ferric myoglo- Miscellaneous bin by Ampholine on acrylamide gel electrofo- cusing. J. Chromatogr. 76:520-522. Elliott, J. A., and Emmons, D. B. 1973. Pouch Siddiqui, I. R., Wood, P. J., and Khanzada, G. sediment-a market milk defect. Mod. Dairy 1973. A di-D-galactosyl-myo-inositol from rapeseed (Brassica campestris) meal. Car- 52(3):17-18. bohydr. Res. 29:255-258. Siddiqui, I. R., Wood, P. J., and Khanzada, G. Emmons, D. B. 1973. Whey: pollution or utili- 1973. Low molecular weight carbohydrates zation. Canadex 414.82. from rapeseed (Brassica campestris) meal. J. Sci. Food & Agric. 24: 1427-1435. GorriIl, A. D. L., Brisson, G. J., Emmons, D. B., Voisey, P. W., and Larmond, E. 1973. Exploratory and St-Laurent, G. J. 1973. Artificial rearing evaluation of instrumental techniques for of young lambs. Can. Dep. Agric. Publ. 1507. measuring some textural characteristics of 22 pp. cooked spaghetti. Cereal Sci. Today 18: 126- 143. Yates, A. R. 1973. Factors affecting respiration and Modler, H. W., Emmons, D. B., and Savage, K. G. germination of ascospores of the food spoil- 1973. Integrated nationwide approach needed age mould Byssoch/amys nivea. Can. Inst. to solve whey disposal problem in Canada. Food Sci. & Technol. J. 6:244-247. Mod. Dairy 52 (11-12):9-12.

FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE 169

Soil Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

J. S. CLARK,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director R. PORTEOUS Administrative Officer

Soil Resource Research

D. R. CAMERON,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Nutrient transport systems D. S. GAMBLE,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Metal ion - organic reactions K. C. IVARSON,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Microbial decomposition of organic matter H. KODAMA,B.Sc., M.Sc., D.Sc. Mineralogy, crystallography, and spectrochemistry G. J. Ross, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Mineralogy and weathering M. SCHNITZER,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D., F.e.S.S. Structure and properties of soil humic compounds W. J. STAPLE,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil water movement G. C. Topp, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Soil water movement R. C. TURNER,B.S.A, M.Sc., Ph.D. Ionic equilibria in soils M. D. WEBBER,B.S.A, M.Sc., Ph.D. Solubility equilibria in soils

Soil Conservation Research

J. GAYNOR,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Waste disposal in soils C. G. KOWALENKO,B.S.A, M.Sc., Ph.D. Nitrogen cycle A J. MACLEAN,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. Metals and fertilizers S. P. MATHUR,B.Sc., Assoc. I.AR.I., Ph.D. Degradation of organic pollutants H. MORITA,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide retention by soil organic matter S. S. SINGH,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Metals reactions F. J. SOWDEN,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Nitrogen cycle

Soil Resource Inventory

J. H. DAY, B.S.A., M.S.A. Soil, correlation-central region J. DUMANSKI,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil data bank B. KLOOSTERMAN,B.S.A., Ph.D. Soil data bank

SOILRESEARCHINSTITUTE 171 P. G. LAJOIE,B.A., M.S.A., M.Sc. Agronomic interpretations M. LEVESQUE,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Organic soil interpretations A. R. MACK,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Remote sensing J. A. McKEAGUE,B.A., B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil classification and genesis J. L. NOWLAND,B.A., MoSc. Soil correlation-eastern region J. A. SHIELDS,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil correlation-western region G. WILSON,B.Sc., M.Sc., D.LC. Engineering interpretations

Newfoundland Soil Survey Unit (St. John's)

P. K. HERINGA,B.Sc., M.Sc. Head of Unit D. SUOOM,B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader

Prince Edward Island Soil Survey Unit (Charlottetown)

J. I. McDOUGALL,B.Sc., B.Sc. (Agr.) Head of Unit

Nova Scotia Soil Survey Unit (Truro)

G. J. BEKE,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Unit

New Brunswick Soil Survey Unit (Fredericton)

K. K. LANGMAID,B.Sc., M.Sc. Head of Unit C. WANG, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party leader

Ontario Soil Survey Unit (Guelph)

C. J. ACTON,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Unit B. H. CAMERON,B.Sc. (Agr.) Party leader J. E. GILLESPIE,B.S.A., M.S.A.. Party leader S. E. HUMPHREY,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Party leader E. W. PRESANT,B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader G. J. WALL,B.S.A., Ph.D. Party leader

Manitoba Soil Survey Unit (Winnipeg)

R. E. SMITH,B.S.A., M.Sc. Head of Unit W. MICHALYNA,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party leader C. TARNOCAI,B.S.F., M.S. Party leader

Saskatchewan Soil Survey Unit (Saskatoon)

D. F. ACTON,B.S.A., M.Sc. Head of Unit K. W. AYRES,B.S.A. Party leader A. K. BALLANTYNE,B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader

172 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 L. S. CROSSON, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party leader W. K. JANZEN, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader H. P. W. ROSTAD, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party leader H. B. STONEHOUSE,B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader

Alberta Soil Survey Unit (Edmonton)

T. W. PETERS, B.Sc., M.Sc. Head of Unit G. M. COEN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party leader P. H. CROWN, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader A. A. KJEARSGAARD, B.Sc. Party leader S. S. KOCAOGLU, B.S. Party leader W. W. PETTAPIECE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Party leader

British Columbia Soil Survey Unit (Vancouver)

T. M. LORD, B.S.A. Acting Head of Unit T. BEDWANY, B.S.A. Party leader P. CHRISTIE, B.S.A. Party leader L. F ARSTAD,B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader A. J. GREEN, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader L. A. LESKIW, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader J. I. SNEDDON, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader K. VALENTINE, B.S.A., M.Sc. Party leader W. WATT, B.S.A. Party leader

Cartography

J. H. DAY, B.S.A., M;S.A. Supervising Officer J. G. ROBERTS Cartographic Supervisor

Depart,!res

J. E. BRYDON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Mineralogy and weathering Transferred to Department of the Environment, Dec. 1973 S. E. HUMPHREY, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Ontario Soil Survey Transferred to Ontario Department of the Environment, Sept. 1973

SOIL RESEARCHINSTITUTE 173 VISITING SCIENTISTS S. M. GRIFFITH,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Humic acid chemistry CIDA Research Fellow from the Uriiversity or-tile West Indies at St. Augustine, Trinidad J. A. NEYROUD,Ing. Agr., Ph.D. Humic acid chemistry Federal Agricultural Research Station at Lausanne, Switzerland H. PEZERAT,D.Sc. Crystal chemistry Laboratoire de Chimie des Solides, C.N.R.S. associated with Universite de Paris

174 RESEARCHBRANCHREPORT1973 INTRODUCTION

During the year the activities of the Soil Research Institute have been marked by advances in computerized cartography of soils and development of the soil data system, by elucidation of the history and distribution of mud flow slides in the St. Lawrence Lowland, and by improved understanding of waste management systems in soils. These advances were founded on basic research into the chemistry, physics, biology, mineralogy, and geography of soils. The regional Soil Survey units have continued work in regular soil survey programs, with emphasis on the more detailed information required for urban planning. There was also an increased demand for work in the far north, on Indian reserves and in national parks. Reprints qf published papers are available from the authors. Correspondence should be addressed: Soil Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Onto KIA OC6.

J. S. Clark Director

SOIL RESOURCE RESEARCH In response to current land and soil problems, Dr. Webber has cooperated extensively The soil resource research group is doing with Dr. Gaynor in work on sewage sludge essential basic work on the chemistry, miner- with emphasis on the solubility of sludge alogy, biology, and physics of the major soil metals in soils and how this affects plant components, that is, organic matter, clay growth. Dr. Topp is assisting the Pedology minerals, and hydrous metal oxides, and on group with the development of physical the nature of the interactions between the measurements for use in soil classification. principal soil components. A more adequate understanding of these processes is of the utmost importance for long-term manage- SOIL CONSERVATION RESEARCH ment of the soil resource for agriculture and for the maintenance of soil quality. Nutrients (P04, N03, and NH3) were Work- during 1973 has been concerned monitored in water from tile drains and other with the chemical structure of humic and sources at the Greenbelt Farm of the Animal fulvic acids and their reactions with metal Research Institute, and in plots that received ions and clays; characteristics of hydroxyalu- animal manure at the Central Experimental minum polynuclear cations; weathering reac- Farm. Background levels in the latter were tions of clay minerals and studies of phyl- low. A report on the agricultural contribution losilicates by diffuse X-ray scattering; reac- of nutrients to lakes Erie and Ontario was tions of phosphorus in soils with special completed and formed part of the Task emphasis on the formation of amorphous Force Report of Canada Department of aluminum hydroxide phosphates in inter/ay- Agriculture. ers of Wyoming bentonite; survival and Sewage sludges from industrial areas in ability of bacteria, actinomycetes, cytophaga, Ontario were found to contain considerable and fungi to promote decomposition at low quantities of trace metals. The extractability temperatures such as those found in the and uptake of metals by plants in sewage- Northwest Territories; and measurement .of treated soils were investigated. Sewage moisture tension and conductivity in soils and added to a sandy soil increased the amounts the uses of such measurement. Progress has of Zn, Cu, and Pb in lettuce grown in the soil, been good and the work has contributed but a clay soil retained more of the metals. significantly to a better understanding of Experiments on the effect of soil properties selected chemical, biological, and physical and amendments on the availability of Zn in processes in soils. During 1973 workers of soils were completed and a manuscript was this group have published 17 scientific pa- submitted for publication. Further work on pers, submitted 14 more for publication, and retention of Hg by soils is nearing comple- are preparing 5 others. tion. Exploratory experiments have shown

SOIL RESEARCH INSTITUTE 175 that Cd is precipitated as amorphous cad- Canada, is to acquire and correlate informa- mium hydroxy salts, the composition being tion on the nature, distribution, and capabil- dependent on the nature of the anion pre- ity of the soil resources of Canada. Also, the sent. With passage of reaction time, cad- soil resource is evaluated in terms of land use mium carbonate was precipitated under planning at both broad and detailed scales. neutral and alkaline conditions. In 1973, Dr. Wilson (engineering interpreta- Further experiments were conducted on tions), Dr. Kloosterman (data bank), and Mr. establishment of vegetation on mine tailings. Nowland (eastern correlator) joined the staff Analyses of plants and tailings for nutrients at Ottawa. and toxic metals are in progress. Marked progress was made in interpreta- A study was initiated on the absorption of tions of soil resource information: agricul- the weed killer linuron by organic soils. A tural capability maps at a scale of 1:1,000,- spectrophotometric method was needed to 000 were completed for six provinces, and detect linurOII at concentrations of 100 ng/ areas of the various classes and subclasses ml; one was developed as an interim routine were calculated; the suitability of Nova procedure and is now being applied to a Scotia soils for septic disposal systems was variety of organic soils. Some of the strongly evaluated; the impact of a proposed develop- acidic phenolpolycarboxylic acids derived ment plan on soils suitable for special crops from Humisols and identified in previous in the Niagara area was assessed; mud flow work were found to form water-soluble slides in the Ottawa-St. Lawrence valleys complexes with linuron. This suggests a were identified and mapped; preliminary mechanism whereby such a chemical leaches studies were made of the attrition of agricul- from organic soils. tural land by urban use in the Atlantic In other studies, it was found that a provinces; and engineering interpretations polyaromatic hydrocarbon was not readily were improved. degraded in soils. Polyaromatic hydrocar- CanS IS (a soil data storage and retrieval bons, some of which are carcinogenic, may system) is now operating in an experimental be produced by burning wastes (such as mode; the system is accepting morphological, gases in soil fields, or stubble). The lipid analytical, and interpretive data on soils and fractions of seeds (rape, flax, and wheat) providing rudimentary outputs such as soil harvested from soil contaminated with such a profile descriptions, a list of soil names, and hydrocarbon (benzanthracene) tended to basic and interpretive soil maps. Because of contain above-normal amounts of the chemi- the requirements of the data system, soil cal. Some attention was given to another descriptions throughout the country are nonagricultural pollutant, phthalic acid es- achieving a higher degree of compatibility. ters. Unequivocal evidence was obtained that Correlation of soil mapping and classification they are degraded by certain mesophilic soil has proceeded in all regions and adherence microorganisms. to national standards is increasing. No requests were received for major In the area of soil classification, the classi- involvement of Soil Research Institute staff in fication of Podzolic soils was refined and an crop management programs, and no inde- improved system for classifying soils with pendent studies of any magnitude were permafrost was developed. carried out. In soil characterization and genesis, the Cooperative work on effects of soil temper- nature of cemented horizons in soils of ature on corn growth were completed and British Columbia was studied, work on the staff continued to participate, though in a absorptive properties of organic soils was minor capacity, in studies at the research started, and progress was made in develop- establishments at Ottawa, Kapuskasing, and ing a method for measuring soil hydraulic other locations. conductivity rapidlyu{the field. Imagery from the earth resources telemetry satellite (ERTS) and from aircraft was SOIL RESOURCE INVENTORY evaluated for the identification of crops and of land use patterns in several regions of the. The main objective of the soil resource country.. In the area of Melfort, Sask., crops inventory program, in conjunction with the were identified successfully from both air- program of the soil survey units throughout craft and satellite imagery.

176 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 On the international level an evaluation of Nova Scotia Soil Survey. Field survey soil degradation in Canada was started as work was done in Colchester County by the part of an FAO project, a soil survey feasibil- newly appointed surveyor, G. Beke, under ity study was made in Sarawak, and mem- the tutelage of J. Nowland. Six soil surveys bers of the group participated in interna- are now out of print. One m.y. was devoted tional meetings on soil micromorphology and to the program. J. Nowland transferred to on organic soils. Ottawa in July. A survey of the National Capital Region New Brunswick Soil Survey. Field surveys was started to provide soil resource informa- were conducted in the areas of Minto- tion essential to land use planning. Harcourt-Buctouche and Richibucto- Background levels of mercury were deter- Rogersville, provincial parks, and farm plan- mined in more than 200 soil samples from ning areas. Input of about 80 profiles into widely distributed regions of Canada. The CanSIS has been completed. The inventory levels of 12 other elements in these samples program used 3 m.y. are being determined. Quebec Soil Survey. Field surveys started The resource inventory of soils in the in the counties of Arthabaska, Wolfe, Fron- agricultural regions of Canada continued in tenac, Megantic, and Beauce near the end of 1973, and there was a growing demand for the field season. The field work in Temis- more detailed resource information required couata is being checked. Surveys of lIe for urban planning. Expansion of the field d'Orleans, IIe-aux-Coudres, and IIe-aux- mapping programs into wilderness areas Grues have been suspended in the temporary accelerated, further widening the scope of absence of R. Marcoux. Projects in Portneuf, soil survey activities. Requests were serviced Charlevoix, and Dorchester counties are from the Geological Survey of Canada for nearing completion. An exploratory survey in work in the far north and from the Depart- the James Bay region, conducted by Environ- ment of Indian and Northern Affairs for ment Canada, covered 7.8 million ha (19.2 work on Indian reserves and national parks. million ac). Requests from provincial and federal departments of forestry were also serviced. Ontario Soil Survey. Field surveys are being conducted in Middlesex, Brant, and Soil Surveys Carleton counties. All these detailed (I :20,- 000 or I:25,000) surveys are being compiled The soil survey actIVitIes within each on photographic bases. An inventory was province are summarized below. The man- conducted in Pukaskwa National Park for years (m.y.) of work reported for this pro- purposes of park planning and management. gram include the time of federal, provincial, The staff is again at full strength with the and university personnel. return of G. W. Wall and E. W. Presant. The inventory program took 4.5 m.y. Newfoundland Soil Survey. The field program focused on exploratory survey of the Manitoba Soil Survey. Surveys are at Bonavista Peninsula (2C) and Port-aux- various stages in the areas of Roseau River Basques - Stephenville areas, to prepare a Basin, Winnipeg Region, Grand Rapids, The soil inventory and rating of capability for Pas, Swan Lake, Cormorant Lake, Wekusko, agriculture at an exploratory scale (1:250,- Cross Lake - Norway House, and Pointe du 000). Helicopter transport was used for the Bois. Reports are being prepared for the first time. The inventory used 1.7 m.y. areas of Red Rose - Washaw Bay, Ste. Rose du Lac, Waterhen, Virden, and Morden- Prince Edward Island Soil Survey. Approx- Winkler. The inventory program took 6.5 imately one-third of the island was surveyed m.y. G. Beke transferred to Truro in at a scale of I: 12,000, and about one-third midyear. remains to be surveyed. The sampling, analytical, and canSIS-input operations are well Saskatchewan Soil Survey. Reports are in advanced but preparation of the soil map preparation for the areas of Saskatoon and awaits completion of the survey. Active input Hudson Bay - Swan Lake, and six areas is needed into specialized surveys, soil ero- within the Northern Provincial Forest. Field sion control, and land use planning. The surveys are being conducted in the Swift inventory took 5.8 m.y. Current and Weybuni areas. Supportive

SOIL RESEARCH INSTITUTE 177 studies were carried out on remote sensing, Valley to the Beaufort Sea and on the north forest fertility, carbonate mineralogy, salin- slope of the Yukon and Tuktoyaktuk Penin- ity, and soil physical properties. Ten man- sula. Environmental geology was also evalu- years. were devoted to the inventory pro- ated in the Kaminak Lake area and soils grams and supportive studies. B. Stonehouse were investigated on Melville and Devon was seconded to CIDA for a 2-yr assignment islands. in Tanzania; his position is being filled by G. Liaison continued with cooperating agen- Padbury. H. ,Rostad returned from educa- cies in the Mackenzie Valley transportation tionalleave. corridor, and staff became involved with the environmental social program to assess en- Alberta Soil Survey. Surveys were con- vironmental impact. Recommendations were ducted in Two Hills County, eight provincial made on the effects of cryoturbation, mois- parks, Wapiti area, Edmonton urban area, ture, and near-surface ice content on pipe- Oyen area, and Yoho and Revelstoke na- line, road, and other construction. Terrain tional parks. Reports were completed or are instability as a result of forest fires was also in preparation for Sand River area, Waterton investigated. Lakes Park, Suffield Military Reserve, Ta- Pedological studies were conducted on watinaw area, and Medicine Hat area. The permanently frozen soils under various vege- inventory project used 10.5 m.y., and 2.5 tative covers and surficial materials, and at m.y. were devoted to supportive research different elevations above sea level. After a investigations including remote sensing and l-wk correlation tour in the Inuvik area, the yield studies. classification scheme proposed at the meet- British Columbia Soil Survey. Surveys ings of the Canadian Soil Survey Committee were conducted in the Stikine River region was somewhat modified. outside the ARDA boundary, in the Alberni CARTOGRAPHY area, Omineca-Parsnip area, Kluskus area, Indian reserves, Victoria capital regional In 1973 the Cartography Section com- district, Chilliwack provincial forest, and pleted drafting 17 soil and miscellaneous Fort George area. Reports are in various maps, 11 maps were in press, and 14 maps stages of preparation for the areas of were printed; 36 soil maps and 10 miscella- Ashcroft, Lardeau, Seymour Arm, Penticton, neous maps arejn preparation. Nelson, Taseko Lakes, Tulameen, Princeton, The Cartography Section also completed and Merritt. drafting 218 maps for the Canada Land Mr. Leskiu left the service in September Inventory; 60 maps were in press, and 105 and Dr. Valentine returned from educational maps were published. leave in October. In total, 25 m.y. were Cartographic and photomechanical serv- devoted to the inventory program. ices were provided to soil survey units in the provinces and to CanS IS, remote sensing, the Northwest Territories. Much of the field Economics Branch, the Minister's office, and program took place along the Mackenzie others.

178 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 til 0 AREAS SURVEYED IN 1973, BY PROVINCE AND BY OBJECTIVE t= tTl '"til tTl B.C. Alta. Que. NWf&YT TOTAL > Sask. Man. Onto N.B. N.S. P.E.1. Nfld. ('l :t'" Soil surveys - thousands of hectares Z til ::J New surveys* -l c Reconn. 1973 7,337 526 - - 182 51 - - 8,096 ;:;j Total 42,117 27,333 28,118 18,967 15,149 7,323 4,440 5,372 595 1,266 3,707 154,387

Detailed 1973 4 87 - 1.6 - 91.6 Total 41.8 1,794 - 5.3 19.3 - - - 17 1,877

Explor. 1973 - - - 7,770 - 1,243 9,013 Total 2,630 41,386 10,926 4,470 5,684 7,859 1,243 24,929 99,128

Resurveys* Reconn. 1973 959 130 404 13 - 4 - 1,510 Total 3,761 761 18,720 423 476 334 28 559 - - - 25,062

Detailed 1973 - - 71 45 202 - - 318 Total 366 0.1 2,078 827 520 0.1 34 404 - 4,230

Canada Umd Inventory - thousands of hectares

Agriculture 1973 7,329 - - 1,244 8,572 -new Total 37,798 43,301 35,987 20,542 20,905 30,236 7,116 5,372 566 2,509 3,529 207,862

- reassess. 1973 1,242 ------1,242 Total 3,237 - 1,756 227 332 - - - - - 5,553

::::; *Reconnaissance at scale 1:50,000 to 1: 126,720, detailed at scale of less than 1:50,000, and exploratory at scale greater than 1:125,000. 'oQ PUBLICAnONS

Research Ivarson, K. C. 1973. Microbiological formation of basic ferric sulfates. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:315- Baier, W., and Mack, A. R. 1973. Development of 323. soil temperature and soil water criteria for characterizing soil climates in Canada. Soil Sci. Kloosterman, B. 1973. CanSIS: Digitizing proce- Soc. Am. Proc. 37: 195-212. dure for data input to the cartographic file. (Rev.). Can. Dep. Agric., Ottawa. 12 pp. Baier, W., Sharp, W. R., and Roberts, J. G. 1973. Recent developments in preparing colored Kloosterman, B., and Lavkulich, L. M. 1973. A agroclimatic maps by computer. Can. J. Soil method of statistically interpreting soil data Sci. 53:133-134. for agriculture and engineering land use. Soil Sci. Six:.Am. Proc. 37:285-290. Beke, G. J., Weldhuis, H., and Thie, J. 1973. Biophysical investigations of the Churchill- Kloosterman, B., and Lavkulich, L. M. 1973. Nelson River System. Rep. to Churchill-Nel- Grouping of lower Fraser Valley soils by son River Study Board. 409 pp., 10 maps. numerical methods. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:435- 444. Brandon, E., and Kloosterman, B., eds. 1973. CanSIS: Documentation of the soil carto- Kodama, H., and Schnitzer, M. 1973. Dissolution graphic file. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa. 180 of chlorite minerals by fulvic acid. Can. J. Soil pp. Sci. 53:240-243. Brewer, R., Protz, R., and McKeague, J. A. 1973. Kowalenko, C. G., and Lowe, L. E. 1973. Determi- Microscopy and electron microprobe analysis nation of nitrates in soil extracts. Soil Sci. Soc. of some iron-manganese pans from New- Am. Proc. 37:660. foundland. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:349-361. Levesque, M. 1972. Fluorescence and gel filtration Coen, C. M. 1973. Elimination of magnesium of humic compounds. Soil Sci. 113:346-353. hydroxide interference in infrared identification of kaolinite in soil clays. Can. J. Soil Sci. Mack, A. R. 1973: Soil temperature and moisture 53: 137-140. conditions in relation to the growth and quality of field peas. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:59-72. Cordukes, W. E., and MacLean, A. J. 1973. Tolerance of some turfgrass species to differ- Mack, A. R. 1973. Symposium of field soil mois- ent concentrations of salt in soils. Can. J. Plant ture regimes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. Spec. Sci. 53:69-73. Pub!' 5, Ch. 11, pp. 195-212.

Dumanski, J., and Kloosterman, B., eds. 1973. Soil Mack, A. R. 1973. Influence of soil temperature site coding scheme for data input to the soil and moisture conditions on growth and pro- data file of the Canada Soil Information tein production of Manitou and two semi- System (CanSIS). 3rd Rev. Agriculture Can- dwarf Mexican spring wheats. Can. J. Plant ada, Ottawa. 52 pp. Sci. 53:721-735.

Dumanski, J., and Kloosterman, B., eds. 1973. Mack, A. R., and Bowren, K. E. 1973. Crop Coding scheme for data input to the agricul- identification and acreage estimates from tural small-plot subfile of the performance/ airborne and satellite photographs for an area management file: Canada Soil Information in northeastern Saskatchewan. Paper pre- System (CanSIS). 1st Draft. Agriculture Can- sented at the Agric. Work. Group on Remote ada, Ottawa. 36 pp. Sensing, Saskatoon. Dumanski, J., Macyk, T. M., Lindsay, J. D., and MacLean, A. J., and Donovan, L. S. 1973. Effects Veauvy, C. 1973. Soil survey and land evalua- of soil temperature on early growth of six tion in the Hinton-Edson area, Alberta. Alta. single-cross corn hybrids. Can. J. Soil Sci. Soil Surv. Rep. 32, Alta. Inst. Pedo!., Edmon- 53: 128-129. ton. 150 pp. MacLean, A. J., and MacDonald, E. M. 1973. Gamble, D. S. 1973. Na + and K+ binding by Agricultural contributions to nutrient enrich- fulvic acid. Can. J. Chem. 51:3217-3222. ment of waters in watersheds of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and the Intern'l Section of the Gamble, D. S., and Schnitzer, M. 1973. The St. Lawrence River. 107 pp. Part of CDA chemistry of fulvic acid and its reactions with Task Force Rep. for'implementation of Great metal ions. Trace Met. & Met.-Org. Interac- Lakes water quality program. Soil Res. Inst., tions in Nat. Waters 9:265-302. Ottawa, Onto

180 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Maclean, A. J., Stone, B., and Cordukes, W. E. Ross, G. J., and Rich, C. I. 1973. Effect of particle 1973. Amounts of mercury in soil of some golf size on potassium sorption by potassium de- course sites. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53: 130-132. pleted phlogopite. Clays & Clay Miner. 21:83- 87. McKeague, A. J., Day, J. H., and Clayton, J. S. 1972. Properties and development of hydro- Ross, G. J., and Rich, C. I. 1973. Changes in morphic mineral soils in various regions of b-dimension in relation to potassium exchange Canada. Pages 207-218 in E. Schlichting and and to oxidation of phlogopite and biotite. V. Schwertmann, eds. Pseudogley and Gley. Clays & Clay Miner. 21:201-204. Trans. Comm. 5 and 7, Int. Soc. Soil Sci. Schnitzer, M. 1973. The determination of quinone Verlag Chemie, Germany. groups in humic substances. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc.37:487-488. Mathur, S. P. 1973. The determination of quinone groups in humic substances. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Schnitzer, M., and Khan, S. U. 1972. Humic Proc.37:487-488. substances in the environment. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. 327 pp. Mathur, S. P. 1973. Quinone content of humic compounds isolated from the marine environ- Schnitzer, M., and Ortiz de Serra, M. I. 1973. The ment. A criticism. Soil Sci. 115:89-90. sodium-amalgam reduction of soil and fungal humic substances. Geoderma 9: 119-128. McKeague, J. A., Dumanski, J., and Acton, C. J. 1973. Soil micromorphology in Canada. Proc. Schnitzer, M., and Ortiz de Serra, M. I. 1973. The 4th Int. Work. Meet. on Soil Micromorphol- chemical degradation of a humic acid. Can. J. ogy, Kingston, Ont. Chern. 51: 1554-1556. Schnitzer, M., Ortiz de Serra, M. I., and Ivarson, K. McKeague, J. A., MacDougall, J. I., and Miles, N. 1973. The chemistry of fungal humic acid-like M. 1973. Micromorphological, physical, chem- polymers and of soil humic acids. Soil Sci. Soc. ical, and mineralogical properties of a catena Am. Proc. 37:229-236. of soils from Prince Edward Island in relation to their classification and genesis. Can. J. Soil Shields, J. A., and Paul, E. A. 1973. Decomposition Sci. 53:281-295. of 14C-labelled plant material under field conditions. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:297-306. Morita, H. 1973. Vanillin derivatives from a copper peat. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:85-86. Singh, S. S., and Halstead, R. L. 1973. A report on Spartan apple breakdown in Okanagan Valley, Morita, H. 1973. Polyphenols in the benzene- B.C. Soil Res. Inst., Ottawa, Ont. 37 pp. ethanol extractives. of an organic soil. Geo- chim. Cosmochim. Acta 37: 1587-1591. Tarnocai, C. 1973. Soils of the Mackenzie River area. Environmental Social Program, North- Ortiz de Serra, M. I., and Schnitzer, M. 1973. The ern Pipelines, Task Force on Northern Oil chemistry of humic and fulvic acids extracted Development. Rep. No. 73-4, 105 pp. from Argentine soils. I. Analytical characteris- Teller, H. L., and Cameron, D. R. 1973. Disposi- tics. Soil BioI. Biochem. 5:281-286. tion and environmental effects of silver iodide Ortiz de Serra, M. I., and Schnitzer, M. 1973. The from cloud seeding. Terrestrial disposition in chemistry of humic and fulvic acids extracted silver. In San Juan Ecology, Project Rep., from Argentine soils. II. Permanganate oxida- Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, Colo. tion of methylated humic and fulvic acids. Soil Volk, G. B., and Schnitzer, M. 1973. Chemicals BioI. Biochem. 5:287-296. and spectroscopic methods for assessing subs- idence in Florida Histosols. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Ortiz de Serra, M. I., Sowden, F. J., and Schnitzer, Proc.37:886-888. M. 1973. Distribution of nitrogen in fungal "humic acids." Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:125-127. Wang, c., and Wood, F. A. 1973. A modified aluminon reagent for the determination of Pawluk, S., and Dumanski, J. 1973. Ferruginous aluminum after HN03-H2S04 digestion. Can. concretions in a poorly drained soil of Alberta. J. Soil Sci. 53:237-239. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37: 124-127. Zoltai, S. C., and Pettapiece, W. W. 1973. Terrain, Riffaldi, R., and Schnitzer, M. 1973. Effects of 6 N vegetation and permafrost relationships in the HCI hydrolysis on the analytical characteristics northern part of the MacKenzie Valley and and chemical structure of humic acids. Soil Sci. northern Yukon. Environmental Social Pro- 115:349-356. gram, Northern Pipelines, Task Force on Northern Oil Development Rep. No. 73-4. Ross, G. J., and Rich, C. I. 1973. Effect of particle 105 pp. thickness on potassium exchange in plilogo- pites. Clays & Clay Miner. 21:77-81.

SOIL RESEARCH INSTITUTE 181 Miscellaneous Day, J. H., ed. 1973. Revised system of soil McKeague, J. A. Methods of analysis and classification for Canada: a provisional correc- benchmark soils. pp. 209-214. tion of official and tentative definitions for use Ellis, J. G. Miscellaneous land types. pp. 215- by Canadian pedologists. Can. Dep. Agric., 230. Soil Res. Inst., Ottawa. Mimeo. Day, 1. H. Soil climate. pp. 231-238. Day, 1. H., and Dumanski, J. 1973. CanSIS soil names file. Soil Res. Inst., Ottawa. Sly, W. K. Soil temperature. pp. 239-248. Day, J. H., and Kloosterman, B. 1973. CanSIS soil Peters, T. W. Solonetzic order. pp. 254-26 I. names file (rev.). Soil Res. Inst., Ottawa. Shields, 1. A. Luvisolic soils. pp. 262-272. Day, J. H., and Lajoie, P. J., eds. 1973. Proceedings McKeague, J. A., and Shields, J. A. Podzolic of the 9th Meeting, Can. Soil Surv. Comm. order. pp. 273-293. Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., May 16-18, 1973. McKeague, J. A. Brunisolic order. pp. 294- 304. Subcommittee reports: Rochefort, B. Regosolic order. pp. 305-308. Lajoie, P. G. Provincial soil and interpretation maps. pp. 18-24. Smith, R. E. Gleysolic order. pp. 309-320.

Shields, 1. A. Soil degradation. pp. 35-42. Day, J. H. Organic order. pp. 321-329. Dumanski, J., and Kloosterman, B. CanSIS. Lindsay, J. D. Soil horizons. pp. 330-339. pp.43-85. Kodama, H. 1973. The 10th. Meeting of Clay Minerals. J. Clay Sci. Soc. Japan, Vol. 13. Roberts, J. G., and Norgren, R. Cartographic services. pp. 86-95. Mack, A. R. 1973. What's up in the air for remote sensing?Can. Agric. 18(3):22. Tarnocai, C., Pettapiece, W. W., and Zoltai, S. C. Northern soils. pp. 96-116. Philpotts, L. E., and Mack, A. R. 1973. Bibliogra- phy on applications of remote sensing and Acton, D. F. Landform classification. pp. 117- aerial photography to agricultural crops, soil 135. resources and land use. Soil Res. Inst., Ottawa, Tarnocai, C. Remote sensing. pp. 155-164. Ont. pp. 1-41. Acton, C. Soil interpretations. pp. 165-190. Tarnocai, c., and Beke, G. J. 1973. Application of remote sensing techniques to resource invento- Nowland, J. L. Soil families. pp. 191-208. ries. Can. Agric. 18(2): 14-17.

182 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Research Institute London, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

Administration

E. Y. SPENCER, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.I.C. Director M. VAN YSSELSTEIN,B.Sc. Administrative Officer V. NATHAN (Mrs.), B.Sc., M.L.S. Librarian

Herbicides and Growth Regulators

T. T. LEE, B.Sc., Ph.D. Plant biochemistry and tissue culture W. H. MINSHALL, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant physiology E. B. ROSLYCKY, B.S., M.Sc., Ph.D. Microbiology

Mode of Action of Selected and Potential Insect Control Agents

W. CHEFURKA, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biochemistry E. J. BOND, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Fumigation: toxicology B. E. BROWN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Neurochemistry T. DUMAS, D.C.E., M.Sc. Analytical chemistry C. L. HANNAY, B.S.A., Ph.D. Electron microscopy: cytology R. M. KRUPKA B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Biochemistry D. G. R. McLEOD, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Physiology T. NAGAI, M.E., M.Sc., D.Sc. Neurophysiology J. R. ROBINSON, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D., F.C.I.C. Chemistry: radioisotopes A. N. STARRATT, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.I.C. Chemistry: attractants and repellents A. VARDANIS,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biochemistry

Soil Insecticide Behavior

C. R. HARRIS, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Insect toxicology B. T. BOWMAN, B.S.A., Ph.D. Soil physical chemistry R. A. CHAPMAN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Analytical organic chemistry

RESEARCHINSTITUTE,LONDON, ONT. 183 J. R. W. MILES,B.Sc. Analytical chemistry H. H. SVEC,Dip!. Agr. Applied entomology A. D. TOMLIN,B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide ecology C. M. Tu, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Microbiology

Mode of Action of Selected and Potential Plant Pathogen Control Agents

E. W. B. WARD,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant pathology: phytoalexins and toxins D. M. MILLER,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biophysical chemistry: fungicide selectivity L. T. RICHARDSON,B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Plant pathology: fungicides A. STOESSL,B.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.I.c. Organic chemistry: phytoalexins and toxins G. D. THORN,B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D., F.C.I.C. Organic chemistry: fungicides G. A. WHITE,B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biochemistry: fungicides

VISITING SCIENTISTS

National Research Council postdoctorate fellows

D. R. JONES,B.Sc., Ph.D., 1973 Plant pathology J. H. TOLMAN,B.Sc., Ph.D., 1973 Entomology: toxicology Graduate students

K. P. KASHI,B.Sc., M.Sc., 1970 Fumigation J. FUNG, B.Sc., M.Sc., 1971 Biophysics: selective transport

184 RESEARCHBRANCHREPORT1973 INTRODUCTION

The highlights of the Institute's research activities for 1973 are summarized here. The activities include studies on the mode of action and use of toxicants (fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides); the search for new target sites; and the isolation and characterization of biologically active material such as phytoalexins, insect neurotransmitters, and insect attractants and repellents that may have potential for use in crop protection. Concurrently, ecological and environmental studies aim to assist in reducing any deleterious side effects to a minimum. This report and reprints of. publications are available on request from the Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, University Sub Post Office, London, Ont. N6A3KO.

E. Y. Spencer Director

PLANT PESTS Chemical synthesis of proctolin and its analogues is in progress. Mode of Action of Selected and Potential An in vitro system of synthesizing chitin Insect-control Agents has been developed. The procedure consists Our contribution to the development of a of a whole-cell preparation from both the more efficient pest-control program with the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, and the use of chemicals is being made in two ways: migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sangui- by studying the action of selected agents that nipes. Standard activities are high, and chitin are known to be pesticides or may be synthesis by this system is inhibited by potential pesticides; and by improving our polyoxins, antifungal agents. understanding of sites in biological systems A cytological examination of cellular cy- attacked by chemicals, which will lead to cles during the metamorphosis of the corn improved pesticides design resulting in borer was made in order to pinpoint the higher toxicity and greater selectivity. correct time for testing the mode of action of The toxicity of benomyl to earthworms .compounds chemically or biologically related was shown to be related to the powerful to natural hormones and to possibly locate anticholinesterase activity of butyl isocya- target sites. nate, a decomposition product of benomy!. The mechanism of interaction between this Methods have been established for study- isocyanate and cholinesterase suggests the ing the metabolism of some vinyl phosphate possibility of finding N-substituted isocya- insecticides in relation to their selective nates that may be strong inhibitors of cholin- toxicity. Toxic crystal inclusions of different esterase and therefore pesticides. strains of Bacillus thuringiensis varying in toxicity have been produced in preparation Certain biodegradable analogues of DDT for studying the basis of this toxicity varia- were found to be potent inhibitors of membrane-linked enzymes, which mediate trans- tion. location of organic anions. These toxicants In the program of isolation and chemical were somewhat more inhibitory than DDT characterization of substances influencing and heptachlor and vastly more inhibitory insect behavior for ultimate control, the than dieldrin. DDT also inhibited the investigation of the oviposition pheromone movement of cations across mitochondrial of the mosquito Culex tarsalis was continued, membranes in a manner similar to that of and the identification of the major 1,3- nerve. This effect has only been demon- .diglyceride fraction from eggs of two related strated in preparations from liver. species completed. The crystalline compound The new neurotransmitter substance, proc- obtained from cultures of Nigrospora sphaer- tolin, has been found in several species of ica, during a study of aggregation of the economic importance, and its chemical struc- confused flour beetle, has been identified as ture has been established as a pentapeptide. aphidicolon, an antiviral diterpene.

RESEARCH INSTITUTE, LONDON, ONT. 185 Fumigants-Mode of Action, Use, and and the copper component is not affected. Residue Analysis Carbon dioxide, which enhances the toxicity of phosphine, has been shown to affect New information has been obtained on the phosphorylation, whereas phosphine inhibits resistance of insects to fumigants; the devel- electron transport. One of the degradation opment and improvement of methods for products of phosphine has an excitatory controlling insects on fruit, vegetables, and effect on visceral muscle. other stored products over a range of temperatures; the toxicology of fumigants; and the Soil Insecticides-Ecological and Chemical formation of residues. The development of Behavior resistance to fumigants is a worldwide problem of increasing concern to those who are Twelve species (20 strains) of insects were responsible for protecting stored food from observed. The rearing of lepidopterous insects. Our studies have shown that at least strains of insects was difficult because of a four species of insect pests of stored products microsporidian infection. Laboratory studies can develop resistance to fumigants. Selec- indicated that the corn rootworm is showing tion of the red flour beetle with ethylene tolerance for chlordane in Ontario, the dibromide has produced more than fourfold Colorado potato beetle tolerance for en- resistance in six generations, and tolerance is dosulfan, and the onion maggot tolerance for expected to increase with continued selection. many organophosphorus and carbamate in- Selection of adult granary weevils. with secticides. methyl bromide has produced a strain that is Studies on the mechanisms by which 17 times more resistant than the normal insecticides are bound to mineral soil were strain. A study of the premature stages has continued with the use of fensulfothion as shown that some degree of resistance also the model. Bioassay studies confirmed pre- occurs in them. Studies on a phosphine- vious work, which indicated that the cation resistant strain of granary weevil have shown content of soil, especially Fe+++ and AI+++, that when adults are in the stage used for influences the extent to which some insecti- selection some resistance may occur in the cides are inactivated in soil. pupal stage but other immature stages do not Toxicological and chemical studies on possess the tolerant characteristic. Control of insecticide behavior, persistence, and degra- insects with fumigants at low temperatures is dation in both the laboratory and field were difficult. Studies on the manipulation of closely coordinated. Studies are in progress environmental conditions have shown that on nearly all important organophosphorus insects can be controlled more effectively by soil insecticides, including fensulfothion, raising the temperature during fumigation, phorate, Counter (American Cyanamid), and these insects are more susceptible than leptophos, chlorpyrifos, and methyl chlorpyr- insects conditioned at the higher tempera- ifos. It has been established that fensul- ture. Preliminary results with mixtures of fothion degrades to the sulfone in soil, and fumigants have shown that some mixtures that phorate degrades to the sulfoxide and are more effective than a single fumigant at sulfone. All sulfoxides and sulfones are low temperatures and suggest that further insecticidal and more persistent than the improvement in control measures is possible. parent materials. Tests on a method for controlling the Euro- In entomological studies, microplot and pean corn borer and the cereal leaf beetle on large-scale field trials (in cooperation with corn have shown that methyl bromide used the federal research establishments at Vin- at the level recommended may slightly injure eland Station, St. Jean, and L'Assomption, the husks, stimulate germination of the seeds, and the provincial stations at Simcoe and encourage growth of molds, and bleach some Guelph) were conducted, and effective mea- kernels. However, the residue of inorganic sures were found for control of cutworms on bromide left in the corn is within the permit- tobacco and vegetables, the carrot weevil, ted tolerance levels. and the common armyworm. In studies on the toxic action of fumigants, In studies on the effects of insecticide one of the target sites for phosphine was residues on nontarget soil organisms, labora- identified as cytochrome oxidase. The heme tory and field studies (in cooperation with the part of the molecule is altered by phosphine, research stations at Delhi and Vineland but the protein conformation is unchanged Station) indicated that some nematicides had

186 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 temporary effects on soil miCroorganisms and less by carboxin in resistant than in wild-type microbial activities. In the development of a strains, thus confirming our previous findings standardized technique for screening poten- that this is the biochemical site of carboxin tial soil insecticides for their effects on soil action. A more accurate location of this site microorganisms and microbial activities, the was found in related studies. In further work, toxicity of six insecticides and a fungicide to some 30 related carboxamides were synthe- earthworm populations in a trefoil pasture sized and screened for activity with the use of was determined. Some of the insecticides and the succinic dehydrogenase complex as the the fungicide benomyl were highly toxic to target site. Active compounds were assayed earthworms. The toxicity of a number of against a range of pathogenic fungi. Some insecticides to beneficial soil animals valuable structure-activity relationships (Collembola and Carabidae) was evaluated emerged, and several high-activity com- in the laboratory. Results of the program to pounds whose fungicidal spectra differ from date suggest that some insecticides are less carboxin show promise. toxic to certain nontarget soil organisms than The effectiveness of chloroneb in control- was originally believed; the converse is also ling Pythium ultimum, damping-off of peas, true. was synergistically enhanced by thiram or In a study on the effects of soil organisms captan. Chloroneb was rapidly taken up by on insecticides, under anaerobic conditions the roots and transported to the leaves, either soil microorganisms rapidly degraded DDT unaltered or after demethylation and con- to DDD. The formation of DDE from DDT jugation to a glucoside, in which form it was in soil appears to be primarily due to its nontoxic. None of these processes was influ- metabolism by soil animals, particularly enced by thiram. Metabolic products in the earthworms. fungus were also determined and, although In the study on the mechanism of action they were glycosidic, they differed from those and interaction of pesticides in plants, lab- in the plant in their sugar moiety. oratory results confirmed field observations that the effective narrow-spectrum soil insec- Mechanism of Disease Development and ticide chlorfenvinphos is a potent plant- Resistance growth inhibitor, and the principal site for its action is the membrane of the plant. cell. Investigations of naturally occurring com- Chlorfenvinphos inhibits water uptake and pounds with potential fungicidal activity active transport, yet in high concentrations have continued with the use of the pepper enhances membrane permeability and per- system for studies on phytoalexins. The study mits leakage of cell contents. The effect is has been broadened to include other Solana- dependent on the stage of plant growth and ceae (Solanum melongena), other host-para- the presence of divalent cations, suggesting site combinations (such as sunflower- Ver- interference of other chemicals in the soil ticillium and rape-Albugo), and synthesis of with the phytotoxicity of the insecticide. phytoalexins and derivatives for testing as potential fungicides. Thus the production of capsidiol by peppers in response to a variety PLANT DISEASES of fungi is a natural defence mechanism. The compound was also produced in the field. Mode of Action of Selected Funl!icides Chemically related compounds have been Three systemic fungicides have been inves- isolated from S. melongena, and the struc- tigated carefully this year. Benomyl (and tures of three of these have been determined; thiabendazole) seed dressings protected -pea one is a new compound and another was seedlings from root infection by Fusarium isolated from nature for the first time. These spp. However, a detailed analysis of the findings confirm the theory that phytoalexins response of F. solani to benomyl in vitro in the Solanaceae are characteristically sesqu- showed that this species readily adapts to iterpenes and suggest that their production high concentrations of the fungicide. should have a common basis susceptible to Problems of resistance have also been genetic manipulation. The stereochemistry of investigated with carboxin, which failed to capsidiol has been established by 13C-NMR control smut in corn seedlings inoculated and X-ray analysis and may have signifi- with compatible resistant mutants of Ustilago cance for the activity of this compound. maydis. Succinate oxidation was inhibited Capsidiol and some of 19 related compounds

RESEARCH INSTITUTE, LONDON, ONT. 187 have been screened for fungicidal activity ENVIRONMENTAL QUAUTY against a range of fungi. Some control of Phytophthora infestans on tomatoes and Management of Pesticides Erysiphe cichoracearum on cucumbers has Programs have been established to deter- been achieved, and significant structure- mine the extent to which insecticide residues activity relationships demonstrated. A syn- are present in soils, plants, and agricultural thesis has been developed for the phy- watersheds as a result of agricultural use of toalexin orchinol, which could be adapted for insecticides; and to develop more efficient commercial purposes. Some 40 related com- methods of pesticide management for more pounds have also been synthesized and are effective pest control with a minimum of undergoing fungicidal assessment. environmental contamination. Watershed studies were continued or initiated in three locations in southwestern Ontario where WEEDS insecticides are used extensively: a vegetable Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators muck district, a tobacco area, and an orchard-vineyard watershed. The main insecti- Previous work showed that the promotion cide residues found in samples of soil, water, or inhibition of plant growth by 2,4-D and bottom mud, and fish were DDT and its other plant growth regulators was associated metabolites, and dieldrin. Residues of a with the level of specific isoenzymes of number of organophosphorus insecticides indoleacetic acid (IAA) oxidase and perox- were detected in soil in the vegetable muck idase. In an attempt to understand the area. Residues of some organophosphorus functional role of these isoenzymes, further insecticides were also detected in drainage work was directed to determine the locat!0n canals surrounding the muck area. Low and characteristics of the isoenzymes at the levels of organochlorine insecticides were subcellular level. The hormone-sensitive IAA detected in fish collected from Lake Simcoe oxidase and peroxidase were found not only adjacent to the muck area, but no residues of in the cytoplasm but also associated with organophosphorus insecticides were present. plasma membranes. The membrane-bound Studies indicated that about 60% of the DDT IAA oxidase has different characteristics, in water is adsorbed to suspended sediment, suggesting a possible different role. A high but only 10% of the dieldrin and none of the concentration of 2,4-D inhibited the forma- diazinon. tion of this group of isoenzymes. These Two programs for developing more effec- findings may be an important step toward tive methods of pesticide management are understanding the mode of action of auxin under way. Good progress is being made in herbicides. the development of an effective technique for Experiments carried out in 1973 confirmed monitoring the annual appearance of the previous findings that the increase in the European com borer. Predictions on the size transpiration of the tomato plants was pro- of population and the time of occurrence in portional to the amount of urea or potassium 1973 based on a model developed over the nitrate applied to the soil of the potted plant. previous 2 yr were very accurate, in spite of In the study of herbicide-soil microorga- unusual weather during 1973. Assuming the nism interaction, recommended concentra- monitoring technique works well when uti- tions of each of paraquat, linuron, diuron, lized by extension specialists, or growers, or atrazine, and simazine produced no ill effects both, it should be possible to achieve more on growth in cultures of representative effective control of the com borer with the strains from each of the seven cross-inocula- use of less insecticide. The joint program in tion groups of rhizobia nor on the prolifera- cooperation with the University of Guelph tion of several rhizobiophages. Similar re- for determining the feasibility of controlling sults were obtained with terbacil even at the onion maggot by the sterile-male tech- extremely high concentrations up to 500 p. g/ nique was continued, and a limited field ml. Yorlex (Nor-Am Agricultural Products study indicated that the release of sterile Ltd.) in the Yorlex-linuron combination was adults significantly reduced fertility of eggs shown to be responsible for reducing drasti- Good progress was made in the.development cally the mold population in muck soil under of a mass-rearing technique utilizing onions laboratory conditions, whereas low concen- as a source of food. trdtions of linuron favored the recovery.

188 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 PUBUCA nONS

Research insecticides used to control the black cutworm in organic soil. J. Econ. Entomol. 66:203-208. Bond, E. J. 1973. Short communication: Increased tolerance to ethylene dibromide in a field Lee, L. M. Y., Krupka, R. M., and Cook, R. A. population of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). J. 1973. Cooperativity in human erythrocyte Stored Prod. Res. 9:61-63. phosphofructokinase. Biochemistry 12:3503- 3507. Bond, E. J., Herne, D. H. C., and Dumas, T. 1973. Control of overwintering stages of mites on Lee, T. T. 1973. On extraction and quantitation of apples using ethylene dibromide. Can. Ento- plal)t isoperoxidases. Physiol. Plant. 29: 198- mol. 105:903-908. 209. Bond, E. J., and Upitis, E. 1973. Response of three Lee, T. T., and Wilkinson, C. E. 1973. Differential insects to sublethal doses of phosphine. J. response of plant cell membrane to some vinyl Stored Prod. Res. 8:307-313. organophosphorus insecticides. Pestic. Bio- chern. Physiol. 3:341-350. Bowman, B. T. 1973. The effect of saturating cations on the adsorption of Dasanit, 0,0- Marks, C. R., Elliot, J. M., and Tu, C. M. 1972. diethyl O-(p-(methyl sulfinyl)phenyl] phos- Effects of deep fumigation on Pratylenchus phorothioate, by Montmorillonite suspensions. penetrans, flue-eured tobacco, and soil nitrate Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37:200-207. content. Can. J. Plant Sci. 52:425-430. Buckland, C. T., and Bond, E. J. 1973. Method of McLeod, D. G. R. 1973. Inheritance of tan head applying methyl bromide to small fumigation color in the European corn borer, Ostrinia chambers. J. Beon. Entomol. 66:992-993. nubilalis. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 66: 1364- 1365. Dumas, T. 1973. Inorganic and organic bromide residues in foodstuffs fumigated with methyl Miles, J. R. W., and Harris, C. R. 1973. Pesticides bromide and ethylene dibromide at low tem- in water. Organochlorine insecticide residues peratures. J. Agric. & Food Chern. 21 :433- in streams draining agricultural, urban-agricul- 436. tural, and resort areas of Ontario, Canada- 1971. Pestic. Monit. J. 6:363-368. Gordon, M., Stoessl, A., and Stothers, J. B. 1973. Post-infectional inhibitors from plants. IV. Miller, D. M. 1973. The reciprocating flow hypoth- The structure of capsidiol, an antifungal esis of translocation in plants. Can. J. Bot. sesquiterpene from sweet peppers. Can. J. 51:1623-1628. Chern. 51:748-752. Nagai, T. 1973. Insect visceral muscle. Excitation Harris, C. R. 1973. Laboratory evaluation of and conduction in the proctodeal muscles. J. candidate materials as potential soil insecti- Insect Physiol. 19:1753-1764. cides. IV. J. Econ. Entomol. 66:216-221. Richardson, L. T. 1973. Synergism between chlo- Harris, C. R. 1973. Behaviour and persistence of roneb and thiram applied to peas to control biological activity of HCS-3260 (AG-Chlor- seed rot and damping-off by Pythium ultimum. dane) in soil under laboratory conditions. Plant Dis. Rep. 57:3-6. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Onto 103:10-16. Richardson, L. T. Adaptive tolerance of Fusarium Harris, C. R., and Svec, H. J. 1973. Toxicological solani to benzimidazole derivatives in vitro. studies on cutworms. XI. Laboratory and field Can.J. Bot. 51:1725-1732. microplot studies on the effectiveness of some experimental insecticides in controlling the Smith, R. c., Starratt, A. N., and Bodnaryk, R. P. red backed cutworm in organic soil. J. Econ. 1973. Oviposition responses of Coleomegilla Entomol. 66:444-446. maculata lengi (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to the wood and extracts of Juniperus virginiana Harris, C. R., Svec, H. J., and Sans, W. W. 1973. and to various chemicals. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Toxicological studies on cutworms. IX. Lab- Am. 66:452-456. oratory and microplot field studies on effectiveness and persistence of some experimental Starratt, A. N. 1973. Euphorbiaceae. Cycloartenol insecticides used for control of the dark sided and lupeol from Euphorbia esula. Phytochem- cutworm. J. Beon. Entomol. 66: 199-203. istry 12:231-232. Harris, C. R., Svec, H. J., and Sans, W. W. 1973. Stan'att, A. N., and Osgood, C. E. 1973. 1,3- Toxicological studies on cutworms. X. Labora- Diglycerides from eggs of Culex pipiens qu- tory and field microplot studies on effec- inque/asciatus and Culex pipiens pipiens. tiveness and persistence of some experimental Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 46,B:857-859.

RESEARCH INSTITUTE, LONDON, ONT. 189 Stenersen, J., Gilman, A., and Vardanis, A. 1973. Upitis, E., Monro, H. A. U., and Bond, E. J. 1973. Carbofuran: its toxicity to and metabolism by Some aspects of inheritance of tolerance to earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris). J. Agric. & methyl bromide by Sitophi/us granarius (L.). J. Food Chern. 21: 166.171. Stored Prod. Res. 9: 13-17. Stoessl, A., Unwin, C. H., and Ward, E. W. B. 1973. Postinfectional inhibitors from plants. Vardanis, A. 1973. On the control of glycogen Fungal oxidation of capsidiol in pepper fruit. synthetase in mammalian liver. Ann. N. Y. Phytopathology 63: 1225-123 I. ' Acad. Sci. 210:215.22 I. Thompson, A. R. 1973. Persistence of biological 'Ward, E. W. B., Unwin, C. H., and Stoessl, A. activity of seven insecticides in soil assayed 1973. Postinfectional inhibitors in plants. VI. with Folsomia candida. J. Econ. EntomoI. Capsidiol production in pepper fruit infected 66:855-857. with bacteria. Phytopathology 63: 1537-1538. Thorn, G. D. 1973. Uptake and metabolism of chloroneb by Phaseolus vulgaris. Pestic. Bio- Miscellaneous chern. & PhysioI. 3: 137-140. Bond, E. 1. 1973. The toxic action of fumigants on Tomlin, A. D., and Forgash, A. J. 1973. Metab- insects. Pages 1-20 in S. K. Majumder and J. olism of gardolla by gypsy moth larvae. J. S. Venugopal, eds. Fumigation and gaseous Econ. Entomol. 66:6-9. pasteurization. Academy of Pest Control Sci. Tu, C. M. 1973. The temperature-dependent effect ences, Manipal Power Press, Mysore, India. of residual nematicides on the activities of soil microorganisms. Can. J. Microbiol. 19:855- Bond, E. J. 1973. Chemical control of stored grain 859. insects and mites. In R. N. Sinha and W. E. Muir, eds. Grain storage: part of a system. Avi Tu, C. M. 1973. Comparison of silica gel plating Publishing Co., Westport, Conn. and most probable number methods for counting nitrifiers in soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Harris, C. R., Thompson, A. R., and Tu, C. M. Plant Anal. 4:279-283. 1972. Insecticides and the soil environment. Tu, C. M. 1973. Effects of Mocap, N-Serve, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 102:156-158. Telone, and Vorlex at two temperatures on populations and activities of microorganisms in soil. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:401-405.

190 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Engineering Research Service Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

C. G. E. DOWNING,B.E., M.Sc.. F.A.s.A.E., Director F.E.I.C., F.C.S.A.E. K. B. MITCHELL Administration

Development and Advisory Section

J. E. TURNBULL,B.S.A., M.S.A. Head of Section; Livestock structures M. FELDMAN,B.E., M.Sc. Field mechanization F. R. HORE,B.S.A., M.S. Water resources J. H. HUTT, B.Sc. (Eng.), M.Sc. Systems analysis H. A. JACKSON,B.Sc. (Eng.), M.Sc. Storage structures K. W. LIEVERS,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Systems analysis P. A. PHILLIPS,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Waste management

Research Service Section

P. W. VOISEY,M.I., Mech.E. Head of Section; Instrumentation E. J. BRACH,D.E.E., Dip.Mil.Electronics Electronics D. J. BUCKLEY,B.E., M.Sc. Electronics W. S. REID, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc. Mechanical G. E. TIMBERS,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Food process engineering

Technical and Scientific Information Section

G. F. MONTGOMERY,B.Sc. (Agr.) Head of Section

Departure

D. J. COOPER,B.Sc. (Agr.) Head of Technical and Scientific Reured January 1973 Information Section

ENGINEERINGRESEARCHSERVICE 191 INTRODUCTION

A new program in agricultural engineering mechanization was started to follow the new government policy of "make or buy" for additional research and development programs. Initially the program includes three contracts on high-priority projects: one at the University of Saskatchewan on mechanized-equipment improvement to control wild oats and to clean them from the harvested crop; a second at the Nova Scotia Agricultural College on the recycling of animal waste to produce organic protein for ruminant animals and for use as improved fertilizer; and a third at the University of Manitoba to determine the technique and economic feasibility of methane gas production for energy purposes through anaerobic digestion of animal waste. The program proposes to support the fundamental research and development activities at universities, research institutes, and industry and the applied development and equipment evaluation at provincial agencies, industry, or other commercial agencies. This program will speed up the development of special machines and equipment for agricultural production in Canada and the field-performance evaluation of new machines to facilitate farm-management decisions. Technical consultation was increased with Branch establishments, other government agencies, universities, and industry. Participation in seminars and short courses for provincial extension engineers, farm organizations, and industrial groups and in special research- planning committees was expanded. The Canada Farm Building Plan Service developed more quick-design leaflets and special publications. ERDA continued to effectively communicate new technology to a wide readership nationally and internationally. Mr. D. J. Cooper, who worked on farm drainage and soil and water developments and was responsible for the development of the publication ERDA, retired after 27 yr of service. For more information, address correspondence to: Director, Engineering Research Service, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, OntoKIA OCf}.

C. G. E. Downing Director

DEVELOPMENT AND ADVISORY Simulation and analysis of western grain- harvesting and handling systems were continued. A grain-harvesting simulation program Developmental Research from England was tried, but it is not yet operational on the Agriculture Canada com- Forage-systems evaluation was continued puter facilities. at the Research Station, Melfort, Sask. The After a field survey of rape swathing hay tower was modified and filled for the problems in Western Canada, recommenda- third time; some operational difficulties are tions for various swather modifications were still to be solved. Measurements of field made to swather manufacturers. Suggestions drying rate for 4 yr indicate that conditioned, were made to develop rape varieties and swathed hay is about 5% dryer after a curing cultural practices aimed at the reduction of, period than hay made by other treatments. lodging and excessive vegetative growth. Unless windrows are extremely heavy, condi- In cooperation with the Animal Research tioned hay in the windrow may be ready for Institute, corn silage densities and storage packaging just as quickly as hay in the swath, losses were again measured in a 9 x 24-m because swaths that dry more quickly are (30 x 80-ft) concrete tower silo. Storage also rewetted more quickly by dew or rain. losses from the 1972 crop, which was ensiled Big-package systems (stacks, giant bales) are at 68% moisture, were II % of the total being compared with silage and regular bale contents and 7.1% of the dry matter. The systems. Data on hay-drying rates, handling 1973 crop was stored at 58% moisture. methods, and hay and silage storage losses To extend the time available for field are being added to a simulation and analysis spreading, liquid manure was injected study of forage systems. between rows of growing corn with no

192 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 apparent damage to corn up to 0,6 m (2 ft) in and footings, were presented in seminars to height at the Greenbelt Farm of the Animal the Ontario extension engineers. Research Institute (A.R.I.). A three-row injector applied liquid at 22-90 t/ha (10-40 tons/ac); at 25- to 30-cm (10- to 12-in.) RESEARClt SERVICE penetration the three-row injector required on the drawbar an average of 60 hp and Equipment for .Mechanization of Field peaks to 90 hp. Crop response with liquid and Laboratory Experiments manure and no spring fertilizer was compared with the regular fertilizer program; the Two fertilizer dispensers were developed results are pending. for use on experimental plots. A new forage- plot seeder was developed, and the Swift The Canada Animal Waste Management Current seeder was modified to expand its Guide was prepared and issued by a federal- performance. A commercial system for pro- provincial committee, to consolidate the best .tecting test plots by netting was investigated. available information applicable to Cana- An automatic system for collecting 1 to 24 dian conditions. Information gaps revealed water samples at preselected times was by the preparation of this guide have resulted developed for field-drainage experiments. A in the starting of a systems analysis project in plant coldhardiness cabinet was developed in animal waste management (beginning with which the temperature cycle required was dairy cattle systems) and a manure~storage programmed by plotting a curve to control runoff monitoring program across Ontario. temperatures from 0 to -24°C within Measurement of field-runoff rates and pollu- :i:O.5°C. tion potential was begun at instrumented An automatic door to allow individual sites on the A.R.I. Greenbelt Farm and the beef animals access to their assigned feed Central Experimental Farm. was evaluated and found to operate under Porous ceiling ventilation gave satisfactory Canadian winter conditions. An improved winter humidity and odor control in a free- surgical table system was developed to stall dairy barn at Normandin, Que.; further handle animals ranging from sheep to cattle modifications are being tried to produce to provide the veterinarian with fingertip more uniform barn temperature. control to position the animal. Canada Farm Building Plan Service Mechanization Applied to Field Crops (CFBPS) A forage harvester was modified to harvest The CFBPS Design Center, in cooperation whole tobacco plants, in order to investigate with provincial subcommittees and the Infor- a new harvesting method and to study new mation Division, prepared and distributed 31 curing techniques for this crop. plan sets (85 drawing sheets) and 22 catalog A process was developed for drying sugar leaflets. These were mainly plans for dairy cane pith and forming it into wafers to make housing, fruit and vegetable storages, and a storable animal feed in the West Indies. special structures. Dairy plans included three The production of fababeans for canning new manure storages designed for pollution or freezing was investigated. Commercial control relating to the Canada Animal Waste seeders were satisfactory, and modified pea- Management Guide. harvesting equipment harvested the crop Several 3-day training courses in drafting efficiently. and illustrating procedures were presented to Commercial harvesters appeared to be provincial draftsmen from Quebec (2 men), satisfactory for the harvesting of minicarrots the Maritime Provinces (9), and the Western on muck soils. Planting experimentation for Provinces (10). higher yields is required. \ Quick-design leaflets were developed for Instrumentation choosing structural components for farm buildings including roof trusses, roof purlins, Several data acqulSltlOn systems were wall posts and columns, wall plate beams, designed for different applications. The and insulation requirements for fruit and infrared spectral reflectance characteristics of vegetable storages. These and other struc- chicken feathers and skin were established to tural concepts, such as the design of silo walls provide poultry housing design parameters.

ENGINEERING RESEARCH SERVICE 193

I J It was found that infrared reflectance of dough-mixing and water-imbibing proper- conifers did not provide an indication of the ties. plant's biological activity (dormancy and It was found that the effect of storage time winterhardiness). Instruments were devel- on canned baked beans was to increase the oped to record field evaporation and solar variability of their texture. energy in meteorological measurements. A technique based on level controls and a timing mechanism was developed to record TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC the rate of flow from cows during milking. INFORMATION A borescope and camera attachment were The section has established a broad-based assembled to record the development of information retrieval system. It includes most plant roots. of the recent papers from Canadian and American agricultural engineering societies, Processing and Quality Measurement journal articles, and documents from many other sources. It has been used to prepare The thermal properties of rapeseed were special bibliographies on systems engineering established. An extruder was instrumented to and agricultural pollution. study starch gelatinization in cereal process- Many reports, journal articles, and other ing. Reverse osmosis was successfully ap- documents have been added to the section's plied to the concentration of cranberry juice collection of agricultural engineering infor- and second-press apple juice. The procedure mation. has commercial applications. Items of current interest were disseminated Instruments and techniques were devel- to individuals involved with agricultural oped for measuring the quality of various engineering by means of the periodical foods such as the firmness of licorice candy, ERDA. A list of agricultural engineering French fry limpness, and onion firmness. research and development projects was pre- New apparatus was developeli for determin- pared and published as a supplement to ing the quality of wheat flour by measuring ERDA.

PUBUCA TIONS

Research Hergert, G. B. 1973. A laboratory classifier for separation of ground products by terminal velocity. Can. Inst. Food Sci. & Techno!. J. Brach, E. J., and Mack, A. R. 1973. Instrumenta- 6:298-299. tion development for characterization of crops by spectrophotometry. Trans. Instrum. Soc. Hergert, G. B. 1973. A laboratory oat polisher. Am. 12:217-226. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:649-650.

Brach, E. J., Reid, W. S., and St. Amour, G. P. Hergert, G. B., and Gall, J. 1973. Modification to 1973. Optical reflectance attachment to mea- an automatic liquid sampler to take multiple sure reflectance properties of grain products. J. samples. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:483-484. Phys. E, Sci. Instrum. 6:634-636. Kalab, M., Voisey, P. W., Harwalker, V. R., and Brach, E. 1., Wilner, J., and St. Amour, G. P. 1973. Larose, J. A. G. 1973. Heat-induced milk gels. Data acquisition of winterhardiness and tem- VI. Effect of temperature on firmness in perature from living plants via telemetry. comparison with some common gels. J. Dairy Med. & Bio!. Eng. 11: 164-175. Sci. 56:998-1003. Khan, A. W., and Voisey, P. W. 1973. Determina-. Buckley, D. J., Reid, W. S., and Voldeng, H~ D. tion of shear force value of major beef 1973. A digital leaf area measuring system muscles. Can. Inst. Food Sci. & Techno!. J. using a television-scanned conveyor. J. Can. 6:47-49. Soc. Agric. Eng. 15:107-109. Larmond, E., and Voisey, P. W. 1973. Evaluation Hergert, G. B. 1973. A corn sheller for experimen- of spaghetti quality by a laboratory panel. tal samples. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:647-648. Can. Inst. Food Sci. & Techno!. J. 6:209-211.

194 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Lasztity, R., and Voisey, P. W. 1973. Hungarian Feldman, M. 1973. Reciprocating power harrows. quality control instruments. Their applications Canadex 741. in industry, agriculture and scientific research. Feldman, M. 1973. Save energy-save dollars. Can. Inst. Food Sci. & Technol. J. 6:22-28. Camidex 717. Reid, W. S. 1973. A polycarbonate plastic bed for a fluidized bed freezer and dryer. Can. Inst. Feldman, M., and Beacom, S. E. 1973. Effect of Food Sci. & Technol. J. 6: 148-150. harvesting equipment and bale management methods on hay quantity and quality. Paper Tanaka, M., deMan, J. M., and Voisey, P. W. 73-310. Annu. Conf. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng., 1973. Some rheological properties of whipped Victoria. 21 pp. toppings. Chern. Mikrobiol. & Technol. Le. bensom.2:1-6. Feldman, M., and Friesen, O. H. 1973. Perform- ance of reciprocating power harrows in some Timbers, G. E. 1973. Food engineering in Agricul- Canadian conditions. Paper 73-328. Annu. ture Canada. A review. J. Can. Soc. Agric. Conf. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng., Victoria. 21 pp. Eng. 15:93-98. Feldman, M., and Hore, F. R. 1973. Current Timbers, G. E. 1973. Measurement of moisture in developments in equipment for injecting liquid foods. Proc. 2nd Annu. Instrum. Soc. Am. manure into the sO,il.Paper 73-303. Annu. Food Beverage Instrum. Symp., Montreal. pp. Conf. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng., Victoria. 13 pp. 45-49. Feldman, M., and Lievers, K. W. 1973. Effect of Voisey, P. W., and Crete, R. 1973. A technique for cutting method and conditioning on field establishing instrumental conditions for mea- drying rates of hay in Saskatchewan. Paper suring food firmness to simulate consumer 73-308. Annu. Conf. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng., evaluations. J. Texture Stud. 4:371-377. Victoria. 22 pp. Voisey, P. W., and Larmond, E. 1973. An explora- Hergert, G. B. 1973. Bulk seeder for experimental tory evaluation of instrumental techniques for planting. Rep. 7233. Eng. Res. Servo 10 pp. measuring some textural properties of cooked spaghetti. Cereal Sci. Today 18:126-133, 142- Hergert, G. B. 1973. Flail clutch and roller height 143. adjuster for Swift Current forage harvesters. Voisey, P. W., and Nonnecke, I. L. 1973. Measure- Rep. 7215. Eng. Res. Serv. 4 pp. ment of pea tenderness. 5. The Ottawa pea Hergert, G. B. 1973. Recommendations for testing tenderometer and its performance in relation mechanical aspects of growing broad beans to the pea tenderometer and F.T.C. texture for processing in Quebec. Rep. 7302-2. Eng. test system. J. Texture Stud. 4:323-343. Res. Servo 12 pp. Voisey, P. W., and Nonnecke, I. L. 1973. Measure- Hore, F. R. 1973. Animal waste management ment of pea tenderness. 2. A review of research in Canada. Annu. Pac. Northwest methods. J. Texture Stud. 4: 171-195. Reg. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., Calgary. 11 pp. Miscellaneous Jackson, H. A. 19'73. Packed vs unpacked silage. Canadex 120.52. Brach, E. 1., Montour, M., and St. Amour, G. P. 1973. Cancellation of spectrophotometer sys- Jackson, H. A., Feldman, M., and Beacom, S. E. tem characteristics using an analog computer. 1973. Progress in development of a hay tower Lab. Pract. 22:631-632. for drying, storing and mechanically handling Buckley, D. J. 1973. Preliminary evaluation of the chopped hay. Paper 73-501. Annu. Conf. Can. Valeriote individual animal feeding gate sys- Soc. Agric. Eng., Victoria. 8 pp. tem. Rep. 6707. Eng. Res. Servo9 pp. Jackson, H. A., and Robertson, J. A. 1973. Com- Downing, C. G. E. 1973. Goals of agricultural parison of packed and nonpacked storage of research in Canada. Paper NC73-102. Annu. silage in horizontal silos in a cold climate. Conf. North Cent. Reg. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., Paper 73-215. Annu. Conf. Can. Soc. Agric. Regina. 8 pp. Eng., Victoria. 6 pp. Engineering Research Service. 1973. Current agri- Phillips, P. A., and Ogilvie, 1. R. 1973. Modelling cultural engineering research and development short-term minimum aerobic treatment of projects in Canada 1973. ERDA Suppl. 6. 29 swine manure. Paper 73-221. Annu. Conf. pp. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng., Victoria. 16 pp. Feldman, M. 1973. Investigation of rapeseed Reid, W. S. 1973. Processing options to produce swathing problems in Saskatchewan. Paper sheet tobacco with cost estimates for two pilot 73-312. Annu. Conf. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng., plant processes. Rep. 7310. Eng. Res. Servo 36 Victoria. II pp. pp.

ENGINEERING RESEARCH SERVICE 195 Reid, W. S., and Timbers, G. E. 1973. Physical Voisey, P. W. 1973. The interchangeability of properties of five varieties of apples associated instruments used to measure pea tenderness. with potential improvements in processing Rep. 6820-6. Eng. Res. Servo23 pp. machinery. Paper 73-321. Annu. Conf. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng., Victoria. 29 pp. Voisey, P. W., and Balke, W. G. 1973. Summary of projects and publications. Eng. Specif. 7300. Timbers,.G. E. 1973. Concentration and recovery Eng. Res. Servo17 pp. of second press apple juice. Rep. 7235. Eng. Voisey, P. W., and Hergert, G. B. 1973. A review Res. Servo II pp. of transplanters. Rep. 7321. Eng. Res. Servo 4 Timbers, G. E. 1973. Thermal diffusivity and pp. specific heat of rapeseed. Rep. 7142-1. Eng Voisey, P. W., and Hunt, J. R. 1973. Apparatus Res. Servo23 pp. and techniques for measuring eggshel1 Turnbul1, J. E. 1973. Dairy herd replacement heifer strength and other quality factors. Eng. Spe- housing. Calf Nutr. Manage. Workshop. Mac- cif. 6176. Eng. Res. Servo63 pp. Donald Col1ege,Que. 10 pp. Voisey, P. W., and Kloek, M. 1973. Measurements relating to pea tenderometer calibration. Rep. Turnbull, J. E. 1973. Design of footings for 6820.3. Eng. Res. Servo26 pp. concrete tower silos. Ont. Minist. Agric. & Food Silo Semin., February. 6 pp. Voisey, P. W., and Larmond, E. 1973. A comparison of the textural properties of several spa- Turnbul1, J. E. 1973. Engineering for intensive ghetti varieties and some observations on the housing of livestock. Can. Dep. Agric. Pub!' accuracy of an objective technique. Rep. 7008- 1503.26 pp. I. Eng. Res. Servo57 pp. Turnbul1, J. E. 1973. Environmental requirements Voisey, P. W., and Nonnecke, I. L. 1973. Some for mature dairy cows. Proc. Am. Soc. Agric. observations regarding pea tenderometer stan- Eng. Nat!' Dairy Housing Conf., East Lan- dardization. Rep. 6820-5. Eng. Res. Servo 21 sing, Mich. pp 142-153. pp. Turnbul1, J. E. 1973. Planning swine housing Voisey, P. W., and Nonnecke, I. L. 1973. Summary facilities. Quinte Pork Prod. Conf., Peterboro, of results-Pea tenderometer tests. 1968-1973 .. Onto 9 pp. Rep. 6820-7. Eng. Res. Servo 13 pp. Turnbul1, J. E., and Darisse, J. P. F. 1973. Ventila- Voisey, P. W., and Timbers, G. E. 1973. Where we tion of dairy barns with porous ceiling inlet stand in instrumentation for food quality systems. II. Paper 73-216. Annu. Conf. Can. measurement. Can. Controls Instrum. Soc. Agric. Eng., Victoria. 12 pp. 12(3):34-38. Turnbull, J. E., and Guertin, S. M. 1973. Shear and Voisey, P. W., Buckley, D. J., and Crete, R. 1973. buckling resistance of cladding materials used Evaluation of a system for measuring small as structural diaphragms in farm buildings. deformations in the physical testing of foods. Paper 73-213. Annu. Conf. Can. Soc. Agric. Rep. 7221. Eng. Res. Servo39 pp. Eng., Victoria. 16 pp. Voisey, P. W., Heeney, H. B., and Nonnecke, I. L. Turnbul1, J. E., and Hickman, C. G. 1973. Ventila- 1973. The effect of variety on the relationships tion of dairy barns with porous ceiling inlet between readings from instruments for mea- systems. I. Paper 73-216. Annu. Conf. Can. suring pea maturity and tenderness. Rep. Soc. Agric. Eng., Victoria. 8 pp. 6820-4. Eng. Res. Servo51 pp. Turnbull, J. E., and Hore,. F. R. 1973. Current The fol1owing publications are available in both trends in handling livestock wastes. Proc. English and French.' . Work Plann. Meet. on Agric. and Environ. Hergert, G. B. 1973. A review of equipment for Qua!' Res. Branch, Agric. Can., Ottawa. pp. harvesting root crops. Rep. 7302-4. Eng. Res. 58-66. Servo 15 pp. Voisey, P. W. 1973. An electronic attachment to Hergert, G. B. 1973. Harvesting baby carrots. Rep. replace mechanical dynamometers used to 7302-5. Eng. Res. Servo5 pp. record torque in mixers and extruders. Rep. 7228. Eng. Res. Servo25 pp. Hergert, G. B. 1973. Report on harvesting investigation using a Tawco radish combine for baby Voisey, P. W. 1973. Firmness of candy licorice. carrots. Rep. 7302-6. Eng. Res. Servo6 pp. Rep. 7319. Eng. Res. Servo 17 pp. Hergert, G. B., and Jasmin, J. J. 1973. Field Voisey, P. W. 1973. Some measurements of baked equipment for broad beans grown for process- bean texture. Rep. 7222. Eng. Res. Servo6 pp. ing. Rep. 7302-3. Eng. Res. Servo6 pp.

196 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Reid, W. S. 1973. Preliminary survey of equipment for harvesting broad beans, carrots, radishes and shallots. Rep. 7302. Eng. Res. Servo II pp.

ENGINEERING RESEARCH SERVICE 197

Ornamentals Research Service Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

A. CHAN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director

Administration

J. S. ANDERSON Office Manager B. W. JABLONSKI,B.L.A. Landscape Architect

Ornamentals Research

W. E. CORDUKES, B.Sc., M.Sc. CWef of Section; Turfgrass A. T. BOLTON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pathology of ornamental plants J. MOLNAR, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Floriculture E. V. PARUPS, M.S.A., Ph.D. Physiology of ornamental plants F. J. SVEJDA (Miss), Ph.D; Ornamental plant breeding J. WILNER, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Frost hardiness and nursery research

Departure

A. R. BUCKLEY Ornamental horticulture Retired August 1973

ORNAMENTALSRESEARCHSERVICE 199 INTRODUCTION

The Ornamentals Research Service was established in 1973 to strengthen research on ornamental plants. The Service is also responsible for the Department's Arboretum and Botanic Garden at Ottawa. A new balanced program on floriculture is becoming very productive. The addition of a pathologist to the staff has been an important move to meet the needs of the industry. Turfgrass research has been accelerated and more cooperative work with sod producers and turf management personnel is being developed. The Test Gardens continued to provide useful appraisals of new ornamental cultivars to the trades and the general public. Correspondence should be addressed: Director, Ornamentals Research Service, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, OntoKIA OC6.

Allan Chan Director

ORNAMENTAL PLANTS acetylcholine mimicked the effects of red light on phytochrome. Control of Foliar Nematodes The diagotropic mutant of tomato, dgt, requires ethylene for normal, upright growth The introduction of Rieger elatior bego- and has low levels or activities of cysta- nias to Canadian consumers is impeded by thionase, the enzyme involved in the synthe- the susceptibility of these plants to foliar sis of methionine. The relatively low levels of nematodes. methionine (a precursor of ethylene) thus Plants of the Rieger elatior begonia culti- contributed to a decrease in ethylene, indicat- var Schwabenland Red were infested with ing that a certain minimal amount of ethyl- foliar nematodes and left undisturbed for 6 ene synthesis capacity is required for normal wk to increase infestation. The plants were plant growth. sprayed with the systemic insecticides Vydate The rate of peroxidation of lipids in petals (DuPont of Canada Ltd.), Temik 10% granu- was considerably lower in chrysanthemums lar (G) (Union Carbide Corp.), and DS15647 than in roses or carnations and may be an (Diamond Shamrock Canada Ltd.). Vydate important factor in the relative longevity of gave the most effective control without these flowers. damaging the plants. Temik lOG gave fairly good control and caused only minor foliage Evaluation of Woody Plants injury on some plants. DS15647 gave only The new viburnum cultivars introduced partfaI control but dId not have any phyto during the last few years by the US National toxic effects. Arboretum have been growing long enough Tissue Culture for their hardiness to be judged. Most of them appear to be hardy in this climate, but . Cyclamen tuber tissues are being cultured the varieties Iroquois, Mohawk, and Susque- to obtain disease-free stock plants. Two kinds hanna are too tender for this area. New of culture media have been used, both in plantings were made of m~nolias, rhodo-:. liquid and solid states. However, organ -dendrons and azaleas in a sheftered area of differentiation appears to be very slow. Some the arboretum to evaluate their winter- root growth and vegetative bud initials have hardiness. been obtained in some cultures. Evaluation of Annuals Response to Growth Regulators Annuals selected for intensive testing were Auxin and red light are known to control Celosia (40 cultivars), Impatiens (78 culti- the rate of ethylene synthesis in plants. vars), Salvia (70 cultivars), Lobularia (10 Exogenously supplied acetylcholine inhibited cultivars), and Ageratum (20 cultivars). The ethylene synthesis, probably because the Celosia varieties can be divided into two

200 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 types, the cristata or cockscomb hybrids and, lateral movement through tile drains to at the plumosa or feathered hybrids. The cocks- least 30 m (100 ft) from the green. comb hybrids were outstanding and more uniform dian when last"tested; the varieties Container-grown Nursery Stock Empress Re-selected and Empress Rose were the best. Among the feathered hybrids, Fiery Bioelectric studies showed that impedance Feather, Golden Feather, Crusader, and two readings of about 85,000 ohms for roots, mixtures, Fairy Fountains and Meadowglow, with a shoot-to-root impedance ratio of rated highest. about 2.0: 1.0, a soil temperature of about New improved types of balsam (Impa- 2°C (35°F), and an air temperature of about tiens) with bicolored or multicolored flowers, -4°C(25°F) were optimum conditions for such as Freckles, Peppermint, and Princess overwintering of container stock. Sakura, were introduced. In the ordinary During the growing season varietal differ- Impatiens, new strains such as Elfin, Imp. ences were found in the adaptability of Melody, Minette, Shadeglow, and Treasure nursery plants when transplanted from the are now more uniform and floriferous and field to containers. The slow-release fertiliz- are available in a wide range of individual ersOsmocote and I.B.D.U. were as effective colors or as mixtures. as the soluble 20-20-20 fertilizer. Soil temperatures in containers located on the ground Turfgrass Growth in Salt-contaminated surface were about 7°C (l2°F) higher than Soils those in the soil, but no visible growth Samples of the cultivated layer of Carp differences were noted. Runner roots pro- clay loam, Osgoode sandy loam, and Up- trudingthrough the drainage holes of containers did not contribute to the growth of lands sand were treated with CaCI2.2H20 at rates of 0, 2,000, 8,000, 12,000, and 16,000 nursery stock. No apparent differences were ppm and cropped in the greenhouse to noted in the effect of 9- and 14-litre (2- and perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and 3-gal) containers on growth of hybrid tea creeping red fescue. The quality of turf of roses 3 yr of age. the three species was not affected by salt Autumn application of Ethrel (Amchem contamination at the rate of 2,000 ppm (soil Products Inc.), but not of Alar (UniRoyal conductivity of 7.2 mmhos/cm in a saturated Chemical), induced early maturity of con- paste). When the rate was increased to 8,000 tainer-grown plants. ppm (soil conductivity of 20 mmhos/cm), the In winter the survival of container-grown turf deteriorated markedly in the clay loam plants outdoors was comparable with the and sandy loam and to a lesser degree in the survival of those stored indoors. Spraying sand. Deterioration of turf quality was plants stored indoors with antidesiccants such accompanied by less root development. as Foligard, Silvoplast, and Wiltproof did not improve their survival over the control Mercury Content of Golf Course Greens plants. In 1970 and 1971 turf and soil samples were obtained from several greens and Soil-borne Diseases of Greenhouse fairways of three local golf courses toestab- Ornamentals lish the mercury (Hg) levels that might be encountered on area courses. Samples were Pythium splendens Braun was isolated taken from greens and at 8-m (25-ft) inter- from Rieger begonias at Ottawa. This species vals out from the greens to a distance of 30 caused, severe damage to a wide range of m (100 ft). The Hg level of three surface plants placed in infested soil. An efficient samples collected at the Central Experimen- method of testing the efficacy of soil fun- tal Farm was 0.05 ppm. The Hg content of gicides was developed in which cucumber the greens averaged 53 ppm and ranged seedlings and rooted cuttings of geranium from 27 to 65 ppm. The amounts decreased were planted in soil inoculated with P. with distance from the green and dropped splendens. The soil was then drenched with abruptly below the 15-cm (6-in.) depth. the particular fungicide. Good control was However, there was also evidence of Hg obtained with several of the fungicides leaching to a depth of 76 cm (30 in.) and of tested.

ORNAMENTALS-RESEARCH SERVICE 201 Shade Tree Diseases seedlings from open pollination to determine whether it would be feasible to obtain plants Verticillium dahliae Kleb. was isolated with purple foliage only. Color ratings were from several maple and elm trees in eastern carried out in March, July, and September as Ontario. The fungus caused necrosis and follows: green, if there was no other color; death of several branches of large trees. variable, if more than 75% of the foliage was Partial recovery was observed in several green; and purple, if green was less than large maple trees after a heavy application of 25%. The rating in March yielded 61% green, high-nitrogen fertilizer. 20% variable, and 19% purple seedlings. When the green seedlings were rated later, Foliage Color of Seedlings of Prunus 50 seedlings were still green, but II had virginiana 'Shubert' turned purple. Generally, the purple seed- The cultivar Shubert has purple foliage. It lings retained the color throughout the season is very hardy and may be clipped into a but two turned green. These data showed hedge, but the new shoots have green leaves. that seedlings with predominantly purple The development of foliage color was exam- foliage can be obtained and that very young ined during the first growing season on seedlings can be selected for foliage color.

PUBliCA nONS

Research Miscellaneous Brach, E. J., Wilner, J., and St. Amour, G. 1973. Buckley, A. R. 1973. Order bulbs now to popular- Data acquisition of winterhardiness and tem- ize your department next spring. Recreation perature from living plants via telemetry. Can. 31(4):23 and 27. Med. & BioI. Eng. II: 164-175. Buckley, A. R. 1973. The herb garden. Ottawa Cordukes, W. E., and MacLean, A. J. 1973. Hortic. Soc. 1973 Yearbook. pp. 20-21. Tolerance of some turfgrass species to differ- Buckley, A. R. 1973. Trees that weep. Horticulture ent concentrations of salt in soils. Can. J. Plant 51(1):52-53. Sci. 53:69-73. Cavaye, W. M., and Buckley, A. R. 1972. Recom- MacLean, A. J., Stone, B., and Cordukes, W. E. mended list of annual plant varieties. Green- 1973. Amounts of mercury in soil of some golf house-Garden-Grass 11:53-57 and 81-86. course sites. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53: 130-132. Chan, A. P. 1973. Controlled plant environments. Parups, E. V. 1973. Control of ethylene-induced Canadex 731. responses in plants by a substituted benzothia- diazole. PhysioI. Plant. 29:365-370. Molnar, J. M. 1973. Practical grower research in Ottawa. Can. Florist 68(9):22-28. Parups, E. V., and Chan, A. P. 1973. Extension of vase-life of cut flowers by use of isoascorbate- Parups, E. V. 1972. 'Ekatin' for disbudding of containing preservative solutions. J. Am. Soc. chrysanthemums. Greenhouse-Garden-Grass Hortic. Sci. 98:22-26. 11:75-79. Parups, E. V., and Peterson, E. A. 1973. Inhibition Parups, E. V. 1973. Chemical modification of of ethylene production in plant tissues by ethylene responses in plants. Symp. Posthar- 8-hydroxyquinoline. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:351- vest PhysioI. of Cut Flowers. LittIehampton, 353. U.K. Svejda, F. 1972. New hybrids of roses. Proc. 18th Parups, E. V. 1973. Preharvest and postharvest Int. Hortic. Congr. Tel Aviv, 1970(1):225, physiology of roses. Roses Inc. Bull. Feb. pp. Abstr.456. 15-18. Wilner, J. 1973. Electrical methods of measuring and reporting cold hardiness of plants. Green- house-Garden-Grass 12:11-14.

202 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Statistical Research Service .Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

L. P. LEFKOVITCH,B.Sc. Director C. S. SHIH,B.SC., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Biometrics Section; Design of experiments, crop-loss studies M. R. BINNS,M.A., Dip. Stat. Design of experiments, sampling D. R. CAMERON,'B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soils systems models D. J. CLARK,2B.S.A. Senior programmer L. M. A. GRAHAM(MS.),2 B.A. Systems and programming H. N. HAYHOE,3B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Agrometeorological models J. Hurr,4 B.Sc., M.Sc. Animal housing models K. W. LIEVERS,4B.Sc., M.Sc. Harvesting models C. S. LIN, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Quantitative genetics P. M. MORSE(Ms.), M.A. Bioassay, design of experiments D. L. PAULHUS,2B.Sc. Systems and programming D. R. PERRON,2 ' Systems and programming K. R. PRICE,B.Sc., M.Math. Design and analysis of experiments; systems analysis G. P. POUSHINSKY,2B.Sc. Systems and programming S. PURl,SB.A., M.A., M.Sc. Quality control B. REISER,B.Sc., M.Math., Ph.D. Time series, multivariate analysis D: T. SPURR,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Quantitative genetics, design and analysis B. K. THOMPSON,B.Sc., M.Math. Genetics, design and analysis J. TSANG(Ms.),2 B.Sc. Systems and programming C. J. WILLIAMS,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Design and analysis

Departure

B. J. HACHE,B.Sc. Systems and programming Transferred to Environment Canada, September 1973

~Soil Research Institute, Systems Group . .,linance and Administration Branch, Data Processing Division. fhemistry and Biology Research Institute, Systems Group. sl'ngineering Research Service, Systems Group. Production and Marketing Branch Statistician.

STATISTICALRESEARCHSERVICE 203 INTRODUCTION

In 1973, the Statistical Research Service provided advice and assistance on some 170 problems on design, analysis, and interpretation of experimental data, and also on some nonstatistical mathematics. Cooperation with other scientists in the Research Branch has been close, especially in assessment of crop losses, in bioassay, in numerical taxonomy, and in applied ecology. A new development has been the formation of a scientific modeling group for agriculture; the group consists of scientists from three other institutes as well as this Service. The library of computer programs has had to be modified because of changes in the operating system of the Univac 1108 machine normally used; every subprogram has had to be verified and the differences understood or errors rectified. New programs placed in the library include ones to perform time-series analysis, both in autoregressive and spectral contexts; canonical and discriminant analysis by the Q-technique, for trend-surface analysis; eight further methods of cluster analysis; an information-theoretic method for the evaluation of attributes; and a method for path coefficients. New mathematical procedures include some further methods of function optimization, and eigenvalue procedures imProved in both accuracy and speed, for singular value decomposition, and for the exact distribution of Wilks' criterion. For more information, correspondence should be addressed to: Director, Statistical Research Service, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Room E266, Sir John Carling Building, Ottawa, Onto KIA OC5.

L. P. Lefkovitch Director

Plant Science to give a uniform distribution of water over a tobacco field. In another study, regression A procedural approach for analyzing the lines were fitted to relate legume yield to soil data of cooperative varietal trials was devel- pH under two regimes. Among other prob- oped. By a combination of the techniques of lems investigated were the grain yield of cluster and regression analysis, the test spring wheat in relation to the rate and varieties are grouped so that those within duration of grain filling; the effect of weather each group have a common regression on on the yields of bromegrass varieties; and the environmental indexes. The method gives a relationship between yield of flax and vari- picture of the general response pattern and ous yield components and agronomic charac- provides an objective way to select varieties teristics. for a specific range of environments. In further study of compact designs for Investigations were carried out to estimate spacing experiments, it was found that possi- the combining ability of lowbush blueberry ble heteroscedasticity owing to unequal plot varieties, and to assess the performance of size can be examined by analyzing the data reed canarygrass varieties tested in a diallel separately for each level of row or column cross. A large number of variety trials were spacing. Analysis of a corn experiment that analyzed, including tests of various species of used the compact design showed that the grass and many corn experiments. Much time spacing arrangement of the plants affected was spent on analysis of various subjects: the the yields of treatments with identical plant effect of rotation, manure, and fertilizer density. Regardless of the experimental treatments on the yield of potato tubers; design, a general problem with spacing collaborative tests, involving 10 soillaborato- experiments is the poor fit obtained for ries, to study methods of determining iron response surfaces. A partial remedy is to and aluminum levels in soil; the effects of make a more critical choice of treatment fertilizer treatments on strawberry size; and levels and to increase the number of replica- the effects of spacing and seeding date on tions. several cereal crops and two hybrid lines of Regression analysis has been used to study tobacco. a variety of other problems. One of these Assistance was given in analyzing and concerned the spacing of irrigation sprinklers interpreting experiments to study the joint

204 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 effects of nematodes and viruses on the yield experiment comparing Cheddar cheeses of a number of horticultural crops. For made with bovine pepsin and rennet was potatoes, a stem-cutting program was started designed, on the basis of previous informa- to investigate the effects of two virus diseases tion, to enable detection of commercially and one fungal disease, singly or in combina- important differences. Partial analysis of the tions, on the yield of tubers. data has revealed no significant differences among the week-old cheeses. Fat losses, total Animal Science protein, and nonprotein nitrogen in whey Time-series models, both parametric and were higher, and cheese yield was lower, for nonparametric, were used in the examination bovine pepsin. of data from a study to analyze the patterns of certain physiological measurements of Other investigations included designing sheep in relation to time. Data on the internal experiments to compare analyses, conducted body temperature suggested that there are in different locations, of various properties of important periodicities other than that of 24 several kinds of spaghetti; to examine the h. Work on more complex models and on effectiveness of a new method of measuring other physiological measurements is in pro- the selenium content of food; and to tabulate gress. taste-panel data on flavored milk. A program to handle bioassays in which the number of individuals at risk is unknown Bioassay (Wadley's Problem) was applied to assays, performed by the plaque neutralization method, to characterize strains of the blue- Quantal assays continue to represent the tongue virus. major part of the bioassay work, and several Advisory work and statistical analyses hundred assays have been analyzed and were carried out on a number of animal collated. These include studies of the effects nutrition studies, including a series of experi- of insecticides on nontarget organisms. ments with swine to determine the effects of high levels of copper on the growth rate, feed The methodolog¥ for assays involving conversion efficiency, fatty acid distribution Wadley's Problem has been extended, in in the subcutaneous region, and deposition of particular to include two-parameter distri- copper in the tissues. Data from studies to butions for the controls; this allows both compare sources and amounts of protein and parameters to reflect environmental differ- sources and amounts of energy in diets of ences, such as design features. Collaborative farm animals were analyzed for numerous work continued on the assay of the blue- projects. tongue virus by a plaque neutralization Work continued during the past year on a method, a case of Wadley's Problem. The long-term experiment with poultry, to find assay appears to be subject to high variabil- the effects of selection on components of ity, so a series of experiments was designed variance and to examine genetic-environ- to seek any changes in laboratory technique mental interactions. Other assistance to scien- that might improve the precision. It has tists working with poultry included data proved desirable to retain a matched serum- analysis of studies on management systems treated well for each control, and the within- and nutrition. assay variability has been reduced by use of a higher concentration of virus suspension. Food Science However, the variation among replicates Analysis of variance was used to examine persistently dominates, and no way to reduce the data from an experiment comparing the this effect has yet been found. Fortunately, effect of the enzyme emporase with that of a the assay is simple to set up so that adequate rennet-pepsin mixture on various properties replication is easily attained, but careful of Canadian Cheddar cheese. Organoleptic design is needed to give due recognition to differences decreased as the cheese aged. the variability characteristics. Other work in Most of the other measured variables this field includes an analysis, still in pro- showed no statistically significant differences. gress, of cross-reactions in several strains, to However, conclusive inferences could not be seek suitable models and to examine the made because of the small sample size. An method for use in the classification of viruses.

STATISTICAL RESEARCH SERVICE 205 Numerical Taxonomy effective. The basic idea was to cluster the varieties into groups within which all share a Cassava plants from several countries were common regression line. classified on the basis of the presence or absence of certain chromatographic spots. Agricultural System Design and Analysis Principal component analysis and single- Group linkage dendrograms did not provide satis- This new arrangement, formed from the factory clustering for the data. Grouping by Engineering Research Service, Soil Research two-dimensional chromatographic Rf values Institute, Chemistry and Biology Research also gave a poor match with grouping by Institute, and Statistical Research Service, morphological characters. Refining the has provided members of the group with the chemical analysis procedures may help in the opportunity to become more aware of the detection of differences among plants. interrelationships among the different sys- Morphological characters as well as chemi- tems they have been studying. The group has cal constituents were used to classify popula- also provided its members with an excellent tions of Cannabis sativa L. into different framework for sharing their wide range of groups. Canonical analysis indicated that a modeling and mathematical skills. Some classification based on cultivated versus wild problems of mutual interest have related to populations and on a certain chemical ratio, the identification and application of environ- to form four groups, was very promising. mental parameters to the analysis of grass A study of characters of the family Chiro- forage production and harvesting systems, nomidae of the order Diptera by canonical and the application of the finite element analysis is continuing. Interest is centered on method as an efficient way to solve numeri- the variation of insects from different geo- cally the equations arising from the study of graphic areas and the comparison of differ- agrometeorological and soil systems. ences within and between species. Although The systems group has also provided a differences were observed within a single structure whereby research scientists coming species collected from different geographic from a number of research stations can take areas, similar differences were also found advantage of the expertise in modeling and within an individual area at different times. systems science. As part of this cooperative Analysis of data from a cooperative test approach, members of the Eastern Canada for barley in Eastern Canada demonstrated Feed-Livestock Systems Working Committee that the joint use of regression analysis and met with the group in Ottawa during October cluster analysis in determining varieties with to discuss the principles of model the same yield potential could be very development.

PUBUCAnONS

Research James, W. C., and Shih, C. S. 1973. Relationship between incidence and severity of powdery Baum, B. R., and Lefkovitch, L. P. 1973. A mildew and leaf rust on winter wheat. Phyto- numerical taxonomic study of phylogenetic pathology 63: 183-187. and phenetic relationships in some cultivated oats, using known pedigrees. Syst. Zoo!. James, W. C., Shih, C. S., Callbeck, L. c., and 22:118-131. Hodgson, W. A. 1973. Interplot interference in field experiments with late blight of potato Hardwick, D. F., and Lefkovitch, L. P. 1973. (Phytophthora infestans). Phytopathology Species separation in the declarata group of 63:1269-1275. the genus Euxoa, a computer analysis based on structural characters. Can. Entomo!. James, W. c., Shih, C. S., Hodgson, W. A., and 105:501-508. Callbeck, L. C. 1973. A method for estimating the decrease in marketable tubers caused by James, W. C., Lawrence, C. H., and Shih, C. S. potato late blight. Am. Potato J. 50: 19-23. 1973. Yield losses due to missing plants in potato crops. Am. Potato J. 50:345-352. James, W. C., and Shih, C. S. 1973. Size and shape of plots for estimating yield losses from cereal foliage diseases. Exp. Agric. 9:63-71.

206 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Research Station Brandon, Manitoba

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

W. N. MACNAUGHTON,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director J. A. REDMOND Administrative Officer

Animal Science

J. H. STRAIN,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Poultry genetics R. L. CLIPLEF,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Meats physiology G. W. DycK, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Reproductive physiology I. GARNETT,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Swine genetics . A. P. PILOSKl,B.S.A. Poultry production G. W. RAHNEFELD,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Beef cattle genetics E. E. SWIERSTRA,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Reproductive physiology

Plant Science

R. I. HAMILTON,B.Sc., M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Com physiology L. D. BAILEY,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil-plant relationships P. N. P.CHOW, B.S.A., M.A., Ph.D. Weed physiology R. D. DRYDEN,B.S.A., M.Sc. Crop culture A. T. H. GROSS,B.S.A., M.Sc. Forage crops A. E. SMID,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant nutrition E. D. SPRATT,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant nutrition R. I. WOLFE,B.S.A., B.D. Barley breeding

RESEARCHSTATION,BRANDON,MAN. 207 INTRODUCTION

This report is a brief description of research activities in 1973. Research emphasizes breeding and physiology in animal science; and breeding, physiology and management, soil fertility and plant nutrition, cultural practice, and weed control in plant science. Dr. Ian Garnett, a geneticist, was appointed in September to help increase efforts in swine research. Dr. A. E. Smid joined the staff in June as a replacement for Dr. E. D. Spratt, who was appointed for a 2-yr term as Canadian coordinator for the India Dryland Project at Hyderabad, India. Only the highlights of research are presented in this report; for further information concerning details of work discussed, or on related subjects, enquiries should be directed to: Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Box 610, Brandon, Man. R7A 5Z7.

W. N. MacNaughton Director

ANIMAL SCIENCE younger than Simmental- and Limousin-sired steers at slaughter (397 vs 402 and 422 days). Beef Cattle They yielded more hot carcass per day of age Response to selection for yearling weight. (0.68 vs 0.65 and 0.64 kg), a lower percent- Ten years of selection for yearling weight in age of kidney, heart, and pelvic fat (2.37 vs replicate herds of Shorthorn cattle resulted in 2.51 and 2.60%), and a higher percentage of genetic increases of 4.8 :l::3.1 and 4.1 :l::3.0 defatted lean (64.5 vs 63.1 and 63.8%). The kg/yr in males, and 3.3 :l::2.7 and 2.3 :l:: 1.5 Charolais crossbreds also produced a higher kg/yr in females. Measured as deviations percentage of A 1 carcasses (80 vs 69 and from an unselected control-line mean, the 64%). increases represented 40 to 45% of the Limousin crossbreds had a higher dressing absolute increase in yearling weight. The percentage than Charolais- and Simmental- accumulation of selection differential was sired steers (57.4 vs 57.0 and 55.9%). They irregular in the first years of the program but produced a larger rib eye (76.4 vs 75.1 and in the last 6 yr it advanced regularly, at rates 72.9 cm2) and a higher percentage of A2 of 12.1 :l:: 0.7 and 11.2 :l:: 0.9 kg/yr for carcasses (29 vs 14 and 16%). males and 9.1 :l::0.3 and 7.6 :l::0.4 kg/yr for females. Estimates of realized heritability Simmental crossbred steers had less fat derived from the two herds were 0.49 :l::0.12 cover than Charolais and Limousin cross- and 0.51 :l::0.16 for males, and 0.50 :l::0.11 breds (1.14 vs 1.22 and 1.37 cm) and a larger and 0.29 :l::0.08 for females. percentage of B1 carcasses (12 vs 6 and 5%).

Evaluation of foreign breeds. Feedlot data Beef production from hybrid females. In collected for 3 yr from 844 crossbred calves 1972, 481 hybrid females were designated out of Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, and for breeding. They represented 10 breed Shorthorn cows indicated that steers sired by combinations; Limousin, Simmental, and Limousin, Simmental, and Charolais bulls Charolais sires each mated to Hereford, gained 1.17, 1.32, and 1.25 kg/day in a 140- Angus, and Shorthorn cows accounted for day period. Corresponding data for feed nine breed combinations, and a Hereford X efficiency were 6.55, 6.72, and 6.41 kg feed/ Angus cross was used as a control. Bulls of kg gain for Limousin, Simmental, and six breeds were used as sires, Beefmaster and Charolais crossbreds. Red Angus with yearling heifers and Lim- Carcass characteristics of crossbred steers. ousin, Simmental, Charolais, and Chianina Slaughter and carcass data were collected with older cows, in such a way that back- from 652 crossbred steers weighing 454 kg at crossing did not occur. In a 63-day breeding slaughter; of this number, 321 were sired by season, 476 females (99.0%) were detected in Limousin, 183 by Simmental, and 148 by heat and bred by artificial insemination. Charolais bulls. Charolais crossbreds were Pregnancy testing by palpation showed that

208 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 401 (83.4%) were in calf, and 395 (82.1%) (0.6 vs 0.5 ng/ml). The difference in testos- calved in 1973. terone levels may suggest that the hormone Birth weights (sexes combined) for the has an anabolic function as well as a repro- three-breed crossbred calves by breed of sire ductive one. (Beefmaster, Red Angus, Limousin, Simmen- tal, Charolais, and Chianina) were 37.2, 35.0, Induction of early postweaning estrus. In 39.6, 43.0, 43,0, and 42.8 kg. Corresponding Lacombe sows weaning their litters after 42 adjusted 200-day weaning weights were days of lactation, a single injection of preg- 199.8, 194.8,216.2,221.2,231.7, and 225.1 nant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) kg. Averaged over sex and breed pf sire; the the day after wellning induced an early adjusted 200-day weaning weights by breed return to estrus. For 32 sows, the average of sire-of-dam were 189.6,207.4,215.2, and period from weaning to estrus was 3.9 days 201.0 kg when Hereford, Charolais, Simmen- (range 2-5 days). A control group of 32 sows tal, and Limousin were the four breeds of averaged 9.9 days to estrus (range 3-41 sire. Numbers were too small to establish the days) and a third group of 33 sows that significance of these differences. received an intramuscular injection of estradiol 17B (E) plus progesterone (P) returned Swine to estrus either early (23 sows at 4.3 days, Correlated response to selection for post- range 2-8 days) or very late (10 sows at 27.5 weaning gain. In nine generations of selec- days, range 20-59 days). Ovulation rates for tion for postweaning gain, the total response sows that responded to treatment were 27.1 to direct selection was 0.03 kg per generation. for 32 sows treated with PMSG, 17.6 for 23 This was 3.1% of the predicted response. The sows treated with E + P, and 14.6 for. 33 estimate of genetic correlation between post- control sows. Corresponding 25-day litter weaning average daily gain and weaning sizes were 15.4 for 20 sows treated with weight was high and positive (> 1). Total PMSG, 14.2 for 19 sows treated with E + P, response in feed efficiency to direct selection and 11.9 for 26 control sows. for gain was -0.58 kg per generation. This was 10% of the predicted response. The Chemical composition of fetal fluids at mid. estimate pf genetic correlation between post- pregnancy. Levels of feed consumption (1.50, weaning gain and feed efficiency was -0.35. 2.25, and 3.00 kg/head daily) did not affect the nitrogen, urea nitrogen, glucose, calcium, Epididymal sperm reserves and sperm out- potassium, sodium, and magnesium content put. Epididymal sperm reserves were deter- of allantoic and amniotic fluids of 60-day mined by hemacytometric counting in two fetuses in gilts. The nitrogen level was groups of boars killed immediately (2 min) greater in the allantoic than in the amniotic and 24 h after ejaculation following a period fluid (6.93 vs 3.33 mg/ml), the urea nitrogen of 5 wk on a n-h semen collection schedule. level was greater (0.266 vs 0.094 mg/ml), but Numbers of sperm in the caput, corpus, and the glucose level was lower (1.03 vs 1.53 mg/ cauda epididymides of boars killed immedi- ml). In allantoic and amniotic fluids the ately after ~aculation were 25.4, 12.0, and levels of sodium were 0.51 and 2.67 mg/ml, 45.0 X 10. Corresponding numbers for potassium 225 and 349 p. g/ml, calcium 263 boars killed 24 h after ejaculation were 30.3, 9 and 39.6 p. g/ml, and magnesium 12.8 and 12.6, and 48.9 X 10 • The sperm output for 9 12.6p. g/ml. the 20 boars averaged 43.6 X 10 sperm per ejaculate, and it appears that about 78% of the sperm produced by the testes were Muscle quality in pork by breeds and harvested on a n-h collection schedule. crosses. In studies involving 3,300 carcasses (Yorkshire, Lacombe, and Lacombe x Cold stress and testosterone levels. York- Yorkshire) over a 5-yr period, Yorkshire shire boars housed outside during the winter carcasses scored higher than Lacombe and months at a mean daily temperature of Lacombe x Yorkshire carcasses for color -14°C have higher levels of circulating serum and texture of lean (3.45 vs 3.07 and 3.22, testosterone than similar boars housed in a and 3.10 vs 2.82 and 2.92). Crossbred bam wi~h temperature controlled at 17°C carcasses had higher marbling scores than (6.8 vs 3.4 ng/ml). Levels of serum luteiniz- Lacombe and Yorkshire carcasses (3.18 vs ing hormone were similar for both groups 3.06 and 3.03).

RESEARCH STATION, BRANDON. MAN. 209 Poultry 635 and 470 kg/ha, and dry matter (DM) yields of 4,536 and 2,568 kg/ha for the first Varieties of feed wheat for laying hens. and second cuts. The mixtures of bromegrass When individual varieties of feed wheat with cicer milkvetch, crownvetch, birdsfoot were the only source of grain in the rations trefoil, and sainfoin had average protein fed to four strains of White Leghorn hens, contents of 8.5 and 12.4%, protein yields of production among strains ranged from 70 to 280 and 73 kg/ha, and DM yields of 3,294 86% but differences due to rations were small and 589 kg/ha. (78% with the varieties Manitou and Glenlea vs 76% with Pitic 62). Feed efficiency, egg Where three cuttings were made to repre- weights, shell quality, and interior quality sent pasture production, protein contents for were unaffected by the variety of wheat. first, second, and third cuttings were 18.6, Yolk color was much paler (l.l vs 4.0 on the 20.4, and 23.4%; protein yields were 553, color scale) with Glenlea and Pitic 62 than 440, and 362 kg/ha; and DM yields were with Manitou, but this was corrected by 2,973, 2,156, and 1,547 kg/ha for brome- adding alfalfa meal or synthetic coloring to grass-alfalfa. Averages for the other mix- the diet. When all wheats were assumed to tures were protein contents, 13.4, 15.6, and be equal in price, differences in income over 14.0%; protein yields, 323, 151, and 74 kg/ feed costs for the various diets were small ha; and DM yields, 2,410, 968, and 529 kg/ and insignificant over the 112-day laying ha. period. Total yield of DM from bromegrass- Whole oats with tallow for growing pullets. alfalfa was greater with the two-cut system Three Leghorn strains fed whole oats with than with the three-cut system (7,104 vs tallow (8.5% protein), supplemented with 6,676 kg/ha), but slightly less from the other minerals and vitamins only, reached sexual mixtures (3,883 vs 3,907 kg/ha). However, maturity 10 days later and gave slightly the total yield of protein from all brome- larger eggs than similar pullets fed a regular grass-legume mixtures was greater from the rearing ration (14.5% protein). Two of the three-cut system (1,355 vs 1,105 kg/ha for strains also produced fewer eggs. Mortality bromegrass-alfalfa and 548 vs 353 kg/ha of growing pullets was slightly higher on the for other mixtures). low-protein diet, but mortality in the laying house and returns over costs of chicks and Effect of delayed cutting and added nitro- feed were not affected by the feed treatment gen on bromegrass. Bromegrass was fertilized during growth. with N at 0, 84, 168, or 252 kg/ha before spring growth began, and cut at weekly Effect of vaccination against Marek's dis- intervals from 6 to 10 wk after growth ease on growth and performance. When three commenced. As the rate of applied N in- strains of Leghorns were vaccinated at I day creased, protein content increased from 11.9 old and then reared in an environment free to 16.4%,protein yield from 729 to 1,608 kg/ from Marek's disease, egg production, egg ha, and DM yield from 6,126 to 10,025 kg/ weight, sexual maturity, and mortality were ha. As the date of cutting advanced, protein not affected by the vaccination. Feed effi- content and protein yield decreased from ciency, however, was improved, so that the 18.4 to 11.7% and from 389 to 327 kg/ha. income over costs from vaccinated birds was However, the yield of DM increased with 5 cents per bird higher than that from delayed cutting, from 2,114 to 2,748 kg/ha. nonvaccinated birds. When a second cut was made 9 wk after the start of the series of first cuts (5 wk after the last cut of the series), the protein content PLANT SCIENCE for treatments with N at 0 to 168 kg/ha Forage Crops averaged 13.7%, whereas it was 16.0% for the treatment with 252 kg N /ha. For the Yield of dry matter and protein from second cut 5 wk after the first series, protein bromegrass-legume mixtures. When two cuts content was 15.1% (protein and DM yields of forage were used to represent hay produc- 356 and 2,358 kg/ha) compared with a tion by mixtures of bromegrass with various protein content of 13.8% (protein and DM legumes, bromegrass-alfalfa had protein yields 433 and 3,138 kg/ha) for the second contents of 14.0 and 18.3%, protein yields of cut 9 wk after the first series.

210 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Soil and plant analyses for predicting MCPA to 124% with asulam plus bromoxynil quality and quantity of alfalfa production. and MCPA. Significant yield increases were obtained when alfalfa was fertilized annually with Dinitroaniline herbicides for control of phosphorus and sulfur on Gray Luvisols, or weeds in rape. Four dinitroaniline herbicides, with phosphorus and potassium on coarse- BAS-3921 (BASF Corp.), CGA-10832 (Ciba- textured soils. Plant analyses showing N, P, Geigy Canada Ltd.), USB 3584 (U.S. Borax K, and S at 3.0, 0.2, 2.0, and 0.2% and soil and Chemical Corp.), and trifluralin, were analyses showing P and K at 22 and 672 kg/ each disc-incorporated into the top 10 cm of ha indicated optimum DM yields of good- soil at 1.4 kg/ha before rape was seeded. quality hay. Significant correlations were They all gave good control of wild oats and found between percentages of Nand K in green foxtail and produced significant in- plants (r = 0.93), between Nand P (r = creases, of 85, 83, 155, and 154%, in seed 0.57), and between Nand S (r = 0.82). The yield in comparison with untreated plots. percentage of N in plants increased as the Cereal Crops percentage of K increased up to 2.5%. Plants with less than 1.6% K in the aboveground Barley breeding. Improved yield, agro- portions were subject to winterkill. nomic excellence, disease resistance, anp feed and malting quality of six-row barley Oilseed Crops continued to receive emphasis. Some ad- Soybean production. In preliminary trials vanced lines performed well in extensive tests to evaluate the potential for soybeans in an and preliminary data indicated that some adverse environment, 36 varieties and breed- have outstanding malting quality. Work ing ilnes representing test material from continued on the development of lines that Guelph, Ont., Morden, Man., and Ottawa carry resistance to septoria leaf blotch and were planted on May 24 and 25 and har- one of these, a malting type, ranked first in vested on October 10 and 24. Tests averaged yield trials in 1973. Several breeding lines 10.1-18.3 q/ha and the highest-yielding fine carry the Un8 gene for r~sistance to loose produced 22.2 q/ha. In another preliminary smut and there is hope tnat this gene can trial, soybeans showed no response to fertil- replace those of Jet, which have been found izer N on a soil with a high level of available susceptible to a new race of loose smut. N. Yields were 18.0 and 17.3 q/ha on plots Breeding lines from crosses of high-yield- treated with N at 0 and 112 kg/ha. ing feed varieties are under development, Fertilization of flax with micronutrients. and genes that condition high levels of Growth chamber studies with flax grown on amylopectin and lysine have been introduced Waskada clay loam indicate that micronutri- into the program. Two genetic marker stocks ents may be deficient when high levels of P . have been isolated, each with at least one are applied. The addition of a micronutrient gene on each chromosome. One stock carries mixture containing copper and zinc plus II dominant genes and the other carries the fertilizer P increased the DM yield of flax at recessive alleles. the 50% flowering stage, bilt micronutrients Solution nitrogen for barley and wheat. or fertilizer P alone did not increase yields in Solution N increased yields significantly comparison with the unfertilized control. when applied at the two- and four-leaf stages Asulam mixtures for control of weeds in of barley and wheat at rates up to 67.2 kgiha flax. Asulam at 1.12 kg/ha gave good control for barley on sandy soil and up to 44.8 kg/ha of wild oats and green foxtail but did not for wheat on sandy and clay loams. Yields of suppress lamb's-quarters and redroot pig- protein were increased by solution N at rates weed. Mixtures of asulam with other her- up to 89.6 kg/ha. N solutions combined with bicides increased control of broad-leaved herbicide treatments produced satisfactory weeds but tended to reduce control of wild results. oats; the reduction ranged from slight when Herbicides that improved barley and asulam was mixed with bromoxynil plus wheat production with or without N solutions MCPA at 0.56 kg/ha to moderate when included triallate for wild oats, trifluralin for mixed with MCPA at 0.28 kg/ha. All asulam wild oats and green foxtail, TCA for green and asulam mixtures increased yields of flax; foxtail, and 2,4-D and related chemicals for increases ranged from 8% with asulam plus broad-leaved weeds.

RESEARCH STATION, BRANDON, MAN. 211 Physiological behavior of herbicides abs- before planting. Yields increased to 45.6 orbed by wheat roots.The absorption of TCA q/ha where 100 kg N /ha was applied and by wheat roots is an energy-dependent active the plots received natural precipitation, and process. Studies with TCA-14C indicate that to 50.3 q/ha where N was applied at 100 kg/ absorption was influenced by aeration, meta- ha and plots were irrigated. On clay soil, corn bolic inhibitors, and energy promotors. Linu- yields from corresponding treatments were ron absorption appears to be mainly passive, 39.5, 45.6, and 46.8 q/ha. Barley yields on a as judged by low sensitivity to oxygen sandy loam ranged from 15.7 q/ha, without deficiency, lack of a saturation effect, and added N and without natural precipitation, slight effects of metabolic inhibitors and to 22.5 q/ha for 100 kg N/ha plus irrigation, energy promotors. to 34.9 q/ha for 100 kg N /ha and natural Corn production and management. Heat precipitation. unit (HU) accumulation was above normal Preemergence weed control in corn. S-6176 (2,265 vs 2,150), but because germination (Gulf Oil), sprayed on the soil at 5.3 kg/ha was slower than normal the effective HU and incorporated with a disc before corn accumulation from emergence to maturity (Pride 102) was planted gave good control of was 2,098. Evaluation of existing lines and wild oats and green foxtail. DM yields of varieties under relatively adverse conditions silage from sprayed, hand-weeded, and continued to reveal a wide range of breeding untreated plot~ were 7.7, 9.4, and 1.3 t/ha. material. Among characteristics of signifi- EPTC at 4.5 kg/ha, sprayed on soil and cance to plant breeders, stalk strength was an incorporated with a disc before planting, important variable at the Station and controlled wild oats., green. foxtail, and throughout the corn growing area. The goal lamb's-quarters (DM yield 8.2 t/ha). EPTC of II t/ha for DM production was met in at 3.4 kg/ha applied before emergence, four field-scale trials comprising 22.7 ha of followed by dicamba at 0.3 kg/ha after corn (yield average 11.2 t/ha, range 8.7-16.4 emergence, controlled wild oats, green fox- t/ha) grown on soils ranging from sandy tail, lamb's-quarters, and redroot pigweed loam to clay loam. Grain yields averaged 44 (DM yield 8.7 t/ha). S-6176 and EPTC q/ha (range 31-53 q/ha), somewhat below represent improved treatment for weed con- the goal of 63 q/ha. The effect of shelter on trol in corn and no effects of residues were corn production was shown by the trials at noted on subsequent crops of oats. Indian Head, Sask., where yields were 37.7 Sorghum introductions. Sorghum lines q/ha in a shelterbelt area but only 5.0 q/ha from the CIMMYT and Morden programs at an open site. were screened for photosensitivity and per- Soil moisture and nitrogen for corn and formance. The sorghums were similar to corn barley production. Yields of 24.8 q/ha were in response to climate and several lines obtained from grain corn grown on fine' showed good adaptation. Grain yields with sandy loam without additional N, where minimal fertilizer input reached 37 q/ha, and plots were prevented from receiving natural forage sorghums in field trials averaged 9.6 t precipitation during the fall and winter DM/ha.

PUBUCAnONS

Research Bailey, L. D., and Beauchamp, E. G. 1973. Effects of moisture, added NO] - and macerated roots Bailey, L. D., and Beauchamp, E. G. 1973. Gas on NO] - transformation and redox potential chromatography of gases emanating from a in surface and subsurface soils. Can. J. Soil saturated soil system. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:122- Sci. 53:219-230. 124. Chow, P. N. P: 1973. Wheat tolerance to TCA for green foxtail control. Weed Sci. 21 :238-240. Bailey, L. D., and Beauchamp, E. G. 1973. Effects of temperature on NO]- and N02 - reduction, Gillis, A. T., Eskin, N. A. M., and CHplef, R. L. nitrogenous gas production, and redox poten- 1973. Fatty acid composition of bovine intra- tial in a saturated soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:212- muscular and subcutaneous fat as related to 218. breed and sex. J. Food Sci. 38:408-41 I.

212 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Gowe, R. S., Lentz, W. E., and Strain, J. H. 1973. Chow, P. N. P. 1972. Improvement of Iinuron- Long term selection for egg production in MCPA mixture in weed control in wheat and several strains of White Leghorns: perform- flax. Proc. 27th N. Cent. Weed Control Conf., ance of selected and control strains including Winnipeg. pp. 43-45. genetic parameters of two control strains. Chow, P. N. P. 1972. Asulam-a new wild oat Proc. 4th Eur. Poult. Conf. London. pp. 225- herbicide in flax. Proc. 27th N. Cent. Weed 245. Control Conf., W~nnipeg. p. 39. Gross, A. T. H. 1973. Effects of floret manipulation Dryden, R. D. 1972. The control of weeds in corn on self-fertilization in species of sweet clover. in Western Canada. Proc. 27th N. Cent. Weed Can. 1. Plant Sci. 53:801-804. Control Conf., Winnipeg, p. 19. Newman, J. A., Rahnefeld, G. W., and Fredeen, Dryden, R. D. 1973. Residual effect of herbicides H. T. 1973. Selection intensity and response to on crops. Proc. Man. Soc. Soil Sci., Man. Dep. selection for yearling weight in beef cattle. Agric. pp. 39-46. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 53: 1-12. Dyck, G. W. 1973. Physiological aspects of repro- Rahnefeld, G. W. 1973. Mass selection for post- ductive efficiency in swine. Can. Agric. weaning growth in swine. III. Correlated 18(2):37-39. response in weaning weight and feed effi- Gross, A. T. H. 1972. Grass-legume competition ciency to recurrent selection for postweaning studies. Proc. Can. Soc. Agron. p. 3. average daily gain in swine. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53: 173-178. Gross, A. T. H. 1973. Selecting productive hay mixtures. Can. Agric. 18(1):32. Read, D. W. 1., Spratt, E. D., Bailey, 1. D., Warder, E. G., and Ferguson, W. S. 1973. Gross, A. T. H., Bailey, 1. D., Storgaard, A. K., Residual value of phosphatic fertilizer on and Clark, K. W. 1973. Agronomic aspects of Chernozemic soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:389- land use by forage crops-potential of species 398. and varieties, fertilizers, and weed control. Proc. Annu. Conf. Man. Agron., Man. Dep. Spratt, E. D. 1973. The effect of ammonium and Agric. pp. 63-64. urea phosphates with and without a nitrifica- Gross, A. T. H., and Dorrell, D. G. 1973. Onosmo- tion inhibitor on growth and nutrient uptake. dium-a native perennial with oilseed poten- of wheat. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37:259-263. tial. Proc. Annu. Conf. Man. Agron., Man. Swierstra, E. E. 1973. Influence of breed, age, and Dep. Agric. pp. 103-104. ejaculation frequency on boar semen composi- Hamilton, R. I. 1973. Corn is following livestock tion. Can. 1. Anim. Sci. 53:43-53. expansion in Manitoba. Can. Agric. 18(4):3-5. Miscellaneous Hamilton, R. I. 1973. Corn management. Proc. Man. Soc. Soil Sci., Man. Dep. Agric. pp. 47- Bailey, 1. D. 1973. Soil test and plant analysis are a 54. means of predicting quality and quantity Hopkins, 1. A., Smith, R. E., and Spratt, E. D. alfalfa production. Proc. Man. Soc. Soil Sci., 1973. Soil map of Research Station, Brandon. Man. Dep. Agric. pp. 142-147. Can.-Man. Soil Survey. Soil Res. Inst., Ot- Bailey, 1. D., and Gross, A. T. H. 1973. Land tawa. 1 p. resource for forage crop production in Mani- Smid, A. E: 1973. Effect of temperature, organic toba. Man. Agron. Proc. Annu. Conf., Man. matter and soil conditioning on denitrification Dep. Agric. p. 57. in soil. Proc. Man. Soc. Soil Sci., Man. Dep. Agric. pp. 154-159. Baron, Y., Shaykewich, C. F., and Hamilton, R. I. 1973. Progress report on corn heat unit study. Spratt, E. D. 1973. Winter wheat in northern Proc. Man. Soc. Soil Sci., Man. Dep. Agric. pp. Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Can. Agric. 55-64. 18(3):11-12.

RESEARCH STATION, BRANDON, MAN.

Research Station Morden, Manitoba

PROFESSIONAL. STAFF

E. D. Purr, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director

Crop Science Section

D. G. DORRELL,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Oilseed quality S. T. ALI-KHAN,J B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pea breeding C. G. CAMPBELL,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Buckwheat breeding W. O. CHUBB,B.Sc., D.Sc. Herbicides B. B. CHUBEY,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Carbohydrate quality H. ENNS,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Sunflower breeding J. E. GIESBRECHT,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Grain com breeding G. H. GUBBELS,B.S.A., M.s.A., Ph.D. Physiology and management J. A. HOES,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Oilseed crop pathology E. O. KENASCHUK,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Flax breeding W. A. RUSSELL,B.S.A. Potato breeding M. D. STAUFFER,B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc., Ph.D. New crops E. D. P. WHELAN,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Sweet com and cucumber breeding R. C. ZIMMER,B.Sc., Ph.D. Pathology of peas

Ornamentals and Fruit Section

W. A. CUMMING,B.S.A., D.Sc. Head of Section; Ornamentals W. G. RONALD,2B.S.A., M.Sc. Ornamentals breeding

Departure

C. WALKOF,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. New crops Retired June 1973

RESEARCHSTATION,MORDEN,MAN. 215 VISITING SCIENTIST

J. V. GOUD, Ph.D. Sunflower breeding Trainee; All Indian Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture

1 pn transfer of work to John Innes Institute, Norwich, England, July 1973 to July 1974. On educational leave.

216 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 INTRODUCTION

This report summarizes research in several field crops that are often termed special crops in Canadian agriculture, and in horticulture at the Research Station, Morden, Man. Some of the main items of 1973 include: identification of a selection of buckwheat, an introduced variety of sunflowers, and a selection of chrysanthemum that merit release; a high yield of geraniol oil from a strain of Monarda; discovery of a new race of flax rust capable of attacking the varieties that make up over 90% of the acreage of flax planted in Canada; and finding that leaf buds provide a rapid means of propagating roses. The mailing address of the establishment is Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Box 3001, Morden, Man. ROG 110.

Eric D. Putt Director

FIELD CROPS figured prominently in many superior hybrids. In addition, hybrids resulting from Buckwheat crosses between sister lines originating from this cross also performed well. This may be Breeding. The selection MB-l has seed due to the distant relationship between the 25% larger than Tokyo and has produced original parents. yields equivalent to Tokyo in 3 yr of coopera- Morden hybrids that were composed only tive testing. This selection will be recom- of North American inbreds matured very mended for licensing. A dwarf plant habit early in France and Germany. However, they has been found to be monogenic and closely showed considerable stalk breakage. On the linked with the incompatibility locus. A other hand, hybrids composed of only Euro- second dwarf has been isolated and inheri- pean inbreds tended to mature late and dry tance of the character is under study. slowly at the Station. Hybrids of Morden and Disease. The large, circular, chlorotic-type European inbreds tended to resolve these lesions observed on foliage in 1972 appeared problems at both locations. More efforts will again in 1973. In some fields about half the be directed toward the development of this foliage was affected. Other leaf symptoms type of hybrid. observed were tan, stipplelike spots and viruslike, mosaic areas. Field Peas Management. Five growth-regulating Breeding. Triumph, a variety with large chemicals and two antitranspirants were green seed, was licensed in 1973. It is well applied twice at three rates during the adapted to Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In flowering period to determine their effect on cooperative tests from 1970 to 1973, Tri- seed set. No differences were recorded in umph outyielded Century and Trapper by seed yield, but succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhy- 10% and Delwiche Scotch Green by 20%. drazide (SADH) iricreased seed size. Triumph is similar to Century in maturity and disease resistance, but is slightly poorer Com in cooking quality. Breeding. Morden 71307, licensed as War- Disease. Pea foliage infected with Asco- wick TXI7, outyielded Morden 67 by 2.5 chyta pinodes L. K. Jones was retained in the quintals/ha, and had 2.5% less moisture and field on the soil surface and buried in the soil. considerably less stalk breakage. The Mor- Samples from both sites were virulent 4 yr den inbred CM5 was a parent of several very later. The effect of temperature was studied early maturing hybrids with good yielding on the survival of an isolate from each of the ability. Some of these silked 5 days earlier three Ascochyta species pathogenic on field than Warwick SL209. Single-cross hybrids peas and an isolate of Ascochyta jabae Speg. were also produced that equaled Morden 67 from fababean. After 8 mo none had sur- in maturity but yielded 27% higher. Proge- vived at 35°C, A. pinodes and A. pisi Lib. niesfrom the single cross Bl4 X CMV3 have survived at 25°C, and A. pinodes, A. pisi, and

RESEARCH STATION, MORDEN, MAN. 217 A. pin odella L. K. Jones survived at 20°C. All 23.2-26.3%; adzuki beans, P. angularis species tested were viable at 16°C and lower. Wight, 21.2-24.9%; fababeans, Vicia jaba A. jabae apparently is not able to survive at L., 27.9-31.6%; Lathyrus sp., 27.4-43.2%; warmer temperatures. and other beans, P. vulgaris L.. 20.6-29.3%. Based on an epicotyl test for assessing pathogenicity, most isolates of Ascochyta Management. With l5-cm row spacings, from field peas were rated weakly patho- the highest yields were obtained from adzuki genic on fababean and one was rated as beans when seeded in mid-May and from moderately pathogenic. With the same test, mung bean. when seeded in late Mav. The isolates of A. jabae from fababean were highest yield- oflentils was obtained from a rated weakly pathogenic on fababean and May 14 seeding in l5-cm row spacings and very weakly pathogenic on field peas. Hence, the application of N at 33.6 kg/ha and P at these two crops should not be planted in 44.8 kg/ha. adjoining fields or used consecutively in a Essential Oil Crops rotation. The reaction of an additional 284 pea introductions to A. pin odes showed that Evaluation. An extremely high geraniol oil . only 8 were as resistant to A. pinodes as the content of 95.0%, an oil recovery of 0.358% cultivar Century, or were more resistant. from the foliage, and a yield of 81.5 kg/ha Another three, after being selfed for four were obtained from a sweet monarda seed- generations, were 10-13% more resistant ling, Monarda fistulosa L. var. men/haejolia than Century. (Graham). Management. Century and Trapper field peas were irrigated three times during the growing season. Seed yield was increased an OILSEED CROPS average of 23.7%, but protein percentage and seed size were not affected. Flax Disease. A most important discovery was NEW CROPS that of a new race of rust, Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lev., that attacks Noralta, Nor- Carbohydrate Crops land, Redwood, Redwood 65, and Rocket, cultivars with resistance gene N' and hitherto Evaluation. Varying combinations of fertil- resistant to North American rust. The new izer and irrigation rates did not affect yields race, designated 370, occurs in southern and fructose content of Jerusalem artichoke, Manitoba, west central Saskatchewan, and Helianthus tuberosus L., and chicory, Cicho- the adjoining flax-growing regions of the rium intybus L. The optimum harvest period USA. for both artichoke and chicory was found to be late September to early October based on Breeding. The cultivars Noralta, Norland, tuber and root yields and reducing sugar and Redwood 65, which are susceptible to content. race 370, comprised 93% of the flax acreage Diseases and pests. Downy mildew caused in the Prairie Provinces in 1973. Only Raja by Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. & de and Linott, a cultivar grown in Quebec, are resistant to the new race of rust. Linott, in a Toni occurred on a few plants of Jerusalem artichoke in plots here; it is a new host record date-of-seeding test at the Station from 1971 to 1973, performed equally well in early and for Manitoba. The sunflower beetle, Zygo- gramma exclamationis (Fabricius), caused late seeding. It exceeded the yield of Noralta considerable damage in Helianthus annuus and Raja by more than 15%when sown after May 28. Linott is similar to Noralta in L. 'Peredovik' but almost none in adjacent rows of Jerusalem artichoke. maturity, but has a much higher oil content and is more resistant to lodging. FP 597, an Protein Crops experimental line in the cooperative test, is resistant to race 370 and is a potential Evaluation. The protein content of seeds replacement for Redwood 65. varied widely among the pulse crops under test: lentils, Lens esculenta Moench, 20.5- Management. Three growth regulators, 27.5%; lupines, Lupinus albus L., 32.6- SADH,chlormequat, and BAS 0660 (BASF 37.9%; mung beans, Phaseolus aureus Roxb., Canada Ltd.), were applied at two rates to

218 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 flax at an early stage of growth. All treat- fertility restoring system or can quickly have ments reduced plant height, especially the this feature added to the parental lines. higher rates of SADH and chlormequat. Diseases. Premature ripening, ascribed SADH treatments increased seed size and oil primarily to Verticillium dcihliae Kleb. and percentage. Because there was no lodging in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, was any plots, the effects of the chemicals on this widespread in Manitoba and reduced seed characteristic could not be evaluated. Yields yields. Much less sclerotinia foot rot was were not affected. found in INRA 4701 and INRA 7702, Quality; The color of linseed oil was found French cultivars reputedly tolerant of sclero- to be significantly influenced by the cultivar tinia head rot. This supplements the findings and the location of the planting. However, of 1972 that breeding for tolerance to foot some breeding lines produced a light-colored rot is feasible. The perfect stage of S. oil regardless of location or year of produc- sclerotiorum occurred naturally in Manitoba. tion. Accelerated yellowing tests do not This is a new field record for Canada. It indicate a relationship between raw-oil color accounts for the unexpected occurrence of and film color after drying. the disease on the stems and heads of plants, Lower oil content, iodine number, and and is an important consideration in disease content of linoleic and linolenic acids were studies. Sclerotinia disease or white mold, characteristic of oil from seeds produced on apparently arising from airborne ascospore plants grown in the field that were infected infection, occurred in lentils, navy beans, and with wilt, Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. green and wax-pod canning beans. lini (Bolley) Snyd. & Hansen. Similar results Field observations on downy mildew were obtained in the growth chamber where caused by Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. the effect of premature ripening, often associ- & de Toni confirm .conclusions reported in ated with flax wilt, was minimized. 1972 that high moisture near seeding time Herbicide susceptibility. Several flax strains promotes the disease. were rated for susceptibility to MCPA over 3 Resistance to yellows, a systemic disease yr. The ratings were based on the degree of caused by an unidentified species of Phialo- injury, chiefly epinasty, or recovery from phora, appears to be conditioned by two injury, during the week after treatment. This genes, one of which is dominant. type of field test proved not to be of value, Quality. The chlorogenic acid content. of even for preliminary screening of flax strains dehulled and defatted sunflower meal was for susceptibility to a herbicide. affected by environment and genotype. The Sunflowers level of chlorogenic acid declined when planting was delayed, and when sunflowers Breeding. Licensing of Sputnik, an intro- were grown at dry locations. The rate of duction from the USSR, is planned. In 3 yr synthesis and deposition of chlorogenic acid of tests in Western Canada, Sputnik yielded and total lipids closely paralleled one an- 3% more seed and 10% more oil than other. Considerable variability in chlorogenic Peredovik. The oil content was 47.5% com- acid content was found in the world collec- pared with 43.9% for Peredovik. Maturity tion, indicating that breeding for low levels and disease reaction were similar to Peredo- of this acid may be feasible. vik. Results from three experimental F1 single- Weed control. Cobex (U.S. Borax and cross hybrids showed that large increases Chemical Corp.) has been registered for over Krasnodarets in both seed yield and oil commercial use in sunflowers. Preplant treat- content can be achieved without sacrificing ment with this herbicide at 1.05 kg/ha earliness. One hybrid had an oil content 2% incorporated to a depth of about 10 em gave higher than Krasnodarets and produced 73% good control of wild oats. BAS 3921 (BASF more oil per hectare. The other two hybrids Canada Ltd.) and CGA-10832 (Ciba-Geigy bloomed 1-2 days later than Krasnodarets Canada Ltd.) have given promising results and produced 82% and 127% more oil per for selective control of the same range of hectare. All of these hybrids are rust resistant weeds as trifluralin. Small-plot tests showed and appear to offer scope for selecting for the need to use postemergence harrowing verticillium resistance. Further, all hybrids after preplant treatment with trifluralin, for either embody a cytoplasmic male sterile and adequate weed control when crucifers such

RESEARCH STATION, MORDEN, MAN. 219 as wild mustard or stinkweed are a serious the standard cultivars were severely dam- problem. aged or killed. Its fully double bronze flowers (R.H.S. 171A) 5 cm in diam are freely produced after early September. The individ- VEGETABLE CROPS ual plants form a compact mound, 5 dm in height by 6.7 dm in width. This new cultivar Cucumbers will be released through the Canadian Orna- mental Plant Foundation. Breeding. Three Morden F1 gynoecious pickling-cucumber hybrids, which are ex- The search continues for lines, clones, or tremely early and resistant to scab and other forms of garden chrysanthemums to cucumber mosaic virus, gave good to excel- produce uniform progenies from seed. Color lent yields at populations of 29,600-247,000 counts on over 1,100 controlled-cross seed- plants/ha at different sites in Canada and the lings showed that both white and yellow USA. Two of the hybrids will be released in clones can produce very different ratios from 1974. a variety of combinations and that the yellow Linkage studies between an induced male is complexly inherited. Clones breeding pure sterile, mSJ., and seven other recessive charac- for white can best be identified by crossing to ters revealed repulsion linkage (.215 ~ .043) yellow rather than white of an unknown between mSJ. and glb-glabrate. genotype. Bronze to red shades appear to be Field tests of lines selected for ability to caused by shades of purple on a yellow base; germinate under cool conditions indicated therefore obtaining a clone breeding pure for positive results in selection for this trait. The purple presents a similar problem plus the average number of heat units, using a base stabilization of the purple color. Identifying temperature of 14°C, for 50% emergence of superior parents and combinations by cross- selections was one-half that of unselected ing seems more likely to achieve the objective material. than attempting to produce lines of uniform color and desirable plant type by inbreeding. Potatoes Chromatographic studies on the identifi- Breeding. The high-quality chipping culti- cation of red-color pigments, particularly the var Norchip, from the North Dakota breed- anthocyanins reported in 1972, in roses were ing program, was licensed and has rapidly continued. Flowers from 599 individual taken over most of the prairie chipping- plants of species, cultivars, and selections potato acreage. It falls short of an ideal have been analyzed by paper chromatogra- chipping potato in susceptibility to silver phy. As a result of these studies, the genetic scurf, Helminthosporium atrovirens (Harz) control of flower color in the genus Rosa is Mason & Hughes, and occasionally produces being recorded and used in conjunction with dark-colored chips when reducing sugars are the breeding program for hardy roses being low. conducted at the Station. Hybrid selections that will soon be re- Sweet Corn leased as new cultivars include two Monarda, Breeding. Twenty-eight of 58 Morden one Physostegia, one Crataegus, one Syringa, hybrids selected in 1972, and 38 of 105 new and two Rosa. hybrids, were retained for further testing. Although several of the hybrids are unsatis- Diseases factory for processing, they are extremely A survey of rust, Puccinia menthae Pers., early and will be evaluated for the fresh on both ornamental and geraniol selections market. of Monarda hybrids revealed distinct resistance in some selections. Similarly resistance to mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC. ex Merat., ORNAMENTALS was reported in 1971. Hence breeding for Breeding resistance to these two fungal diseases appears possible. Another rust, Puccinia pelar- One new garden chrysanthemum cultivar gonii-zonalis Dodge, attacked the cultivars was described and named. Chrysanthemum 'Red Perfection' and 'Snowmass' of the 'Morden Delight' survived the past two test common bedding geranium Pelargpnium winters in excellent condition when many of hortorum Bailey, in home gardens at Morden.

220 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORt 1973 This is the first published record of this Propagation disease in Canada. Apparently the pathogen was imported on cuttings from California. Leaf-bud cuttings under intermittent mist Arboretum are a means of rapidly propagating roses. A total of 160 cuttings of three cultivars were Reorganization and additions to the plantings continue in the arboretum, which occu- taken on June 5. Of these, 86% grew into pies 24.3 ha (60 ac) and contains 7,391 plants plants averaging 4.6 dm by fall and many of 2,776 taxa of trees and shrubs. It provides had three stems. The number of cuttings can source material, a valuable gene pool for be increased five to seven times over conven- breeding and taxonomic programs, and in- tional softwood cuttings by using leaf-bud formation on hardiness. cuttings.

PUBliCA nONS

Research Whelan, E. D. P. 1973. Inheritance and linkage relationship of two radiation-induced seedling Ali-Khan, S. T. 1973. Triumph field peas. Can. J. mutants of cucumber. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. Plant Sci. 53:697-698. 15:597-603.

Ali-Khan, S. T., and Youngs, C. G. 1973. Variation Whelan, E. D. P., and Chubey, B. B. 1973. in protein content of field peas. Can. J. Plant Chlorophyll content of new cotyledon mutants Sci. 53:37-41. of cucumber. HortScience 8:30-32.

Basu, P. K., Crete, R., Donaldson, A. G., Gourley, Walkof, C. 1973. Redstaker-A new staking to- C. 0., Haas, J. H., Harper, F. R., Lawrence, C. mato. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:363. H., Seaman, W. L., Toms, H. N. W., Wong, S. I., and Zimmer, R. C. 1973. Prevalence and Walkof, C., Anderson, R. H., and Allen, H. T. severity of diseases of processing peas in 1973. Three bush-type tomato cultivars: Mel- Canada, 1970-71. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. fort, Booster, and Pembina. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:49-57. 53:643-644. Dorrell, D. G. 1973. Controlling plant height in Miscellaneous sunflowers with growth retardants. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:417-418. Chubb, W.O., Dorrell, D. G., Enns, H., and Hoes, J. A. 1972. Sunflower research: progress report Dorrell, D. G. 1973. The effect of unusual field 1972. 5th Int. Sunflower Conf., Clermont- weathering on the quality of flax seed. Can. J. Ferrand, France. pp. 477-480. Plant Sci. 53:907-910. Cumming, W. A. 1973. Newer herbaceous perenni- Hoes, J. A., Putt, E. D., and Enns, H. 1973. als. The 1973 Prairie Garden. pp. 68-69. Resistance to verticillium wilt in collections of wild helianthus in North America. Phytopa- Cumming, W. A. 1973. New woody ornamentals. Can. Agric. 18(3):28-29. thology 63: 1517-1520. Cumming, W. A. 1973. Breeding hardy woody Ronald, W. G., and Cumming, W. A. 1973. ornamentals. Annu. Rep. Ornamental Plant Compatibility and growth of columnar Euro- Breed. Comm. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. pp. 5-8. pean aspen on poplar rootstocks. Proc. Int. Plant Propag. Soc. (1971) 21:437-441. Dorrell, D. G. 1972. Early swathing of flax does not lower seed or oil quality. Canadex 148.50. Steele, 1. W., and Ronald, W. 1973. Phytochemis- try of the Salicaceae. VI. The use of a gas- Dorrell, D. G. 1972. Modification of fatty acid liquid chromatographic screening test for the composition in flax. Proc. Flax Inst. U.S. chemotaxonomy of Populus species. J. Chro- 42:21-22. matogr. 84:315-318. Dorrell, D. G., and Kenaschuk, E. O. 1973. Effect Steele, J. W., Ronald, W., and Bolan, M. 1973. of weathering on flax seed. Canadex 148.50. Phytochemistry of the Salicaceae. V. The use of a gas-liquid chromatographic screening test Enns, H. 1972. Fertility restorers. 5th Int. Sun- to detect phytochemical variations in Populus flower Conf., Clermont-Ferrand, France. pp. deltoides Marsh. J. Chromatogr. 84:309-314. 213-215.

RESEARCH STATION, MORDEN, MAN. 221 Gubbels, G.H. 1973. Broccoli production can be Marshall, H. H. 1973. Index seminum 1972. mechanized. Canadex 252.50. Research Station, Morden, Man. 14 pp. Gubbels, G. H. 1973. Chemical pruning of Brussels Marshall, H. H. 1973. Rose breeding. Can. Nur- sprouts. Canadex 252.24. seryman. May. pp. 6-7 and 20-21. Gubbels, G. H. 1973. Frost protection by sprinkler Marshall,' H. H. 1973. Rose breeding for the irrigation in the far north and plastic mulch prairies. Can. Agric. 18(4):24-25. for cabbage production. Canadex 250.21. Hoes, J. A. 1972. Crop rotation and disease Putt, E. D. 1972. Sunflower seed production. Can. considerations. Annu. Conf. Manit. Agron., Dep. Agric. PubI. 1019. Revised. 30 pp. Brandon, Man. pp. 70-71. - Ronald, W. G., and Ascher, P. D. 1973. Self Hoes, J. A. 1972. Diseases of sunflowers. Proc. compatibility in Chrysanthemum morifolium Can. Barley and Oilseeds Conf., Winnipeg, Ramat. Incompatibility NewsI. No.3. pp. 27- Man., pp. 106-107. 29. Hoes, J. A. 1973. Planning necessary for crop Russell, W. A., and Chubey, B. B. 1973. Chip color rotation. Manit. Cooperator. Mar. 8. p. 22A. evaluation. Canadex 258.70. Marshall, H. H. 1973. Coral bells. The 1973 Prairie Walkof, C. 1973. The search for new farm crops. Garden. pp. 80-81. Can. Agric. 18(2):34-36.

222 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Research Station Winnipeg, Manitoba

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

W. C. McDoNALD, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director

Scientific Support

K. D. OLIVER,B.A., B.L.S. Librarian W. ROMANOW,B.S.A., M.Sc. Scientific Liaison Officer

Cereal Breeding Section

K. W. BUCHANNON,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Barley breeding and genetics R. J. BAKER,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Quantitative genetics V. M. BENDELOW,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Cereal chemistry D. BROWN,B.S.A., M.Sc. Oat breeding A. B. CAMPBELL,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Common wheat breeding E. M. CZARNECKI,B.S.A. Common wheat breeding P. L. DYCK,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Wheat genetics E. R. KERBER,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Wheat cytogenetics D. LEISLE,B.S.A., M.sc., Ph.D. Durum wheat breeding D. R. METCALFE,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Barley breeding and genetics R. I. H. McKENZIE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Oat breeding and genetics

Cereal Diseases Section

R. ROHRINGER,Dr.sc. agr. Head of Section; Molecular biology of cereal rust A. W. CHlKO,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Viruses C. C. GILL, B.Sc., Ph.D. Viruses G. J. GREEN,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Wheat stem rust D. E. HARDER,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D . Oat crown rust . W. K. KIM,I B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Molecular biology of cereal rust J. W. MARTENS,B.Sc., Ph.D. Oat stem rust J. T. MILLS,B.Sc., Ph.D., D.I.C., F.L.S. Ecology of soil fungi; fungicides J. J. NIELSEN,Dr. sc. agr. Smuts D. J. SAMBORSKI,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Wheat leaf rust

RESEARCHSTATION,WINNIPEG,MAN. 223 A. TEKAuz, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Leaf diseases P. L. THOMAS,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Microbial genetics, ~muts

Cereal Crop Protection Section

F. L. WATTERS,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Storage pest control P. S. BARKER,I.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biology and control of stored grain pests B. BERCK,B.s.A., M.Sc., F.C.I.C. Fumigant chemistry M. BICKIS,B.Sc. Biometrics S. R. LOSCHIAVO,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Stored grain insect biology W. ROMANOW,B.S.A., M.Sc. Insect surveys and control R. N. SINHA,B.Sc., Ph.D. Ecology of granary insects, mites, and fungi L. B. SMITH,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Population dynamics P. H. WESTDAL,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Biology and control of field crop insects

Integrated Pest Control Section

W. J. TURNOCK,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. ,Head of Section; Ecology and .)-population dynamics G. L. AYRE,B.S.A., M.Sc. Insect ecology R. P. BODNARYK,B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Nutritional physiology G. K. BRACKEN,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology and behavior G. E. BUCHER,B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Insect pathology G. H. GERBER,B.S.A., Ph.D. .Reproductive physiology B. M. HEGDEKAR,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Reproductive biochemistry C. E. OSGOOD,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Behavior and fecundity H. G. WYLIE,B.A., Ph.D. Host-parasite relations

Departures

W. R. ALLEN,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Toxicology Died June 10, 1973 W. A. F. HAGBORG,B.S.A., Ph.D. Bacterial diseases; antibiotics Retired March 30, 1973 J. VANDERLEE,R.I.A. Administrative Officer Resigned December 1973

224 RESEARCHBRANCHREPORT1973 VISITING SCIENTISTS

National Research Council postdoctorate fellows

A. CAMPBELL, B.Sc., M.Sc:, Ph.D. Entomology N. K. HOWES, B.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology of parasitism Graduate students

P. A. BURNElT, B.Ag.Sci., M.Ag.Sci. Entomology F. A. KIEHN, B.S.A. Plant breeding M. O. OSORO, M.Sc. Plant pathology P. L. SHOLBERG, B.Sc. Microbiology S. TAUTHONG, B.Sc. Entomology

IOn transfer of work to the Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan, September 1973 to August 1974.

RESEARCHSTATION,WINNIPEG, MAN. 225 INTRODUCTION

A new program to develop a pest management system to control insects on rapeseed was begun. Good progress was made in developing standard techniques for sampling, after monitoring, and in collecting data on damage assessment and pest survival that will be useful in constructing a model. A specific RNA fraction was isolated from wheat that confers the same type of temperature-sensitive resistance to stem rust as the gene 8r6. This discovery could lead to the identification of the biochemical basis for disease resistance in plants. Hudson, a new cultivar of oats, was licensed. It is more resistant to rust, smut, and lodging than currently grown cultivars, and performs well under conditions of high fertility. Dr. W. A. F. Hagborg retired after a long career in agricultural research. Although bacteriology was his main field of interest, he also made valuable contributions in the areas of plant virology and chemical control of rusts. Dr. W. R. Allen died suddenly on June lO, 1973. His knowledge and experience in field crop entomology and toxicology were respected by his colleagues. Further information on the research summarized in this report can be obtained from Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 25 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, Man. R3T2M9.

W. C. McDonald Director

BREEDING, GENETICS, AND most effective when in Thatcher, intermedi- CYTOGENETICS ate in Prelude, and least in Red Bobs. Three ditelosomic stocks of the bread Common Wheat wheat cultivar Canthatch were tested to determine the effect of the absence of an arm In a study of postharvest dormancy, 80 F4 lines of Neepawa6 X RL 4137 were grown of chromosomes 4D, 5D, and 7D on specific and tested. Of these, 39 appeared highly milling and baking properties. Ditelo-4D was dormant and were harvested. A weathering- inferior to Canthatch in mixogram rating resistance characteristic, which results in (gluten properties), sedimentation, and loaf better retention of the red kernel color and volume; ditelo-7D was similar to Canthatch presumably also in better test weight, was in most respects; and ditelo-5D was superior associated with dormancy, but not com- to Canthatch in mixogram rating, farino- pletely linked. Incorporation of both these graph absorption, and loaf volume. characteristics into commercial cultivars Biometrical genetic studies of F7 random could benefit farmers considerably through lines in two wheat crosses corroborated the higher grades received for their grain. previous findings on the relative heritabilities The inheritance of virulence on the Lr2 of yield, maturity, kernel weight, sedimenta- alleles for resistance to leaf rust was studied tion, protein content, and mixograph mea- by the use of various populations of selfed, surements. Sedimentation value, grinding

"backcross" selfed, and F. and F2 cU,ltures time, and protein content proved to be the involving races 9, II, and 161. The Lr2 best predictors of farinograph absorption alleles from Webster, Carina, Brevit, and and remix loaf volume. In some cases, Loros were transferred into Thatcher, Red quality characteristics were found to be Bobs, and Prelude. Race II, and probably correlated with head type, spike density, race 161, have a single recessive gene, p2, for waxiness, or rust resistance. virulence on the three Lr2 alleles and an A study on the combining ability of four additional gene(s) that modifies or inhibits synthetic hexaploids that differed only in the action of the p2 gene on the three host their D genomes suggested that hybrid vigor alleles. Lines with the Lr2a allele were the for flowering time, yield, and components of most resistant to the most cultures, those with yield was due to the general luxuriance of the Lr2b were intermediate, and those with Lr2c hybrids, rather than to nonadditive gene were the least resistant. The Lr2 alleles were action.

226 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Durum Wheat agronomic characters. Additional work is under way to incorporate high amylose, high Research was continued on postharvest lysine, plumper kernels, resistance to barley dormancy, ergot resistance, genetics of loose stripe mosaic virus, and improved smut smut resistance, and incorporation of addi- resistance into parental lines. tional stem and leaf rust resistance into advanced lines. Efforts to develop acceptable Oat Breeding semidwarf cultivars continue to be hampered Hudson, a new rust-resistant and strong- by problems of kernel shriveling and starchi- strawed oat cultivar, was licensed in 1973. It ness. Italian short-strawed mutants are being was developed from the complex cross ((CI evaluated as alternative parental material. 6792 - Rodney x OT 174) x RL 2877) x The inheritance of leaf pubescence was (Pendek x Lodi). The straw strength of this studied in the F I' F2, and backcross- F I cultivar should result in its responding well to populations of crosses between PI 181000 good management. Hudson has moderate to (Triticum turgidum L.) and two glabrous good resistance to the stem rust races prevail- durum cultivars. Leaf pubescence confers ing in Western Canada because of its com- resistance to the cereal leaf beetle. Examina- bination of resistance genes Pg2, Pg4, and tion of density of pubescence in the FI Pg9. It also has moderate resistance to crown indicated that the density level of the pubes- rust, and resistance to the older races of smut, cent parent is dominant. Data for presence or but not to the newer ones now appearing in absence of pubescence in segregating popu- Western Canada. lations indicated that three genes control the In cooperative studies with the Animal presence of pubescence in PI 181000. It is Science Department, University of Mani- postulated that these same genes may be toba, the feeding value of CI 4492, a high- operating in an additive manner to determine fat oat, and of Garry, a low-fat oat, were length of pubescence. The rather simple compared. Feed efficiencies from the high- inheritance of this character indicates that a fat oats were much superior to Garry and at backcross program can be used to transfer least equal to barley for finishing hogs and pubescence to commercial cultivars. for feeder cattle. Barley Breeding The defects in kernel type and threshabil- CEREAL RUSTS ity of the lines of two-rowed barley, developed with genes for resistance to net blotch Stem Rust of Wheat and stem rust combined with those condition- The dramatic decline in the prevalence of ing improvements in agronomic type, were wheat stem rust in Western Canada, and corrected. Several lines showing superiority presumably central North America, in recent in yield over commercially grown cultivars years can be attributed to the widespread will be advanced to regional yield trials in cultivation of resistant cultivars. New patho- 1974. Progress was also made in transferring genic strains will have to evolve for the rust the fast modifying enzyme system and dis- to regain its prevalence, but there is no ease resistance features from stocks devel- evidence that this has happened. Most new oped earlier in the program to lines possess- strains are in the old race 11-32-113 group or ing more acceptable agronomic characteris- in the race ISH group. They have either tics and higher yield. The multiple embryo added virulence or lost virulence on a single defect of earlier-developed lines also has resistance gene. Most concern centers on been eliminated. The "Jet" smut resistance several new strains in the 11-32-113 group system has been transferred to disease- (C20, C22, C35, C41, C51, and C52) that resistant and agronomically acceptable lines have some virulence on the cultivars Selkirk, of two-rowed barley and these will now be Manitou, Neepawa, and" Pitic 62. These crossed to the cultivar Yalkie to overcome the strains lack aggressiveness, but the evolution new smut races becoming prevalent on the of greater aggressiveness in this group could prairies. produce potentially destructive races. To In the six-rowed barley breeding program offset this possibility, resistance gene Sr 11 progress continued toward the goals of and a new kind of resistance from the line CI combining high yield, high test weight, 8154 x Frocor2 are being added to quality, and disease resistance plus good Neepawa.

RESEARCH STATION, WINNIPEG, MAN. 227 Leaf Rust of Wheat leaves extensively colonized with avirulent Leaf rust of wheat was first found in and virulent strains of the fungus. Seventy- southern Manitoba on June 14 and was two hours after inoculation, the plants were widespread in Manitoba and eastern Sas- transferred to 20°C for a further 30 h to katchewan by the middle of July. Moderate ind uce the necrotic reaction. Various extracts to severe infections were present on Manitou were prepared from infected tissues that and Neepawa in early August east of a line were temperature-treated in this way. A running through Yorkton and Estevan. The nucleic acid fraction was obtained by extrac- amount of leaf rust diminished west of this tion with chloroform - phenol - aqueous line and damage to wheat was restricted to K2HP04, and purified by precipitation with the heavily infected eastern area. It was cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The ex- estimated from field observations that leaf tracts were assayed by injection into test rust caused yield losses of 5 to 10% in this leaves, which were subsequently examined histologically for necrotic cells. The nucleic area. New strains of leaf rust in the population, resulting in increased virulence on acid fraction from genotypically resistant Manitou and Neepawa, are chiefly responsi- leaves infected with the avirulent strain ble for this high incidence of leaf rust. It is caused necrosis when injected into leaves almost certain that this area will suffer infected with the virulent strain, but was comparable losses in most years until new inactive if incubated with ribonuclease prior resistant cultivars are available. The utility to injection. It was also inactive when injected prior to haustorial formation, and wheat, Glenlea, is at present highly resistant in the field. when injected into noninfected leaves. A similar fraction from resistant leaves infected Stem Rust of Oats with the virulent strain did not cause necrosis when tested in this bioassay system. Hexaploid lines of oats collected in North Africa in 1972 were. evaluated and a large pool of what could be new resistance genes mostly for crown rust but also for stem rust OTHER CEREAL DISEASES was discovered. The stem rust resistance Smuts from Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco represents a big advance in the quest for an Three collections of loose smut of barley adequate resistance pool. Characterization (Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr.) from Manitoba and genetic studies are under way in cooper- and Saskatchewan were virulent on commer- ation with the plant breeders. cial cultivars derived from Jet (CI 967): Bonanza (CI 14003), Conquest (CI 11638), Crown Rust of Oats Keystone (CI 10877), and Paragon (CI The 1973 survey of races of oat crown rust 13649). These cultivars were previously disclosed some changes in the number and resistant to all races in North America. The distribution of races. Race 295 still predomi- virulence pattern of one of the cultures nated, but several other races have increased indicates that the genes Un and Un8 confer significantly, the most notable being races resistance and that the genes Un and Un3 are 210, 284, and 330. Race 284 is new to independent. Manitoba, and several isolates of this race Virulence of Ustilago hordei (Pers.) are virulent on the cultivar Hudson. Lagerh. and U. nigra Tapke on the barley cultivars Keystone and Conquest was stud- Molecular Biology of Rust Resistance ied. One recessive gene, the same in both Products of the gene-for-gene interaction species, appeared to confer virulence on both between host and parasite were studied in cultivars. Earlier investigators had found two near-isogenic lines of wheat (cultivar. identical virulence genes in both species of Chinese Spring resistant and Chinese Spring smut for the cultivars Excelsior, Lion, Pan- susceptible at the Sr6 locus for resistance) nier, and Trebi. Therefore, testing for resist- and two strains of wheat stem rust, race 56, ance or susceptibility in a breeding program one avirulent and one virulent against the could be done with a strain of only one of the Sr6 gene. High-temperafure breakdown species. (above 25°C) of the Sr6 gene for resistance Auxotrophic mutants of U. hordei were was used to obtain genotypically resistant recovered after UV irradiation of a wild-type

228 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 culture, inositol starvation of an inositol- Barley Stripe Mosaic requiring culture, and a combination of the A study of symptomless infection by two methods. Of the survivors of UV irradia- barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) in fields of tion followed by inositol starvation, 1.9% two-rowed barley was concluded. Symptom- were found to carry a requirement additional to inositol. Inositol starvation by itself gave less, infected plants were only detected adjacent or very close to plants with BSM only 0.27% recovery, and UV irradiation symptoms. Therefore, most symptomless alone was even less efficient. infections were probably due to contact Spores of Ustilago tritid (Pers.) Rostr. transmission of the virus late in the growing were germinated on a medium containing season. In fields (late tillering to boot stage) benwic acid, which induces the formation of with diseased plants scattered rather uni- dikaryons and inhibits mitosis. After removal formly throughout, the proportion of plants of benwic acid from the medium, mitosis infected with BSMV was about IYz to 2 times occurred and the four monokaryotic haplonts the proportion of plants with symptoms. formed by one spore were isolated by micro- A comparison between the yield of plants surgery. Both mating types grow readily on a with BSM symptoms and the yield of appar- minimal medium, in contrast with U. nuda, ently healthy plants in a commercial field of whose mating type a is proline-deficient. This two-rowed barley showed that the average fundamental physiological difference, sup- yield of diseased plants was 36% less than ported by previously known morphological that of healthy plants. The yield loss was differences, was used as evidence to retain U. attributable to reductions in kernel weight, tritici (loose smut of wheat) and U. nuda number of heads per plant, and number of (loose smut of barley) as separate species. seeds per head. Twenty-seven lines of triticale (Triticale The progeny of 30 single plant selections hexaploide Lart.) were inoculated with a of Moreval barley were evaluated for hetero- mixture of races TI to T5 of loose smut of geneity of reaction to each of four isolates of wheat; six lines were susceptible, the level of BSMV. Three isolates either failed to infect infection ranging up to 67%. The race viru- plants of any of these selections or infected lent on three of the lines was found to be T4, only a small proportion of plants of a few a race characterized by virulence on cultivars selections. One isolate infected each selec- of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). Of tion, the proportion of infected plants vary- 119 cultivars of spring rye (Secale cereale L.) ing from 15 to 93%. Further testing of that were inoculated with the mixture of selections yielding these extremes indicated races, 68 were infected. that differences in the proportion of plants infected with the latter isolate was due to Blue Dwarf of Oats random variation in the inoculation technique rather than genetic variability of the In greenhouse experiments, the yield of host. oats infected with oat blue dwarf virus at the Wild oats growing in a field of two-rowed two-leaf stage was reduced by 48%. There barley were found to be infected with BSMV. were fewer seeds produced on both the main This species is apparently only the third host, culm and tillers of infected plants than on besides wheat and barley, in which the virus healthy plants and there were fewer seed- has been detected in nature. In this particular bearing tillers. Kernel weight was not af- situation, it appeared that BSMV was trans- fected. Infected plants were shorter than mitted to the wild oats from barley because a healthy plants and heading was delayed by much higher proportion of barley plants II days. Plants exposed to nonviruliferous were infected. leafhoppers were shorter than healthy plants and heading was delayed by 4.5 days. In addition, the number of headed tillers and STORED PRODUCTS seeds was reduced to about the same extent ENTOMOLOGY as that of plants exposed to viruliferous Surveys leafhoppers. However, due to increased kernel weight, total seed yield, although A survey of farm-stored grain in Manitoba lower, was not significantly different from was conducted during the summer of 1973 to that of the control plants. determine the incidence of insect infestations

RESEARCH STATION, WINNIPEG, MAN. 229 Samborski, D. J., and McKenzie, R. I. H. 1973. Wylie, H. G. 1973. Control of egg fertilization by Crown rust of oats in Canada in 1972. Can. Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromali. Plant Dis. Surv. 52: 173-174. dae) when laying on parasitized house fly pupae. Can. Entomol. 105:709-718. Sinha, R. N. 1972. Interrelations of physical, chemical and biological variables in the deteri- Wylie, H. G. 1973. Parasites of face fly, Musca oration of stored grains. Pages 15-47 in R. N. autumna/is (Diptera: Muscidae), and associ- Sinha and W. E. Muir, eds. Grain storage- ated Diptera near Belleville, Ontario. Can. part of a system. The Avi Publishing Co., Entomol. 105:257-261. Westport, Conn. Miscellaneous Sinha, R. N., and Wallace, H. A. H. 1973. Popula- tion dynamics of stored-product mites. Oeco- Berek, B. 1973. Canada's North. Agrologist 2(5):3- logia (Berl.) 12:315-327. 5. Sinha, R. N., Yaciuk, G., and Muir, W. E. 1973. Berek, B. 1973. Cold storage at Churchill? Canadex Climate in relation to deterioration of stored 732. grain. A multivariate study. Oecologia (Berl.) Bucher, G. E. 1973. Control of tobacco pests with 12:69-88. pathogens in Ontario. Paper presented at the Smith, B. c., Starratt, A. N., and Bodnaryk, R. P. Fifth Int. Colloquium on Insect Pathology and 1973. Oviposition responses of Co/eomegi/la Microbial Control. Oxford. macu/ata /engi (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to the wood and extracts of Juniperus virginiana Chiko, A. W. 1973. Barley stripe mosaic. Can. and to various chemicals. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Agric. 18(4):26-28. Am. 66:452-456. Green, G. J. 1973. Wheat stem rust in Western Thomas, P. L. 1973. Increased frequency of aux- Canada. Canadex 112.632. otrophic mutants of Usti/ago hordei after McKenzie, R. I. H., and Martens, J. W. 1973. combined UV irradiation and inositol star- Breeding for stem rust resistance in oats. vation. Can. J. Genet. & Cytol. 14:785-788. Paper presented at the Conf. on Induced Turnock, W. J. 1973. Factors influencing the fall mutations for disease resistance in crop plants. emergence of Bessa harveyi (Townsend) Int. At. Energy Agency, Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. (Tachinidae: Diptera) in Manitoba. Can. En- Mills, J. T., and Nielsen, J. J. 1973. Seed treatment tomol. 105:399-409. update '73. Can. Agric. 18(2):6-7. Wallace, H. A. H. 1972. Fungi and other orga- Samborski, D. J. 1973. Wheat leaf rust in Western nisms associated with stored grain. Pages 71- Canada. Canadex 112.632. 98 in R. N. Sinha and W. E. Muir, eds. Grain storage-part of a system. The Avi Publishing Sinha, R. N. 1973. A look at grain storage Co., Westport, Conn. problems. Can. Agric. 18(1):33-35. Westdal, P. H., and Romanow, W. 1973. Obser- Smith, L. B., and Robertson, 1. T. 1973. Stored vations on the biology of the flea beetle, grain insect trap. Canadex 110.60. Phy//otreta cruciferae (Coleoptera: Chrysomel- idae). Manit. Entomol. 6:35-45.

234 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Research Station Melfort, Saskatchewan

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

S. E. BEACOM, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Director

Forage Production and Utilization

D. A. COOKE, B.S.A., M.Sc. Program Leader: Breeding, evaluation, and production W. E. COATES, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Forage harvesting systems D. H. MCCARTNEY, B.Sc., M.Sc. Beef cow managemeni systems J. A. ROBERTSON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Forage utilization (beef cattle) S. O. THORLACIUS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Forage evaluation (sheep) J. WADDINGTON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Ecology and weed control

Cereal and Oilseed Production and Utilization

K. E. BOWREN, B.S.A. Program Leader: Tillage and cropping A. G. CASTELL, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Crop utilization (swine) W. F. NUTTALL, B.SA, M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil fertility K. W. PLEWS, B.Sc., M.Sc. Cereal, oilseed, and special crop evaluation

RESEARCHSTATION,MELFORT,SASK. 235 INTRODUCTION

Our research program in 1973 was strengthened by the appointment of Dr. W. E. Coates, an agricultural engineer, to work on the development of forage and cereal harvesting systems; Mr. K. W. Plews, a cereal biologist, to continue the work on cereal, oilseed, and special crop evaluation; and Mr. D. H. McCartney, a pasture biologist, to plan, develop, and coordinate a cow-calf management project. Construction of the first phase of the animal research bam was started in the fall of 1973; the facilities for individually feeding 120 lambs in digestion stalls should be completed by the summer of 1974. Further progress was made in planning a beef cow systems project in cooperation with the Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture. The purpose of this project is to study the effect of pasture management, winter housing, winter feeding, and breeding factors and their interaction on the economics of weaning calves. The Station publishes "Research Highlights" each year. This publication provides more details of experiments than can be included in this report and is available by writing to the Director, Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Box 1240, Melfort, Sask. SOE lAO.

S. E. Beacom Director

FORAGE PRODUCTION AND 30 cm high. When the higher rates of UTILIZATION herbicide were used on the later dates, the alfalfa showed moderate stem curling and Alfalfa Seed Production some leaf loss. Seed yields varied from 90 kg/ha on areas treated with 2.1 kg of 2,4-DB Isolation distances when using leafcutter on May 29 to 240 kg/ha on plots sprayed bees. A strain of white-flowered alfalfa, with 0.4 kg of herbicide on June II. Medicago media Pers., was used to study the When plots were treated with high rates of effects of isolation distance on contamination herbicide between May 7 and 29, seed yields levels in alfalfa pollinated by the alfalfa were significantly lower than in similar plots leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata Fabr. A that had been handweeded. The herbicide 4-ha field of white-flowered alfalfa was applied at 0.4 kg/ha on June 11 significantly grown beside a 4-ha field of blue-flowered increased seed yield, but higher rates on this alfalfa (cv. Beaver) providing a common date did not significantly affect seed yields. border 140 m long. Because the flower color In early spring 1973, the herbicides di- of the strain used in this study is controlled chlobenil, diuron, asulam, simazine, and by a double recessive gene, the degree of propham were applied to an alfalfa stand contamination was easily determined by less than 5 cm high. Two rates of each observing the flower color of its progeny. chemical were used. None of the treatments Both alfalfa fields were populated with had any significant effect on seed yields, 50,000 bees/ha. which averaged 150 kg/ha. Dichlobenil Contamination within 3 m of the blue caused some thinning of the stand. When alfalfa was 17.1%. At distances of 10, 25, 2,4-D was applied at rates of 0.6 and 1.1 kg/ and 50 m, the contamination was 2.5, 1.1, ha, the alfalfa was severely damaged early in and 0.8%. These results suggest that isolation the season, and the seed yield was reduced distances of 10-25 m are satisfactory when by 20%. alfalfa fields of 4 ha or larger are pollinated by the alfalfa leafcutter bee. Production Management Effect of herbicides on seed yields. An Effects of soil moisture and amendments on established stand of alfalfa was treated with yield and quality of alfalfa. Soil moisture and 2,4-DB at 0.4-2.1 kg/ha on four different amendment treatments applied on three dates. The treatments were made between Gray Luvisol soils and one Dark Gray May 7, when the alfalfa was just breaking Luvisol significantly affected yield, protein, dormancy, and June II, when the alfalfa was phosphorus, and sulfur contents of Rambler

236 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 alfalfa, Medicago media Pers. Low soil Harvesting moisture tension (LSMT = 100 mb) resulted in higher yields than high soil moisture Hay-drying tower. A hay-drying tower tension (HSMT = 151 mb). Application of patterned after one developed in Europe was manure (2.5% of soil wt) on Garrick clay constructed in cooperation with the Engineer- loam and Arborfield clay under LSMT gave ing Research Service during the summer of the highest yields. It was found that manure 1971. The system permits the drying of added more available phosphorus to the soils forage containing up to 50% moisture and than did peat or straw. This partially explains maintains forage quality during storage. the higher yield obtained with this treatment. Modifications have been and will continue to be made to reduce the cost of the tower and Protein content of the first-cut alfalfa the amount of labor required to operate it. (early bloom stage) was higher under HSMT The tower has a capacity of 80-90 t of dry than LSMT (31.1% vs. 29.7%) and was forage (see Evaluation of Forage Harvesting higher when ammonium nitrate (70 JL g N / g Systems in this report). of soil) was applied (33.8% for cut I, 28.7% for cut 2) than when manure or peat treat- Harvesting and storing hay. Crested wheat- ments were applied (28.3% and 29.9% for cut grass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.), I, and both 25.7% for cut 2). Protein content intermediate wheatgrass (A. intermedium of the second cut was not significantly (Host) Beauv.), and bromegrass were harve- affected by soil moisture tension or soil type. sted in 1972 with Hesston and McKee Phosphorus content of the alfalfa was stacking wagons and with the conventional higher under LSMT (0.33% for cut 1,0.30% baler. Stacked hay was stored outside, and for cut 2) than under HSMT (0.29% for cut I, baled hay was placed in a shelter after 0.26% for cut 2) on Nipawin sandy clay loam weathering in the field for 2-3 wk. At the (SCL). The manure treatment produced beginning of the storage period, digestibility highest P forage (0.34% for cut 1,0.32% for of the forages was similar for all harvesting cut 2), the straw treatment the lowest (0.31% methods. Storage over winter only slightly for cut 1,0.28% for cut 2). reduced the digestibility of crested and intermediate wheatgrass. The decrease in On the Nipawin SCL, sulfur content of the digestibility of bromegrass during storage alfalfa averaged 0.35% and 0.32% for cuts I was larger and baled hay appeared to deteri- and 2 under HSMT and 0.31% and 0.30% for orate less than hay in the stacks. However, cuts I and 2 under LSMT. the poorer quality of hay in the stacks was probably largely due to the higher moisture Effect of companion crops. Wheat (Triti- content of the stacked hay at harvest. Protein cum aestivum L.) and rape (Brassica napus L. content was not influenced by harvesting or and B. campestris L.) used as companion storage method. crops in 1972 in the establishment of stands of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), Effect of ensiling techniques on the feeding Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus value of silage. Chopped sweetclover, Melilo- Fisch.), alfalfa, and sainfoin (Onobrychis tus ofJicinalis (L.) Lam., (31 % DM) was viciaefolia Scop.) caused dramatically lower ensiled in two horizontal bunker silos (5.5 m forage yield in 1973 than comparable stands X 14 m). The material in one silo was not established without companion crops. packed, whereas that in the other was well When seeded in 1972 without a compan- packed. Half of the silage in each silo was ion crop, yields of bromegrass, Russian wild treated with formic acid (0.45 kg/100 kg ryegrass, alfalfa, and sainfoin in 1973 were silage). 8,000, 3,500, 6,000, and 6,000 kg/ha. When Losses due to spoilage were 4.5% and 13% rape was used as a companion crop, corre- of the DM ensiled for the packed and sponding yields of the four forages were unpacked silage. The addition of formic acid 3,000,400, 950, and 1,000 kg/ha. A substan- had no effect on losses from spoilage. tial volunteer population of rape suppressed Steers fed packed silage gained an average the forages to some extent, but the stands of 0.98 kg/day compared with 0.86 kg/day were thin and the forage plants small at the for those fed unpacked silage and they start of the growing season. When wheat was required approximately 15% less feed/kg of used as a companion crop, bromegrass and gain. The addition of formic acid had no alfalfa yielded 4,000 and 3,500 kg/ha. effect on subsequent animal performance.

RESEARCH STATION, MELFORT, SASK. 237 However, when the daily ration of steers fed period consumption of roughage averaged acid-treated silage was supplemented with 11, 37, 5 I, and 65% of the total rations. The 1.4 kg of barley, the average daily gains remainder of the ration contained rolled increased by 16% over gains made by steers grain (equal parts of barley and wheat), fed either packed or unpacked silage without tallow (1.5%), minerals, vitamin A, and an the acid treatment. antibiotic. Average daily gains were 1.54, 1.56, 1.45, and 1.39 kg; feed-to-gain ratios Utilizing Pastures were 7.0, 7.9, 8.5, and 8.8; and daily feed Continuously grazed bromegrass-alfalfa consumption 10.7, 12.3, 12.4, and 12.3 kg. vs. rotational three-pasture system. A continu- Dressing percentages averaged 56.3, 55.8, ously grazed sward of bromegrass and 56.1, and 56.5, and carcass grades were alfalfa was compared with two pasture almost equal. At a cost of grain at 10.14:/kg treatments in which separate paddocks of (4.M/lb) and hay at $30/t (2,200 Ib), returns crested wheatgrass and alfalfa, bromegrass over the cost of the feeder animal, feed, and and alfalfa, and Russian wild ryegrass alone feed processing averaged $12.44, $14.87, were grazed in rotation by yearling Hereford $24.42, and $30.58/steer for the four rations. steers. In one of the rotationally grazed Expressed another way, ground hay was treatments., Russian wlid ryegrass 'was har- worth $32, $40, and $43/t when fed in vested for seed before grazing, whereas in rations 2, 3, and 4. the other treatment it was utilized as pasture Anabolic implants for finishing beef steers. only. The 7-yr average dry matter yierds and steer gains were 4,794 and 326 kg/ha for the In the experiment just described, one-third of continuously grazed bromegrass-alfalfa; the steers in each ration group was implanted 3,949 and 343 kg/ha for the treatment in with 36 mg of Ralgro (Zeranol; Commercial which Russian wild ryegrass was used only Solvents Corporation), one-third with 200 for pasture; and 3,325 and 277 kg/ha for the mg of progesterone and 20 mg of estradiol treatment in which Russian wild ryegrass was benzoate (Synovex S; E. R. Squibb & Sons), and one-third left as unimplanted controls. harvested for seed before being used as pasture. Harvesting seed from Russian wild Average daily gain was 1.56, 1.54, and 1.37 ryegrass reduced the dry matter available for kg; and dressing percentage averaged 56.2, grazing from 3,603 to 3,183 kg/ha and the 56.7, and 55.5. The difference between Iiveweight gain from 295 to 168 kg/ha; the implanted and unimplanted steers probably was due to the heavier weight (20 kg or seed yield averaged 410 kg/ha. more) of the implanted steers. Grades were Cereal varieties as pasture. Three 0.32-ha comparable between treatments except that plots of Fraser (oats), IH 1863-4 (oats), Pitic more of the carcasses from implanted steers 62 (wheat), and Glenlea (wheat) were grazed were in the heavy categories of the Al and in rotation by weaned lambs (22 lambs/ha). A2 grades. There was an indication that the Dry ewes were used to graze excess forage. implants had more effect on increasing the, Dry matter production was 7,053, 7,301, rate of gain of steers fed the ground, high- 7,201, and 5,655 kg/ha and lambs gained roughage ration than on those fed the high- 274, 259, 235, and 242 kg/ha on the four concentrate ration. varieties. When the dry matter eaten by the ewes is taken into consideration, the lamb Evaluation of forage harvesting systems. gains increased to 365, 342, 288, and 30 I kg/ Bromegrass-alfalfa was cut and allowed to ha. field cure in the windrow until it was suitable for storing as silage (at 65% moisture); as Utilizing Harvested Forages chopped hay, artificially dried in a hay tower Ground hay in finishing rations for beef (at 40% moisture); as stacked long hay (at steers. Four lots of 12 Charolais crossbred 25% moisture); and as bales (at 20% mois- steers, averaging 350 kg, were started on ture). ' rations containing 50, 70, 80, and 90% In the first year of this test, average daily ground (1.27-cm screen) good-quality grass gains of steer calves fed artificially dried hay hay, and over 8, 105, 112, and 126 days were were 0.82 kg, bales 0.74 kg, stacks 0.74 kg, gradually changed to rations containing 10% and silage 0.64 kg. Feed required per unit of straw, 10% straw, 10% hay plus 10% straw, gain for the four treatments was 8.7, 9.1, 9.8, and 30% hay. Over the 147-day feeding and 10.3, and kg of gain/t (2,200 Ib) of

238 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 forage DM harvested were 113, III, 102, Production Management and 87. Crop sequence studies. At Somme, Sask., a Alfalfa pellets vs. alfalfa cubes for beef 6-yr grain-forage rotation on a heavy-tex- steers. Suncured alfalfa pellets (1.3 cm diam) tured Gray Luvisol soil produced a net return 2 and cubes (3.2 cm ) were fed at up to 70% of of $lllo47/ha as compared with $87.73/ha the ration with dry-rolled barley to long- for a 3-yr straight grain rotation (when wheat yearling Hereford steers. Suncured pellets was valued at 7.7~/kg and hay (DM) at fed at 10%produced gains similar to those of 404~/kg over the past 17 yr). At Archerwill, steers fed 10% ground wheat straw but they on a lighter textured Gray Luvisol soil, the improved feed efficiency by approximately net return was $67.36 for a 6-yr grain-forage 5%. Between 31% and 69% of the steers were rotation as compared with $41.00/ha for a treated at least once for bloat when fed 3-yr straight grain rotation. The difference rations containing 40% and 70% alfalfa between straight grain and grain-forage pellets or cubes. rotations is not as great on the Black soil at Melfort as on Gray Luvisol soils. In addition to increased returns the grain-forage rotations have also increased the nitrate content CEREAL AND SPECIAL CROP of the soil and protein content of the grain. PRODUCTION AND UTIUZATION Trash management for cropping. Analysis Variety Testing of 18 years' data from a continuous wheat rotation has shown that spring burning, fall Wheat. An FMQ (fair milling quality) tillage with a discer, and fall tillage with a wheat selection, N.B.-106, developed at the cultivator produced the highest yields at University/of Manitoba, outyielded Pitic 62 Melfort. Burning stubble is not generally by 6% and Napayo, a bread wheat, by 28%. recommended because of its effect on soil This white-kernel wheat selection matured 8 organic matter, but it is sometimes done to days earlier than Pitic 62 and, because of its desiccate weed seeds and to reduce the trash shorter straw, was much more resistant to cover. Average yields of the continuous lodging. wheat treatment in this study were 1,848 kg/ ha for land that was plowed each fall; 1,808 Winter wheat. Two new cultivars of winter kg/ha for fall tillage with a discer; 1,937 kg/ wheat from the USSR, Ulianovka and Ala- ha for fall tillage with a cultivator; and 2,016 baskajo, had excellent winter survival but kg/ha for land that was burned each spring. yielded 5% and 10% less than Kharkov. A soil-incorporated liquid herbicide, triallate, was used for .controlling wild oats, Avena Barley. At three sites in northeastern fatua L., in this study. It was more effective Saskatchewan, B.T. 313, a new malting and in plots that were fall tilled with a discer or brewing selection from Brandon, Man.~ OUt- plow and where the stubble was burned in vielded Conauest (the standard) by 10% and the spring before incorporating the herbicide Bonanza (the previous high yielder) by 5%. than when the stubble was left standing. The maturity and height of B.T. 313 was equal to that of Bonanza but it had stronger Controlling wild oats in rape. Triallate at straw. 1.7 kg/ha and trifiuralin at 104kg/ha applied in the fall gave 75% control of a serious Oats. OT. 618, an oat selection developed infestation of wild oats in rape, B. campestris at Melfort, outyielded the standard variety, L., on Melfort silty clay loam. Over the 2 yr Garry, by 18% and Random and Fraser by of the test, the average crop yield was 2% and 6%. increased 49% by the trifiuralin and 26% by the triallate treatments. Trifiuralin is also Rapeseed. Midas, Brassica napus L., out- used for the control of certain broad leaf yielded Target (the standard) by 2% but was weeds. 13%lower than Zephyr. Relation of yield response to soil tests for Fababeans. In Canada the three varieties phosphate and nitrogen. Yield response of of fababeans licensed for sale are Erfordia, Manitou wheat to phosphate fertilizer was Akerperle, and Diana; in 1973, they yielded significantly related to amounts of sodium- 5,097,4,670, and 4,521 kg/ha. bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus (negatively),

RESEARCH STATION, MELFORT, SASK. 239 nitrate-nitrogen (positively), and exchange- Utilization of fababeans (horsebeans) by able ammonium-nitrogen (negatively) in the market pigs. Fababeans, variety Ackerperle, soil. Yields on control plots were positively grown under irrigation at Outlook, Sask., related to sodium-bicarbonate-soluble phos- were included as 0, 7.5, IS, and 30% of 16%- 2 phorus (0-15 cm deep) in the soil (R = protein diets, based on barley and soybean 64.3%). Confidence intervals of predicted meal (SBM), fed ad lib. to pigs from 25 to 91 yield response were large. This was attri- kg liveweight. A similar experiment was buted to variation in soil and climate. conducted. to compare the performance of pigs fed diets containing 15% fababeans or field peas grown without irrigation at Mel- Crop Utilization and Animal Nutrition fort. Increasing the dietary level of fababeans Dehydrated alfalfa vs. rapeseed meal as from 0 to 30% significantly reduced (P <: supplements in rations for beef cattle. Groups 0.0 I) the growth rate up to 50 kg liveweight of long-yearling steers were fed chopped but had no significant effect on overall gains wheat straw ad lib. plus either rapeseed meal (0.76 kg/day). The diet containing 7.5% (RSM) (0.57 or 1.13 kg/head daily) or levels fababeans and 12%SBM was most efficiently of dehydrated alfalfa (dehy) to provide utilized (3.30 kg feed/kg gain). Carcass equivalent levels of crude protein (1.13 or quality tended to improve (P <: 0.05) as 2.26 kg/head daily). Results indicated that fababeans replaced SBM as the source of when utilized as a protein supplement in a supplementary protein. Average carcass maintenance ration, the value of dehy is 60- value indexes ranged from 103.5 with the 65% that of RSM per unit of wt. basal diet (15% SBM) to 106.6 (30% faba- - beans). The addition of equivalent levels of sup- When used as 15% of the diet, field peas plementary protein (0.45 kg 32% beef sup- resulted in similar gains (0.78 kg/day) and plement or 0.45 kg RSM or 0.9 kg dehy) to a feed-to-gain ratios (3.57) but higher carcass basal ration consisting of 15% ground wheat value indexes (106.6 vs. 105.1) than faba- straw and 85% barley increased liveweight beans. gain of long-yearling beef steers by 23.5, Although fababeans have a lower protein 22.2, and 39.5%. Feed intake and feed content (25-30%) than SBM (44-50%), they efficiency were also improved by addition of appear to be a satisfactory alternative source supplementary protein to the basal ration. of supplementary protein for market pigs.

PUBLICA nONS

Research Nuttall, W. F. 1973. Yield response of Conquest barley as affected by nitrogen fertilizer and soil tests for ammonium- and nitrate-nitrogen. Beacom, S. E., and Thorlacius, S. O. 1973. Effect of Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:163-168. pelleting, roughage level and hormone implan- tation on the utilization of finely ground Nuttall, W. F. 1973. The influence of soil moisture crested wheatgrass by growing lambs. Can. J. tension and amendments on yield, oil and Anim. Sci. 53:725-731. protein content of Target rape grown on Gray Wooded soils in the greenhouse. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:87-93. Cooke, D. A., Beacom, S. E., and Robertson, J. A. 1973. Comparison of continuously grazed bromegrass-alfalfa with rotationally grazed Thorlacius, S: 0., and Lodge, G. A. 1973. Absorp- crested wheatgrass - alfalfa, bromegrass- tion of steam-volatile acids from the rumen of alfalfa and Russian wild ryegrass. Can. J. the cow as influenced by diet, buffers and pH. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:279-288. Anim. Sci. 53:423-429.

Waddington, J. 1973. Use of factor analyses to Friesen, H. A., and Bowren, K. E. 1973. Factors investigate relations between environmental affecting the control of wild oats in rapeseed variables and forage yield. Can. J. Plant Sci. with trifluralin. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53: 199-205. 53:309-316.

240 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Walkof, c., Anderson, R. H., and Allen, H. T. Jackson, H. A., and Beacom, S. E. 1973. Progress in 1973. Three bush-type tomato cultivars: Mel- the development of a hay tower for drying, fort, Booster, and Pembina. Can. J. Plant Sci. storing and mechanically handling chopped 53:643-644. hay. Paper No. 73-501. Annu. Conf. Can. Soc. Agric. Eng., Victoria, B.C. Miscellaneous Jackson, H. A., and Robertson, J. A. 1973. Com- Beacom, S. E. 1973. Roughage in steer finishing parison of packed and non-packed storage of rations. Canadex 420.60. silage in horizontal silos in a cold climate. Beacom, S. E. 1973. Cut steer feeding costs. Paper No. 73-215. Annu. Conf. Can. Soc. Canadex 420.60. Agric. Eng., Victoria, B.C. Bowren, K. E. 1973. Harvesting rapeseed. Canadex Jackson, H. A., and Robertson, J. A. 1973. Packed 149.50. vs. unpacked silage. Canadex 120.52. Castell, A. G. 1973. Effect of starter rations on Nuttall, W. F. 1973. Estimated yield response to N overall performance of pigs. Canadex 440.60. fertilizer. Canadex 530. Castell, A. G. 1973. Rapeseed as a source of Robertson, 1. A. 1973. Digestibility of rapeseed nutrients for pigs. Canadex 440.64. screenings. Canadex 149.8I. Cooke, D. A., Goplen, B. P., and Pankiw, P. 1973. Robertson, J. A. 1973. A comparison of four Isolation distances for sweetclover seed pro- systems of managing steers on pasture. Ca- duction. Canadex 123.15. nadex 420.60. Feldman, M., and Beacom, S. E. 1973. Effect of Robertson, 1. A. 1973. Rapeseed meal vs. dehy- harvesting equipment and bale management drated alfalfa as supplement for beef cattle. methods on hay quantity and quality. Paper Canadex 420.60. No. 73-310. Annu. Conf. Can. Soc. Agric. Thorlacius, S. O. 1973. Effect of harvesting and Eng., Victoria, B.C. storage of hay on growth of lambs. Canadex Goplen, B. P., Cooke, D. A., and Pankiw, P. 1973. 430.61. Isolation distances required for sweetclover Thorlacius, S. O. 1973. Sheep on forage oat seed production. Can. Agric. 18(3): 13-14. pasture. Canadex 430.62.

RESEARCH STATION, MELFORT. SASK. 241

Research Station Regina, Saskatchewan

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

J. R. HAY, BoS.A., M.S., Ph.D. Director

Biological Control of Weeds

P. HARRIS,B.S.Fo, DJ.C., Ph.D. Head of Section; Biological control-weeds M. Go MAW, BoSe., M.Sc. Biological control-weeds D. P. PESCHKEN,B.S.A., M.Sc., Dr.Sci.Agr. Biological control-Canada thistle

Weed Control

J. D. BANTING,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Weed science- annual grasses K. F. BEST,B.S.A., M.Sc. Weed biology G. G. BOWES,B.S.A., M.Sc. Weed science-range weeds J. H. HUNTER,B.s.A., Ph.D. Weed science-agronomy G. I. McINTYRE,B.Sc., Ph.D. Weed biology E. S, MOLBERG,B.S. Weed science-agronomy

Herbicide Behavior in the Environment

R. GROVER,BoSe., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Availability, mobility, monitoring G. S. EMMOND,BoS.A., M.Sc. Residues A. E. SMITH,BoSe., Ph.D. Residues, metabolism, methodology

Seed Section

E. D. MALLOUGH,B.S.A. Head of Section; Distribution G. R. BOUGHTON,B.S.A., M.Sc. Verification

RESEARCHSTATION,REGINA,SASK. 243 Experimental Farm, Indian Head, Sask.

R. N. McIVER, B.S.A. Officer-in-charge; cereals, crop management

Departures

E. BUGLASS,B.S.A. Acting Director, -Experimental Retired April 1973 Farm, Indian Head S. U. KHAN,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Adsorption mechanisms Transferred to Chemistry and Biology Research Institute, August 1, 1973

VISITING SCIENTIST

D. E. BERUBE,B.S., M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Biological control National Research Council postdoctorate fellow

244 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 INTRODUCTION

This is a report of the work done in 1973 at the Research Station, Regina. The Station is the main center for weed control research in Canada, with a complement of 13 scientists specializing in various aspects of weed science. As well as solving the immediate weed problems of Prairie farmers, we are doing backup research to ensure that harmful consequences do not arise as a result of new weed control technology. Research is conducted on control of weeds in crops and on grazing land, on biological control of weeds, on the persistence and movement of herbicides in the environment, and on the biology of the weeds themselves. The Station also increases and distributes Breeder seed and the seed of the new varieties of cereal, forage, and oilseed crops developed by the Branch. . During the year, the Experimental Farm at Indian Head became a substation of this Station, with Mr. R. N. Mciver as officer-in-charge. The Farm will continue to do research on cropping practices and to evaluate cereal, oilseed, and forage crops for southeastern Saskatchewan. Mr. E. Buglass retired in April after many years of faithful service as a forage agronomist and breeder. He also served admirably as Acting Director of the Experimental Farm at Indian Head for one year before his retirement. Detailed information on research results can be obtained from the scientists. The address of this establishment is: Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture' Canada, 5000 Wascana Parkway, P.O. Box 440, Regina, Sask. S4P 3A2.

J. R. Hay Director

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL moth, Porphyrinia amasina Evers., for Can- ada thistle; and a European root-boring beetle, Oberea sp., for leafy spurge. Studies Insects were collected on the weeds given on the beetle Sphenoptera jugoslavica Zell. priority for biological control. This survey for diffuse knapweed were discontinued in and others in various parts of the world the hopes of importing a more damaging indicated that the hoary cresses are not insect. Screening tests were started with the promising candidates for biological control, gall nematode Paranguina picridis Kirj on so that work was discontinued on the three Russian knapweed. A European tingid, species involved. Insects of note were a gall Tingis amp/iata (H.-S.), that attacks Canada midge found in 20% of the seed heads' of' thistle was shown to develop on both saf- absinthe in Saskatchewan, and the fly Parox- flower and globe artichoke and hence to be yna americana Her. in dandelion seed lleads unsuitable for biological control in North in I!orthern .BritishColumbia and Alberta. In America; the stem-gall fly of thistles, Uro- southern Saskatchewan, 40% of the dande- phora cardui (L.), did nOf,develop on any of lion heads were attacked by the weevils the crop plants tested.$cf~ening tests on the Ceutorhynchus marginatus Payk. and Otio- European tortoise be~t1e, Cassida hemi- rhynchus ovatus (L.), and the leaf-gall wasp, sphaerica Hbst. on bladder campion, showed Gillettea taraxaci Ashm. destroyed 10% of that it would develop on several plants in the the dandelions in irrigated alfalfa. The moth genera Silene and Dian~h.us. It also fed on Me/itara prodenia/is Walk. destroyed about beet leaves, although the larvae did not 90% of the prickly-pear pads near Buffalo develop on this plant. Pound Lake, Sask. Releases were made of the following Laboratory colonies were established for biological control agents not currently estab- host screening tests of a European moth, lished in Canada: in British Columbia, the Cucullia verbasci L., that feeds on mullein seed-head fly Urophora stylata (Fabr.) on leaves; a European fly, Tephritis dilacerata bull thistle; the seed moth Metzneria pauci- Loew., that attacks the seed heads of peren- punctella Zell. on spotted knapweed; the nial sow-thistle; a Japanese stem-boring beetle Longitarsus jacobae'le Watr. on tansy

RESEARCH STATION, REGINA, SASK. 245 ragwort; and in Saskatchewan, the root- significant delays in maturity but not reduc- boring moth Champaesphecia empiformis tions in yield included MBR 8251 at 2.24 kgl Esp on leafy spurge; the moth Calophasia ha (32 oz/ac), AC 84777 at 0.56 kg/ha (8 lunula (Hufn.) on toadflax; and the stem oz/ac), a tank mixture of asulam, bromox- weevil Ceutorhynchus litura (F.) on Canada ynil, and MCPA ester at 1.12 + 0.28 + 0.28 thistle. Also, the beetle Chrysolina hyperici kg/ha (16 + 4 + 4 oz/ac), and a mixture of (Forst) on St. John's-wort in New Brunswick linuron and MCPA amine at 0.28 + 0.56 kgl was reinforced with additional stock from ha (4 + 8 oz/ac). Treatments that decreased the west coast. flax yields significantly included MBR 8251 The spurge hawkmoth Hyles euphorbiae at 4.48 kg/ha (4 Ib/ac) and AC 84777 at (L.) had a density of 0.4 larvae/m2 and had 1.12 kg/ha (16 oz/ac). No wetter was used spread to the limits of the cypress spurge with the AC 84777. 2 infestation (75 km ) at Braeside, Onto In Wild oats. In field trials, control of wild cooperation with the University of Guelph, oats with WL 26624 and WL 29761 at 0.84 larvae were moved to other infestations of kg/ha (12 oz/ac) was equal to that obtained cypress spurge in Ontario. with barban at 0.35 kg/ha (5 oz/ac) and The seed-head fly Urophora affinis Frfld. superior to control with WL 17731 at 1.40 increased from 3.8 to 7.4 galls 1100 heads on kg/ha (20 oz/ac). Control with AC 84777 at spotted knapweed at Chase, B.C., and from 0.84 kg/ha (12 oz/ac) and R-21403 at 4.5 1.7 to 12.7 galls 1100 heads on diffuse knap- kg/ha (4Ib/ac) was unsatisfactory. In green- weed at Pritchard, B.C. house tests, no wild oats headed when AC 84777 was applied at 0.67 kg/ha (9.6 oz/ac) The seed-head weevil of nodding thistle, Rhinocyllus conicus Fr., increased from 29 to at the two-leaf stage and wild oats were controlled with R-21403 at 4.48 kg/ha (4 Ibl 109 larvaellOO heads at Craik, Sask. R. conicus is likely to reduce seed production of ac). this biennial weed substantially, and distri- The addition of an amine of MCPA to bution to other infestations in Saskatchewan, asulam increased control of wild mustard but Manitoba, and Quebec is recommended. not of wild oats in flax. Based on the dry weight of wild oats at harvest, barb an at 0.35 Tansy ragwort has almost disappeared at kg/ha (5 oz/ac) gave 96% control, asulam the original release sites of the cinnabar alone at 1.12 kg/ha (16 oz/ac) gave 91% moth, Tyria jacobaeae (L.), in Nova Scotia control, and the asulam with MCPA at 0.28 and Prince Edward Island. The moth is being kg/ha (4 oz/ac) gave 87% control. distributed by local authorities and appears MBR 8251, a soil-applied compound, was likely to control the weed throughout the effective against wild oats and green foxtail Maritime Provinces on well drained, in the greenhouse only at a rate of 4.48 kgl non arable areas. Unfortunately, it is less ha (4Ib/ac) or more. Wheat was damaged at effective in British Columbia. 4.48 kg/ha but flax tolerated a higher rate. In other tests, Buban 37 was more active in sandy loam than in heavy clay and was more WEED CONTROL effective against green foxtail than against wild oats. Crop tolerance for new herbicides. Under When barban was applied with flat fan weed-free conditions, wheat tolerated post- 650067, floodjet TK 75, and whirlchamber emergence applications of MC 4379 at 0.84 61 X 61 nozzles, wild oat control was best kg/ha (12 oz/ ac); BAS 3581 at 1.611Kg/ha with the flat fan and poorest with the (24 oz/ac); M 3785 and M 3786 at 0.35 kgl whirlchamber nozzles. ha (5 oz/ac); and WL 26624, WL 29761, Leafy spurge. Seven days after foliar and HOE 23408 at 1.12 kg/ha (I Ib/ac). application of 14C-Iabeled 2,4-D, 48% and Wheat was not tolerant of M 3785 and M 75% of the 14Cin the shoot and root extracts, 3786 at 0.70 kg/ha (10 oz/ac), or of R-4572 respectively, were identified chromatographi- + propanil at 5.6 kg/ha (5 Ib/ac). cally as 2,4-D. Decapitation of the shoot Noralta flax tolerated BAS 351O-H at 2.24 before the herbicide application significantly kg/ha (32 oz/ac) and a mixture of bromox- increased the amount of the tracer translo- ynil and diuron at 0.51 + 0.61 kg/ha (7.3 + cated out of the treated leaves; as a result, 8.7 oz/ac). Herbicide treatments that caused considerably higher levels of 14Cappeared in

246 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 the shoot, roots, and root buds after .a period product containing 0.28 kg bromoxynil and of 3 days. Increasing the nitrogen supply to 0.28 kg MCPA/ha. the root medium 15 days before 2,4-0 was applied had a similar effect on translocation. Ecological studies of annual weeds. All The similarity in effects of shoot decapitation spring-emerging stinkweed seedlings exhib- and increased nitrogen supply on 14Cdistri- ited early-flowering behavior, although both bution was attributed to the marked promo- early and late-flowering strains were present. tion of bud growth by both of these This phenotypic uniformity was a result of treatments. natural vernalization, as indicated by laboratory experiments in which earlier flowering Povertyweed. Annual applications of esters of the late-flowering type was promoted by of 2,4-0 at 2.24 kg/ha (2 Ib/ac) or 2,4-0B at low-temperature ~reatments of seedlings. 1.68 kg/ha (1.5 Ib/ac) over a period of 4 yr High temperatures accelerated flowering and eliminated 99 to 100% of povertyweed (Iva decreased leaf number of plants of the early- axil/aris Pursh.) growing in a mixture of flowering genotype but had the opposite crested wheatgrass, smooth bromegrass, tall effect on the late-flowering strain. A constant wheatgrass, and intermediate wheatgrass, on temperature of 25°C in light gave approx- saline, heavy clay soil. Oicamba at 2.8 kg/ha imately 45% germination of early-flowering (2.5 Ib/ac) applied every 2nd yr also gave a plants but no germination of the late-flower- continuous high degree of control. Results ing strain. With alternating temperatures with picloram were variable, but 0.84kg/ha (l0-25°C), both strains gave 95-100% ger- (12 oz/ac) gave good control for I yr or more mination in the light but very low germina- with occasional injury to the grass. In these tion in the dark. Flixweed plants from seed tests the herbicides were applied in July. sown in the field in late spring required more In another test on saline soil, annual yields than 90 days to flower whereas seedlings, of crested wheatgrass, originally infested emerging in the spring from naturally vernal- 2 with povertyweed (30 shoots/m ), were in- ized seed, flowered within 45 days. creased from 686 to 1\790 kg/ha (611 to Regenerative potential of perennial weeds. 1,593 Ib/ac) when ammonium nitrate fertil- The number of buds on the roots of leafy izer was applied annually at 78 kg N/ha (70 spurge seedlings was significantly increased Ib/ac) over a 3-yr period. Applying 2,4-0 or by reducing the daylength or by increasing 2,4-0B at 1.68 kg/ha (1.5 Ib/ac) annually the nitrogen supply under long days. The for this period gave 60 to 84% control of positive correlation of nitrogen and light topgrowth in povertyweed but did not in- intensity with the number of root buds was crease grass yields. attributed to the production of bud-bearing Chemical summerjallow. Asulam control- lateral roots. In milkweed, the number of led volunteer wheat on summerfallow when root buds was significantly increased by it was applied at the four-leaf stage alone at lowering the N supply and reduced by 2.24 to 4.48 kg/ha and at 3.36 kg/ha in a lowering the light intensity. Root buds were mixture with 2,4-0 at 1.12 kg/ha. In another not associated with lateral roots as in other test, MON 2139 applied at 0.84 kg/ha and species, and appeared to be exogenous in 1.12 kg/ha on June 21 controlled all the origin. weeds present until late July. The 0.56-kg/ha Effect of brush control on forage yield. rate was not sufficient to control wild buck- Forage yields were obtained from commu- wheat, Russian thistle, or kochia. Late- nity pastures 4 and 5 yr after spraying. The emerging weeds, including the pigweeds and experimental areas were cleared of brush, thyme-leaved spurge, were not affected. disced, and seeded to a mixture of alfalfa In a fallow-wheat rotation, wheat yields and bromegrass before treatment. Picloram after chemical fallow have been significantly and 2,4-0 applied during the summer elimi- higher in 2 out of 4 yr than after conven- nated alfalfa from forage stands. The grass tional fallow by tillage. In a 3-yr period, 87% component increased after the application of. of the original plant residue was conserved picloram but remained unchanged after 2,4- by chemical fallow compared with 33% for O. The total forage yield after application of the cultivated fallow. The herbicide treat- picloram was similar to that of the untreated ment in this experiment was a I mixture of areas but there was a net loss of forage after paraquat at 1.12 kg/ha and a commercial application of 2,4-0. The applications of

RESEARCH STATION, REGINA, SASK. 247 phenoxy herbicides during the dormant USB 3584 were recovered the following season left the alfalfa in the stand but did spring. No 2,4-D or dicamba residues were not effectively control prickly rose. Data for I found. yr showed that five times more alfalfa grew When these herbicides were applied in in open spaces between aspen and prickly May at three sites, no residues of 2,4-D, rose than directly under the shrubs. The dicamba, or diallate were observed in the top weights of bromegrass growing under prickly 5 cm of soil in October. Of the remaining rose and aspen poplar, and in the open compounds, simazine was again the most spaces, were similar. persistent; 25% or less of the other herbicides remained. After two growing seasons, 20% of Competition studies. Flax was infested with simazine and less than 10% of trial1ate, 3 to 300 wild mustard plants and I to 100 trifluralin, d-'chiobeniC linuron, and USB wild oat plants per square metre. The mus- 3584 were still present in the top 5 cm of the tard emerged 5 days and the wild oats 7 days soils. No resIdues were oDserved in the soil at before the flax. At 3, 10, and 300 mustard a depth of 5-10 cm. plants 1m2, yields were reduced by 18, 59, Atrazine was applied in May 1972 at three and 94%, respectively. Reductions from locations in Manitoba. Residues were present infestations of 3 to 100 wild oats/m2 were 27 in the spring of 1973. and 89%. The persistence of TCA in three prairie In a similar study of wild oats in wheat, soils was investigated under laboratory con- yield reductions ranged from about 16% ditions. Degradation was most rapid on soils where there were II wild oats/m2 to over 2 high in organic matter and complete break- 70% with 276 wild oats/m • In this test the down of the herbicide occurred within 3 wk wild oats emerged 2 days after the wheat. at moisture levels higher than wilting point. Weed survey. Wild mustard, wild oats, On other soils breakdown was somewhat stinkweed, and cow cockle were the most slower. common weeds found in 23 flax fields that In in vitro studies with an unidentified soil were sampled near Regina in late June 1973. organism, the amide and acid analogues of These four species made up more than 90% bromoxynil were identified as the breakdown of the weed growth. Altogether, 18 weed products of bromoxynil. The breakdown of species were encountered. Redroot pigweed the herbicide was rapid, only 5% of bromox- and wild buckwheat were prevalent in more ynil remaining in the culture medium after 5 than 40% of the fields. The average number wk. 2 of weeds was 271m , and the density varied 2 Droplet drift potential from conventional from 2 to 1411m • sprayers. In cooperative field experiments with the Saskatchewan Research Council, the HERBICIDE BEHAVIOR IN THE initial drift of 2,4-D from a conventional farm sprayer was about 3% when the mate- ENVIRONMENT rial was sprayed at 1.75 kg/cm2 (25 psi) and Air-monitoring for 2,4-D. At three sites in 56 litres/ha (5 gallac), at wind speeds of southern Saskatchewan, the butyl ester of 8-16 km/h (5-10 mph). This drift fraction 2,4-D was detected on a number of days was nearly doubled when the hydraulic during the spraying season, with concentra- pressure was increased to 2.8 kg/cm2 (40 tions ranging. fr()m tra~e .amounts to as hig~ psi), and reduced by a factor of 4 when the

J as 6."75JL g/m • Total 2,4-D in some samples I herbicide was applied at 112 litres/ha (10 was determined and found to be present in gallac). About 25 to 40% of the amount higher amounts than butyl esters. alone, the drifting was still in the air 1,000 m down- 3 highest being 11.5 JL g/m • This was attri- wind, indicating that considerable amounts buted to possible partial hydrolysis of the of spray may be blown from a field even esters, either on the sampling medium or in from swaths that are well upwind of the field the air before it was sampled. edge. Up to 20% of the sprayed area received less than half the expected rate of Residues, persistence, and degradation in application. soils. Several herbicides were applied in the fall to small plots at three locations. Over Interactions of herbicides with soils. There 75% of simazine and 30 to 50% of diallate, was little or no adsorption of the acid and triallate, trifluralin, dichlobenil, linuron, and dimethyl amine forms of dicamba on several

248 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 soils studied. However, the. dimethylamine returned to Canada for release as a new cation was highly adsorbed. The results were variety, and two low-erucic-acid, low-gluco- explained on the basis of the dissociation of sinolate strains of E. napus were multiplied both forms to the anionic species under the on 4 ha (10 ac) and returned to Canada for moist soil conditions. further increase under contract. The buck- The relative adsorption of seven urea wheat strain MB-I was increased on I ha (2.5 herbicides on several soils,was in the follow- ac) in Florida and returned to Canada for ing order of increasing adsorption: fenuron further increase under contract. The winter <: monuron <: monolinuron <: meto- increase of corn has expanded to 0.4 ha (I bromuron <: diuron <: Iinuron <: ac) in Hawaii. Two com breeders are now chlorbromuron. The Q values (JL g adsorbed using this service. per gram of organic matter) ranged from 24 Breeder seed of a new E. hirta mustard to 437. (No. 1241) is under increase on 0.4 ha (I ac) Paraquat and diquat formed complexes in New Zealand. Seed from this plot will be with humic and fulvic acid compounds of the returned to Canada and increased further soil by the mechanisms of ion exchange and under contract before release. chllrge transfer, whereas adsorption of 2,4-D Seven new cultivars were distributed: and picloram to humic acid involved only Wakooma durum wheat, Hector two-row physical forces. barley, Hinoat oats, Vanier barley, Gemini A study of the complexes formed by oats, Triumph peas, and Torch (E. triallate with cation-saturated montmorillon- campestris) rapeseed. Seed of these cultivars ite indicated that the herbicide was coordi- was made available to seed growers and nated with the exchange cation on the clay by members of the seed trade across Canada. the oxygen of the carbonyl group. The Breeder seed maintenance program continued to expand and now contains 74 cultivars of 14 different kinds of crop. In SEED SECTION 1973, 3,946 kg (8,699 Ib) of Breeder seed representing 34 cultivars of 10 different crops Increase and distribution. Three new were distributed to Canadiag seed growers. strains of rapeseed, as well as the usual plant In 1973, 108 requests were received from breeding material, were increased in Califor- Canada and six foreign countries for seed for nia: Midas, a Erassica napus type of rape- experimental purposes. We supplied 4,269 kg seed, was grown on 117 ha (290 ac) and (9,411 Ib) of seed from 52 cultivars.

MANUFACTURERS OF HERBICIDES IDENTIFIED BY CODE OR TRADE NAME

Code or trade name Manufacturer AC 84777 Cyanamid of Canada Ltd. BAS 3510-4, BAS 3581 BASF Canada Ltd. Buban 37 Buckmann Laboratories HOE 23408 Hoechst Canada Ltd. M 3785, M 3786 Dow Chemical Co. MBR 8251 3M Canada Ltd. MC 3479 Fisons Canada Ltd. MON 2139 Monsanto Canada Ltd. R-4572, R-21403 Stauffer Chemical Co. USB 3584 U.S. Borax and Chemical Co. WL 17731, WL 26624, Shell Canada Ltd. WL 29761

RESEARCH STATION, REGINA, SASK. 249 PUBLICAnONS

Research McIntyre, G. I. 1973. Environmental control of apical dominance on Phaseo/us vulgaris. Can. Banting, J. D., Molberg, E. S., and Gebhardt, J. P. J. Bot. 51:293-299. 1973. Seasonal emergence and persistence of green foxtail. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:369-376. Peschken, D. P., and Beecher, R. W. 1973. Ceu- torhynchus li/ura (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Best, K. F., and McIntyre, G. I. 1972. Studies on Biology and first releases for biological control the flowering of Th/aspi arvense L. I. The of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) in Ontario, influence of some environmental and genetical Canada. Can. Entomol. 105:1489-1494. factors. Bot. Gaz. 133:454-459. Smith, A. E. 1973. Transformation of dicamba in Grover, R. 1973. The adsorptive behavior of acid Regina heavy clay. J. Agric. Food Chern. and ester forms of 2,4-D on soils. Weed Res. 21:708-710. 13:51-58. Smith, A. E. 1973. Degradation of dicamba in Grover, R. 1973. Movement of picloram in soil prairie soils. Weed Res. 13:373-378. columns. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:307-314. Miscellaneous Hurd, E. A., Townley-Smith, T. F., Mallough, E. Banting, J. D., and Hay, J. R. 1973. Chemical D., and P?tterson, L. A. 1973. Wakooma control of wild oats. Canadex 641. durum wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:261-262. Esau, R., and Grover, R. 1973. Chemical weed Khan, S. U. 1973. Interaction of bipyridylium control in shelterbelts. Can. Dep. Agric. Publ. herbicides with organo-c1ay complex. J. Soil 1511.10pp. Sci. 24:244-248. Grover, R., Maybank, 1., Yoshida, K., and Plim- Khan, S. U. 1973. Interaction of S-2,3,3-trichloro- mer, J. R. 1973. Droplet and volatility drift allyl N,N-diisopropylthiolcarbamate (triallate) hazards from pesticide application. Air Pollut. with montmorillonite. J. Environ. Qual. 2:415- Control Assoc. Pre-print No. 73-106, 29 pp. 417. Grover, R., Smith, A. E., Khan, S. U., and Khan, S. U. 1973. Interaction of humic substances Emmond, G. S. 1973. Soils and herbicides. with bipyridylium herbicides. Can. J. Soil Sci. Canadex 500.609. 53:199-204. Harris, P. 1972. Insects in the population dynamics Khan, S. U. 1973. Equilibrium and kinetic studies of plants. In H. F. van Emden, ed. Insects/ of the adsorption of 2,4-D and picloram on plant relationships. Symp. R. Soc. London humic acid. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:429-434. 6:201-209.

250 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Research Station Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

J. E. R. GREENSHIELDS,I B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D., Director F.A.I.e. R. K. DOWNEY, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Assistant Director J. C. BOYER Administrative Officer

Scientific Support

F. CHEN (Mrs.), B.A., M.A., M.L.S. Assistant Librarian A. E. MCPHERSON (Miss), B.A., B.L.S., M.A. Library Area Coordinator H. K. MILNE (Miss) Computer Systems Programmer M. E. TAYLOR, B.S.A. Research Information Officer

Crop Management Section e. H. KEYS, B.S.A. Head of Section; Weeds and crop management W. L. CROWLE, B.S.A., M.Sc. Cereals and crop management L. G. SONMOR, B.S.A., M.Sc. Irrigation H. UKRAINETZ, B.S.A. Soil fertility

Plant Breeding Section

R. P. KNOWLES, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.A.I.e. Head of Section; Grasses S. J. CAMPBELL, B.Sc., Ph.D. Oilseed breeding; sunflowers R. K. DOWNEY, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Oilseed breeding; rapeseed B. P. GOPLEN, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Legume breeding R. E. HOWARTH,2 B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Legume bloat biochemistry A. J. KLASSEN, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Oilseed breeding; rapeseed D. I. MCGREGOR, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Physiology; Brassicas. S. H. PAWLOWSKI,3B.Sc., M.Sc. Oilseed breeding; mustard, sunflowers G. R. STRINGAM, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Cytogemitics; Brassicas

RESEARCHSTATION,SASKATOON,SASK. 251 Entomology Section

R. H. BURRAGE, B.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section: Wireworms L. BURGESS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Associate Head; Oilseed crop insects A. P. ARTHUR, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Oilseed crop insects R. E. BELLAMY,B.S., M.S., M.A., Ph.D. Mosquitoes N. S. CHURCH, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Insect endocrinology C. H. CRAIG, B.A. Forage crop insects G. R. F. DAVIS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Insect nutrition J. F. DOANE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Wireworms; ecology A. B. EWEN, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Grasshoppers; physiology R. J. FORD, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide application; engineering F. J. H. FREDEEN, B.S.A, M.Sc. Black flies Y. W. LEE, B.S., M.S. Pesticide chemistry K. S. McKINLAY, B.Sc. Pesticide application; toxicology J. J. R. McLINTOCK, B.Sc., Ph.D. Mosquitoes and arboviruses H. McMAHON, B.S.A., M.Sc. Pollinators R. PICKFORD, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Grasshoppers; ecology L. G. PUTNAM, B.S.A., M.Sc. Rapeseed insects J. G. SAHA, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide chemistry W. W. A. STEWART, B.Sc. Mosquito ecology and control N. D. WESTCOTT, B.Sc., Ph.D. Pesticide chemistry

Plant Pathology Section

R. D. TINLINE, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Cereal root diseases S. H. F. CHINN, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil microbiology H. HARDING, B.Sc., Ph.D. Legume and cereal diseases R. J. LEDINGHAM, B.Sc., M.Sc. Cereal root diseases G. A. PETRIE, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Oilseed crop diseases J. D. SMITH, B.Sc., M.Sc. Grass diseases

RESEARCHBRANCHREPORT 1973 252 VISITING SCIENTISTS

National Research Council postdoctorate fellows

H.-C. HUANG,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., 1972-74 Cereal diseases S. K. SARKAR,Ph.D., 1973-74 Biochemistry; legume bloat Colombo Plan graduate student

M. A. SALAM, M.Sc., 1969-73 Oilseed crops German Academic Exchange Service fellowship

G. RAKow, Dipl.Agr., Ph.D., 1972-73 Oilseed crops International Atomic' Energy fellow

J. Y. Yoo, B.S., 1972-73 Pesticide chemistry

pnI Senior Postdoctoral Research Fellowship, Christchurch, New Zealand, October 1972 to April 1973. 30n transfer of work at Research Station, Summerland, B.C., June 1972 to August 1973. On loan to CIDA, August 1973 to May 1974, to take charge of rapeseed development project in Peru.

RESEARCH STATION, SASKATOON, SASK. 253 INTRODUCTION

The Research Station, located on the Saskatoon campus of the University of Saskatchewan, conducts a comprehensive research program on crop production and animal protection. Included are the breeding and management of oilseeds, cereals, grasses, and legumes; ecology and control of some of the most important insect pests, plant diseases, and weeds; and ecology and control of black flies and mosquitoes affecting animals and humans. Research is carried out ~n the epidemiology of western encephalitis, the histophysiology and nutrition of insects, the fertility and management of soils, pesticide residues in crops and soils, and methods of application of pesticides. The transfer of the pasture-bloat research program from the Research Station, Summerland, B.C., to this station was completed in September 1973. The objective of the program is to produce a non bloating alfalfa. Dr. B. P. Goplen will supervise plant breeding and agronomic research, and Dr. R. E. Howarth will be responsible for biochemistry and nutrition research. The cultivars produced will continue to be evaluated for incidence of bloat at the Research Station, Kamloops, B.C. Accomplishments in selected subjects are summarized in this report. The mailing address of this establishment is Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, University Campus, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N OX2.

J. E. R. Greenshields Director

CROPS Environment and rapeseed quality. Light and temperature during the development of Oilseeds the rape embryo markedly influence seed quality and size. Seed weight, percentage of New rapeseed varieties and strains. Two oil, and degree of unsaturation are positively new low erucic acid varieties, Midas (Bras- correlated with day length and negatively sica napus L.) and Torch (B. campestris L.), correlated with temperature. Percentage pro- were licensed in 1973. They were well tein has shown an inverse relationship. received by growers and will dominate the plantings in 1974. The first B. napus strains New seed test for linolenic acid. A simple, that combine low erucic acid oil and low rapid, and sensitive test was developed to glucosinolate meal with desirable agronomic select half seeds of rape and mustard that are characteristics were multiplied in the winter low in linolenic acid. The test, based on the of 1972-73, so that commercial evaluation reaction of 2-thiobarbituric acid with the on some 800 contracted ha (2,000 ac) was oxidation products of linolenic acid, may also possible in 1973. The industry-wide program, be useful in selection for high or low contents coordinated from the Station, will permit of linolenic acid in other oilseeds such as flax assessment and documentation of the im- and soybeans. proved quality and agronomic performance Dual-purpose yellow mustard. Selection for of the SZN71-1788 strain from here, and the extreme quantities of erucic acid in commer- S71-940 strain developed at the University of cial population of yellow mustard, Brassica Manitoba. hirta Moench or Sinapis alba L., has resulted Improved B. campestris quality. Selection in agronomically acceptable lines with < 2% of progeny from interspecific crosses among and> 50% erucic acid. Thus, yellow mustard B. campestris, B. juncea (L.) Coss., and B. could be' processed to provide either an napus has resulted in lines of B. campestris industrial or an edible oil in addition to its that produce seed essentially free from erucic use as a condiment. acid and glucosinolates. Many of these lines Grasses have the additional desirable characteristics of yellow seed coat and good oil and seed Breeding grasses for quality. Attempts to yield. A winter increase in 1973-74 will allow breed crested wheatgrass for better quality of limited commercial evaluation in 1974. hay have shown only limited opportunities

254 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 for selection. Quality was determined by in strains should serve as a check on the relative vitro digestibility techniques using sheep- rate and magnitude of the genetic program. rumen fluid. A five-test comparison of varie- A large and diverse accession nursery at the ties over four seasons showed the following Station was sampled for TSP. A study on the percentages in vitro organic matter digestibil- variation and heritability of soluble proteins ity: Fairway 50.5, Parkway 49.9, Notdan in alfalfa, completed in 1973, gave relatively 48.4, Summit 48.2, and experimental S-7171, high heritability estimates for both TSP and 47.8. Plant selection within the variety Park- Fraction I. This verifies the feasibility of way. indicated that a 5% improvement in producing nonbloating alfalfa through plant digestibility was possible, with no loss in breeding. forage yield. Properties of soluble leaf proteins from Comparisons in bromegrass showed a very alfalfa. Methods for laboratory-scale isola- limited range of 0.9% in digestible organic tion of alfalfa Fraction II proteins were matter for five varieties in several compara- devised, and selected physical-chemical tive trials. properties of these proteins were character- Bromegrass seed midge damage. In 1973, ized to determine whether they might stabi- and to a lesser extent in 1972, the bromegrass lize rumen foams and cause bloat. Alfalfa seed midge, Contarinia bromicola (Mar. et Fraction II proteins had isoelectric points in Ag.), was probably responsible for reducing the range of rumen pH. They contained some seed yields of bromegrass. This insect de- bound-lipid material and were concentrated stroyed the seed ovary and caused premature in foams. These studies gave preliminary seed drop. A survey of 12 seed fields in indications that alfalfa Fraction II proteins northeastern Saskatchewan in 1973 showed stabilize rumen foams. Because a correlation some fields with only 50% of normal seed set. between bloat incidence and alfalfa Fraction Burning of trash in fields in early spring I (18S) protein was demonstrated previously, appeared to have reduced damage. Although it appears that total soluble protein is the no varietal differences in resistance were factor responsible for bloat in cattle grazing found in breeding nurseries, some plants alfalfa pasture. within varieties had negligible damage. Cur- Alfalfa grown and harvested during hot, rent breeding programs for a full set of seed dry weather had lower soluble-protein con- on plants should automatically result in centration relative to (otal protein than did reduced midge damage. alfalfa grown in cooler weather. There were no significant differences in soluble-protein Breeding for improved hay and seed yields concentrations of alfalfa varieties in general in bromegrass. Cooperative progeny tests at use. the research stations at Saskatoon and Mel- fort showed that limited opportunities exist Methods of screening for soluble-protein for breeding varieties with forage yields concentration. The procedure now in use significantly higher than those of Carlton and gives soluble-protein concentration of leaves Magna. For seed, however, yields 20% above plus stem and requires a two-step extraction. those of Carlton and Magna appear possible Analyzing leaves alone by a one-step extrac- concUrrent with improved seed-handling tion procedure was not satisfactory because it quality. Experimental varieties will be lacked reproducibility. formed, aimed at higher forage production, There was no correlation between soluble- and improved seed quality and yield. protein concentration in alfalfa and the volume of foam produced by Rumbaugh's Legumes foam test. This suggests that in vitro foam Breeding for nonbloating alfalfa. Breeding volume is determined by some factor or for nonbloating alfalfa continued with re- factors besides soluble-protein concentration. sampling of approximately 2,000 plants at Cereals Kesearcn Sfa1ion, -SuminerTana; B:C:, iliat were low in total soluble protein (TSP) from Cereals for forage. Cereal variety trials the sampling data of 1972. In addition, a were harvested for forage (early to mid- further 1,500 plants high in TSP were dough) as well as for grain production in resampled with the intention of concurrently 1973 at seven Project Farms located in developing strains both low and high in TSP. northwestern Saskatchewan. Thirty-two vari- The simultaneous development of these eties and strains were harvested for forage.

RESEARCH STATION, SASKATOON, SASK. 255 Based on the average yields from seven PLANT DISEASES farms, Pitic 62, Bonanza, and Harmon were the top-yielding licensed varieties of wheat, Common Root Rot of Cereals barley, and oats with 6,748,7,376, and 7,152 kg/ha (3.01-3.29 tons/ac). Analyses for The severity of common root rot appeared forage quality (in vitro) of specific varieties higher in 1973 than in recent years. Estimates are being determined. Average forage yields of loss obtained by comparing yields of at the Station, 1970-72, for 10 cereal crops healthy and diseased plants in samples from harvested as pasture (three to four cuts each selected survey fields were 12.5% in common year), hay (anthesis plus aftermath), early to wheat, 15.0% in durum wheat, and 13.9% in mid-dough, and seed (grain plus straw) barley. Because diseased plants were inter- stages were 3,341, 6,322, 7,757, and 10,739 mixed with healthy ones in the field, the individual-plant method may tend to exag- kg dry matter/ha (1.49-4.79 tons/ac). The gerate loss. Various approaches to ascertain average protein contents for the four stages the importance of interplant competition in involved, based on 1971 data, were 25.36%, loss appraisal have not given unequivocal 13.12%, 7.94%, and 4.54%, respectively. In results. Replicated field experiments fre- terms of yields of digestible organic matter in quently failed to indicate that increased plant vitro, wheats such as Pitic 62 appear more competition maximized yield reduction from promising than the oat and barley varieties disease. Greenhouse tests, however, showed tested. In conjunction with this research, that yield compensation occurred in uninocu- animal feeding trials (in vivo) involving 7 lated plants competing with inoculated ones within the same container. Furthermore, cereal crops, 16 silos, and Hereford steers analysis of survey data during the period were undertaken in 1973 at the University of 1969-71 suggested that compensation was Saskatchewan. most pronounced when a few clean plants were competing with several diseased ones. Irrigation The reduction in yield per diseased plant was higher in survey fields of high disease intensity than in those of low disease intensity. Irrigated crops. Crop-sequence trials con- Reduced sporulation of Cochliobolus sa- ducted on five annual crops following peren- tivus (Ito & Kurib.) Drechsl. ex Dastur, the nial crops over a period of 5 yr were main incitant of common root rot, on in- completed. A grass-alfalfa forage hay crop fected subterranean plant parts was associ- in an irrigated rotation provided greater ated with the application of certain fungici- returns to succeeding crops than when grass dal sprays to basal parts of wheat plants. crops were grown by themselves. The 4-yr Various fungicides applied as seed treat- average amount of mineralized N varied ments had no appreciable effect on the from only 56 kg/ha (50 lb/ac) after plow severity of the disease in ripening plants. down of grasses to 95 kg/ha (85 lb/ac) with Under greenhouse conditions, Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Am. and two Fusarium grass-alfalfa mixtures, and up to 118 kg/ha spp. appeared able to invade subcrown (105 lb/ac) from pure alfalfa stands. This internodes of wheat plants and to reduce can result in considerable savings of applied attack of the tissue by C. sativus. fertilizers over a period of time. Bromegrass Isolates of C. sativus differed in aggres- and crested wheatgrass (particularly without siveness to wheat cultivars, but virulence alfalfa) tended to lower the yields of suc- races were not found that attacked cultivars ceeding crops to a greater degree than either differentially. intermediate wheatgrass or reed canarygrass. Wide variations in Nand P requirements Numerous lines of barley and wheat were screened in the field for resistance to com- were found in the experiments just con- mon root rot. A number of lines exhibited cluded. It seems necessary to use a soil test to levels of resistance equal to or better than the determine fertilizer recommendations for most resistant of commercial varieties. These any crop following any other forage or and other selections will undergo extensive annual crop grown in a particular sequence. testing in 1974.

2S6 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Diseases of Grasses diet for cutworms pupated successfully. Pupae reared on this diet were about. o~e- In laboratory tests, a few selections of third larger than those reared on hvmg creeping red fescue appeared resistant to plants, and resulting moths deposited about stem eyespot caused by Didymella jestucae three times as many eggs.. _ (Weg.) Holm. Stem eyespot is a s~rious Oviposition studIes -in the laboratory problem in seed crops of red fescue m. ~he showed that females of the herth~ army-. Peace River area of Alberta and BntIsh worm exposed- to plants of rape, flax, and Columbia. lamb's-quarters preferred ,to oviposit on A low-temperature fungus with orange lamb's-quarters. Chemical extracts were rindless sclerotia was very prevalent on made from lamb's-quarters, but female alfalfa and alsike clover and widespread in . moths have not yet oviposited on or near snow-mold patches on turfgrass in Saskatch- these extracts. To test the effect of this ewan and Alberta. The fungus denoted as preference in the field, borders of lamb's- ORS is unnamed but is possibly a Tubercu- quarters were planted as a trap crop around /aria sp. In laboratory cultures at low temper- plots of rape. Egg and larval samples from atures, it was antagonistic to the growth of the rape and lamb's-quarters did not show a several other snow-mold pathogens. concentration of the bertha armyworm popu- Diseases of Alfalfa lation in the lamb's-quarters, indicating that it was not an effective trap crop under the test The survey of alfalfa diseases was contin- conditions. ued. The incidence of yellow leaf blotch, Laboratory studies of Banchus sp., a Leptotrochila medicaginis (Fckl.) SchUepp, hymenopterous parasite, showed that fe- was low, although severe infections devel- males will deposit eggs in the first three oped later in the season at the Station. larval instars of the bertha armyworm. At Among 300 accessions of Medicago sativa L. 21.7 :l: 0.6°C the egg hatches, in approx- and M. jalcata L. being screened for disease imately 60 h. The parasite continues develop- resistance, 15 M. ja/cata lines from the ment to its second instar and then does not USSR were remarkably free from all foliage molt again, although it may increase consid- diseases. erably in size, until the host larva enters the Diseases of Oilseeds ground to pupate. The host larva may not enter the ground for up to 22 days after White rust, caused by A/bugo cruciferarum parasitization. After the host pupa has S.F. Gray, is an important disease of turnip formed the earthen cell, the parasite resumes rape, B. campestris, in Western Canada. development and passes through the next Apparently, the pathogen overwinters as three instars in 4 to 6 days. The host then thick-walled oospores in infected tissue. dies, and the mature parasite larva forms its Attempts by various investigators over many own cocoon within the host cell. years to germinate spores of this type have A simple field experiment was set up to generally met with little success. Recently, a investigate the effect of the age of the food simple method was found that promotes a plant (B. napus cultivar Zephyr) on the high percentage germination of oospor~s bertha armyworm introduced into the field from material 2 wk to several years old. This just after hatching. Variations in plant devel- discovery should facilitate the development opment were obtained by early; intermedi- of control methods, particularly the use of ate, and late dates of seeding. At the time of genetic resistance. populating the caged plots, the oldest plants Additional sources of resistance to white had almost finished blooming and had rust have been identified in collections of B. dropped their broad leaves, leaving only campestris from Mexico and Costa Rica. lanceolate leaves. The youngest plants were blooming actively and their foliage was in a succulent condition; only a few of the lower ENTOMOLOGY leaves had begun to wilt. Twenty percent of the larvae on the oldest plants survived and Rapeseed Insects all failed to form pupae. On the late-sown Bertha armyworm. Approximately 75% of plots, survival was 40% and normal pupation the bertha armyworms that were reared on proceeded. Suitable synchronization ~f the best modification of the Sutter an(l Miller hatching and food-plant development 1S

RESEARCH STATION, SASKATOON, SASK. 257 therefore important to the bertha armyworm. Wireworms Maturing caterpillars can attack maturing Feeding activity. The corpora allata, the silicles, but immature larvae appear to need source of juvenile hormone in insects, were succulent foliage for development. shown to be involved in the regulation of Low populations of overwintering pupae feeding activity in larvae of Ctenicera de- and low light-trap catches of the ~ertha structor (Brown). Their role, however, is armyworm in Saskatchewan effectively pre- contributory rather than determinative. Lar- dicted reduced levels of larval infestation, vae that had been kept 4 mo at 7°C were and very few fields of rape required chemical treated with moderate doses of synthetic control in 1973. juvenile hormone and fed and reared individually. The treatment intensified and advanced the commencement of the first cycle Flea beetles. Adults of five species of flea of feeding and tended to advance the molt beetles were found attacking rape crops in that followed. Repeated treatment, upon the Prairie Provinces; these species were cessation of feeding after several feeding identified as Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), and molting cycles, had little or no effect. Psylliodes punctulata Melsh., Phyllotreta Once feeding responses were firmly turned striolata (F.), Phyllotreta robusta Lec., and off, the larvae were quite refractory to the Phyllotreta albion ica (Lec.). Of these, P. hormone treatment. cruciferae is generally the most abundant Orientation behavior. Although Agriotes and serious pest of rape, followed in order by obscurus (L.) larvae that were collected in P. punctulata and P. striolata. P. robusta and autumn did not orientate to a pointlike heat P. albionica are present in only small num- source, similar work with C. destructor bers and they have not proved to be serious showed that a response to heat occurs with pests. Disonycha triangularis (Say), a large this species and led to the following conclu- and conspicuous flea beetle, was collected sions. C. destructor larvae do not move to the from rape fields, but it has not been observed soil surface in the spring in response to feeding on rape. warming of the surface soil; orientation to a heat source along a temperature gradient Rape crops in the seedling stage are occurs after larvae become acclimatized to a particularly susceptible to flea-beetle dam- certain temperature and are then subjected to age, but occasionally in late summer, green, a lower temperature; the best response occurs semimature plants are intensively attacked when the difference between the adaptation by newly emerged beetles that quickly de- temperature and the test temperature is 5.5- vour the epidermis from stems, pods, and 9°C; and the mechanism of the response to leaves. Well-ripened crops usually receive heat is definitely a thermotaxis. Larvae are little damage. Flea beetles show an apparent highly sensitive to very small temperature preference for rape plants whose foliage is gradients. exposed to bright sunlight, such as seedlings, Prestarved C. destructor larvae responded isolated plants, or plants in widely spaced continuously to CO2 during a feeding cycle. rows. Shade, such as exists in a dense stand Larvae oriented to a CO2 source before and of rape beyond the pre bloom stage, appears after feeding had commenced and to inhibit attack. throughout the active feeding period; however, there were indications that the response P. cruciferae appears to confine its feeding threshold changed during a cycle. After activity largely to cruciferous plants, whereas feeding had tapered off, the CO2 response P. punctulata also feeds extensively on wild declined. buckwheat and sometimes on lamb's-quarters. Stinkweed, although a crucifer, is rarely Grasshoppers attacked by flea beetles if other food plants Reproduction. Males of the clear-winged are present. A preference for feeding on wild grasshopper produce and deposit a single mustard rather than the B. campestris type of spermatophore, which is placed deep within rape was observed for P. cruciferae in the the female. However, part of the spermato- field. Seedlings of two species of pepper- phore seems to be retained in the ejaculatory grass are a source of food for flea beetles in duct of the male. Thus, in pairs that have the early spring. copulated for long enough periods of time,

258 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 serial sections show the spermatophore as a intake take place at the same time, shortly bulbous structure within the male from after incubation begins. which protrudes a long, thin, simple tube that The significance of these findings is that becomes highly coiled as it penetrates deep water intake occurs when moisture is most within the spermatheca of the female. It is likely available so that development may therefore likely that sperm bundles are proceed early in the spring as soon as deposited in or near the pre apical diverticu- temperatures are high enough, thereby per- lum of the female, unlike in Melanoplus spp. mitting an early hatch. where they are deposited near the proximal end of the spermathecal duct. Forage Insects Alfalfa lea/cutter bee, Megachile rotun- Juvenile hormone analogues. Fifteen ana- data (F.). A strain of bees has been selected logues of insect juvenile hormone were tested over the past 8 yr by holding prepupae at as ovicidal agents against eggs of the migra- 24.4°C for at least 6 wk in the fall, discarding tory grasshopper, M. sanguinipes (Fabr.), adults that emerge, and thus gradually elimi- that were < 3 h, 1,3,6, and II days old. Six nating bees with less intense diapause. In of these compounds prevented or drastically 1972 and 1973, an estimated 20% of the reduced hatch at doses as low as 0.00 I fL g selected strain with the more intense dia- per egg, even when applied to eggs that were pause foraged during unfavorable weather almost fully developed (II days old). They when no foraging was done by third- and seemed equally effective when applied to fourth-generation bees of imported stock very young eggs (up to I day old) at these or from Idaho. Although multiplication of the lower concentrations, but were less effective selected strain of bees appeared slightly on 3- or 6-day-old eggs. greater than normal under unfavorable weather conditions in 1972, it appeared Embryonic development and water uptake. slightly less in 1973 under generally favor- Studies on the relationship of water intake able weather conditions. and embryonic development of clear-winged grasshopper eggs in the field and laboratory Mosquitoes showed. substantial differences from the situation reported in Melanoplus. With the Abundance. In 1972 in southern Saskatche- clear-winged grasshopper the relationship wan, mosquitoes were much less abundant may be generally outlined as follows: at the than in 1971 and their numbers were well time of oviposition the average weight of below the long-term averages. In 1973, eggs is 3.8 mg and they absorb no water numbers increased at Saskatoon about 300%, during the first 3 wk or so while the early and at Outlook about 15% over 1972 levels, stages of embryonic growth take place. If but were still well below those of 1971 and moisture is available during late summer, the the long-term averages. At Weyburn, mosqu- eggs gradually take in a small amount of ito populations in 1973 were about 20% of water and reach a weight of about 4.5 mg by the numbers in 1972. This decrease in freeze-up. At this time most eggs enter abundance from north to south was typical diapause at the preblastokinesis stage. Dur- of the mosquito population dynamics in 1973 ing the winter, eggs lose little or no weight. in Saskatchewan and perhaps in Alberta also. Early the next spring after the snow cover However, Alberta experienced one of the melts, but when temperatures are relatively worst mosquito outbreaks in a band stretch- low, water is rapidly taken into the eggs ing east from the foothills between Calgary (average weights increase to 6.6 mg by and Edmonton, with the heaviest infestation March 26, to 7.1 mg by April 10, and to 8.1 in the Looma-Provost-Hanna area. This mg by April 25). During this time, no outbreak extended eastward, apparently with apparent development of the embryos oc- diminishing intensity, to the St. Walburg and curs. By May 2, most embryos have begun Prince Albert areas of Saskatchewan. The the process of blastokinesis and hatch about species composition of the outbreak in Al- mid-June; at the same time little further berta is not yet known, but in Saskatchewan water is taken into the eggs. Eggs brought the predominant species throughout June into the laboratory during the winter and and July were Aedes cataphylla Dyar and A. incubated at 30°C show a somewhat different fitchii (Felt & Young); Culiseta inornata pattern as embryonic development alld water (Will.) increased during the latter half of

RESEARCH STATION, SASKATOON, SASK. 259 June and continued at a high level until the not been identified. During the summer of end of the third week of August. The 1973, a total of 6,754 living mosquitoes abundance of Culex tarsalis Coq., the princi- representing four or five species from Rankin pal mosquito vector of the western equine Inlet, NWT, yielded four isolations of a CE encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus and probably virus from 4,547 specimens of the A. punc- also of some other arboviruses in Saskatche- tor-hexodontus complex. These isolations wan, has steadily decreased since 1971. In indicate a remarkably wide geographic distri- 1973, the population levels of C. tarsalis bution of the CE virus group, which encom- were very close to those of 1968, the year passes tundra, mixed-wood forest, and aspen with the smallest C. tarsalis populations in 10 parkland. In tundra and mixed-wood forest yr. Mosquito-population data over a period the virus is carried by boreal Aedes, whereas of 10 yr indicate that, although mosquitoes the vector in aspen parkland of Saskatche- are probably not more abundant in one area wan is still unknown. of the province than in another, C. tarsalis is more abundant in southeastern Saskatche- Pesticide Application wan than anywhere else in the province. A method for controlling droplet size to WEE is believed to be endemic in southeast- reduce spray drift was designed; it is less ern Saskatchewan. expensive and less complex for field use than the spinning disc developed here previously. Arboviruses in Saskatchewan and the This new method uses ordinary hydraulic- Northwest Territories. In recent years, in- spray nozzles; most of the smaller droplets creased use of suckling mice as the host that cause drift are removed by a simple air system for primary isolation attempts has curtain and trap arrangement. A still less revealed the presence in Saskatchewan of at expensive and complex method using a gauze least seven mosquito-borne arboviruses in shroud over the spray boom is being investi- addition to that of WEE. As mentioned in a gated; this is less effective than the more previous report, the Hart Park-Flanders virus sophisticated systems, but it still reduces drift is widely distributed in Saskatchewan. It has by 80%. been isolated from the mosquitoes C. tarsalis, A. vexans (Mg.), and A. spencerii (Theo.), Pesticide Chemistry and apparently is a late-season virus in that it Methodology. A method was improved for has been isolated only from July 30 to the determination of residues of technical September I. The Turlock virus was isolated chlordane in soils and plants. The gas chro~ from C. tarsalis collected at Aberdeen and matogram of technical chlordane gives about Outlook and only in August; apparently it is 14 peaks and does not cleanly separate the another late virus. The Cache Valley virus main peaks. A new column was made to was isolated from C. inornata taken at separate cleanly the main peaks in technical Saskatoon and Weyburn and again only in chlordane and to improve its determination August. The first isolation of the St. Louis in soils and plants. encephalitis virus in Canada was made from C. tarsalis taken at Weyburn on August 27, Translocation and retention. Studies were 1971, but it is not known if that isolation carried out on absorption of technical chlor- represents a long-standing endemicity or a dane by carrots, potatoes, wheat, alfalfa, and recent expansion of the range of the St. Louis peas grown in soil treated with the toxicant at encephalitis virus. Some viruses of the Cali- 11.2 kg/ha (10 Ib/ac). It was shown that fornia encephalitis (CE) group were isolated carrots had a residue level of 2.3 ppm of from Aedes mosquitoes (at least four species) technical chlordane, whereas potatoes, taken in the St. Walburg and Prince Albert wheat, alfalfa, and peas contained 0.01-0.12 areas of Saskatchewan. Isolation of one CE ppm. Carrot peels had the highest residue virus from the blood of a sentinel rabbit in levels (7.6-10.0 ppm), whereas carrot pulp the Saskatoon area gave the present known absorbed very little of the toxicant (up to southern limit of its distribution in Saskatche- 0.08 ppm). wan. Another virus, at present unknown and Metabolism. Work was completed on the tentatively labeled WMC-152-71, was iso- isolation and identification of organic sol- lated from C. tarsalis taken at Weyburn on vent-soluble metabolites of lindane-14C- July 12 and 21. About 20 to 30 virus strains treated wheat stored for 80 days. One main isolated from Saskatchewan mosquitoes have metabolite was isolated and identified by gas

260 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 chromatography and gas chromatography - isolated by thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry; this was a -pentachloro- identified by mass spectrometry as Vitavax- cyclohexene, which accounted for 1.23% of sulfoxide and Vitavax-sulfone. the totallindane-14C applied. Insect Nutrition Pollution potential. The possibility of the Comparative dietary studies using yellow contamination of game birds with seed- meal worm larvae showed close agreement treatment fungicides, which have replaced between classification of protein quality by mercury compounds, was studied with Vita- these larvae and classification by mice and vax_14C (UniRoyal Ltd.) (aniline ring - U.L.- rats. The yellow mealworm method of evalu- 14q. Pheasants were fed analytical grade ation seems to be particularly useful when Vitavax-14C in gelatin capsules. It was found only small amounts of test protein are that the pheasants excreted about 60% of the available. Preliminary investigations indi- total administered Vitavax in 72 h after cated that this insect may be useful also as a feeding and about 73% within 7 days. Eight bioassay agent for isothiocyanates in rape- major metabolites were found; two were seed and mustard seed.

PUBLICAnONS

Research Davis, G. R. F., and Sosulski, F. W. 1973. Im- provement of basic diet for use in determining Arthur, A. P., and Smith, B. C. 1973. Thymelicus the nutritional value of proteins with larvae of lineola: Effects of mowing and silica sprays on Tenebrio molitor (L.). Arch. Int. Physiol. Bio- populations. J. Bcon. Entomol. 66:907-908. chim. 81:495-500. Bailey, D. A., Bell, R. D., and Howarth, R. E. Doane, J. F., Klingler, J., and Welch, H. E. 1972. 1973. The effect of exercise on DNA and Parasitism of Agriotes obscurus Linnaeus (Co- protein synthesis in skeletal muscle.of growing leoptera: Elateridae) by Hexamermis sp. rats. Growth 37:323-331. (Nematoda: Mermithi(iae). Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 45:299-300. Burgess, L. 1973. Axon pathways of the intermediate neurosecretory cells in Culex tarsalis Coqu- Finlayson, A. J., Krzymanski, J., and Downey, R. iIIett (Diptera: Culicidae). Can. J. Zoo!. K. 1973. Comparison of chemical and agro- 51:379-382. nomic characteristics of two Brassica napus L. Chinn, S. H. F. 1973. Effect of eight fungicides on cultivars, Bronowski and Target. J. Am. Oil microbial activities in soil as measured by a Chern. Soc. 50:407-410. bioassay method. Can. J. Microbiol. 19:771- Gerber, G. H., and Church, N. S. 1973. Courtship 777. and copulation in Lytta nuttallii (Coleoptera: Church, N. S. 1973. Prairie grasshoppers in 1876. Meloidae). Can. Entomol. 105:719-724. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Can. 5:79. Harding, H. 1972. Foliage diseases of alfalfa in Davis, G. R. F. 1972. Application of insect nutri- northern Saskatchewan; a note on the 1972 tion in solving general nutrition problems. survey and the differential reactions of nine Pages 33-39 in J. G. Rodriguez, ed. Insect and varieties. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 52: 149-150. mite nutrition. North Holland, Amsterdam. Harding, H., and Morrall, R. A. A. 1973. First Davis, G. R.. F. 1972. Refining diets for optimal record of Gymnosporangium clavipes on Malus performance. Pages 171-181 in J. G. Ro- sp. in Western Canada. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. driguez, ed. Insect and mite nutrition. North 53:60. Holland, Amsterdam. Hegdekar, B. M., and Arthur, A. P. 1973. Host Davis, G. R. F. 1973. Quantitative dietary require- hemolymph chemicals that induce oviposition ments of the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryza- in the parasite Itoplectis conquisitor (Hyme- ephilus surinamensis, for L-leucine. J. Insect noptera: Ichneumonidae). Can. Entomo!. Physiol. 19:273-276. 105:787-793. Davis, G. R. F. 1973. Quantitative requirements of Howarth, R. E., McArthur, J. M., Hikichi, M., and the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaphilus Sarkar, S. K. 1973. Bloat investigations; de- surinamensis, for dietary L-isoleucine and naturation of alfalfa fraction II proteins by L-valine. J. Insect Physiol. 19:1657-1661. foaming. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:439-443.

RESEARCH STATION, SASKATOON, SASK. 261 Howarth, R. E., McArthur, J. M., and Goplen, B. Saha, 1. G., Burrage, R. H., Nielsen, M. A., and P. 1973. Bloat investigations: Determination Sumner, A. K. 1973. Chlordane residues in of soluble protein concentration in alfalfa. potatoes grown in treated soil and their reduc- Crop Sci. 13:677-680. tion by home processing. 1. Econ. Entomol. 66:1125-1127. Iversen, J. 0., Wagner, R. J., de Jong, c., and McLintock, J. 1973. California encephalitis Saha, M., Sumner, A. K., and Saha, 1. G. 1973. virus in Saskatchewan: Isolation from boreal Comparison of three extraction and cleanup Aedes mosquitoes. Can. J. Public Health methods for determining carbon-14-labeled 64:590-594. residues from wheat plants grown in soil treated with Dyfonate-ring-14C. J. Assoc. Off. Kagawa, T., McGregor, D. I., and Beevers, H. Anal. Chern. 56:45-48. 1973. Development of enzymes in the cotyle- dons of watermelon seedlings. Plant Physiol. Salam, M. A., and Downey, R. K. 1973. Selectivity 51:66-7 I. of benazolin in Cruciferae. Can. J. Plant Sci. Karapally,1. c., Saha, J. G., and Lee, Y. W. 1973. 53:891-896. 14 Metabolism of lindane- C in the rabbit: Smith, J. D. 1972. Marasmius fairy rings: Lawn Ether-soluble urinary metabolites. J. Agric. age and incidence. 1. Sports Turf Res. Inst. Food Chern. 21:811-818. 48:24. McKinlay, K. S., Ford, R. J., and Martin, W. K. Smith, J. D., and Knowles, R. P. 1973. Resistance 1973. A means of winnowing hydraulic noz- to Pyrenophora bromi in bromegrass. Can. J. zles to control droplet drift. Can. Agric. Eng. Plant Sci. 53:93-99. 15:24-25. Mukerji, M. K. 1973. The development of sam- Stewart, W. W. A. 1973. Seasonal occurrence and pling techniques for populations of the tar- species composition of mosquito adults and nished plant bug, Lygus lineo/aris (Hemiptera: larvae in a fresh water breeding site near Miridae). Res. Popul. Ecol. 15:50-63. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Mosq. News 33:545-553. Petrie, G. A. 1973. Diseases of Brassica species in Saskatchewan, 1970-72. I. Stag head and Stringam, G. R. 1973. Inheritance and allelic aster yellows. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53: 19-25. relationships of seven chlorophyll-deficient mutants in Brassica campestris L. Can. J. Petrie, G. A. 1973. Diseases of Brassica species in Genet. & Cytol. 15:335-339. Saskatchewan, 1970-72. II. Stem, pod and leaf spots. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53:83-87. Stringam, G. R., and Downey, R. K. 1973. Hap- loid frequencies in Brassica napus. Can. J. Petrie, G. A. 1973. Diseases of Br'assica species in Plant Sci. 53:229-23 I. Saskatchewan, 1970-72. III. Stem and root rots. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53:88-92. Sumner, A. K., Saha, M., and Saha, 1. G. 1972. Extraction of residues of Dyfonate-ring-14C Petrie, G. A. 1973. Herbicide damage and infec- from soil. Int. 1. Environ. Anal. Chern. 2: 139- tion of rape by the blackleg fungus, Leptos- 148. phaeria macu/ans. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53:26-28. Miscellaneous Pickford, R., and Padgham, D. E. 1973. Spermato- Craig, C. H. 1973. Insect pests of legume and grass phore formation and sperm transfer in the crops in Western Canada. Can. Dep. Agric. desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Orthop- Publ. 1435, rev. 27 pp. tera: Acrididae). Can. Entomol. 105:613-618. Davis, G. R. F. 1973. Good protein? Ask the Pirozynski, K. A., and Smith, J. D. 1972. A yellow mealworm. Can. Agric. 18(4):22-23. Septoria disease of Koe/eria macrantha in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Can. Plant Dis. Fredeen, F. 1. H. 1973. Black flies. Can. Dep. Surv. 52: 153-155. Agric. Publ. 1499. 19 pp. Putnam, L. G. 1973. Effects of the larval parasites Goplen, B. P., Cooke, D. A., and Pankiw, P. 1973. Diadegma insu/aris and Microplitisp/utellae on Isolation distances required for sweetclover the abundance of the diamondback moth in seed production. Can. Agric. 18(3): 13-14. Saskatchewan rape and mustard crops. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:911-914. Goplen, B. P., Cooke, D. A., and Pankiw, P. 1973. Isolation distances for sweetclover seed pro- Rakow, G., and McGregor, D. I. 1973. Opportuni- duction. Canadex 123.15. ties and problems in modification of levels of rapeseed CIS unsaturated fatty acids. J. Am. Knowles, R. P. 1973. Bromegrass seed midge. Oil Chern. Soc. 50:400-403. Canadex 127.622.

262 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 McKinlay, K. S., and Dolezsar, F. L. 1973. The Smith, J. D. 1973. Overwintering diseases of effects of spray characteristics on the toxicity turfgrasses in Western Canada. Proc. Joint of herbicides. Can. Agric. 18(4):6-9. Northwest Turfgrass Assoc. Can. Turfgrass Assoc. Conf., Harrison Hot Springs, B.C. pp. Saha, J. G. 1973. Biting fly control and environ- 96-103. mental quality. Proc. Symp. Univ. Alta., Ed- monton, Def. Res. Board, Ottawa. pp. 19-34. Tinline, R. D., Ledingham, R. J., Petrie, A., Harding, H., and Smith, J. D. 1972. Plant diseases. Pages 290-291 in 67th Annu. Rep. Sask. Dep. Agric.

RESEARCH STATION, SASKATOON, SASK. 263

Research Station Swift Current, Saskatchewan

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

A. A. GUITARD,BoSe., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director G. E. KERLEY,C.D. Administrative Officer

Information

A. K. LAIRD(Mrs.) Librarian P. L MYHR,BoS.A. Research Information

Cereal Production and Utilization

C. Ho ANDERSON,B.Sc., M.Sc. Head of Section; Cultural management W. DEDlO,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Durum wheat breeding M. E. DODDS,M.B.E., C.D., B.E. Harvesting K. E. DUNKELGOD,B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Turkey nutrition D. G. GREEN,B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Hardiness physiology E. A. HURD, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Spring wheat breeding D. S. McBEAN, B.S.A., M.Sc. Rye breeding D. W. L. READ,B.S.A., M.Sc. Fertility management R. E. SALMON,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Turkey nutrition T. F. TOWNLEy-SMITH,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Durum wheat breeding L. M. WRIGHT,B.Sc., M.Sc. Cereal harvesting

Forage Production and Utilization

D. H. HEINRICHS,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph;D., F.A.LC. Head of Section; Legume breeding M. R. KILCHER,B.S.A. Forage management H. C. KORVEN,B.E., M.Sc. Irrigation management T. LAWRENCE,BoS.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Grass breeding J. LOOMAN,B.Sc., M.Sco, Ph.D. Range ecology J. D. McELGUNN, B.S., M.Sc., Ph.D. Production physiology

RESEARCHSTATION,SWIFTCURRENT,SASKo 265 Environment

W. L. PELTON,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Agrometeorology V. O. BIEDERBECK,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil microbiology F. BISAL,B.S., M.S. Soil physics C. A. CAMPBELL,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Soil chemistry W. NICHOLAICHUK,B.E., M.Sc. Hydrology D. W. STEWART,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Environmental physiology

Analytical Services and Design

F. G. WARDER,B.S.A., M.Sc. Head of Section; Soil chemistry F. B. DYcK, B.E., M.Sc. Equipment design W. C. HINMAN,B.Sc., M.Sc. Soil chemistry H. MOEN Computer programmer

Departures

R. W. LODGE,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Pasture management Transferred to PFRA, Regina, Sask., May 15, 1973 G. W. ROBERTSON,B.Sc., M.A. Head of Section; Climate Retired August 31, 1973 J. L. THOMPSON,B.E., M.E. Head of Section; Threshing Retired August 31, 1973 equipment

VISITING SCIENTISTS

All-India Dry/and Program

D. P. KATARIA,B.Sc. (Eng.) Equipment design G. P. VERMA,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil chemistry K. VUAYALAKSHMI,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Soil physics

266 RESEARCHBRANCHREPORT1973 INTRODUCTION

The climate of southwestern Saskatchewan is characterized by low precipitation, high evaporation, and wide extremes in temperature. Throughout the region, cereal grains are grown on a variety of soils, and cattle are raised on natural and cultivated grasslands. Small areas are irrigated. Research is focused on improving the economy and stability of this production. Climatically, 1973 was most unusual. Moisture reserves were critically low until April, when 7.3 cm of precipitation restored soil moisture to slightly above normal. This near-record April precipitation was followed by only 5 cm of precipitation during May, June, and July, the lowest precipitation ever recorded during the growing season at Swift Current. The effects of this low precipitation were offset by cool growing conditions early in the season, excellent soil moisture at time of seeding, and favorable temperatures during July. The result was only a moderate reduction in the yield of wheat, but a severe reduction in the yield of forage. Good progress was made in a number of areas of research. A new variety of durum wheat developed by Dr. T. F. Townley-Smith and Dr. E. A. Hurd will be licensed and named "Macoun." It has the Wakooma quality desired by certain of our international markets and is slightly higher yielding. Before retiring at the end of August, Mr. G. W. Robertson developed a mathematical model in which variation in weather accounts for 73% of.the annual variation in the yield of wheat. The model can be used for predicting the yield of wheat. These and other research accomplishments are described briefly in this report. Detailed information can be obtained from the publications listed at the end of the report, from Mr. P. I. Myhr, or from the individual scientists. Correspondence should be addressed: Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Box 1030, Swift Current, Sask. S9H 3X2.

A. A. Guitard Director

CEREAL CROPS occupies 26% of the durum acreage in Western Canada. If Macoun replaces the Breeding and Evaluation older durum varieties, Stewart, Pelissier, and Ramsey, the quality of Canadian durum will Yield test efficiency. The relative efficiency be very much improved. of repeated control plots and moving mean adjustments was compared for measuring Macoun was selected at the research sta- yield in large replicated yield trials. With but tions at Regina and Swift Current from a few exceptions, the optimum adjustment cross between two sister lines of Hercules obtained by using the moving mean of made at the Research Station at Winnipeg, in adjacent plots gave greater reduction in error 1964. It is shorter than Wascana, is stronger than the use of covariance or control plots. strawed, is earlier maturing, has higher The optimum number of adjacent plots used bushel weight, and is equal in disease resist- to develop the moving mean varied widely ance. It yields slightly more than Wascana in from test to test. Because of this, plant breeders who wish to use this method will the Black soil zone and is about equal in the have to conduct analyses to obtain the most Brown. Macoun is superior to Wascana in accurate adjustment for their specific quality and fully equal to Wakooma. conditions. Amino acid levels in wheat. The amino acid Macoun durum wheat. This new durum variety will be licensed early in 1974 and values of 49 cultivars of utility and bread 43,000 kg of seed distributed to growers in wheats, expressed as grams per 16 g of N, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Ma- varied from 2.6 to 4.0 for cystine, 5.1 to 7.1 coun is expected to replace Hercules on the for arginine, 2.2 to 2.9 for threonine, 3.0 to eastern prairies, and on the western prairies it 4.0 for isoleucine, 6.4 to 7.6 for leucine, 3.6 will compete with Wascana, which now to 4.6 for valine, and from 4.2 to 5.4 for

RESEARCH STATION, SWIFT CURRENT, SASK. 267 phenylalanine. Satisfactory amino acid bal- their uptake of soil and fertilizer P, rate of ances for turkeys were found in both high- application and depth of placement of fertil- and low-protein cultivars. izer P for sunflowers grown in southwestern In another study, where poults were fed Saskatchewan should be the same as for diets based on five different cultivars of wheat. wheat with varying protein levels, amino acid balance had a greater influence than protein Cold Tolerance in Winter Wheat level on growth rate. Oligosaccharide patterns for the hardy Management of Sunflowers Kharkov MC22 and nonhardy Jones Fife winter wheats were similar after photother- Preseeding cultivation. Sunflowers grown mally induced hardening off. No chemical in 36-cm spaced rows on summerfallow markers were observed that would be suit- yielded 803 kg/ha after preseeding tillage able for identifying changes related to frost compared with 734 kg/ha when direct tolerance. seeded. With the addition of N at 5 kg/ha and P at 22 kg/ha, the yields were 862 and Phosphorus Toxicity 813 kg/ha respectively. When grown in 18- cm spaced rows, the unfertilized stands In the growth room, leaves of P-deficient yielded 578 kg/ha when tilled before seeding Selkirk wheat were damaged when P at 31 and 611 kg/ha when seeded directly into mgllitre was added to a P-deficient nutrient untilled soil. When fertilized, the correspond- solution. Wheat plants grown in a solution ing values were 585 and 518 kg/ha respec- containing P were not damaged. Maximum tively. Under similar conditions, unfertilized damage and P accumulation occurred in the wheat yielded 1,473 kg/ha when the soil was apical region of the youngest leaves. The tilled before seeding and 1,513 kg/ha when damage appeared to be due to the accumula- no preseeding tillage was provided. tion of abnormally high amounts of P in the leaves of P-deficient plants when P was Effects of population and row spacing. made available t9 them. Higher yields were obtained from popula- In another experiment with Conquest tions of 25,000 plants/ha than from popula- !Jarley, leaves of P-deficient plants were tions of 75,000 or 125,000 plants/ha. Plants damaged after P was adaed to' the hydro- in the low population had the greatest ponic solution. As with wheat, the damaged number of leaves, thicker stems, a higher leaves accumuflitecf abnonrially blgh concentration of N in the stalk, leaf, and amounts of P and the damage was most head, and the heaviest seeds. Most impor- severe in the apical region of the youngest tant, the lower population utilized moisture leaves. The fact that P accumulated in the most efficiently, especially when the rows leaf tips of P-deficient plants after P expo- were widely spaced. This appears to be due sure but N did not, and that continuous not only to the aboveground geometry but exposure to high concentrations of P did not also to the fact that with the low populations cause high tissue P, suggests a source-sink a greater portion of the root penetrated deep control mechanism, and not just transpira- into the soil. tional uptake and accumulation. Requirement for phosphorus. In a growth- room experiment, dry matter production was greater for sunflowers than for wheat but the TURKEY NUTRITION P content of the tissue was lower, so that the Dietary Fat total amount of P in the harvested tissue was similar for the two crops. The amounts of P Effect on storage stability. The abdominal derived from the fertilizer and from the soil depot fat of turkeys fed 11.4% dietary were also similar for the two crops. Dry rapeseed oil became rancid when stored for 8 matter production, P content of the tissue, mo at -12°C, but not at -22°C. The depot fat and uptake of soil P by sunflowers were not of birds fed 11.4% palm oil was stable at influenced by placement of fertilizer. The both storage temperatures. 1\ similar trend in crop absorbed the most fertilizer P when the thigh meat was not significant. Storage fertilizer was placed at seed level and the temperature did not affect the stability of least when it was mixed with the soil. breast meat. The instability of carcass fat of Because sunflowers and wheat are similar in birds fed rapeseed oil compared with those

268 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 fed palm oil was associated with higher with 2.10 and 1.88 for the Swift Current levels of linoleic and linolenic acids in the programs. Carcass finish ranged from 93% to tissues. 66% Grade A and was poorest with the two commercial rations that gave the slowest Nutrient Density growth. Net income over feed cost at June Effect of pelleting. By using toasted full~ 1973 prices ranged from $2.58 for the Swift fat s()ybean meal, it 'Yll.spossible to steam- Current control ration to $2.17 for the least pellet high nutrient density diets that con- efficient commercial ration. tained 20% added fat. Four strains and two varieties of turkeys utilized the full-fat soybean meal as efficiently as the dehulled FORAGE soybean meal plus animal tallow. Males fed Breeding and Evaluation the pelleted diets averaged 93% Grade A at 20 wk of age, whereas those fed the mash Alfalfa. From 1962 to 1972, winter injury diets averaged 89% Grade A at 22 wk. The was recorded in 17 yield tests at the Research increase in growth rate was due to an Station. Cultivars developed in the northern increase in rate of physiological aging versus United States and in Canada were generally chronological aging. more winter-hardy than those developed in Effect on carcass quality. Breast meat, northern Europe. Cultivars classified as Me- wing meat, and skin percentage increased in dicago media were more winter-hardy than strains A and C with each increase in nutrient those classified as M. sativa. Very few United density level. Breast meat and skin percent- States cultivars but most Canadian cultivars age increased with chronological age, and the were more winter-hardy than Vernal. Non- drumstick, thigh, and wing percentage de- winter-hardy cultivars were seldom damaged creased with age. The lower nutrient density during the first winter, but were often dam- produced a higher drip loss than higher aged during the second and third winters. nutrient densities, and this was associated Clonal lines of creeping-rooted genotypes with the higher percentage of fat in the skin. of Medicago media were evaluated for varia- Birds fed the higher nutrient density levels bility in developing creeping roots, winter- contained higher percentages of fat and hardiness, and vigor. The genetic compo- protein in the breast and thigh tissue than the nents of variance in the 2nd and 5th yr were birds fed the lower nutrient density level. 27% and 39% respectively for winterkilling Percentage of fat in the skin was strongly and 57% and 39% for the creeping-rooted associated with strain and chronological age. habit. A measure of plant spread was more The fast-maturing strains had a higher accurate for assessing genotypes for creep percentage of fat in all tissues than the than the percentage of plants with creeping slower-maturing strains at comparable ages. roots. The genetic components of variance The cold breast and backfat scores were were 47% and 39% respectively. The creep- highly correlated with the total skin fat and ing-rootcharacteristic had not yet expressed drip loss for both males and females. itself in all clones of several lines by the 5th yr, indicating that there was a substantial Evaluation of feeding programs. Compari- microenvironmental influence on the expres- son of five commercial turkey broiler pro- sion of the characteristic. The percentage of grams with control and increasing nutrient creeping-rooted plants was negatively associ- density programs designed at the Research ated with winterkilling during the 2nd and Station, Swift Current, clearly demonstrated 5th yr of growth. the need for improved monitoring of the quality of commercial feeds. Birds fed com- Russian wild ryegrass. Progenies from a mercial rations required 86 to llO days to five-genotype diallel cross of Russian wild reach market weight compared with 91 and ryegrass were studied in the field to deter- 88 days respectively for birds on the control mine the pattern of genetic control for seed and increasing density programs .. Feed con- weight and seedling characteristics. Because sumption of the commercial rations varied of the triploid nature of the endosperm, 69% from 8.6 to 11.9 kg compared with 9.2 and of the variation in seed weight was attributed 8.2 kg consumption of feed for the control to reciprocal or maternal effects, whereas and increasing density programs. Feed con- variation for days to emerge was largely version ranged from 1.98 to 2.60 compared attributed to the effects of general combining

RESEARCH STATION, SWIFT CURRENT, SASK. 269 ability. Rate of leaf and tiller appearance makes them superior to alfalfa for establish- showed strong effects of general and specific ment under semiarid conditions. combining ability as well as maternal effects. Variation in seedling dry matter yield was Survival .of Grasses and Legumes largely controlled by specific combining ability. Tolerance for salinity. Tall wheatgrass, slender wheatgrass, Russian and Altai wild Altai wild ryegrass. In 1968, selection for ryegrasses, bromegrass, and reed canarygrass fast and slow germination was begun in Altai were examined for tolerance for salinity in wild ryegrass. The plants were indexed for soils ranging in conductivity from 4 to 40 rate of germination, an index of 9 indicating mmhos/cm. Altai wild ryegrass, Russian wild slow germination and an index of 16 or more ryegrass, and bromegrass did not emerge as indicating rapid germination. In the original well as tall wheatgrass at high levels of population, 1.6% of the plants had an index salinity. Root yield of Altai wild ryegrass was of less than 9 and 2.8% had an index of 16 or greater than that of all other grasses at all greater. After two cycles of recurrent selec- levels of salinity. On the basis of forage tion, the fast-germinating population con- yield, tall wheatgrass and Altai wild ryegrass tained 4.2% of plants with an index of less tolerated salinity better than any of the other than 9 and 45.2% of plants had an index of grasses. All grasses showed greatest sensitiv- 16 or greater. The slow-germinating popula- ity to salinity during germination and tion contained 62.8% of plants with an index emergence. of less than 9 and no plants with an index of Yield of Grasses and Legumes greater than 16. Management of intermediate wheatgrass. Establishment of Grasses and Legumes When irrigated Chief intermediate wheatgrass was cut during the shot-blade stage and Effect of limited moisture. When grown in at 6-wk intervals thereafter during the 1st the greenhouse for 48 days in soils main- production yr, the stand was killed. Com- tained at moisture levels of 60%, 40%, and mencing cutting 2 wk earlier or 2 wk later 30% of field capacity, crested wheatgrass during the 1st and 2nd production yr did not produced more shoot and root dry matter kill the stand or influence yield. Annual than Russian wild ryegrass at all moisture yields were influenced by variations in height levels. At a soil moisture content of 30% of of cutting and level of N availability and field capacity, the two grasses used equal there were large interactions for most charac- amounts of soil moisture, but at 40% and teristics between the 1st and 2nd yr of 60% of field capacity, crested wheatgrass production. Crude protein content of the used more moisture than Russian wild rye- forage from the first cut was decreased by grass. The water use efficiency of crested delaying cutting. It was not influenced by wheatgrass was always greater than that of height of cutting, but was increased by the Russian wild ryegrass. Russian wild ryegrass application of N fertilizer. is slower growing and consumes more water per gram of dry matter than crested wheat- Effect of light quality. In a growth room, grass, which places it at a disadvantage alfalfa produced more herbage and more during establishment under semiarid roots when the fluorescent portion of an conditions. incandescent-fluorescent light source consisted of 50% Gro-lux fluorescent tubes high Effect of seed desiccation. Seeds of alfalfa, in the blue-green-red portion of the light crested wheatgrass, and Altai and Russian spectrum and 50% cool-white fluorescent wild ryegrasses were exposed to conditions tubes high in the blue-green-yellow-orange favorable for germination, and then were portion of the spectrum than when the light either air-dried or oven-dried at 40°C for 2, source consisted of only Gro-lux or cool- 4, or 6 h. Seed of alfalfa was killed when white tubes. Protein content and flowering germinated forA8 h and then desiccated for were not affected by light source. Medicago 2 h. Seed of the grasses germinated satisfac- falcata, M. media, and M. sativa types torily after being germinated for up to 72 h responded similarly to variations in light and dried for up to 6 h at room temperature source. Cultivars tended to produce less or for 4 h at 40°C. The tolerance of the herbage and fewer roots as the proportion of grasses for desiccation during emergence M. falcata germ plasma in them increased.

270 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 M. falcata flowered later than M. sativa in ENVIRONMENT the growth room. Effect of Rainfall and Subsequent Drying on Availability of Nitrogen and Suppressing seed culm formation on pas- Phosphorus tures. The development of seed culms by grasses in pastures reduces the quality of the Chlorine-36 placed 15 or 30 cm below the forage. In clipping trials during 1970 to 1972 surface of a fallowed loam in 15-cm-diam with Russian wild ryegrass, seed culm forma- cylinders was leached to at least 50 cm tion was prevented by stocking to have the during and immediately after a rainfall of forage grazed off by June 1. In similar trials more than 1.75 cm. As the soil dried after the with Altai wild ryegrass, seed culm formation rain, the 36Clmoved upward. In the 0- to 2.5- was suppressed by removing the forage by cm soil segment of a 2nd-yr fallowed loam that was sheltered from rain, moisture was mid-June. Removal of the forage early below the wilting percentage and NOrN and enough to suppress seed culm formation bacterial numbers declined as the soil gradu- increased total forage production of Russian ally dried out. In the 2.5- to 15-cm segment, wild ryegrass, but did not affect the total moisture was in the available range, yet amount of forage produced by Altai wild moisture and N03-N changes were small. In ryegrass. unsheltered fallowed loam, N03-N production in the 0- to 2.5-cm depth was primarily a Yield of bush pastures. A 12-yr study of function of daily soil moisture change. The increase in NOrN during drying seemed to forage yield in bush pastures was carried out be more a result of upward movement than in the Parkland areas of the Prairie Provinces of nitrification. There was a negative linear extending from northwestern Alberta to relationship between daily change in NOrN southeastern Manitoba. The yield of native and bacteria in the 0- to 2.5-cm soil segment. grasses increased with age of trees in the Sodium-bicarbonate-soluble inorganic P gen- complex and, for a given tree age, increased erally exceeded NaHCOrsoluble organic P. from south to north. Average yields ranged In 2nd-yr fallow, P was unaffected by en- from 200 kg/ha where trees were 30 to 35 yr vironmental conditions. In Ist-yr fallow, old to 850 kg/ha where trees were 65 yr or daily change in inorganic P in the 0- to 2.5- older. Allowing for carryover and waste, cm segment was directly related to rainfall, which is high in bush pastures, carrying to daily change in percentage moisture, and to daily change in number of bacteria, and capacities ranged from about 4 ha per au inversely related to daily change in N03-N. (animal unit) for 5 mo to 11 ha/au for 5 mo, most pastures having a carrying capacity of Influence of Weather on Wheat Yield about 8 ha/au for 5 mo. Too heavy stocking or too early grazing rapidly reduced the Data compiled over a 50-yr period were carrying capacity as well as the forage used to develop a mathematical relationship quality. Even the best bushland pastures between the yield of spring wheat and produced only 10% to 20% of the yields weather and to investigate the influence of obtained from tame pastures in the same changing weather conditions on wheat yield. area. In the earlier part of the period the climate was characterized by unsettled conditions involving hot, dry summers of a few to Flora of the Canadian Prairie Provinces several years duration broken by spells of cool, wet summers. These conditions resulted in periods of drought accompanied by very The first paper in the projected series, low wheat yields intermingled with periods "Biological Flora of the Canadian Prairie when yields were very high. During the past Provinces," was published. This paper de- IS summers, the weather has been character- scribes Oxytropis besseyi (Rydb.) Blank., a ized by normal to below-normal rainfall but locoweed. The paper discusses the nomencla- with normal to below-normal temperatures. ture, morphology, distribution, biotic factors, During these years the wheat yields were general biology, and history of this species. average to below average but much less

RESEARCH STATION, SWIFT CURRENT, SASK. 271 variable than during earlier years. The rela- for the strong stimulation of soil microbial tionships indicate that in spite of low summer activity. .rainfall, yields during the last decade have been near normal because of cooler summer Initiation of Soil Erosion temperatures. In the initiation of the movement of soil A mathematical model was developed particles by wind, impulse forces due to which accounted for about 73% of the yield turbulent air flow cause the soil aggregates to variability due to weather variations. The leave the surface in a vertical direction rather model treated summerfallow-season precipi- than by rolling to gain momentum for tation and growing-season rainfall as addi- upward movement. The total pressure of the tive functions. These functions were modified air, which is the barometric pressure or progressively throughout the growing season stagnation pressure, in the region where the on a monthly basis by correction factors, aggregate is positioned results in impulsive which were quadratic functions of monthly forces, which initiate movement. Immedi- averages of the daily maximum and mini- ately above the region of stagnation, there is mum temperatures and global radiation an instantaneous decrease in static pressure derived from measurements of bright sun- at the instant of the maximum momentary shine. The model was set up to facilitate a velocity in turbulent flow. The instantaneous month-by-month appraisal of the expected pressure difference results in the impulse on yield based on current and past weather. It is the aggregate. The effect of this impulse suggested that the mathematical equations provides the momentum that the aggregate could provide a practical and convenient has when it leaves the surface. The lift model for making progressive estimates of forces, which approach the weight of the wheat yield in a crop-condition surveillance aggregate, can be simply expressed by relat- program. ing the dynamical and potential energy involved. The effect of the impulse can be Microbial Studies of Sewage Emuent for described as f oT Fdt, but the force or time is Irrigation not measurable; A study was undertaken to determine if municipal sewage effluent from a second- RESEARCH EQUIPMENT stage lagoon at Swift Current can be used for sprinkler irrigation of alfalfa. Safety of Drying System for Forage Samples handling the effluent through a sprinkler A system was developed for drying up to irrigation system, the quantity and quality of 768 samples of chopped, green forage in 24 hay produced, and the long-term effects on h. The drying cabinet is 9.6 X 1.8 X 2.0 m the soil are being studied. high. It is made up of six compartments, Consideration was first given to the patho- three on each side, divided in the center by a gens and fecal bacteria in the effluent and to plywood partition. Each compartment has the effects of the effluent on the indigenous four shelves, each designed to hold 32 plastic soil microflora. The effluent was consistently containers in such a way that the air must negative for intestinal parasites and patho- pass through the forage in the container gens, such as Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., during drying. Air at a temperature of 66°C and Staphylococcus spp. Coliforms and strep- is brought in at the top of each compartment, tococci from feces were always present, but passed down through the forage samples, in the soil they were short-lived and there and evacuated through a duct underneath the was no appreciable downward movement. compartments. Further, large proportions of the effluent Each 7.S-litre, heat-resistant, plastic con- micro flora, particularly the fecal bacteria, tainer, which has a perforated bottom, is were killed by the sudden pressure changes loaded with approximately 300 g of that normally occur in the pumping system. chopped, green forage in the field. At the end Viable populations of indigenous soil fungi, of the harvesting day, the containers are bacteria, and actinomycetes increased more placed in the dryer. Usually only three in response to effluent irrigation and persisted compartments are required for drying the longer than when surface water r.as used for samples from each day's harvest and with a irrigation. The nutrients contained in the moisture content of 70% these can be dried in effluent appeared to be primarily responsible 14 h. Although the samples are ready for

272 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 weighing the next morning, they do not have Modifications to the Hege Combine to be weighed until the afternoon of the following day, when the space is required for Three modifications were made to the another set of samples. Hege combine to make it possible for three men to harvest up to 1,700 cereal yield test plots in a lO-h day. A compressed-air system Volumetric Fertilizer Applicator was added for cleaning the cylinder between plots. This consists of a compressor that A precision volumetric fertilizer applicator feeds air to seven fixed nozzles mounted so was developed for the six-row Swift Current that the air blast hits the concave at the seeder. The applicator has three separate cylinder inlet. Cleaning requires only the compartments and metering devices for N, P, pushing of a control button by the operator. and K fertilizers. Each metering device The second modification was the addition of consists of a sintered-metal seed roll a dispenser for the paper bags used to collect mounted in a machined stainless steel hous- samples. Six cartridges, each holding two ing and operating in the overshot mode. The hundred and fifty 2.3-kg paper bags, are rate of application of each nutrient is ob- preloaded. The operator can quickly take one tained by selecting the proper rate of revolu- bag at a time from the dispenser. The third tion of the metering device in relation to modification was replacement of the existing ground speed. This is done by precisely fan with a cross-flow fan that had a more positioning the lever on each of the three uniform velocity profile. The air plenum was infinitely adjustable drives. By doing this the modified to extend the air outlet across the operator can actually dial the required com- complete width of the fan. The air blast is bination of nutrients for each plot in amounts varied by regulating the speed of the fan by of up to 600 kg/ha. The accuracy of distri- means of a spring-loaded, variable-speed bution is :I:2% with fertilizers of constant pulley. Also, the fixed grain sieve was re- bulk density. placed with an adjustable sieve.

PUBLICAnONS

Research Green, D. G., and Warder, F. G. 1973. Accumula- tion of damaging concentrations of phospho- Biederbeck, V. 0., and Campbell, C. A. 1973. Soil rus by leaves of Selkirk wheat. Plant & Soil microbial activity as influenced by temperature 38:567-572. trends and fluctuations. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:363-366. Green, D. G., Ferguson, W. S., and Warder, F. G. 1973. Accumulation of toxic levels of phos- Bisal, F. 1973. Initiation of movement of soil phorus in the leaves of phosphorus-deficient aggregates. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:481.482. barley. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 53:241-246. Campbell, C. A., Biederbeck, V. 0., and Warder, Heinrichs, D. H. 1973. Influence of light source on F. G. 1973. Influence of simulated fall and the growth of alfalfa cultivars. Can. J. Plant spring conditions on the soil system: III. Effect Sci. 53:291-294. of method of simulating spring temperatures on ammonification, nitrification, and microbial Heinrichs, D. H. 1973. Time factor in expression of populations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37:382- the creeping-rooted character in alfalfa. Can. 386. J. Plant Sci. 53:511-514.

Campbell, C. A., Biederbeck, V. 0., Warder, F. G., Heinrichs, D. H. 1973. Winterhardiness of alfalfa and Robertson, G. W. 1973. Effect of rainfall cultivars in southern Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:773-777. and subsequent drying on Nand P changes in a dryland fallow loam. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Hinman, W. c., and Bisal, F. 1973. Percolation Proc.37:909-915. rate as affected by the interaction of freezing and drying processes of soils. Soil Sci. Coxworth, E. C. M., and Salmon, R. E. 1972. 115: 102-106. Kochia seed as a component in the diet of turkey poults; effect of different methods of Hurd, E. A., Townley-Smith, T. F., Mallough, D., saponin removal or inactivation. Can. J. Anim. and Patterson, L. A. 1973. Wakooma durum Sci. 52:721.729. wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:261-262.

RESEARCH STATION, SWIFT CURRENT, SASK. 273 Kilcher, M. R., and Troelsen, J. E. 1973. Contri- Townley-Smith, T. F., and Hurd, E. A. 1973. Use bution and nutritive value of the major plant of moving means in wheat yield trials. Can. J. components of oats through progressive stages Plant Sci. 53:447-450. of development. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:251-256. Miscellaneous Kilcher, M. R., and Troelsen, J. E. 1973. Contri- bution of stems and leaves to the composition Anderson, C. H. 1973. Herbicides and summerfal- and nutrient content of irrigated bromegrass low. Farm Light & Power 15(3):24. at different stages of development. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:767-771. Biederbeck, V. 0., and Campbell, C. A. 1973. Spring can be hard on microorganisms. Crops Lawrence, T. 1973. Productivity of intermediate & Soils 25(5):28-29. wheatgrass as influenced by date of initial cutting, height of. cutting, and N fertilizer. Campbell, C. A., Biederbeck, V. 0., and Warder, Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:295-301. F. G. 1973. Effect of rainfall on Nand P changes in fallow loam. Pages 88-97 in Proc. Lawrence, T. 1973. Control of Russian wild 1973 Soil Fertility Workshop, Saskatoon, ryegrass seed culm formation by spring cut- Sask. ting. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:547-548. Campbell, C. A., Biederbeck, V. 0., and Warder, Lawrence, T. 1973. Control of seed culm forma- F. G. 1973. Effect of growing season soil tion in Altai wild ryegrass by spring cutting. temperature on nitrification. Pages 98-103 in Can. 1. Plant Sci. 53:549-550. Proc. 1973 Soil Fertility Workshop, Sas- katoon, Sask. Lawrence, T. 1973. Seed yield of Altai wild ryegrass as influenced by aftermath removal. Dunkelgod, K. E. 1973. Lower nutrient density Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:545-546. diets can spell waste of nutrients for the growing turkey. Can. Poultryman 60(12):20- Looman, J. 1973. Biological flora of the Canadian Prairie Provinces. I. Oxytropis besseyi (Rydb.) 22. Blank. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:677-687. Kilcher, M. R. 1973. Value of oats as whole-plant Looman, J., and Heinrichs, D. H. 1973. Stability of feed. Canadex 1'j3.50. crested wheatgrass pastures. under long-term Looman, J. 1973. Some new and interesting plant pasture use. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:501-506. records for the Prairie Provinces. The Blue Jay McElgunn, J. D. 1973. Germination response of 31:176-179. forage legumes to constant and alternating temperatures. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:797-800. McBean, D. S. 1973. Cooperation in developing' wheat varieties. Can. Agric. 18(\): 10-1I. McElgunn, 1. D., and Lawrence, T. 1973. Salinity tolerance of Altai wild ryegrass and other Nicholaichuk, W. 1973. Sodium carbonate method forage grasses. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:303-307. of pond seepage control. Canadex 576.

Read, D. W. L., Spratt, E. D., Bailey, L. D., Paul, E. A., Biederbeck, V. 0., Lowe, W. E., and Warder, F. G., and Ferguson, W. S. 1973. Willard, J. R. 1973. Soil microorganisms: I. Residual value of phosphatic fertilizer on Population dynamics of bacteria and actino- Chernozemic soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:389- mycetes. Technical Report No. 37. Canadian 398. Committee for the International Biological Programme, Matador Prop:t. 79 pp. Salmon, R. E., and O'Neil, J. B. 1973. The effect of the level and source and a change of source of Salmon, R. E. 1973. The protein problem. Can. dietary fat on the fatty acid composition of Poult. Rev. 97(\0):54-55. the depot fat and the thigh and breast meat of turkeys as related to age. Poult. Sci. 52:302- Salmon, R. E. 1973. The feed problem, today and 314. tomorrow. Can. Poultryman 60(11):54-55.

Salmon, R. E., and O'Neil, J. B. 1973. The effect of Salmon, R. E. 1973. Least cost rations, or least cost dietary fat and storage temperature on the performance? Can. Poultryman 60(12): 18-19. storage stability of turkey meat. Poult. Sci. 52:314-317. Sommers, L. E., and Biederbeck, V. O. 1973. Tillage management principles: Soil microor- Thompson, J. L., Heinrichs, D. H., and Guitard, A. ganisms. Pages 87-108 in Conservation tillage. A. 1973. Cabinet-type drying oven for forage Proc. Nat. Con£. sponsored by Soil Cons. Soc. samples. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:823-826. Am., Ankeny, Iowa.

274 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Stewart, D. W. 1973. Simulation modelling of plant processes and microclimate in relation to net assimilation. Grassland species. Pages 215- 230 in Measurement and modelling of photo- synthesis in relation to productivity, Int. BioI. Programme, Proc. Guelph Workshop.

RESEARCH STATION, SWIFT CURRENT, SASK. 275

Research Station Beaverlodge, Alberta

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

L. P. S. SPANGELO,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Director M. D. HAMILTON Administrative Officer

Environment and Special Crops Section

R. E. HARRIS,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Environment and special crop breeding A. L. DARWENT,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Weed research J. G. N. DAVIDSON,B.S.F., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant pathology J. S. McKENZIE,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant survival

Cereal and Oilseed Crops Section

D. G. FARIS,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Cereal breeding R. M. DEPAUW,B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Wheat and rapeseed

Forage Crops Section

C. R. ELLIOTT,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Acting Head of Section; Grass seed management S. G. BONIN,B.S.A., Ph.D. Grass breeding D. L. NELSON,B.S.A., M.Sc. Apiculture P. PANKIW,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Legume seed management W. L. PRINGLE,B.S.A., M.S.F. Production and utilization

Soils Section

W. A. RICE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Acting Head of Section; Microbiology A. M. F. HENNIG,B.Sc. Crop management P. B. HoYT,I B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Organic matter relationships R. H. LEITCH,B.Sc., M.Sc. Soil fertility

RESEARCHSTATION,BEAVERLODGE,ALTA. 277 Experimental Farm, Prince George, R.C.

W. K. DAWLEY,B.S.A. Superintendent; Forage utilization J. N. TINGLE,B.S.A., M.Sc. Forage management

Experimental Farm, Fort Vermilion, Alta.

B. SIEMENS,B.S.A., M.Sc. Superintendent; Forage crops management

VISITING SCIENTIST

W. B. CHARLES,B.S.A., M.s.A., D.I.C.T.A. Tomato physiology University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad. Canadian International Development Agency.

IOn special assignment to Tanzania, September 1973 to September 1975.

278 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 INTRODUCTION

The Northern Research Group, which comprises the Research Station at Beaverlodge and the associated experimental farms at Fort Vermilion, Alta., and Prince George, B.C., continued research on agricultural problems of northwestern Canada. This report summarizes research carried out in 1973. This year more than 35 cm of snow fell during August at Beaverlodge. Because of the extremely variable climate in this area, a better understanding of the response of crops to these changes is needed. Climatic variation from year to year, and total environmental variation between close production areas are factors affecting crop- environment relationships, which are under study by the Northern Research Group. Crop failures still occur too frequently in parts of northwestern Canada. Superior cereal, oilseed, and forage crop cultivars and improved cultural procedures are required. A comprehensive assessment of plant diseases affecting crops in the Peace River region was carried out. An intensive study on winter survival of perennial forage crops was initiated. Another scientist joined the staff of the Cereal and Oilseed Crops Section to work on a utility wheat program. A publication on farming acid soils was written after 13 yr of research on the toxicity of Al and Mn in acid soils. Research on forage crop production and management continued as a main thrust at Fort Vermilion and Prince George. Research on forage utilization with beef animals was carried out at Prince George. The Northern Research Group is pleased that Dr. P.. B. Hoyt is on a special 2-yr agronomic research assignment in Tanzania for the Canadian International Development Agency. This report and reprints of the publications are available on request. Correspondence to individual research scientists should be addressed to: Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Box 29, Beaverlodge, Alta. TOH OCO; Experime.ntal Farm, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Fort Vermilion, Alta. TOH INO; or Experimental Farm, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Prince George, B.C.V2N 2H8.

L. P. S. Spangelo Director

APICULTURE Hybrid queens (New Zealand X Califor- nia) vs. their parental stocks for colony Breeding development and honey production. Hybrid New Zealand vs. California queens for queens were compared with their parental honey and package production. From 1968 to stocks,. California queens (1971-73) and 1970, queens imported from New Zealand New Zealand queens (1971-72), to evaluate were compared with queens imported from colony development and honey production at California for honey production in the Beaverlodge. Our results demonstrated that Beaverlodge area and for wintering and no advantage was gained by crossing New package bee production in the lower Fraser Zealand queens with California drone stock Valley, B.C. Honey production of both queen for improving either colony development or types was similar. The New Zealand bees honey production. were more gentle but slightly more susceptible to European foulbrood. In wintering studies, both groups consumed similar CEREAL CROPS amounts of feed. The New Zealand queens Physiology produced fewer brood in late winter and early spring, resulting in a significantly lower Performance of barley and wheat sown in package bee production than was produced the fall and spring. Barley (Jubilee and Olli) by the California queens. However, New and wheat (Thatcher, Park, and Pitic 62) Zealand bees can provide a ~atisfactory were seeded at Beaverlodge, Fort Vermilion, alternative to California queens for honey and Edmonton in the fall and spring of production. 1969-70 and 1970-71. Spring, seedings gave

RESEARCH STATION, BEAVER LODGE, ALTA. 279 better yields and were no later maturing than root surfaces became suberized, giving rise to fall seedings. Early spring seedings gave an additional barrier to water uptake in very similar yields to later spring seedings but hardy plants. This research was conducted in were consistently earlier maturing. cooperation with Dr. C. J. Weiser at' the Laboratory of Plant Hardiness, University of Minnesota. ENVIRONMENT Crop Diseases Instrument Evaluation A comprehensive assessment of diseases Four types of rain gauges and three meth- affecting crops grown in the Peace River ods of measuring snowfall. The standard district was carried out for the first time. precipitation gauge used by the United States Stem eyespot of creeping red fescue is the National Weather Service (formerly called most serious problem. Winterkill of forage U.S. Weather Bureau) was the most reliable legumes, especially alfalfa, is also a major instrument for measuring rain at all intensi- concern. A root rot, called brown girdling ties, whereas the Nipher gauge used by the root rot of rape, is the most prevalent and Atmospheric Environment Service of Canada most serious disease of rape throughout the (previously known as the Meteorological district. Service of Canada) was superior to other snow gauges for measuring snowfall. Weed Control The standard rain gauge used by the j Atmospheric Environment Service of Canada Distribution of toadfla . In a survey to sometimes seriously undercaught during in- determine the distributiOb of toadflax, Li- tense rain. The cause seemed to be the naria vulgaris Mill., in th~Peace River region intensity of the rain, not the wind velocity. of northwestern Alberta, 4,192 ha were Under blizzard conditions, both the snow- found to be moderately or heavily infested. board and the Alter shielded gauge used by Approximately 47% of the infested land was the U.S. National Weather Service were used for perennial forage crops, 45% for unsuitable for measuring snowfall. annual crops, andJ.the rest was found on abandoned lands or in farmyards and wood- Plant Survival land. Comparison with estimates made in The initiation of cold acclimation. In red- 1956 shows that the weed is not increasing osier dogwood, Cornus stolonifera Michx., and may be decreasing in many of the survey the initiation of cold acclimation is phyto- areas. Two biological control agents, the chrome mediated. Under controlled condi- beetles Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.) and tions, short days or end-of-day far-red light Gymnaetron antirrhini (Payk.), along with exposure after long days promote growth improved tillage practices appear to be the cessation, cold acclimation, and subsequent major factors restricting the spread of hardening in response. to low temperature. toadflax. Nuclear magnetic resonance absorption spec- Physiology tra of the water in the internode stem sections showed that the phase of cold acclimation Effect of day length and temperature on the induced by short days involves a change in elongation of red raspberry cultivars. Sudden tissue hydration due, in part, to a substantial drops in temperature during July and early reduction in bulk-phase water at senescence August 1968 resulted in a sharp decline in and the accompanying loss of water from the the daily rate of elongation. In analyses that pith. This appeared to be induced by a were completed this year, it was found that decrease in the relative stomatal resistance of the combination of shorter day length and leaves and a 3.5-fold increase in the resist- lower temperatures prevented rapid elon- ance to water flow through roots at the gation after August 15, and eventually initiation of cold acclimation. Additional resulted in the termination of elongation hardening to -40°C resulted in a 28-fold during early September. On June 6, 1968, increase in resistance to water flow through there were no significant differences in cane roots. The initial change in resistance to height among the cultivars Viking, Redman, water flow through roots appeared to be due Latham, and Trent. At the terminati~n of to changes in water permeability of root cell elongation on September 9, canes of the membranes but as hardening progressed, cultivar Trent were significantly shorter than

280 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 those of Viking, but equal to Redman and the close row and 6,400 kg/ha in the 50-cm Latham. spacing. Wider spacings up to 125 cm pro- Influence of latitude and environment on duced significantly less than the 50-cm potato evaluation. In tests at six separated spacing, which, for some perennial crops, locations in Northwestern Canada, the num- may be optimum. The greatest differences in ber of tubers decreased with increasing yield due to row spacing occurred in the drier latitude but not the marketable number, or years and in the second cutting. the total and marketable weight of tubers. Cu and Zn in rations for beef heifers. In Similarly, tuber type, specific gravity, boiled the Peace River region, beef heifers fed a quality, or general evaluation were not ration containing 3-4 ppm Cu and 25-32 affected by latitude. ppm Zn did not respond to rations supple- The performance and evaluation ratings of mented to 11-12 ppm Cu and 65 ppm Zn. A cultivars grown at Prince George, Beaver- slight increase in Cu levels occurred in the lodge, Anzac, Mile 1019, and Fort Simpson liver, but feed consumption, average daily were similar but they differed from the gains, and dressing percentages were similar. ratings at Fort Vermilion. It was shown that on a full-feed regime for It was concluded that evaluation of potato 134-151 days, young animals with Cu levels cultivars was needed at two locations in of 100 ppm dry weight in the liver can Northwestern Canada; one at Fort Vermilion maintain a normal metabolic balance even and the other at any of the five other though their ration is analytically low in Cu locations, and that potato research at the five and Zn, particularly where the Cu-to-Mo other locations should be directed to improv- ratio is favorable. ing cultural practiCes. Forage quality of cultivated grass species and cultivars within species. Fifteen species FORAGE CROPS of grass harvested at the early heading stage at Prince George varied in dry matter yield Herbage Production and levels of dry matter digestibility, crude Timothy and reed canarygrass for pasture. protein, Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Cu. The Beef production on timothy pastures during levels of Ca and Mg required for optimum 1971-73, inclusive, averaged 732 kg/ha livestock production (established by the compared with 624 kg/ha on reed canary- National Academy of Sciences) varied with grass pastures. The average daily gains of the species of grass. Each parameter except steers on timothy pastures was 929 g com- Mg and Cu concentrations exhibited differ- pared with 838 g for those on reed canary- ences between cultivars within certain of grass. The carrying capacity of pastures as eight species. Only timothy had cultivar measured by steer days/ha averaged 370 on differences in dry matter digestibility. Crude timothy compared with 350 on reed canary- protein levels varied between cultivars of grass. meadow fescue and Kentucky bluegrass. This research required a high degree of Differences between species were greater pasture management. Nitrogen was applied than between cultivars' within species. in split applications of 78 and 33 kg/ha in Forage species evaluation. Climax timothy early spring and midseason. Seed heads were produced more dry matter over a 3-yr period removed by clipping at time of initial head- than Lofar, L84, Barenza, Vanadis, Omnia, ing. One trimming was sufficient for reed and Kaempe II at Prince George. Baylor and canarygrass but timothy required several Blair bromegrass outyielded Carlton. Stein- trimmings. acher creeping red fescue was equal to Row spacing of hay crops. Average yields Boreal in dry matter yield. Tepa red clover over 3 yr of Rambler alfalfa were 5,300 kg/ outproduced Reichersberger over a 2-yr ha from a 15-cm row spacing and 6,000 kg/ period but all red clover cultivars were ha from a 50-cm spacing; row spacings wider winterkilled during 1972-73. Greenleaf and than 50 cm produced less than either of Mandan pubescent wheatgrass, Siberian wild these. Manchar bromegrass in the close row ryegrass, and Tualtin tall oatgrass were also (15 cm) produced 5,600 kg/ha and in the winterkilled. Sawki Russian wild rye grass wider spacing (50 cm) 6,300 kg/ha. Frontier and Altai wild ryegrass failed to establish on reed canarygrass produced 4,600 kg/ha in the heavy clay soil.

RESEARCH STATION, BEAVER LODGE, ALTA. 281 Seed Production decreased sharply as the soils became more acid. When the soil pH was 6.0 or higher, Isolation of red clover. A recessive white there were negligible effects of pH on the flower marker was used to determine con- above factors. Soil pH in the range studied tamination of seed of the cultivar Lasalle, at (4.5-7.2) had no effect on nodule formation various isolation distances from a contami- or relative yields of red clover. However, nant source. The percentage of contamina- populations of R. trifolii were reduced when tion at isolation distances of 0, 46, 91, 183, the pH of the soil was below 4.9. and 274 m was 4.7, 4.5, 3.4, 2.5, and 2.6. A 2-m border around the plots reduced the Effect of inoculum level on nodulation and contamination in the 0-, 46-, and 91-m plots growth of alfalfa in acid soil. When enough to less than 3%, an acceptable standard for lime (2 mg CaC03 / g soil) was added to an pedigreed seed. The use of borders is an acid Orthic Gray Luvisol soil to decrease alternative to isolation distances for larger soluble Al to subtoxic levels, the forage yield areas where border removal is feasible. of alfalfa was increased 85, 72, and 130% by 2 4 applyi~ inoculum at 3 x 10 , 3 X 10 , and Orientation of nesting material for alfalfa 3 X 107'rhizobia/seed. The inoculum level leafcutter bees. Nesting materials facing had no significant effect on the total fresh south, east, and west were placed in a weight of nodules, but when inoculum levels polyethylene domicile facing south. The bees were increased, the amount of effective preferred the nesting material with southern nodules increased and the amount of inef- exposure and used the eastern and western fective nodules decreased. These results exposure reluctantly when the other tunnels demonstrate the need for adequate quantities had been filled. of good-quality inoculum for growing alfalfa HORTICULTURE on soil with low pH. Breeding Soil Fertility 'Trailman'-a new apple-crab cultivar. In Effect of time of grass sod breaking on crop the Peace River region, Trailman is a hardy, growth. In 1971, soil available NOrN mea- vigorous apple-crab, which Comes into pro- sured to a depth of 46 cm in sod that had duction at an early age and consistently been broken in 1970 was 33, 16, and 10 .kg/ produces a heavy crop. The cultivar was ha for July, August, and October sod break- selected from Trail x Osman seedlings ing. The same breaking strips fallowed in obtained from the Prairie Cooperative Fruit 1970 had NOrN contents of 64,39, and 35 Breeding Project. The original tree has kg/ha in the spring of 1971. Similar results consistently produced heavy crops since were obtained in 1972, when fallowed fescue 1953, and grafted and budded trees have sod breaking was again sampled in the been producing since 1969 at Beaverlodge spring. The 3-yr mean yields of seed and the and 1971 at Saskatoon. percentage protein content of Galt barley The tree is vigorous, upright spreading, (seeded the year after breaking and after and hardier than Rescue. Fruits are of fallowed breaking) were highest for July uniform size, 4.5 cm in diam by 4.3 cm long. breaking and lowest for October breaking The skin is yellow, overlaid by a reddish over all fertilizer treatments. For all breaking brown on the side exposed to the sun. The dates in the 3 yr, the yield and percentage of flesh is golden yellow, crisp, and juicy. The protein were increased by increasing the rate flavor is similar to Trail, but milder and more of N from 0 to 135 kg/ha broadcast at time pleasant. The storage quality of Trailman is of seeding. This averaged 9.8 q/ha increase superior to Rescue. in barley seed and 2.7% increase in seed protein. SOILS N broadcast at time of seeding was the most effective application time for increasing Soil Microbiology barley yield; less response was shown at the Effect of soil acidity on nitrogen fixation by flag-leaf stage, and no response at time of alfalfa and red clover. Populations of Rhi- flowering. However, for increasing protein, zobium meliloti in the soil, formation of N applied at the flag-leaf stage was the most nodules, and relative yields (yield without eff~ctive, followed by application at flower- fertilizer N/yield with fertilizer N) of alfalfa ing, and then at seeding.

282 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 PUBUCA nONS

Research van Adrichem, M. C. 1. 1973. Elongation of red raspberries. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:349-350. Boyd, M. M., Garrison, C. S., Elliott, C. R., and Valle, O. 1971. The stability of cultivars of Miscellaneous grasses and clovers when grown for seed in different environments. J. Nat\. Inst. Agric. Elliott, C. R. 1973. Grass seed yield data. North. Bot. 12(2):267-278. Res. Group Pub\. 73-4. 16 pp. Elliott, C. R., and Baenziger, H. 1973. Creeping red Briggs, K. G., and Faris, D. G. 1973. Performance fescue. Can. Dep. Agric. Pub\. 1122 (revised). of spring wheat and barley cultivars sown in (French and English) 19 pp. the fall and spring in northern Alberta. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:743-747. Elliott, C. R., and Hiltz, M. E.1973. Forage introductions. North. Res. Group Pub\. 73-16. DePauw, R. M., and Shebeski, L. H. 1972. An 26 pp. evaluation of an early generation yield testing procedure in Triticum aestivum. Can. J. Plant Elliott, C. R., and Hoyt, P. B. 1973. Forages for Sci. 53:465-470. Peace River acid soils. Can. Agric. 18(1): 15. Elliott, C. R., Hoyt, P. B., Nyborg, M., and Goplen, B. P., Cooke, D. A., and Pankiw, P. 1973. Siemens, B. 1973. Sensitivity of several species Isolation distances required for sweetclover of grasses and legumes to soil acidity. Can. J. seed production. Can. Agric. 18(3): 13-14. Plant Sci. 53: 113-117. Harris, R. E. 1973. Le jardinage sur pergeliso\. Harris, R. E. 1973. Relative hardiness of straw- Can. Dep. Agric. Pub\. 1408. 18 pp. berry cultivars at three times of the winter. Harris, R. E., Carder, A. c., Pringle, W. L., Hoyt, Can. J. Plant Sci. 53: 147-152. P. B., Faris, D. G., and Pankiw, P. 1972. Farming potential of the Canadian North- Hennig, A. M. F., and Schaffter, W. 1973. The west. Can. Dep. Agric. Pub\. 1466.26 pp. Alberta Soil Sampler modified for sample collection. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:347. Nelson, D. L. 1973. The bear facts. Can. Beekeep- ing 4(1):1. Nelson, D. L., and Jay, S. C. 1972. Population growth and honey yield studies of package Nelson, D. L., and Pankiw, P. 1973. Nectar flow bee colonies in Manitoba. II. Colonies initiated records at Beaverlodge 1954-1972. Can. Bee- with four package sizes on one date. Manit. keeping 4(4):29. Entomo\. 6: 17-22. Pankiw, P. 1973. Management of the alfalfa Nelson, D. L., and Jay, S. C. 1972. Estimating leafcutter bee (Megachi/e rotundata) in North- numbers of adult honey bees on Langstrath western Canada. North. Res. Group Pub\. 73- frames. Manit. Entomo\. 6:5-8. 2.4pp. Pringle, W. L., Dawley, W. K., and Miltimore, J. Pankiw, P., Goplen, B. P., and Cooke, D. A. 1973. E. 1973. Sufficiency of Cu and Zn in barley, Isolation distances for sweetclover seed pro- forage and corn silage rations as measured by duction. Canadex 123.15. response to supplements by beef cattle. Can. J. Pringle, W. L. 1973. Plant germplasm from the Anim. Sci. 53:497-502. North. Can. Agric. 18(4):32~33. Pringle, W. L., Elliott, C. R., and Dobb, J. L. 1973. Rice, W. A. 1973. Microbiological relationships of Aspen poplar regrowth on pastures of the solonetzic soils. Pages 62-65 in Solonetzic soils Peace River region. J. Range Manage. technology and management. Univ. of Alta., 26(4):260-262. and Agric. Can. Bull. B-73-1. 92 pp.

RESEARCH STATION, BEAVERLODGE, ALTA. 283

Research Station Lacombe, Alberta

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

J. G. STOTHART, D.S.O., B.S.A., M.Sc., F.A.I.C. Director W. J. MURRAY Administrative Officer

Animal Science Section

H. T. FREDEEN, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.A.I.C. Head of Section: Animal breeding J. A. BRADLEY,I M.R.C.V.S. Veterinarian science H. DOORNENBAL, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Physiology A. H. MARTIN, B.S.A., M.S.A. Meats research J. A. NEWMAN, B.Sc., Dip. An. Gen., Ph.D. Population genetics E. H. REIMER (Mrs.) Systems and programming

Plant Breeding Section

M. L. KAUFMANN, C.D., B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section: Barley breeding H. T. ALLEN, B.Sc., M.Sc. Cereal crops W. B. BERKENKAMP,B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Plant pathology L. P. FOLKINS, B.S.A., M.sc. Forage crops L. J. PIENING, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant pathology

Crop Management and Soils Section

H. A. FRIESEN, B.S.A., M.Sc. Head of Section: Weed research D. A. DEW, B.E. Crop management D. K. McBEATH, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Plant nutrition D. R. WALKER, B.Sc., M.Sc. Soil chemistry

Solonetzic Soil Substation, Vegreville

R. R. CAIRNS, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Officer-in-charge: Soil physics and chemistry

RESEARCHSTATION,LACOMBE,ALTA. 285 Departures

L. A. HEAPY,B.Sc;, Ph.D. Plant nutrition Resigned August 17, 1973 G. M. WEISS,B.S.A., M.Sc. Biostatistics Resigned May 31, 1973

VISITING SCIENTIST

A. NISHIDA,B.Sc., Ph.D. Population genetics National Research Council postdoctorate fellow

ISeconded from Health of Animals Branch, Agriculture Canada.

286 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 INTRODUCTION

Climatic conditions were generally excellent for growth throughout most of central and north central Alberta in 1973. It was a particularly good year to evaluate resistance to lodging in cereals, and several promising lines are being developed in our barley and oat breeding programs. With the increase of interest in feed grains for both the domestic and the export market, it is apparent that research into productivity, or factors affecting productivity such as soil fertility, weed control, and disease resistance, will be of increasing importance. Our meats research program has demonstrated that entire bovine and porcine males grow faster and produce leaner carcasses than do castrates or females. From a consumer's point of view the meat from bulls under suitable management was entirely satisfactory, and only about 15 to 20% of young boars produced tainted pork. This acceptability, combined with the more economic production of males, may well offset the traditional objections to their use. This report is a summary of the main findings of the research program at Lacombe in 1973. Further details are available. Please address correspondence to: Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Lacombe, Alta. TOC ISO.

J. G. Stothart Director

ANIMAL SCIENCE > Simmental > South Devon (P < 0.01). Breed-of-sire differences for area of rib eye Beef Cattle per unit of carcass weight and percentage yield of lean meat were not statistically Response to selection for yearling weight. significant. Ten years of selection for yearling weight in two replicate herds of beef Shorthorns re- Control of calf scours. Stuaies have contin- sulted in genetic increases of 4.8 :t 3.1 and ued on the incidence. treatment, and control 4.1 :t 3.0 kg/yr in males and 3.3 :t 2.7 and of scours in newborn calves. Early treatment, 2.3 :t 1.5 kg/yr in females. These increases mainly by antibiotics, combined with man- were measured as deviations from an unse- agement techniques to reduce stress in the lected control line and comprised about 45% newborn calf proved highly successful; inci- of the absolute increase in yearling weight dence decreased from 66% in 1970 to 8% in that occurred during the selection program. 1973, and losses were reduced from 15% to Based on a comparison of the selection zero. The feasibility of controlled field trials intensity practiced with the performance is under study. change observed, the realized heritabilities for males were 0.49 :t 0.12 and 0.51 :t 0.16 for the two replicates. These estimates were Swine confirmed by results obtained from a study of line crosses. Joint damage among performance-tested boars. Data from dissection of the leg joints Crossbreeding. Hereford-cross calves sired of 160 boars slaughtered immediately after by bulls of the Maine-Anjou, Simmental, and performance test revealed extensive cartilage South Devon breeds were compared for damage and bleeding into the synovial fluid. several beef production traits. For birth Few of the joints examined were fully weight, weaning weight, and average daily normal, and more than 40% of the boars gain in feedlot, the progeny groups ranked showed moderate to severe lifting of the Maine-Anjou > Simmental > South Devon cartilage. Live-animal scores for leg sound- (P < 0.001). For average fat depth over the ness were not in agreement with dissection rib, adjusted for differences in carcass data; approximately half the boars with weight, the groups ranked South Devon > moderate to severe joint damage were scored Maine-Anjou = Simmental (P < 0.05). For as sound in the visual appraisal immediately weight of trimmed, deboned, defatted lean before slaughter. There was some evidence per day of age the ranking was Maine-Anjou that the degree of damage increased with

RESEARCH STATION. LACOMBE. ALTA. 287 increasing growth rate and length of the (dark, firm, dry). Lower desirability was confinement period. associated with lower ultimate pH, less marbling, higher shear values (less tender Meats Research meat), and lower water-binding capacity. Beef carcass studies. Carcass studies with Average color-structure scores tended to 438 bulls and steers sired by Charolais, decrease (to show less desirable quality) as Limousin, and Simmental bulls identified the ratio of muscle to bone increased; how- minor breed differences in marbling (Sim- ever, the correlation was negligible (-0.06), mental = Limousin > Charolais; P <: 0.05), as were all correlations between the degree fat depth over the rib eye (Limousin > of muscling and objective measures of qual- Charolais = Simmental; P <: 0.05), and rib ity. It was concluded that considerable eye area (Limousin = Charolais > Simmen- genetic improvement in lean yield could be tal; P <: 0.05). There were no breed differ- obtained by performance selection without ences in objective measures of meat quality. causing a concomitant regression in lean Sex differences were substantial for all traits, quality. bulls having less fat, greater rib eye area, and Beef carcass grading. A study of 100 beef less marbling than steers (P <: 0.01). Sex carcasses undertaken in cooperation with the differences within breeds were considerably Production and Marketing Branch, and with greater than the breed differences. assistance from packer and retail representa- Rib roasts from all carcasses were distrib- tives, provided evidence that carcass type uted to 438 rural and urban households for had a minor influence on potential retail consumer evaluation. Although minor breed value of carcasses graded AI. Beef-type differences were recorded for juiciness and carcasses produced approximately 2% more flavor, the three sire-progeny groups scored trimmed lean cuts (61.7 vs. 59.5%), less lean essentially the same for the various qualities trim (17.8 vs. 18.5%), more fat trim (4.3 vs. tested. Consumers found the roasts from 4.0%), and less bone (15.8 vs. 17.5%) than steers more tender (P <: 0.01) than those carcasses classified by retail representatives from bulls, an observation supported by the as dairy type. In terms of total retail carcass laboratory evidence on shear values. How- value, there was a difference of 2.8% in favor ever, none of the roasts from bull carcasses of the beef-type carcass. Differences in value were rated below average in tenderness. For associated with carcass weight were approx- both sexes there was no evidence of differ- imately I% in favor of lighter carcasses' (300- ences in overall consumer preference associ- 350 kg). Neither weight nor type of carcass ated with yield grade. influenced the relative proportions of low- Beef muscle pH. Studies involving 224 and high-priced cuts. Linear measurements bull, steer, and heifer carcasses established made on the carcasses indicated that dairy- that the rate and extent of postmortem pH type carcasses were longer and had longer change were specific to the muscle chosen for legs, greater chest depth, and less thickness study. Initial pH (at 2 h post-mortem) was of round. The greater skeletal measurements highest for the brachialis and lowest for the of these carcasses were reflected in the higher longissimus dorsi, but the change in pH up to percentage of bone observed for this type. 24 h post-mortem was greatest for the longissimus dorsi and least for the brachialis. The adductor and semimembranosus muscles PLANT BREEDING AND were intermediate. Within sex, neither initial PATHOLOGY pH nor rate of postmortem pH change was a useful predictor of ultimate tenderness or Cereal Crops water-holding capacity. However, approx- Correlations among seed characteristics in imately 30% of the bull carcasses exhibited a oats. The relatioilships among five charac- , relatively slow rate of postmortem pH teristics of 35 random lines in the F of each change and their shear values were generally s of five crosses of oats (Avena sativa L.) were lower (that is, the meat was more tender). examined. Kernel weight and kernel plump- Pork quality in relation to carcass mus- ness were positively correlated (r = .680 and Cling. Subjective color-structure scoring ap- .764 in 1971 and 1972 respectively), but they plied to 460 pig carcasses identified II % as were not closely related to test weight, PSE (pale, soft, exudative) and 3% as DFD number of bosom kernels, or hull percentage.

288 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 The last three characteristics were not interre- the seeding rates were 38, 67, and 95 kg/ha. lated. There was a wide range for each The seed accounted for 53.5% of the dry characteristic among lines of each cross. weight, the stem and leaf sheath 39.0%, and The proportion of hull was 5.5% higher on the leaf blade 7.5%. These percentages were primary than on secondary kernels drawn not influenced by the rate of seeding. Grain from 15 samples taken at random from the yields taken from plots contiguous to those five crosses. harvested for forage were 5,280, 5,430, and 5,290 kg/ha for seeding rates of 38, 67, and Progress in oat improvement. In replicated 95 kg/ha. preliminary trials at two locations, 13%of the lines tested gave yield 10 to 20% higher than Forage disease survey. In 1972, for the that of Random (possibly the highest-yield- third consecutive year, a forage crop disease ing cultivar in Western Canada). One-third survey covering eight species and 34 diseases of these lines matured in the same time as was carried out in central and northern Random, and although straw strength was Alberta. Grasses sustained somewhat less not as great, it was adequate for some areas loss than legumes, with the overall loss of oat production. Two of the 13 crosses estimated at more than 6%, or $5.4 million, evaluated, Forward/Pendek and Random/ due to foliage diseases. Forward, produced most of the high-yielding Diseases of wild rye and other grasses. The lines. All lines were evolved by the random intensity of powdery mildew, spot blotch, (Kaufmann) method of breeding. and leaf rust on various lines and species of The climatic season in 1973was ideal for Elymus (wild rye) was assayed in the field evaluating lodging resistance in breeding and resistance determined. Fifteen pre- lines. Lines from the cross Fundy / viously unreported diseases of Elymus and CD5924(328-52)/ /Pendek were superior to other forage grasses were identified as well Pendek in straw strength and equal to as commonly occurring diseases. Random in maturity. Lines from the cross CDl57 /Rodney(324-4)/ /Pendek were supe- Rapeseed growth stages. A growth-stage rior to Random in maturity and straw key of leaves, buds, flowers, pods, and seed strength. Plant height of most lines was less of the rapeseed plant was developed to allow than in either Random or Pendek. accurate determination of the various stages of its growth. This key was useful in the Differential effect of common root rot on cooperative survey of diseases. the yield of barley cultivars. The calculated yield loss from root rot was much greater in Herbicide increases stem rot. Field obser- Gateway than in nine other cultivars when vations in 1972 strongly suggested that the plants were classified according to the extent herbicide barban increased the incidence of of lesions in the subcoronal internode. The stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum yields of Bonanza, Centennial, and Jubilee (Lib.) de Bary in rape. In a subsequent were least affected by root rot. greenhouse study, significant differences in the numbers of plants affected by stem rot Forage Crops were found between flats of rape sprayed with barban and unsprayed ones. It is sug- Nor/ac red clover licensed. Norlac, a single- gested that caution should be used in recom- cut red clover cultivar developed at mending barban for use in rape fields with a Lacombe, was licensed in 1973. Forage history of stem rot. yields are about the same as for Altaswede, but seed yields averaged 30% higher in tests Horticultural Crops at Beaverlodge and Lacombe, Alta., and New tomat(J cultivars. Booster, Melfort, Melfort, Sask. Norlac has shown greater and Pembina, new cultivars from the Coop- resistance than Altaswede to northern an" erative Tomato Breeding Project for the thracnose, caused by Kabatie//a caulivora Prairie Provinces, reached maturity in 73 (KUchn.) Karak. days, 6 days later than Rocket. Fruit size of Effect of seeding rates on yield and compo- Booster and Pembina ranged from 80 to 90 sition of oats for forage. Based on 'averages g, 40 g greater than in Rocket. Pembina of six cultivars tested for 3 yr in replicated riperied five more fruit per plant than Booster trials, forage yields of oats (silage stage) but threefold less than Rocket. Melfort were 9,980, 10,210, and 9,980 kg/ha when produced the largest fruit, averaging 126 g,

RESEARCH STATION, LACOMBE, ALTA. 289 but there was a tendency toward an undesir- sections. Similar treatments at rates up to able degree of fasciation; 12% of the fruits 4.4~ kg/ha on Canada thistle were equally were unmarketable because of this factor. effective in killing shoots but significantly less so in killing roots. Barley, oats, and wheat, planted in the same flats immediately before CROP MANAGEMENT AND SOILS spraying or up to 2 wk after, showed no effects from the herbicide. Weed Research In field experiments in the same 2 yr, Herbicides applied postemergence to barley Roundup applied at 1.12 kg/ha on May 15, and wheat to control wild oats. AC 84777 when the quack grass was 12 cm tall, and (Cyanamid of Canada Ltd.), sprayed at followed by rototilling and seeding of barley either 0.56 or 1.12 kg/ha when wild oats at 1-, 2-, and 3-wk intervals after spraying were in the three- to five-leaf stage of reduced the quack grass stand by as much as growth, gave 75 to 90% control of the weed 90%. The reduction in competition for the in Galt barley and Park wheat in 3 yr of quack grass resulted in highly significant tests. The degree of control increased as the increases in the yield of barley. Control of spray date was delayed toward the five-leaf the quack grass was somewhat higher when stage. However, the crop yield was lower at the interval between spraying and tillage was the later spray date because of the longer at least 2 wk. period of weed competition. When the her- In anotht;r.test on undisturbed quack grass bicides 2,4-D, MCPA, and a I: I mixture of sod, Roundup gave more complete control bromoxynil and MCPA were tank mixed when spraying was delayed until the flag-leaf with AC 84777, they controlled both wild and early-boot stages than earlier. However, oats and a number of broad-leaved weed when spraying was delayed until heading species. Barley proved to be highly tolerant and flowering, the dosage had to be doubled of these treatments in all tests but there was (to 3.36 kg/ha) to effect similar control. injury to wheat in one test in 1972. These late spray dates preclude the use of the AC 84777 has been recommended for material as a preplant treatment for spring- control of wild oats in barley by the Canada sown grains. Weed Committee (Western), and registration In field studies, Roundup on Canada is being sought by the company under the thistle showed a similar pattern of control trade name "Avenge." and increased barley yields. Better destruc- Studies with ring-labeled 14C AC 84777 tion of roots again resulted from spraying showed that the compound moved very plants that had advanced to the bud and readily in the xylem, that is, toward the leaf early flowering stages. tips, of the wild oats but little or no mobility was evident in the phloem. Because of this, Control of chickweed in barley. Mecoprop thorough spray coverage is essential for at 0.84 kg/ha, has given excellent selective control. control of chickweed in cereal crops but is In 1973, mixtures of AC 84777 with rather expensive. Dicamba, although less barban appeared very promising for control costly, has not given as consistently good of wild oats in barley, in that the mixture control. A mixture of mecoprop with di- applied at the earlier two- and three-leaf camba in the ratio of 4: I (0.420 + 0.105 kg/ stages was more effective than either com- ha) has given very good control of this weed pound used alone. Similarly, mixtures of at significantly less cost. Endaven (Shell Canada Ltd.) with barban showed to advantage for the control of wild Competition of wild oats in rapeseed. oats in wheat. Extensive tests have established the competitive index for wild oats in rape at 0.0245. 2 Herbicide kills quack grass rhizomes. Loss, in g/m , equals abl V x, where a equals 2 Roundup (Monsanto Canada Ltd.) as a expected weed-free ~ield (g/m ), x the directed spray at 1.12 kg/ha killed both the number of wild oats/m , and bl the "index of top growth and the rhizomes of quack grass competition." The index is 0.0230, 0.0339, grown in the greenhouse in 1972 and 1973. and 0.060 I for barley, wheat, and flax. Thus, The herbicide applied on single shoots grow- rape is more successful than wheat and !lax, ing from rhizome sections 0.5 m long moved and less successful than barley, in competing. at lethal levels through the entire rhizome with wild.oats. .

290 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 Soils soluble salt distribution within columns of a Chernozemic soil. Dilute solutions (0.0 I N N fertilization and oil content of rape. In and 0.1 N) of Na2S04 and Na2C03' and tests for 3 yr, 1971-73, fertilization with N water for comparison, were allowed to pene- up to 168 kg/ha did not significantly reduce trate the columns, which were then subjected the oil content of Span rape, although it to the penetration of water. The salts were tended to do so. The to-test average oil about equally effective at equal concentra- contents were 40.4, 39.8, 39.6, 39.1, 39.3, and tions in dispersing the soil and blocking the 3S.4% with Nat 0,34,6-7, 101, 134, and 168 subsequent entry of water. The main differ- kg/ha. Oil production quantities at the ence in their effects was that Na2S04 caused incn:asing levels of N were 470, 530, 620, heavy leaching of Ca++, whereas Na2C03 650, 660, and 670 kg/ha. showed little such effect. Soil leached with Placement of N fertilizer for barley. At 4 of Na2S04 is as likely to become solonetzic as 15 soil sites tested in 1973, N broadcast at 67 soil leached with Na2C03' but would proba- kg/ha was not as effective in increasing bly be characterized by a layer of CaS04 barley yields as was the same amount of N accumulation. banded close to the seed, or half the amount Long-term effects of N fertilizers on a of N placed with the seed and the other half Solonetzic soil. The comparative effects of 10 banded. Average yields obtained at the four consecutive annual applications of 112 kg/ha test sites were, with all N broadcast, 1,480 of N as NH4N03, (NH4)2S04' and kg/ha; with all N banded, 2,420 kg/ha; and NH2CONH2 on the chemical properties of with the split application of N, 2,490 kg/ha. the Ap horizon of a Solonetz soil showed that Average yields for the same treatments at the (NH4hS04 lowered the pH of the soil. other II test sites were 2,610, 2,650, and Associated with lowered pH was a loss of Ca 2,460 kg/ha. and Mg, which amounted to about half the Plant symptoms and plant analysis suggest exchangeable content of the untreated soil. It that the four soils were deficient in plant- would be costly to replenish the Ca supply on available Mn, and where N was concentrated Solonetzic soils in Western Canada, where near or with the seed the availability of Mn limestone must be transported long distances. was increased. Influence of ammonium on the behavior of Nutrient deficiencies and barley root rot. clay particles. The addition of ammonium Correction of a deficiency of Nand P in a salts increased the hydraulic conductivity of a stubble field reduced that percentage of Solonetzic Bnt horizon. The improved con- severely and moderately lesioned barley ductivity was caused by an increase in the plants and the yield loss from root rot. On an salt concentration of the soil solution and by adjacent fallow field that had adequate levels the ammonium adsorbed on the clay parti- of both Nand P, addition of either or both cles. Because the dominant clay mineral in did not change the disease rating or the yield this soil type is montmorillonite, purified loss from root rot. Averaged for nine varie- bentonite was used for comparative studies. ties, yield losses for fallow - no fertilizer Studies of mobility in montmorillonite sys- were 13.4%; fallow - NP fertilizer, 11.5%; tems indicated that the adsorbed N~ ions stubble - no fertilizer, 35.8%; and stubble - are tightly bound to the clay particles. The NP fertilizer, 28.7%. size of the N~-tactoids was found to be larger than that of the Na-tactoids but less than half that of the Ca-tactoids. It was SOLONETZIC SOIL SUBSTATION, concluded that the beneficial effect of ammo- VEGREVILLE nium on water movement in Solonetzic soils is less than that of Ca, but the transformation Effects of salt solutions on a Chernozemic of the adsorbed ammonium in the field, soil. A study \vas conducted to determine the followed by replacement of sodium by relative effects of neutral and alkaline salts hydrogen, may result in further improvement on water penetration, soil dispersion, and of these soils.

RESEARCH STATION, LACOMBE, ALTA. 291 PUBLICAnONS

Research Fredeen, H. T. 1973. Agricultural science publication-a Canadian viewpoint. N.Z. J. Agric. Sci. Berkenkamp, B. 1973. Disease assessment and 7:98-99. losses in forage crops in central and northern Alberta, 1972. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 53:11-15. Fredeen, H. T. 1973. Animal science research policy in Canada. Proc. 4th Annu. Anim. & Berkenkamp, B. 1973. A growth-stage key for rape. Poult. Sci. Seminar, Univ. of B.C. pp. 1-16. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:43. Fredeen, H. T. 1973. Effects of crossbreeding. Berkenkamp, B. 1973. Qualitative assays of ribonu- Canadex 420.4 I. clease produced by plant pathogens. Can. J. Microbiol. 19:1431-1434. Fredeen, H. T. 1973. Growth potential of the Berkenkamp, B., Folkins, L. P., and Meeres, J. Canadian pig industry. I. Potential for growth 1973. Diseases of E/ymus and other grasses in through breeding and genetics. Proc. Can. Alberta, 1972. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 52:36-38. Soc. Anim. Sci. Annu. Meet. pp. 34-43. Berkenkamp, B., and Friesen, H. A. 1973. The Fredeen, H. T., Bradley, J. A., and Muir, K. 1973. effect of barban on stem rot of rape. Can. J. Joint damage in boars reared under confine- Plant Sci. 53:917. ment. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:770. (Abstr.) Cairns, R. R., and Szabolcs, I. 1973. The effect of Friesen, H. A. 1973. Glyphosate kills couchgrass sodium sulfate and sodium carbonate solu- rhizomes. Weed Sci. (Abstr.) p. 12. tions on chemical and physical properties of Friesen, H. A. 1973. Roundup for quack grass. Chernozem soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53:399-403. Canadex 64 I. Friesen, H. A., and Bowren, K. E. 1973. Factors Friesen, H. A. 1973. Identifying wild oats yield affecting the control of wild oats in rapeseed losses and assessing cultural control methods. with trifluralin. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53: 199-205. Can. Dep. Agric. Seminar on Wild Oats, Newman, J. A., Rahnefeld, G. W., and Fredeen, Saskatoon. pp. 20-26. H. T; 1973. Selection intensity and response to Friesen, H. A. 1973. Treflan controls weeds in selection for yearling weight in beef cattle. rapeseed. Can. Agric. 18(1):30-3 I. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53: 1-12. Friesen, H. A. 1973. Herbicides popular in Western Piening, L. J. 1973. Differential yield response of Canada. Weeds Today 4:20-22. ten barley cultivars to common root rot. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:763-764. Friesen, H. A., and Dew, D. A. 1973. FX 2181 and AC-84,777 for postemergence control of wild Walkof, c., Anderson, R. H., and Allen, H. T. oats in wheat and barley. Proc. North Cent. 1973. Three bush-type tomato cultivars: Mel- States Weed Con£. 27:39-41. fort, Booster, and Pembina. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:643-644. Martin, A. H., and Fredeen, H. T. 1973. Consumer acceptability of beef in relation to breed cross Miscellaneous and yield category. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:770. (Abstr.) Berkenkamp, B. 1973. A three-year survey of losses from forage foliar diseases in central and Newman, J. A., Weiss, G. M., and Schrader, B. northern Alberta. Forage Notes 18:3-5. 1973. Comparisons of Hereford-cross calves Cairns, R. R. 1973. Deep plowing of Solonetz soils. by South Devon, Maine-Anjou, and Simmen- Can. Agric. 18(3):30-31. tal sires for beef production traits. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:768. (Abstr.) Cairns, R. R. 1973. Fertilizing crops on Solonetz soil. Canadex 530. Toogood, J. A., and Cairns, R. R., eds. 1973. Solonetzic soils technology and management. Fredeen, H. T. 1973. Publish or perish. Hortic. Sci. Bull. B-73-I. 1st ed. Univ. of Alta., Edmonton, 8: 160-161. Alta.

292 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1973 PROGRAM STRUCTURE

July. 1973 RESEARCH BRANCH CANADA AGRICULTURE

AIM OBJECTIVES GOALS

FORAGE CROPS 1 To improve the efficiency of production and the 1 By 1978, to have raised the unit yield of digestible dry matter of legume crops ~y 10%.through quality of forage crops. the development of improved management practices, superior varieties, and Increased seed production. 2 By 1978, to have raised the unit yield of digestible dry maller of grass crops by 10%,through the development of improved management practices. superior varieties. and increased seed production. Man Years 68.0

OILSEED CROPS 2 To impt'ove the efficiency of production. adaptability 1 By 1976, to have increased the unit yietd of rapeseed and mustard by 5% and to have and quality of oilseed crops and their products. improved the quality of seed and its products to meet market demands, through the development 01 superior varieties. improved management practices. and through utilization research. 2 By 1977, to have incfeased the unit yield of sunflower seeds by 10% while maintaining quality to meet market demands, through the development of superior varieties, and ;mproved management practices. 3 By 1974, to have increased the unit yield of soybeans by 5% while maintainingquality to meet market demands through the development of superior varieties, and improved management praciices. 4 By' 977, to have increased the unit yield 01flax by 5% while maintaining.qualityto meet market demands. through the development of superior varieties. and improved management

Man Years 35.4 practices.

HORTICULTURAL 3 To improve the efficiency 01 production and the 1 By 1978. to have increased the unit yield of tree fruits by 10% while maintaining standards for CROPS quality of horticultural crops. fresh and processed quality; through the development of improved cultivars and better management practices. 2 By 1977, to have increased the unit yield of smafl fruits by 10% while achieving higher standards of fresh and processed quality; through the development of improved cultivars and better management practices. 3 By 1978. to have increased the unit yiefd of vegetable crops by 5%, while achieving higher standards of fresh and prOCessedquality; through the development of improved cultivars, and better management practices. 4 By' 976, to have increased the unit yield of potatoes by 5% while achieving higher standards of fresh and processed quality; through the development of improved cultivars and better management practices. 5 By 1977. to have developed '0 new cultivars of selected ornamentals and to have increased floriculture productivity by 5% while maintaining present quality of greenhouse flowers, outdoor Man Years 171.9 plantings, and nurseries.

CEREAL CROPS 4 To increase the efficiency of production and the 1 By 1978. to have increased the unit yield of durum, winter. and spring wheats by 8% while quality of cereal crops. maintaining the quality of each crop to meet market demands. through the development of superior varieties and improved management practices. 2 By 1976.to have increased the unit yiekt of barley by 10"10,while maintainingthe quality to meet market demands. through the development of superior varieties and improved management practices. 3 By 1976 to increase the unit yield of oats by 10% while maintainingquality standards to meet market demands through the development of superior varieties and improved management practices. 4 By 1977. to have increased the unit yield of corn or com silage by 10"10while maintainingquality or to have increased the area cropped to com by 1%. through the development 01 superior variety inbfeds and hybrids of grain and silage com and through improved management practices. 5 By 1973. to have increased the unit yield of rye by 5% through the development of superior Man Years 135.2 varieties and improved management practices.

FIELD CROPS 5 To improve the efficiency of production and the 1 By 1973, to have developed a belter understanding of quality in tobacco as spectlied in our quality of fietd crops such as tobacco, buckwheat smoke-health program. and to have increased the unit yield of improved tobaccos by 10%. field peas, beans, new crops. and sugar beets. through the development of superior varieties and improved managementpractices and through a study of quality components in tobacco. 2 By' 976, to have increased the unit yield of field peas by 100/0.while maintainingquality to meet market demands, through the development of superior varieties and improved management practices. 3 By 1977, to have increased the unit yield of buckwheat by 10"k, while maintaining quality 10 meet market demands. through the development of superior varieties, and improved management practices. 4 By 1974, to have increased the unit return from sugar beets by 10%. through improved management practices. 5 By 1973,to have completed the assessment of 10 new crops which may be suitable for specific markets and for production in Canada. 6 By 1974, to have increased the unit yield of beans by 5%, while maintaining quality to meet market demands, through the development of superior varieties and improved management Man Years 24.8 practices.

PLANT PESTS 6 To develop and improve methods for the protection 1 By 1974, to have defined some physiological and btochemical target sites for mode of action of crop p!arlts from insects and related pests. and basis for resistance to selected insecticides. 2 By 1974, to have defined factors influencing selected soil insecticides effectiveness,behavior. persistence and effects on non-target soil inver1ebrates. 3 By 1974, to have e1uddated chemical properties and methods of analysis for residues, metabolites and degradation products of selected insect chemical control agents. 4 By 1974,to have developed pest control programs using methods that do not employ,or make Man Years 36.1 least possible use of, persistent non-selective chemicals.

PLANT DISEASES 7 To maintain or increase productivity and quality 1 By 1973. to have developed techniques for the determination of plant disease losses and to through reduction of losses from plant diseases. have applied the techniques to selected crops. 2 By.1973, to have developed information on the specificity, uptake and degradation of synthetic -- - fungicidal compounds; on the presence and chemical natufe of na1ufanyoccumng compounds ~ and the mechanisms by which they confer resistance to diseases; and to apply this inlormation in plant disease control. 3 By 1973, to have obtained further information on the properties of plant viruses and mycoplasma, their mode of transmission. and the mechanisms and consequences of infection. 4 By 1973. to have developed further information on the physiology, biochemistry and ecology of soil-borne pafhogens .

Man Years 32.5 5 By 1973, to have devised control measures for economically important nematodes.

WEEDS 8 To develop and improve methods for the control of 1 By 1978.to have determined the potential for successful biological control of twenty-five major weeds. weeds, through the selection. establishment and assessment of suitabte biotic agents, 2 By 1978, to have developed environmentally safe and effective methods for the control of selected weeds with herbicides. through studies of, their mode of action. the methods of application.and their persistence in the environment. 3 By 1976, to have completed and pubtished ecological studies of selected weeds, including information on their biological importance, spacial occurrence, life cyctes,reactions to herbicides. Man Years 21.0 and other biological characteristics.

PLANT 9 To explore and exploit the effects of environmental 1 By 1974. to have established priorities for. and derived selected meteorological and climatic ENVIRONMENT factors on plant growth and development. parameters which will improve agricultural decision making and contribute to the interpretation of the results of selected research programs. 2 By 1976, to have defined and described selected physiological activities in plants retated to winter hardiness, and to show how the information can be used to improve the efficiency of crop Man Years 18.1 production.

SOIL MANAGEMENT 10 To develop improved soil and water management 1 By 1974, to have increased the potential production capacity of soils by 10% in selected areas practices. by development of improved methods of irrigation, drainage and desalination. 2 By 1974. to have defined factors affecting the availability of plant nutrients, through studies of setected soil reactions. 3 By 1974. to have defined factors affecting the physical capacity of selected soils and its Man Years 18.7 influence on soil erosion. crop growth, and water storage.

SOIL SURVEY 11 To obtain a reliable inventory of Canadian soil 1 By 1975, to have completed the inventory and interpreted the capability of the basic soil resources (nature extent and distribution pattem of resources in selected regions, based on our present state. total environment) and to interpret the capabilities 2 By 1975, to have improved the basis for classification of soils and more efficient land use. of these resources fOf agriculture and other uses. through devetopment of more accurate interpretation criteria. Man Years 43.5

BIOSVSTEMATICS 12 To improve our IJ1derstanding of the taxonomic , By 1974, to have completed the taxonomic revision of selected orders of economically relationship of plants, insects, and micr~ important plants, and maintain a national collection of vascular plants. organisms. 2 By 1974 to have completed the faxonomic revision of selected groups of economically important agricultural and forest insects. arachnids and nematodes, to maintain and develop the Canadian National Collections of insects, arachnids and nematodes, and to provide an efficient identification and information service arising from this function. 3 By 1974, to have completed the taxonomic revision of selected groups of economically important fungi to provide for a continued growth of the National Collection of fungal specimens Man Years 5&.8 and cultures, and to maintain an identification function in mycology.

DAIRV CATTLE 13 To improve the efficiency of production and the 1 By 1978, to have synthesized a new high performance breed of dairy cattle and to be using quality of dairy products. it in a cross-breeding program with Holsteins. 2 By 1976. to have increased by 5% the yield of milk per unit digestibte energy input, through multidisciplinary research on dairy cattle. 3 By 1975. to have solved selected problems in the production of cheese and fermented milk Man Years 26.5 products and to have further described the gelation properties of milk.

BEEF CATTLE 14 To improve the efficiency of production and quality 1 By 1978. to have increased yield of beef per breeding cow by 10%.and yield of beef per unl1 of beef products. digestible energy by 5% through a program of selection and crossbreeding. 2 By 1978, to have increased catf yield per cow (7%) and per acre (10"10)through multidisciplinary research on cow-calf systems, rangeland forages and crop residues. 3 By 1977. to have increased rate of gain by 10% and feed efficiency by 5% of meat animals in the feedlot and improve meat quality through multidisciplinary research. 4 By 1974, to have identified'problem areas in beef products including beef slaughter, cutting, Man Years 56.3 processtng,and preservation and evaluation of needs.

SHEEP 15 To improve the efficiency of production and the 1 By 1978,to have increased lamb production per ewe by IS%. and growth rate of lambs by 10% quality of products from sheep. through a multi-dis.ciplinaryresearch program on sheep. Man Years 6.0

SWINE 16 To improve the efficienc~' of production and the 1 By 1977, to have increased the yield of piglets per breeding sow by 10%, through quality of products from swine. multi-disciplinary research on swine reproduction. 2 By 1976, to have increased yield of pork per unit digestible energy by 5% while improving the quality of pork and pork products through multi-disciplinary research on market pig Man Years 9.7 production.

POULmv 17 To improve the efficiency of production and the 1 By 1977 to have increased eggs per hen housed by 5% and improved interior and shell quality quality of products from poultry. through multi-disciplinary research on egg production. 2 By' 978, to have increased the yield of poultry meat per unit dietary energy input by 10%. Man Years 18.2 through multi-disciplinary research on the poultry meat production system.

OTHER ANIMALS 18 To improve the efficiency of production of other 1 By 1974, to have increased the productivity of honey bees by 5~ t~r.ough pheromone AND HONEY BEES animals and beneficial insects and the quality of chemistry and improved management practices. their products. 2 By 1974. to have defined selected nutritional requirements and physioh>gicalprocesses of fur Man Years 3.0 bearers which will increase production per unit by 10%.

ANIMAL 19 To elucidale selected physiological lunctions of 1 By 1974. to have defined certain of the control mechanisms in animal reproduction to permit PHVSIOLOGV animals including reproductive, metabolic and a 20% increase in reproductive efficiency. growth processes. 2 By 1974 to have determined the basic factors involved in the storage. metabolism and excretion of pesticide residues in domestic animals and birds by investigating the factors leading to Man Years 6.3 mobilization of the residues.

ENVIRONMENTAL 20 To identify. measure and establish significance of 1 By 1976, to have analysed existing anima' and crop wastes management systems in Ofderto QUALITY pollutants affecling the utilization or quality of soi~ determine their acceptability within environmental quality standards and economic criteria.and plants, animals. food, air and water. to have initiated programs of animal and planl waste recycling and energy conversion. 2 By' 976, to have analysed existing pesticide management systems in order to determine their acceptability within environmental quality standards and economic criteria and to have developed new programs for pesticide management. 3 By' 975. to have developed a model or models for predicting the maximum levels 01 plant nutrients which may be tolerated in agricultural soils without crealing fresh water pollution using soil. crop, hydrological and climatic parameters. 4 By 1976, to have identified and measured the most important non.agricultural pOllutants and Man Years 19.9 determined their significance to soil fertility yield and quality of agricultural products.

SERVICE GOALS 1 To make available to Research Scientists and to the technicians of the Research Branch the sophisticated equipmenl and wide experience of the electron microscope centre and its staff, such that a wide variety 01specimen preparative techniques IOfelectron microscopy are readily available; to permit the potential users to tackle efficiently any problems in this lield in relation to their own work. To make available 10research scientists and to technicians of the Research Branch advanced equipment and new analytical techniques as developed in the Instrumentation Centre and Technological Services Unit as well as analytical services of a routine nature so as 10 permit prospective users to tackle effectively the problems that occur in agricultural research. . 2 Maintenance of Campus, Arboretum, Botanic Gardens and provision 01 services to o!her Research Branch establishments. 3 By 1975.to develop and carry out systems and procedures leading 10an orderly recording and retrieval 01inlormation on plant gene resoun;:esfor barley, a"atfa and tomato. 4 On a continuous basis.produce special seed for plant breeders in westem Canada and distribute Man Years 7.1 same as appropriate. PROGRAM STRUCTURE ACTIVITIES OF RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS OBJECTIVES III III IIlGl Q. - III -GI ~ E Q. III III c: c: ..!! GI 0-0 c: Q. >- >- -GI -GI GI GI u III - E>- Z ~ 0 .- GI en III u •.. -GI III E E dl 0 :: 0 E -u - ~ - C:c: GI :J U Q. GI c: GI -U 0 0 c: :J GI - III III III III U ~ 0 o >- en GI .~ III 0 en III - Q. GI o~ •.. .'!: -u -0 -u >-u 0 III -Q. GI c: C:GI C:.- 0 IIl._ ~ GI c: Qj~ E III GI -~ GI -:J "'0 •.. GI -0 o > :::c: - 0- .- GI .- - ~-U .- >- '>- 0 -.- GI ~IIl GI .-0 0 -GI 0 c:~ c: 0 ESTABLISHMENT 0 •.. -c: 0 ~ ~ -c: u.. 0 Iu U u.. a. 0..:0 ~ o.GI ~~ II) COE 0 co II) II) a. 00

Kentvi lie e €,) 0 0 • 0 0 e G> Fredericton 0 e 0 e e G e e

L' Assomption e

! a Lennoxv i lie 0 • e 0 G Sointe-Foy 0 0 0 e • CD 0

Soint-Jean 0

Delhi 0 Harrow e CD 0 G) •

Ottawa 0 0 0 0 Q f) e (I) 0

Vineland Station E> e

Animal Research €) Q) e crt e 0 G Institute " Chemistry and Biology 0 $ () 0 Research Institute • • • • • Biosystematics CD Research Institute Food Research €I e CD e e 0 Institute • Ornamenta Is 0 Research Service SoiI Research Institute 0 8 e

Research Institute, London • • • Engineering Research 0 CD e () CD e e 0 e Service •• • • • Stati stica I Research 0 C'i) e 0 e G Service • • • • • • • • CD Brandon 0 • • • • • -- Morden 0 CD 0 (!) Winnipeg C!) f) • Melfort CD • • CD • •• Regina e

Soskatoon e CD e e • • e c 0 Swift Current " CI ED • Beaverlodge • 0 e 0 69 EO ••• CD e Lacombe e G 0 • Q •

0 e e 0 CD €) (} Lethbridge • e Cit " G Agassiz 0 Cl) 0 0

Kamloops 9

idney CD

mmerland • 0 , e 0 G C G ancouver •

------