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Idaho Forage Handbook Third Edition IDAHO FORAGE HANDBOOK Third Edition

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Idaho Forage Handbook Third Edition IDAHO FORAGE HANDBOOK Third Edition BUL 547 Idaho Forage Handbook Third Edition IDAHO FORAGE HANDBOOK Third Edition Glenn E. Shewmaker, Editor Moscow, Idaho i This handbook is a revised and expanded edition of the 1975 and 1990 editions of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 547. We are indebted to R. D. Ensign, H. L. Harris, and M. H. Hall for their prior editorial contributions and to the many previous contributors. The editor and authors appreciate the skills of Diane Noel, Educational Communications, in producing this publication. Additional copies are available from Educational Publications Funding for this publication provided in part by the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, University of Idaho Idaho State Department of Agriculture, and P.O. Box 442240 USDA Agricultural Research Service. Moscow, ID 83844-2240 Phone: (208) 885-7982 Fax: (208) 885-4648 E-mail: [email protected] University of Idaho Extension, Moscow, Idaho © 2005 University of Idaho. All rights reserved. Published 2005. Second printing 2007. The University of Idaho provides equal opportunity in education and employment on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, age, gender, disability, or status as a Vietnam- era veteran, as required by state and federal laws. Contents Contributors ............................................iv 1 Forage Production in Idaho ....................... 1 2 Selecting Forage Species ......................... 3 3 Improved Grasses and Legumes for Idaho .................................................. 7 4 Forage Seeding ...................................... 13 5 Forage Fertilization ................................ 17 6 Forage Irrigation..................................... 21 7 Pasture Harvest Management................. 24 8 Forage Sampling, Quality, and Testing ..... 26 9 Hay Harvest Management....................... 37 10 Hay Storage ........................................... 43 11 Silage .................................................... 47 12 Weed Control ......................................... 53 13 Forage Insects ....................................... 55 14 Forage Diseases..................................... 59 15 Alfalfa Management ............................... 63 16 Production of Annual Forages ................. 71 17 Forage Utilization ................................... 75 18 Leasing Arrangements and Other Considerations ....................................... 85 19 Production Costs and Budgeting ............. 87 Glossary................................................. 93 iii Contributors Bradford D. Brown, Crop Management Specialist, Uni- Larry D. Robertson, Emeritus Extension Crop Manage- versity of Idaho Southwest Idaho Research and Exten- ment Specialist, University of Idaho Aberdeen Research sion Center, Parma and Extension Center Charles C. Cheyney, Superintendent, University of Kenneth D. Sanders, Extension Range Specialist, Uni- Idaho Nancy E. Cummings Research, Extension, and versity of Idaho Twin Falls Research and Extension Education Center, Salmon, and Extension Educator, Center Butte County Mir-M. Seyedbagheri, Extension Educator, University Dean E. Falk, Emeritus Extension Dairy Specialist, of Idaho Extension, Elmore County University of Idaho Twin Falls Research and Extension Glenn E. Shewmaker, Extension Forage Specialist, Center University of Idaho Twins Falls Research and Extension Robert L. Forster, Emeritus Extension Plant Pathologist, Center University of Idaho Kimberly Research and Extension Robert L. Smathers, Jr., Research Associate, Depart- Center ment of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Rachel A. Frost, Graduate Student, University of Idaho University of Idaho, Moscow Department of Rangeland Ecology and Management, Jeffrey C. Stark, Research Professor, Agronomy, Uni- Moscow versity of Idaho Idaho Falls Research and Extension Benton Glaze, Extension Beef Specialist, University of Center Idaho Twin Falls Research and Extension Center Robert L. Stoltz, Emeritus Extension Entomology Spe- C. Wilson Gray, Extension Economist, University of cialist, University of Idaho Twin Falls Research and Idaho Twin Falls Research and Extension Center Extension Center Bill Hazen, Extension Educator, University of Idaho Ron Thaemert, Extension Educator, University of Idaho Extension, Gooding County Extension, Blaine County Alexander Hristov, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Reviewers Moscow Henry F. Mayland, Research Soil Scientist, USDA-ARS Carl W. Hunt, Professor, Department of Animal and Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Lab, Kimberly, Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow ID Robert L. Mahler, Professor of Soil Science, Depart- Kevin B. Jensen, Research Geneticist-Plants, USDA- ment of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, Uni- ARS Forage and Range Research Lab, Logan, UT versity of Idaho, Moscow Charlie Clements, Rangeland Scientist, USDA-ARS Don W. Morishita, Extension Weed Scientist, University Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, Reno, NV of Idaho Twin Falls Research and Extension Center Dan Undersander, Extension Agronomist, University of Howard Neibling, Extension Water Management En- Wisconsin, Madison, WI gineer, University of Idaho Twin Falls Research and Extension Center Daniel G. Ogle, Plant Materials Specialist, USDA Natu- ral Resources Conservation Service, Boise Paul Patterson, Extension Agricultural Economist, Uni- versity of Idaho Idaho Falls Research and Extension Center Neil R. Rimbey, Extension Range Economist, Univer- sity of Idaho Southwest Idaho Research and Extension Center, Caldwell iv 1 Forage Production in Idaho G. E. Shewmaker Sixty-two percent of Idaho’s land area produces for- improve its structure and rate of water intake. Their fi - age, including approximately 47 percent of the state’s brous root systems improve soil tilth and fertility by con- acreage suitable for crop production. In addition, do- tributing to soil organic matter. Legumes biologically fi x mestic and wild animals graze much of Idaho’s forested atmospheric nitrogen for their own use and contribute land. Forage production is a critical requirement for the nitrogen to other plants in the community or to subse- nearly 2 million cattle in the state. quent crops grown in rotation. The use of forage grasses Alfalfa and other hay production has doubled in the and legumes in rotation can reduce the incidence of in- state since 1920 (fi g. 1.1). Forages support Idaho’s and sect and disease infestations in rotated crops. surrounding states’ livestock industries and, among all farm commodities, alfalfa and other hays rank second Idaho forage statistics only to potatoes for on-farm cash value and total value of The following statistics are for 2000: production (fi g. 1.2). • More than 75 percent of crop-producing farms in Forages provide most of the digestible nutrients for Idaho grow hay. Idaho livestock. They are the main and most economical • Alfalfa accounts for nearly 90 percent of all hay pro- source of energy (carbohydrates) in livestock rations and duced (fi g. 1.3). a vital source of necessary protein, minerals, and vita- • Idaho ranked sixth nationally in alfalfa production in mins for the production of meat, milk, and wool. 2000. Idaho harvested about 4.7 million tons of alfalfa Most of Idaho’s hay, pasture, and rangelands produce on 1.13 million acres (fi g. 1.3). Total cash receipts far below their forage potential. Conservative estimates from Idaho alfalfa were estimated at $432 million, indicate per-acre production of hay and animal products based on a value of $91 per ton. could be doubled by using improved plant species and • Average alfalfa yield statewide has increased to more management techniques. Good management of many than 4 tons per acre, with a range of 2 to 10 tons per irrigated forages in Idaho can result in per-acre yields acre (fi g. 1.4). exceeding 1,000 pounds of beef, 18,000 pounds of milk, • Production costs for established alfalfa average from or 8 tons of hay. about $112 per acre in northern Idaho (nonirri- In addition to producing food for livestock and wild- gated) to $220 to $260 per acre for irrigated alfalfa in life, grasses and legumes protect soils from wind and wa- southern Idaho. Costs for establishing a new alfalfa ter erosion. Their roots help hold the soil in place and stand average $220 per acre. These estimates include 600,000 6,000 All hay (1,000 acres) 500,000 5,000 Value of production ($1,000) All hay production (1,000 tons) Cash receipts ($1,000) 4,000 400,000 3,000 300,000 2,000 200,000 1,000 100,000 0 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 0 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Figure 1.1. Acreage (in 1,000 acres) and total production (in 1,000 Figure 1.2. Value of production and cash receipts (in $1,000) for all tons) of all hay in Idaho, 1920 to 2000. Source: Idaho Agricultural hay produced in Idaho. Source: Idaho Agricultural Statistics Service. Statistics Service. 2001. Idaho agricultural statistics. Idaho Depart- 2001. Idaho agricultural statistics. Idaho Department of Agriculture ment of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Boise, ID. and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Boise, ID. 1 Forage production in Idaho the costs for ground preparation, alfalfa seed, pest • Fifty years of alfalfa breeding have produced a 15 control treatments, and harvest in the establishment percent gain in yield, but just as important, increased year. They do not include variable costs such as land levels
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