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Silurian and Ordovician Conodont Biostratigraphy of the Moose River Basin and Appalachian Basin

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Silurian and Ordovician Conodont Biostratigraphy of the Moose River Basin and Appalachian Basin Silurian and Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy of the Moose River Basin and Appalachian Basin Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alyssa Marie Bancroft, M.S. Graduate Program in the Geological Sciences The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee Dr. William I. Ausich, Advisor Dr. Matthew R. Saltzman Dr. Mark A. Kleffner Dr. Stig M. Bergström Copyright by Alyssa Marie Bancroft 2014 Abstract A robust chronostratigraphic framework must be created to determine how biotic events are related to the physical and chemical processes occurring in the ocean- atmosphere system in the lower Paleozoic Era. The integration of high-resolution biostratigraphy with high-resolution chemostratigraphy provides the scaffolding necessary to determine the precise order of events during this interval of Earth’s history. This study includes three separate manuscripts that integrate biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic data to provide better correlation than either tool could on its own. The second chapter examines a core from the Moose River Basin in Ontario, Canada 13 and utilizes conodont biostratigraphy and carbon (δ Ccarb) isotope chemostratigraphy to constrain the relative age and generate a chronostratigraphic framework for Llandovery (Silurian) strata in this cratonic basin. The integration of conodont 13 biostratigraphy and carbon (δ Ccarb) isotope chemostratigraphy permits rock units that have been studied for more than a century to be correlated. 13 The third chapter examines conodont biostratigraphic and carbon (δ Ccarb) isotope chemostratigraphic data from a core on the southeastern margin of the Algonquin Arch along the distal, northwestern margin of the Appalachian Basin. Data from this study ii permits the opportunity to correlate lithostratigraphic nomenclature utilized by the Ontario Geological Survey (OGS) and United States Geological Survey (USGS), and allows correlation of these Silurian (Llandovery and Wenlock global series) strata with the Niagaran Provincial Series. The fourth chapter examines the conodont fauna in the Appalachian Basin in central Pennsylvania. The conodont species of this fauna are long-ranging, limiting their utility for global biostratigraphic correlation. Integration of strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotope chemostratigraphy permits chronostratigraphic correlation of this fauna limiting it to the Middle/Upper Ordovician boundary interval. These chapters together collectively demonstrate the importance of integrating multiple chronostratigraphic tools. Biostratigraphy can provide a unique answer for relative age, but it is often subject to poor yields or regional endemism. Chemostratigraphy does not provide a unique answer for relative age determination, but is not susceptible to poor yields or regional endemism. The integration of biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy is an optimal tool for global chronostratigraphic correlation. iii Dedication for my parents, Eric and Janelle Bancroft with love and, to Jackson and Aubriana always remember that the word cannot should never exist in your vocabulary chase your dreams iv Acknowledgements I extend my sincerest gratitude to Lennart Jeppsson and his wife, Ann-Sofi, for opening their home to me. The weeks I spent with you both in Lund, Sweden mean the world to me and I will be forever grateful for that time. For their mentoring, support, and counseling I would like to thank my committee Stig Bergström, Mark Kleffner, Matthew Saltzman, and most sincerely, my advisor, William Ausich (thank you for your patience and for giving me the freedom to discover and learn!). To Loren Babcock, thank you for your friendship, encouragement, and support! Much of this work (Chapter Three and Chapter Four) was a collaborative effort with Frank Brunton (Ontario Geological Survey, Sudbury), to whom I am sincerely indebted. Thank you for your support and encouragement during the last eight years! To my second family, Brad Cramer, Kate Tierney-Cramer, and Norman Williams, I would not have completed this endeavor without your friendship, guidance, patience, endless support and encouragement, I love you! To Stephen Levas and Steven Goldsmith, thank you for your friendship and support, and for keeping me on my toes! Thanks to Ryan Albee for being so supportive and for keeping a smile on my face during the last few months! And, last but not least, to Eric and Janelle Bancroft, without whose endless love, support, and encouragement, I would not have even begun this journey, I love you both, thank you for always standing beside me! v Vita 2000 . graduated from Mackinaw City Public High School 2006 . Bachelor of Science in Biology and Geology Lake Superior State University 2006 through 2008 . Graduate Research Associate School of Earth Sciences The Ohio State University 2008 . Master of Science in Geology The Ohio State University 2008 through 2009 . Graduate Teaching Associate School of Earth Sciences The Ohio State University 2009 through 2010 . National Science Foundation GK-12 Fellow The Ohio State University 2010 through 2012 . Graduate Teaching Associate School of Earth Sciences The Ohio State University 2012 through 2014 . Instructor School of Physical Sciences Lake Superior State University vi Publications Goldsmith, S.T., Trierweiler, A.M., Welch, S.A., Bancroft, A.M., Von Bargen, J.M., and Carey, A.E. 2013. Transforming a university tradition into a geoscience teaching and learning opportunity for the university community. Journal of Geoscience Education, 61(3):280-290. Abstracts Jarochowska, E., Munnecke, A., Bancroft, A.M., Kozcowski, W., Ray, D.C., Frisch, K., and 13 Castagner, A. 2014. Preliminary conodont, δ Ccarb, and sequence stratigraphy across the Mulde Event (Homerian, middle Silurian) in the carbonate platform environments of Podolia, Ukraine, and Podlasie Basin, E Poland. Annual Meeting of IGCP 591, Tartu, Estonia, Abstracts and Field Guide, p. 46. Goldsmith, S.T., Bancroft, A.M., Trierweiler, A.M., Welch, S.A., Von Bargen, J.M., and Carey, A.E. 2012. University tradition becomes a geoscience teaching opportunity. GSA Abstracts with Programs, 44(7):447. Von Bitter, P.H., Bancroft, A.M., and Purnell, M.A. 2012. The Silurian multielement conodont genus Aldridgeodus Jeppsson in North America. GSA Abstracts with Programs, 44(5):2. Bancroft, A.M., Kleffner, M.A., and Brunton, F.R. 2011. Silurian conodont biostratigraphy and carbonate carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Eramosa, southwestern Ontario, Canada. Meeting of the International Subcommission of Silurian Stratigraphy and Annual Meeting of IGCP 591, Ludlow, UK. Siluria Revisted: Programme and Abstracts, p. 2. Leslie, S.A., Saltzman, M.R., Repetski, J.E., Bergström, S.M., Seward, A.M., Bancroft, A.M., Howard, A., and Blessing, R.R. 2011. Conodont biostratigraphy and Sr-isotope stratigraphy across the Knox Beekmantown unconformity in the Central Appalachians. GSA Abstracts with Programs, 43(1):74. Brunton, F.R., Brintnell, C., Brett, C.E., Jin, J., Bancroft, A.M., and Kleffner, M.A. 2009. Update on Early Silurian stratigraphy of eastern Michigan Basin, Niagara Escarpment, southern Ontario. Canadian Paleontology Conference Proceedings, Number 7, p. 13. Brunton, F.R., Bancroft, A.M., and Kleffner, M. 2009. Revised early Silurian stratigraphy of eastern Michigan Basin, Niagara Escarpment, southern Ontario. Canadian Paleontology Conference Proceedings, Number 6, pp. 15-16. vii Bancroft, A.M., Kleffner, M.A., and Brunton, F.R. 2008. Silurian conodont biostratigraphy 13 and δ Ccarb stratigraphy of the Eramosa Formation, southwestern Ontario, Canada. GSA Abstracts with Programs, 40(5):22. Fields of Study Major Field: Geological Sciences viii Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….ii Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..iv Acknowledgements.............................................................................................................v Vita………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..vi List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………x List of Plates………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..xii List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………xiii Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………….…………………………………………………..1 Chapter 2: Silurian (Llandovery) biochemostratigraphy of the Moose River Basin……..……………………………………………………………………..…….…………15 Chapter 3: Silurian biochemostratigraphy of the Appalachian Basin……………………………53 Chapter 4: Integrated conodont biostratigraphy and strontium (87Sr/86Sr) chemostratigraphy for the Middle/Upper Ordovician System in central Pennsylvania ………………………………………………………………………………..………………95 References………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………113 ix List of Figures Figure 1.1. Faunal diversity shown in relationship to 13 carbon (δ Ccarb) isotope excursions documented in the Ordovician and Silurian systems………………………………………………………………..…8 Figure 1.2. Generalized paleogeographic map illustrating the structural basins and arches of northeastern Laurentia during the Ordovician and Silurian periods…………………………………………………………………………………9 Figure 2.1. Generalized paleogeographic map illustrating the structural basins and arches of the Hudson Platform during the Silurian Period…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……34 Figure 2.2. Lower Paleozoic lithostratigraphy of the Hudson Platform…………………………………..…35 Figure 2.3. Conodont zonation for the Llandovery Series of the Silurian System…………………..….36 Figure 2.4. Llandovery
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