Transferts Du Cadmium Et Du Zinc Par Phase

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Transferts Du Cadmium Et Du Zinc Par Phase Transferts du cadmium et du zinc par phase fluide et vapeur dans les processus hydrothermaux et volcaniques: étude expérimentale, modélisation physico-chimique et applications géologiques Elena Bazarkina To cite this version: Elena Bazarkina. Transferts du cadmium et du zinc par phase fluide et vapeur dans les processus hydrothermaux et volcaniques: étude expérimentale, modélisation physico-chimique et applications géologiques. Géochimie. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. Français. tel-00457869 HAL Id: tel-00457869 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00457869 Submitted on 18 Feb 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. TTHHÈÈSSEE En vue de l'obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par l'Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier Discipline ou spécialité : Géochimie Présentée et soutenue par Elena BAZA RKINA Le 15 décembre 2009 Titre : Transferts du cadmium et du zinc par phase fluide et vapeur dans les processus hydrothermaux et volcaniques: étude expérimentale, modélisation physico-chimique et applications géologiques JURY Didier Beziat - Professeur à l'Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse France Pascal Philippot - Professeur à l'Université Denis Diderot, Paris France Igor Khodakovsky - Professeur à l'Université de Dubna, Russie Andrew Berry - Senior Lecturer, Imperial College London, London UK Jacques Schott - Directeur de Recherche au CNRS, LMTG Toulouse France Andrew Bychkov - Professeur à l'Université d'Etat de Moscou, Russie Gleb Pokrovski - Chargé de Recherche au CNRS, LMTG Toulouse France Alexander Zotov - Directeur de Recherche à l'IGEM RAS, Moscou Russie Ecole doctorale : Sciences de l'Univers, de l'Environnement et de l'Espace Unité de recherche : Laboratoire des Méchanismes et Transferts en Geologie (LMTG) Directeur(s) de Thèse : Gleb Pokrovski, Alexander Zotov Rapporteurs : Pascal Philippot, Igor Khodakovsky To my father Fedor Bazarkin i ii Acknowledgements This PhD thesis has been conducted in the framework of the Laboratoire Européen Associé “Géochimie Environnementale”, LEAGE, from October 2006 till December 2009. The work was performed in Laboratoire des Mécanismes et Transferts en Géologie in Toulouse, and Institute of Ore deposits geology of Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow within the French government scholarship program for a double supervised dissertation. First, I would like to acknowledge my scientific directors – Gleb Pokrovski and Alexander Zotov – for their professional supervision, permanent availability, constant support, criticism throughout all stages of the research program and all the time they spent with me. A significant part of the success of this work belongs to them. It was a great pleasure to work with them. I would like to kindly thank my co-supervisor, Nikolay Akinfiev, for his insightful help and support which contributed to the success of this work. I am also very grateful to Michail Korzhinsky, Ilya Chaplygin and Marina Udovskaya for very agreeable moments of working together, and helpful discussions. I am very grateful to all the people from ESRF with whom I worked, most of all Jean-Luis Hazeman, Olivier Proux and Denis Testemale for introducing me to the synchrotron facility and their assistance during XAS measurements at BM30b “FAME” beamline. I am thankful to all these people for the knowledge and confidence they brought towards me. I would especially like to recognize Lidia Kartasheva, Carole Causserand and Frederic Candaudap for their professional help in the field of analytical chemistry. I would also like to thank Didier Beziat, Pascal Philippot, Igor Khodakovsky, Andrew Berry, Jacques Schott and Andrew Bychkov for having agreed to judge this dissertation and for their interest in my work. Certainly, I would like to mention -- in no particular order -- my friends from Toulouse who shared nice moments with me during this fascinating journey: Teresa Roncal-Herero, Laurent Truche, Katya Vasyukova, Ludmila Shirokova, Irina Bundeleva, Nastya Borisova, Oleg Pokrovsky, Camille Truche, Clement Courtieu, and many others from LMTG. My special thanks are addressed to Michel and Mano Truche for their interest, patience and readiness to help with whatever was needed. I am thankful to all my friends in Russia, Katya Echmaeva, Misha Voronin, Liudmila Koroleva, Nadezhda Shikina, Natasha Divueva, Sasha Fedyakina and many others who supported me during this time. I had very important help and support from my parents, Fedor and Nina, and my sister Natasha. I thank all my family for their support, patience and faith in me. iii iv Résumé étendu Cette étude a pour but de quantifier le rôle de la phase fluide et vapeur sur le comportement du zinc et du cadmium dans les processus hydrothermaux et volcaniques, en combinant mesures expérimentales en laboratoire (solubilité, potentiométrie, coefficients de partage) et spectroscopie d’absorption de rayons X (XAS) in situ avec modélisations physico-chimiques et analyses des fluides naturels. L’identité, la structure et la stabilité des complexes que forme en solution aqueuse le cadmium avec le chlorure (Cl), le plus important continuant des fluides géologiques, ont été déterminées, dans une large gamme de température (20 ≤ T ≤ 500°C), pression (1 ≤ P ≤ 2000 bar) et concentration de ligand (0 ≤ mCl ≤ 18 mole/kg H 2O), par essais de solubilité et potentiométrie, combinés à des mesures in situ par spectroscopie XAS. Nos résultats mettent en évidence la 2-m formation de complexes de stoechiométrie CdCl m(H 2O) n ayant des géométries octaédriques ou tétraédriques selon T et mCl . Ces changements structuraux reflètent l’évolution des propriétés du solvant (constante diélectrique, densité, liaisons hydrogène) et de l’affinité chimique métal-ligand avec la température et l’activité du ligand. Elles sont similaires à ceux subits par d’autres métaux de transition comme Zn, Fe, Co, Ni. L’évolution de la géométrie des complexes Cd-Cl n en fonction du nombre de ligand (n) est en bon accord avec nos mesures potentiométriques indépendantes du volume standard molaire de ces espèces chlorurées. L’information structurale fournie par la spectroscopie d’absorption X peut donc être utilisée pour mieux contraindre les propriétés thermodynamiques d’espèces aqueuses obtenues par les méthodes de solubilité ou potentiométrie. Les paramètres thermodynamiques (G, H, S, Cp, V et coefficients du modèle HKF) générées pour ces complexes dans une large gamme de T et P démontrent que le chlorure est largement responsable du transport de Cd par les fluides hydrothermaux et que les autres ligands naturels comme les hydroxydes et les sulfures jouent un rôle mineur dans le transfert de ce métal. Ces résultats, couplés avec une révision critique des données de la littérature sur la spéciation aqueuse du zinc, indiquent que les complexes chlorurés de Cd sont beaucoup plus stables que leurs analogues de Zn. Ceci est en accord avec des mesures de coefficients de partage liquide- vapeur pour les deux métaux que nous avons conduites dans le système H 2O-NaCl et qui montrent un plus fort fractionnement de Cd en faveur de la phase liquide riche en sel. Dans un système minéral-vapeur, en l’absence de liquide, nos mesures de solubilité de ZnO et CdO dans la phase vapeur H 2O-NaCl-HCl indiquent un enrichissement de la vapeur en Cd versus Zn. L’ensemble de ces résultats a été traité dans le cadre d’un modèle de densité qui est le paramètre macroscopique de la phase fluide/vapeur le mieux connu dans une très large gamme de T-P-composition. Ces mesures peuvent rendre compte de l’enrichissement en Cd dans les condensats de fumeroles du volcan Kudryavy analysées lors de travaux de terrain durant cette thèse et ceux d’autres volcans actifs reportés dans la littérature. Au cours de ce travail de terrain, nous avons mis au point une nouvelle méthode de prélèvement des condensats de fumerolles de haute température. Ces échantillons ont été traités et analysés par diverses techniques analytiques (ICP-MS, ICP-AES, chromatographie ionique) afin de mettre en œuvre un procédé analytique dépourvu d’artéfacts de prélèvement et de traitement d’échantillons de gaz et fumeroles volcaniques (e.g. précipitation, perte, dégazage, interférences analytiques) et de générer un petit ensemble cohérent de v concentrations de Cd, Zn, de principaux ligands et d’autres métaux majeurs et traces dans les condensats du volcan Kudryavy. L’ensemble des données expérimentales et analytiques obtenues permet de mieux interpréter le comportement du cadmium et du zinc dans les milieux de haute T-P et de proposer un nouveau traceur géochimique des processus hydrothermaux basé sur le rapport Cd/Zn. Ainsi, un fluide hydrothermal ou une vapeur volcanique en équilibre avec une phase minérale-porteuse de Cd et Zn (e.g. sphalérite cadmifère) aura tendance à s’enrichir en Cd vis-à-vis de Zn lorsque la teneur en chlore dans la phase fluide (ou vapeur) augmente. La pression aurait également un effet important sur le rapport Zn/Cd. Par exemple, une sphalerite, précipitée à partir d’un fluide salin porteur de Cd
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