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Rattus Rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) Rata Negra Black Rat

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Rattus Rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) Rata Negra Black Rat Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) Rata negra Black rat Filo Chordata Clase Mammalia Orden Rodentia Familia Muridae DE CRIPCI#N Es un mrido de cuerpo alargado, hocico puntiagudo y largas orejas. Medidas corporales de ejemplares adultos del sur de la Pennsula, Cabeza-Cuerpo 158,0-232,0 mm' Cola 181,0- 247,0 mm' Pie posterior 31,0-39,5 mm' Oreja 20,0-2,,5 mm' Peso 87,0-278,0 g. -as hembras son ligeramente m.s pe/ue0as /ue los machos. -os adultos presentan una coloraci1n dorsal muy oscura, con tonos /ue 2aran desde el gris oscuro, casi negro, en el morfotipo rattus, hasta el pardo rojizo de frugivorus y alexandrinus. El 2ientre es siempre m.s claro, desde el gris de rattus y frugivorus hasta el blanco amarillento de alexandrinus. -a lnea de separaci1n, entre el dorso y el 2ientre, no est. muy bien definida pero es 2isible. Se diferencia f.cilmente de la rata parda Rattus norvegicus, por la longitud relati2a de la cola, /ue es mayor /ue la del cuerpo. -as hembras poseen cinco pares de mamas dos pectorales y tres inguinales. Cr.neo m.s corto y o2alado /ue el de R. norvegicus, con arcos zigom.ticos menos sobresalientes y crestas temporales y occipitales con un dise0o cur2o caracterstico. -a mandbula presenta una hendidura posterior con un perfil en el /ue la zona angular es m.s corta. 51rmula dentaria 1.0.0.361.0.0.3. Nmero de cromosomas 82n9: 38 8tipo europeo9 y 42 8tipo asi.tico9. 8;amorano & Palomo, 2007' Blanco, 19989. DI TRIBUCI#N 'rea de distribuci)n natural Originaria del sur y sureste de Asia 8Blanco, 19989 'rea de distribuci)n actual Ampliamente distribuida por las regiones tropicales y templadas del planeta, como consecuencia, en parte, de su relaci1n con el hombre. Probablemente se origin1 en el sureste de Asia, desde donde se expandi1 tras el ltimo perodo postglacial, a tra2és de la Andia y Oriente Medio hasta Europa, para colonizar posteriormente, y con ayuda del hombre, ambas Américas y el Caribe. En Europa est. presente en la mayor parte de los pases, excepto en los escandina2os, y es muy comn en los mediterr.neos. Ocupa toda la Pennsula Abérica, aun/ue de modo disperso, las islas Baleares y Canarias, as como los territorios del norte de Bfrica. Su distribuci1n ha sido condicionada claramente por la introducci1n de la rata parda R. norvegicus, mucho m.s resistente, grande y agresi2a. 8;amorano & Palomo, 20079. -a rata negra junto a la parda y el Ciore 8R. exulans9 han in2adido el 90D de las islas del Planeta 8Eowns et la., 200,9. 'rea de introducci)n en Canarias Est. presente en todas las islas principales, pero ausente de los islotes del norte de -anzarote, Gsi bien hay dudas en lo /ue respecta a -a HraciosaG, y los pe/ue0os islotes como los Ro/ues de Anaga y de Harachico 8Eenerife9 y Salmor 8El Iierro9. H'BITAT H,bitat en su ,rea de distribuci)n natural e introducida Ocupa h.bitats muy di2ersos zonas de matorral y bos/ue mediterr.neo, plantaciones de frutales, huertas, bos/ues caducifolios no muy fros y en general cual/uier h.bitat con cobertura 2egetal suficiente. Eambién puede 2i2ir en ncleos urbanos, y zonas periurbanas /ue presenten alimentos y 2egetaci1n suficientes. En cual/uier caso es menos comensal /ue R. norvegicus. Construye nidos aéreos, a cierta altura sobre el suelo, entre ramas y hojarascas, Suelen ser esféricos y presentar una sola abertura. Eambién exca2a madrigueras subterr.neas en la base de los .rboles, utilizando sus races como soporte 8;amorano & Palomo, 2007' Blanco, 19989. En general prefiere zonas con 2egetaci1n densa con sotobos/ue bien desarrollado y cobertura 2egetal abundante, probablemente, debido a sus h.bitos trepadores 8Blanco, 1998' Iarper et al., 20059. H,bitat en ,rea de introducci)n en Canarias Est. presente en todos los h.bitats terrestres, desde la orilla del mar hasta las zonas altas, si bien muestra las mayores densidades en el monte2erde. Durante las acciones de desratizaci1n lle2adas a cabo en las inmediaciones de las .reas recreati2as de los Espacios Naturales 5orestales de Eenerife no fue detectada en ambientes de pinar con sotobos/ue abierto 8Rando, 2007' 20099. BIOLO-.A / ECOLO-.A Ecolog0a tr)fica Omn2ora, su dieta incluye frutos, grano e in2ertebrados. Eambién depredan sobre hue2os y pollos de a2es /ue nidifican tanto en el suelo como en los .rboles. Es una de las especie in2asoras m.s da0inas por lo /ue sus efectos sobre las a2es marinas 8Jones et al., 20089, as comos sobre otros grupos, tanto de animales como 2egetales 8Eowns et al., 200,' Iowald et al., 20079, son de sobra conocidos. Biolog0a de la reproducci)n En las poblaciones sil2estres existe un ciclo reproductor estacional definido. Iay machos acti2os durante todo el a0o, aun/ue durante los meses in2ernales el porcentaje es mnimo. -a duraci1n del fotoperodo determina el inicio de la acti2idad reproductora de las hembras, /ue comienza en febrero y finaliza en octubre. En las poblaciones del sur de la Pennsula puede darse un le2e reposo esti2al. -a gestaci1n dura 21 das, la lactancia un mes y habitualmente se suceden dos partos durante la temporada de cra. En ambientes urbanos y con alimento abundante R. rattus puede reproducirse de manera ininterrumpida y producir hasta cinco camadas al a0o. -as hembras alcanzan la madurez sexual entre las seis y siete semanas de 2ida y los machos algo m.s tarde, a partir de las siete u ocho semanas. El nmero de embriones por camada oscila entre uno y doce, siendo siete el 2alor m.s frecuente. -a reabsorci1n embrionaria llega a afectar al ,,2D de los embriones implantados. 8;amorano & Palomo, 20079. Interacciones entre especies -a rata negra forma parte de la dieta de la aguililla 8Buteo buteo9, el cerncalo 8Falco tinnunculus9, el bho chico 8Asio otus9, la lechuza 8Tyto alba9 8Martn & -orenzo, 20019 y el gato cimarr1n 8Felis silvestres catus9 8Nogales & Medina, 199,, 2009' Medina & Nogales, 20099. Patr)n social y comportamiento Suelen 2i2ir en grupos jerar/uizados dominados por un macho adulto y dos hembras subordinadas. El ciclo anual de abundancia depende de la intensidad del ciclo reproductor, as los adultos constituyen la fracci1n dominante entre enero y julio y son los /ue participan de manera acti2a en la reproducci1n de ese a0o. En agosto comienza el reclutamiento masi2o de j12enes y la muerte de los nacidos el a0o anterior, con lo /ue cada a0o tiene lugar una reno2aci1n casi total de la poblaci1n. R. rattus es una especie eminentemente crepuscular y nocturna, aun/ue es f.cil obser2arla desplaz.ndose durante el da. 8;amorano & Palomo, 20079. Demograf0a En estado sil2estre rara 2ez supera los 18 meses de 2ida. -os ndices de mortalidad se sitan en un 90-95D por lo /ue la mayora de los indi2iduos no sobre2i2en de un a0o a otro 8Blanco, 19989. Contreras 819889, en el Par/ue Nacional de Harajonay, encuentra densidades entre 33 y 19,, indi2iduos6ha en 1997 y 1998, respecti2amente. FECHA O PERIODO DE INTRODUCCI#N Si bien se considera introducida de manera in2oluntaria a partir de la llegada de los europeos 8siglo LAM9, existe un yacimiento en -anzarote donde se ha mencionado su presencia en ni2eles ar/ueol1gicos 8Criado & Atoche, 20039. Al no existir datos de la presencia de esta especie, en ni2eles ar/ueol1gicos o paleontol1gicos, en ninguna otra isla del archipiélago, este sorprendente dato sobre la presencia temprana de esta especie ex1tica en Canarias, re/uiere de una re2isi1n de estos materiales, as como una confirmaci1n de su antigNedad a tra2és de dataciones directas sobre estos huesos 8Rando et al., 20089. 4.A / CAU A DE INTRODUCCI#N Su introducci1n se considera in2oluntaria o accidental, asociada al transporte martimo y de mercancas. PRINCIPAL 4.A DE DI PER I#N O PROPA-ACI#N Dentro de una isla se dispersa por sus propios medios y apro2echando el mo2imientos de mercancas y 2ehculos. Entre islas apro2echando el tr.fico de mercancas por 2a terrestre, marina y aérea. I5PACTO Se ha comprobado la depredaci1n sobre frutos, semillas, hojas y brotes de 2arias especies 2egetales integrantes del monte2erde como la tabaiba de monte2erde 8Euphorbia mellifera9 8Ojeda, 20079 y 2arias especies arb1reas 8Ba0ares & Bar/un, 1982' Delgado, 1997' 2000' 2002' Hodoy, 2001' Sal2ande et al., 2001' H1mez & 5ern.ndez, 2003' Era2eset et al., 20099, lo /ue podra afectar a la regeneraci1n, estructura y composici1n del bos/ue de laurisil2a. -a rata negra también es considerada entre los factores /ue amenazan la super2i2encia de 2arias especies de 2ertebrados 8Martn et al., 19909, particularmente de a2es como las palomas tur/ué 8Columba bollii9 y rabiche 8Columba unoniae9 8Iern.ndez et al., 1999' Delgado et al., 20059 y la terrera marisme0a en Eenerife 8-orenzo et al., 20019. En lo /ue respecta a los reptiles se considera muy probable su depredaci1n sobre hue2os o ju2eniles del lagarto gigante de Eenerife 8Gallotia intermedia9 8Rando, 2002' Hino2és et al. 20059. Mer OSituaci1n legal de las especies afectadasP. Su llegada a Canarias se relaciona directamente con la extinci1n del rat1n del malpas Malpaisomys insularis, roedor endémico de las islas orientales cuyo ltimo registro obtenido mediante 14C se sita en 1270-1395 cal AD 8Rando et al., 20089. AFECCIONE OBRE H'BITAT / E PACIO PROTE-IDO H,bitats incluidos en el Ane6o I de la Directiva de H,bitats y Red Natura 2000 Se encuentra presente en pr.cticamente todos los h.bitats terrestres y espacios incluidos en la Red Natura 2000. Red Canaria de Espacios Naturales Protegidos Aun/ue su distribuci1n en los espacios naturales protegidos no es bien conocida, cabe resaltar /ue est.
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