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World Bank Document 34381 A WORLD BANK COUNTRY STUDY Education in the Public Disclosure Authorized Democratic Republic of Congo Priorities and Options for Regeneration Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized THE WORLD BANK A WORLD BANK COUNTRY STUDY Education in the Democratic Republic of Congo Priorities and Options for Regeneration THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. Copyright © 2005 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First Printing: April 2005 printed on recycled paper 12345070605 World Bank Country Studies are among the many reports originally prepared for internal use as part of the continuing analysis by the Bank of the economic and related conditions of its developing member countries and to facilitate its dialogues with the governments. Some of the reports are published in this series with the least possible delay for the use of governments, and the academic, business, financial, and development communities. The manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally- edited texts. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Direc- tors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply and judgment on the part of The World Bank of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly to reproduce portions of the work. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, Tel: 978-750-8400, Fax: 978-750-4470, www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, Fax: 202-522-2422, email: [email protected]. ISBN-10: 0-8213-6121-X ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-6121-4 eISBN: 0-8213-6122-8 ISSN: 0253-2123 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-6121-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested. Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgments xiii Acronyms and Abbreviations xv Executive Summary xvii 1. Education in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Background and Context 1 The Context: The Land, People and Recent History Geographical Spread 2 Political and Administrative Structure 6 Demographic Context 8 Economic Growth, Poverty and Social Development 11 The System of Educational Administration—School Education 14 Administration of Higher Education 18 Legal Framework for the Unsubsidized Private Sector in Education 18 Conclusions and Recommendations 19 2. Overview of the Education System—Growth and Efficiency 21 Structure of the Education System 22 Data Sources. 24 Analysis of Enrollment Statistics 24 Analysis of Household Survey Data—Primary Education 38 Summary and Recommendations 42 3. Education Finance in the Democratic Republic of Congo 45 Public Spending on Education—Trends and Composition 46 Household Financing of Primary and Secondary Education 58 The Components of Costs in Primary and Secondary Education— Teachers’ Salaries, Textbooks and Construction Costs 64 4. Quality in Primary and Secondary Education—Learning Outcomes and Learning Conditions 75 Student Achievement In Primary Education 76 Student Performance in Secondary Education 83 Learning Conditions in Public Primary Schools 83 Learning Conditions in Public Secondary Schools 90 The Pedagogical Support System 92 Management of the School System 94 iii IV Contents Summary and Recommendations 96 ANNEX 4-1: Characteristics of the Achievement Test 99 5. Higher Education 101 Organization of Higher Education 102 Personnel in Higher Education 107 Quality of Programs 110 Costs and Financing 112 Summary and Recommendations 118 6. Financial Simulations 123 Key Scenarios and Assumptions 124 Evaluation of Scenarios: Impact on Coverage Indicators 132 Impact on Expenditure Requirements 133 Expenditure Composition, Per Pupil Expenditures and External Aid Requirements under Scenario 4 . 136 Summary and Directions for Future Analysis 144 ANNEX 6-1: Quality Improvement Measures 146 LIST OF TABLES 1.1. Forest Areas by Province (1990) 4 1.2. Population Estimates and Projections (millions) 9 1.3. Percentage Distribution of the Population by 5 Year Age Groups 10 1.4. Distribution of Population by Province (estimates), 2002 11 1.5. Output and Inflation (1997–2002) 12 1.6. Social and Health Indicators by Province 14 2.1. Structure of the Education System in DRC 23 2.2. Growth of the Education System in DRC—1986/87 and 2001/02 27 2.3. Percentage Increase between 1986/87 and 2001/02 27 2.4. Average Annual Growth Rate of Enrollment by Stage of Education 31 2.5. Growth of Secondary Education by Stream 31 2.6. Gross Enrollment Ratio by Level of Education 32 2.7. Representation of Girls in Primary and Secondary Education—by Province 34 2.8. Gross Enrollment Rates by Gender, Province and Level of Education (2001/02) 35 2.9. Promotion, Repetition and Dropout Rates at the Primary Stage 36 2.10. Coefficient of Internal Efficiency, 2000–01 38 2.11. Comparison of GER Based on the Annuaires statistiques and MICS 2001 39 Contents V 2.12. GER and NER of Households Ranked by Wealth Index 40 2.13. Children Aged Above 11 Years Old in Primary Classes 40 2.14. Mean Age by Class and Wealth Group 41 2.15. Percentage of Enrollment by Age and Wealth Index 41 3.1. Central Government Finances and External Debt 46 3.2. Public Expenditures on Education (in current prices) 48 3.3. Real Public Expenditures (in millions of constant 2002 US dollars) 49 3.4. Sub-Sectoral Shares of Public Spending on Education 49 3.5. Composition of Recurrent Public Expenditure (actual 2002) 50 3.6. Real Per Pupil Expenditures (in constant 2002 US dollars) 51 3.7. Per Pupil Expenditure in Primary and Secondary Schools, 2002 51 3.8. Administrative Staff, 2002 52 3.9. Share of Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff in Education Institutions, 2002 53 3.10. Factors Affecting Unit Costs 53 3.11. Deviation between Estimated Salary Bill and Actual Salary Payment, 2002 56 3.12. Pupil Fees and Charges in Public Schools 59 3.13. Per Pupil Charges for Primary Public Schools By Provinces, 2003 and 2004 (in FC) 62 3.14. Per Pupil Charges for Secondary by Type of School (FC), 2003 and 2004 63 3.15. Earnings of Teachers and School Directors in Public and Private Primary Schools in FC (2003, areas under government control) 65 3.16. Earnings of Teachers in Public and Private Secondary Schools in FC (2003, areas under government control) 66 3.17. Cost of Construction—DRC and Other African Countries 68 3.18. Cost of Classroom Construction—International Comparisons 69 4.1. Target Schools—Average Scores in French and Mathematics 77 4.2. Comparator Schools—Average Scores in French and Mathematics 78 4.3. Average Scores in French by Competency—Congolese Students 79 4.4. Comparison of Average Scores in Language (4th grade Congolese, 2nd and 4th grade French students) 80 4.5. Average Scores in Mathematics by Sub-Domain—Congolese Students 81 4.6. Comparison of Average Scores in Mathematics (4th grade Congolese and 4th grade French students) 81 4.7. Determinants of Pupil Achievement in French (MLA test) 82 4.8. Type of Construction and Age of Primary Classrooms (public schools) 84 4.9. Percentage of Primary Schools Where Classrooms are in Bad Condition (Public Schools) 84 4.10. Primary Teachers’ Qualifications and Age (2003) 85 VI Contents 4.11. Distribution of Public Primary Teachers by Education Level and Province (2001–02) 86 4.12. Class Size in Primary Schools (2001–02) 87 4.13. Proportion of Primary Schools with Small Classes (2001–02) 88 4.14. Proportion of Primary Schools with Large Classes (2001–02) 88 4.15. Age Distribution of Children in Class 1. 89 4.16. Primary Education: Organization of Time in School 90 4.17. Average Age of Teachers in Public Secondary Schools–2003 (in years) 91 4.18. Percentage of Secondary Classes Not Conforming to Class Size Norms (2001–02) 92 4.19. Instructional Materials Sold to Schools (1998–2003) 93 4.20. Regression Results on Adherence to Norms for Personnel in Primary Education Dependent Variable: Actual personnel in a school 94 5.1. Capacity and Actual Enrollment of Public Institutions in Kinshasa, 1989–2000 105 5.2. Estimates of Student Enrollment by Faculty in Public Institutions 106 5.3. Academic and Scientific Personnel in Public Higher Education, July 2003 107 5.4. Administrative, Technical and Other Staff in Public Higher Institutions, November 2002 109 5.5. Internal Efficiency in University of Kinshasa, 1999–2000 110 5.6. Percentage Share of Graduates from UNIKIN and UNILU 1996/97–2001/02 110 5.7. Annual Teaching Hours of UNIKIN Professors Teaching in Université Kongo, Faculty of Economics 111 5.8. Sources of Finance, University of Kinshasa—1998 and 2002 (excluding direct state subsidies) 114 5.9.
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