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Miedzy Tolerancja a Islamofobia.Pdf UNIWERSYTET ŁÓDZKI Katedra Bliskiego Wschodu i Północnej Afryki Między tolerancją a islamofobią Muzułmanie w Polsce, muzułmanie na świecie redakcja Marta Woźniak-Bobińska i Blanka Rogowska Łódź 2017 RECENZENCI prof. zw. dr hab. Barbara Michalak-Pikulska dr hab. Izabela Kończak, prof. nadzw. UŁ REDAKTORZY dr Marta Woźniak-Bobińska mgr Blanka Rogowska PROJEKT OKŁADKI Damian Antczak SKŁAD I ŁAMANIE Jowita Podwysocka-Modrzejewska Katedra Bliskiego Wschodu i Północnej Afryki UŁ ul. Narutowicza 59a, 90-131 Łódź e-mail: [email protected] www.kbwipa.uni.lodz.pl ISBN 978–83–63547–09–7 SPIS TREŚCI WSTP ............................................................................................................................................... HISTORIA Maciej Czyż BIZANCJUM A LUDNO CHRZECIJASKA W TRAKCIE PODBOJU (X–XI WIEK) .................................... Jacek Pietrzak POLACY A BLISKI WSCHÓD PODCZAS II WOJNY WIATOWEJ ................................................................ Jakub G. Gajda ROLA PASTW BLISKOWSCHODNICH W KONFLIKCIE AFGASKIM. RYWALIZACJA IRANU I ARABII SAUDYJSKIEJ O WPŁYWY W WIECIE ISLAMU (–) .................... Michał Kozicki THE HISTORY OF RAILWAYS IN LEBANON AND SYRIA AND THEIR UNCERTAIN FUTURE .......................... Elmontser D.M.E. Elmoubark FARAS — A SIGN OF RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE IN SUDAN ....................................................................... EKONOMIA Julia Celejewska MUZUŁMASKIE KREDYTY W SKALI MIKRO ........................................................................................ Sylwia Pająk KAPITAŁ ARABSKI W WIECIE SPORTU — SZEJKOWIE Z ZATOKI PERSKIEJ KONKURENCJ DLA EUROPEJSKICH INWESTORÓW ............................................................................... SPOŁECZESTWO Matylda Maria Konarczak OBRAZ SPOŁECZESTWA TUNEZYJSKIEGO — PRÓBA ANALIZY W PIT ROCZNIC WYDARZE Z ROKU ........................................................ Dominik Wróblewski ISLAM W KRAJU KWITNCEJ WINI. CZY JAPONIA JEST PRZYCHYLNA MUZUŁMANOM? ................................................................................ Edyta Górka STOP ISLAMIZACJI — STRACH PRZED ISLAMEM W OCZACH INTERNAUTÓW ........................................ Marta Werka STOSUNEK MIESZKACÓW WARSZAWY DO OBECNOCI MECZETÓW W MIEJSCU ZAMIESZKANIA NA TLE ANALOGICZNEJ RELACJI WOBEC WITY INNYCH MNIEJSZOCI RELIGIJNYCH ........................ LITERARURA I KULTURA Michał Kuran KULTURA I OBYCZAJE MUZUŁMASKIE MIESZKACÓW IMPERIUM OSMASKIEGO W KRONICE TO JEST HISTORYI ŚWIATA MARCINA BIELSKIEGO ................................................................ Mohammed Al-Gaim SYTUACJA SPOŁECZNO-KULTURALNA ORAZ POEZJA IRACKA PO ROKU ........................................ Damian Kokoć WTKI ARABSKO-MUZUŁMASKIE W KRONIKACH DIUNY FRANKA HERBERTA ....................................... Agata Pospieszyńska KOBIETA — REYSERKA, TEMAT I TWÓRCA W KINIE MAGHREBU ...................................................... Blanka Rogowska „JELI HIP-HOP MA OFICJALN RELIGI, TO JEST NI ISLAM” — O MUZUŁMASKIM HIP-HOPIE I JEGO ROLI W WIELOKULTUROWEJ RZECZYWISTOCI .................... WSTĘP Inny jest całkowicie i bezgranicznie inny. Tak bardzo inny, że nigdy go naprawdę „nie ma”. Lecz nie ma dlatego, że on już jest wśród nas. [Trzeba] przestać mówić „inny”, a zacząć mówić, że to konkretny człowiek1. Prof. Tadeusz Sławek Kiedy w pierwszej połowie 2015 roku zaczynałyśmy zbierać teksty do niniejszego tomu, od czterech lat trwała wojna w Syrii, Europą wstrząsał kryzys migracyjny, zaś polski rząd deklaro- wał chęć przyjęcia około 6,5 tysiąca uchodźców. Jednak w drugiej połowie 2015 roku na pol- skiej scenie politycznej nastąpiła zmiana, która pociągnęła za sobą wycofanie się z tych obietnic — Polska, podobnie jak jedenaście z 32 krajów europejskich, nie wpuściła na swoje terytorium żadnych imigrantów z obozów w Grecji i Włoszech. Jednocześnie, mimo fizycznej nieobecności bliskowschodnich azylantów, zaczęła narastać niechęć w stosunku do nich, podsycana donie- sieniami medialnymi o zamachach przeprowadzonych przez fundamentalistów muzułmańskich w Europie Zachodniej. W relacjach telewizyjnych, prasowych oraz internetowych coraz częściej stawiano znak równości między uchodźcami a terrorystami. To z kolei prowadziło do narastania w Polsce nacjonalizmu i ksenofobii, przejawiających się w coraz częstszych atakach na cudzo- ziemców. Nawołujący do spokoju głos specjalistów od migracji oraz islamu, jak również ludzi zaan- gażowanych w dialog okazał się zbyt słaby, zresztą nie tylko u nas, ale w całej niemal Europie. Zwyciężył strach, chęć odgrodzenia się od niebezpiecznych „innych”. Zabrakło zaufania, które — jak słusznie zauważa Tadeusz Sławek — „buduje się w tym momencie, gdy człowiek zaczyna widzieć drugiego człowieka jako niewypełnionego całkowicie, niespełniającego się całkowicie w tej roli, którą mu się narzuca. Trzeba dostrzec to, jakim ktoś nie jest wedle przypisanych mu ról i schematów. Jeśli traktujemy drugiego wyłącznie jako […] uchodźcę, w tym momencie mar- gines zaufania dramatycznie się kurczy”2. Co może zrobić w takim razie ten, który nie godzi się na przekreślanie „innego” z powodu jego pochodzenia, religii, koloru skóry? Może nie odwracać wzroku od tego, co się dzieje, może 1 T. Sławek, B. Strzelczyk, Zróbcie miejsce na karnawał, „Tygodnik Powszechny” 23.01.2017. 2 Ibidem. 6 nie ulegać nacjonalizmowi, może protestować przeciw budowaniu murów — one zresztą nigdy nie rozwiązały problemów. Dalej, taki ktoś może podjąć dyskusję w rodzinnym czy przyjaciel- skim gronie, odcinając się od wizji świata, w której „inni”, zwłaszcza ci wyznający islam, stano- wią wyłącznie zagrożenie. Do prowadzenia takiej dyskusji konieczna jest jednak wiedza. Książka, który oddajemy do rąk Czytelnika, to kolejna publikacja Katedry Bliskiego Wscho- du i Północnej Afryki mająca na celu zbudowanie tej wiedzy przez prezentację szeroko rozumia- nej tematyki arabsko-muzułmańskiej. Szesnaście tekstów przyporządkowałyśmy do następują- cych tematów: historia, ekonomia, społeczeństwo, literatura i kultura. Tom otwiera rozdział autorstwa Macieja Czyża poświęcony podbojom muzułmańskim z X i XI wieku. Zdziwi się jednak ten, kto spodziewa się wyłącznie opisu krwawych rzezi doko- nywanych na chrześcijanach przez wyznawców islamu. Owszem, muzułmanie często traktowali bliskowschodnich chrześcijan jako „piątą kolumnę”, lecz i Bizantyńczykom zdarzały się ataki na bliskowschodnie kościoły, czy łupienie relikwii należących do miejscowych chrześcijan. I nie usprawiedliwia tu Bizantyńczyków fakt, że czasem trudno było rozróżnić zarabizowanych chrze- ścijan od muzułmanów — po prostu jedność chrześcijaństwa była w opisywanym okresie raczej niedosiężnym ideałem niż rzeczywistością. Czytelnika nie rozczaruje również rozdział omawiający losy Polaków na Bliskim Wschodzie podczas II wojny światowej. Uchodźcy cywilni i żołnierze polskich formacji wojskowych znaleźli się wówczas w wielu krajach arabskich, poza tym w Iranie oraz w Turcji. Jacek Pietrzak opisu- je wojenny szlak Polaków, a także ich relacje z ludnością w Iranie, Iraku, Palestynie i Libanie. Czyni to w sposób obiektywny, nie egzagerując znaczenia tych relacji, lecz i nie umniejszając ich wagi — zauważa zwłaszcza inicjatywy polskiej elity intelektualnej na wychodźstwie: Towa- rzystwo Studiów Irańskich, Biuro Studiów Centrum Informacji na Wschodzie czy powojenne placówki w Palestynie i Libanie. Iran oraz Arabia Saudyjska to dwa mocarstwa regionalne, za których rywalizacją stoi podział na szyitów i sunnitów. Saudyjsko-irańska walka o wpływy w świecie islamu często przenosi się na terytoria państw trzecich. Jakub Gajda wyróżnia aż sześć faz konfliktu afgańskiego począwszy od roku 1979 — w każdej z nich Iran i Arabia Saudyjska odgrywały nieco inną rolę. To waż- ny tekst, zwłaszcza w kontekście obecności od 2002 roku Polskiego Kontyngentu Wojskowego w Afganistanie. Kolejne dwa rozdziały — anglojęzyczne — poświęcone są historii kolei w Syrii i Libanie oraz znaleziskom polskiej misji archeologicznej w Faras. Michał Kozicki niezwykle drobiazgowo opi- suje początki transportu kolejowego na terenach dzisiejszej Syrii oraz Libanu (wówczas w Impe- rium Osmańskim); jego tekst z pewnością trafi do fanów kolejnictwa. Natomiast Elmontser El- moubark przedstawia dowody na tolerancję i wielowiekowe pokojowe współistnienie chrześcijan i muzułmanów w Nubii (dzisiejszym Sudanie). Piękną kartę we współczesnej historii stosunków polsko-sudańskich zapisali polscy archeolodzy z prof. Kazimierzem Michałowskim na czele, któ- rzy w latach 60. XX wieku w ramach misji ratunkowej UNESCO odkryli wczesnochrześcijańską katedrę w Faras. Połowa z ocalonych malowideł trafiła do Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie. Na część drugą książki składają się dwa rozdziały traktujące o ekonomii. Julia Celejewska omawia muzułmańskie mikrokredyty. Idea mikrofinansów zrodziła się 40 lat temu w Bangla- deszu w głowie muzułmańskiego profesora ekonomii — Muhammada Yunusa, zaś od lat 90. XX wieku zaczęła zyskiwać na popularności na całym świecie. Kraje muzułmańskie, które stosują mikrokredyty to — oprócz Bangladeszu — Pakistan, Egipt i Maroko. Starają się one przestrze- gać w bankowości zasad prawa muzułmańskiego, szariatu. Oznacza to, że zamiast czerpać zyski 7 z odsetek, wykształciły nieoprocentowaną pożyczkę przynoszącą podobne rezultaty. Pozostając w tematyce ekonomicznej, przenosimy się do krajów Zatoki Perskiej. Inwestycjom tamtejszych szejków w świat sportu przygląda się z dużym entuzjazmem Sylwia Pająk. Przedstawia finansowe posunięcia trzech linii lotniczych: Emirates Airline,
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