DOCSLIB.ORG

Restarting Sydney's Heart Light Rail the Engine of Change

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Restarting Sydney's Heart Light Rail the Engine of Change The WestLine Partnership LIGHT RAIL FOR SYDNEY’S OLYMPIC CORRIDOR RESPONSE TO DELOITTE REPORT WESTMEAD – STRATHFIELD Restarting Sydney’s Heart Light Rail the Engine of Change Restarting Sydney’s Heart Light Rail the Engine of Change Examination of a Proposed Light Rail through the Olympic Corridor February 2015 THE OLYMPIC CORRIDOR Carlingford A40 A28 Westmead A40 WESTMEAD UWS HOSPITAL A40 VICTORIA ROAD UWS Meadowbank Rydalmere Parramatta A6 A3 Rosehill Camellia M4 Wentworth Rhodes The Situation ROSEHILL Point RACECOURSE The Western Sydney Light Rail network aims to provide Duck River an uplift in public transport capacity to help develop employment centres close to the homes of people in Western Sydney, and improve accessibility to emerging IKEA Newington growth centres. The NSW Government is currently considering Clyde A44 four new Western Sydney Light rail routes: ANZ STADIUM & RAS SHOWGROUND 1 — Parramatta to Olympic Park Concord West (along the Olympic Corridor) M4 PARRAMATTA ROAD 2 — Parramatta to Macquarie Park Carter St Olympic via Carlingford Park 3 — Parramatta to Castle Hill via Old Northern Road 4 — Parramatta to Bankstown FLEMINGTON MARKETS Flemington EAST—WEST ROUTE NORTH—SOUTH ROUTE A44 The Olympic Corridor Benefits of Light Rail Costs LIGHT RAIL Strathfield • Represents the geographic and • Contains hospitals, a central POTENTIAL• ROUTECould provide up to • A light rail trip from Parramatta to • For the purposes of the study, Deloitte • Even using the most conservative demographic centre of Sydney. business district, business parks, 108,000 jobs in The Corridor. Olympic Park will be around twice examined the possible development of application, if the State Government Begins at Westmead and Olympic legacy facilities, major as fast as existing public transport. a 7 km light rail link between Camellia were to apply this same Voluntary connects the Greater Parramatta foreshores, four university • Provides the ‘missing link’. and Olympic Park, using standard Planning Arrangement across the area with the Olympic peninsula, campuses, major stadiums, The current rail network does • Will service an area that has industry cost measurement, and wider Olympic Corridor it has the including Rhodes and Strathfield. national entertainment venues, not support a journey from already been earmarked for estimated it at between $210 m – capacity to raise $1.1 billion in private Legend and significant recreational Parramatta to Sydney Olympic development, including two of $420 million in capital costs. sector contributions. • Home to more than 120,000 open space. Park via Camellia. Sydney’s 13 Priority Precincts, Olympic Light Rail Corridor workers and two of Australia’s Carter Street and Wentworth • Deloitte also reviewed the developer/ • This would cover 100% of the capital top 20 economies. • Expected to deliver 6000 • The Corridor has the ability to Point. RMS partnership model employed cost for this light rail route as well as North South additional dwellings at Sydney accommodate almost a fifth of recently where the private sector make a significant contribution to the Corridor Olympic Park and 21,000 new required infill and a third of all • Is aligned with the NSW funded the entire development and cost of remediation of the Camellia Motorway dwellings in the Camellia precinct new jobs in Western Sydney Government’s strategic planning forward maintenance costs of the industrial precinct – making it a ‘no Major Road over the next 20 years. by 2036. policies, including its recent Plan Homebush Bay Bridge between cost to government’ infrastructure Sydney Harbour for Growing Sydney. Wentworth Point and Rhodes. project. Regional Parkland Why build the Olympic Corridor route as part of Stage 1 of the Western Sydney Light Rail Network? • Has the potential to accommodate almost a fifth • Will deliver significant and sustainable ‘smart jobs of required infill and a third of all new jobs in of the future’ to Western Sydney and attract global Western Sydney by 2036. investment to the region. • Through private sector support there is potential • Will deliver more potential jobs and new dwellings for two Western Sydney Light Rail lines to be built than Barangaroo, Bays Precinct, Green Square for one cost – because of the capacity to raise over and Central to Eveleigh combined. $1 billion from a Voluntary Planning Arrangement with private developers. • The Olympic Corridor is the only region in Metropolitan Sydney where high density residential • The light rail project is estimated to support development will be welcomed by the community 1800 to 4200 jobs during construction. and has the capacity to stimulate tourism, urban regeneration and environmental repair. • The Olympic Corridor link will see Camellia and Parramatta River foreshore cleaned up, Rosehill • The light rail could have the capacity to move Gardens Racecourse and Convention Centre 5000 passengers per hour in both directions upgraded, the Olympic Park legacy completed and through the Corridor. This is equivalent to University of Western Sydney campuses linked. 40 light rail services in place of 200 buses. The WestLine WestLine Partnership acknowledges the following supporters: AECOM, GJS, FDC Construction, Strathfield City Council, Partnership University of Western Sydney, Graf International, McCollough Robertson LIGHT RAIL FOR SYDNEY’S OLYMPIC CORRIDOR WestLine Partnership AUBURN CITY COUNCIL Many Cultures One Community is project managed by Taylor Street Advisory Contact Christopher Brown 0418 555 077 Taylor Street Advisory PO Box 218 Rozelle NSW 2039 taylorstreetadvisory.com STRATEGY | COMMUNICATIONS | ANALYSIS | ADVOCACY.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Western Sydney Airport Fast Train – Discussion Paper
    Western Sydney Airport Fast 2 March 2016 Train - Discussion Paper Reference: 250187 Parramatta City Council & Sydney Business Chamber - Western Sydney Document control record Document prepared by: Aurecon Australasia Pty Ltd ABN 54 005 139 873 Australia T +61 2 9465 5599 F +61 2 9465 5598 E [email protected] W aurecongroup.com A person using Aurecon documents or data accepts the risk of: a) Using the documents or data in electronic form without requesting and checking them for accuracy against the original hard copy version. b) Using the documents or data for any purpose not agreed to in writing by Aurecon. Disclaimer This report has been prepared by Aurecon at the request of the Client exclusively for the use of the Client. The report is a report scoped in accordance with instructions given by or on behalf of Client. The report may not address issues which would need to be addressed with a third party if that party’s particular circumstances, requirements and experience with such reports were known and may make assumptions about matters of which a third party is not aware. Aurecon therefore does not assume responsibility for the use of, or reliance on, the report by any third party and the use of, or reliance on, the report by any third party is at the risk of that party. Project 250187 DRAFT REPORT: NOT FORMALLY ENDORSED BY PARRAMATTA CITY COUNCIL Parramatta Fast Train Discussion Paper FINAL DRAFT B to Client 2 March.docx 2 March 2016 Western Sydney Airport Fast Train - Discussion Paper Date 2 March 2016 Reference 250187 Aurecon
    [Show full text]
  • Rozelle Campus M1
    Berry St HUNTLEYS POINT The Point Rd Bay Rd NORTH SYDNEY Burns Bay Rd Bay Burns NEUTRAL BAY Pacific Hwy Kurraba Rd WAVERTON Y A W Union St E G TA CREMORNE POINT OT CHURCH ST WHARF RD C Y A W EN RD GA LAVENDER GLOVER ST BAY CAMPBELL ST Rozelle Campus M1 FREDBERT ST MCMAHONS MILSONS POINT POINT KIRRIBILLI BALMAIN RD PERRY ST 0 100 m Sydney Harbour Sydney HarbourTunnel A40 Sydney Harbour Bridge Victoria Rd Montague St Lyons Rd Sydney RUSSELL LEA DRUMMOYNE Opera BALMAIN Hickson Rd House MILLERS POINT Beattie St Darling St BALMAIN EAST Cahill Expressway Darling St THE ROCKS The Hungry Mile A40 Mullens St SYDNEY ROZELLE Pirrama Rd Royal Victoria Rd Phillip St Botanical Macquarie St Western Distributor Gardens RODD University A4 Cahill Expressway POINT of Sydney Mrs Macquaries Rd (Rozelle) Clarence St Bowman St Sussex St George St Leichhardt Balmain Rd PYRMONT York St The Henley Marine Dr Park Western Distributor Domain M1 See Enlargement Elizabeth St Art Gallery Rd WOOLLOOMOOLOO Rozelle D The Crescent A4 o b Campus POTTS POINT ro y Perry St d Hyde P Balmain Rd LILYFIELD Pitt St d Park MacLeay St A4 Darling Dr Harbour St e Jubilee Cross City Tunnel College St Lilyfield Rd Park Eastern Distributor Cross City Tunnel A4 City West Link William St Darling Dr The Crescent The Glebe Point Rd Wentworth Fig St M1 Pyrmont Bridge Rd Wattle St Park Liverpool St Hawthorne Canal Harris St Oxford St Goulburn St Norton St FOREST Darling Dr Johnston St Moore St LODGE ULTIMO Darlinghurst VictoriaRd St Minogue Cres Wigram Rd HABERFIELD ANNANDALE GLEBE Campbell St Eastern Distributor Balmain Rd HAYMARKET Bay St University of Tasmania 0 250 500 1000 m Booth St Bridge Rd www.utas.edu.au Elizabeth St Foster St Tel: +61 2 8572 7995 (Rozelle Campus) Collins St SURRY LEICHHARDT Central HILLS Leichhardt St Station © Copyright Demap, February 2017 Lee St Ross St Broadway Flinders St PADDINGTON City Rd CHIPPENDALE CAMPERDOWN STRAWBERRY HILLS.
    [Show full text]
  • Initial Project Submissions
    M4 Extension M4 PART 3: INITIAL PROJECT SUBMISSIONS M4 Extension NSW GOVERNMENT SUBMISSION TO INFRASTRUCTURE AUSTRALIA TEMPLATE FOR SUMMARIES OF FURTHER PRIORITY PROJECTS JULY 2010 Project Summary (2 pages, excluding attachments) Initiative Name: M4 Extension Location (State/Region(or City)/ Locality): Sydney, NSW Name of Proponent Entity: Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW Contact (Name, Position, phone/e-mail): Paul Goldsmith General Manager, Motorway Projects Phone: 8588 5710 or 0413 368 241 [email protected] Project Description: • Provide a description of the initiative and the capability it will provide. The description needs to provide a concise, but clear description of the initiative’s scope. (approx 3 paragraphs) A motorway connection, mainly in tunnel, from the eastern end of the Western Freeway (M4) at North Strathfield to the western outskirts of the Sydney CBD and the road network near Sydney Airport. It would link M4 to the eastern section of the Sydney Orbital via the Cross City Tunnel and Sydney Harbour Bridge. The eastern section of the M4 (east of Parramatta) would be widened/upgraded. A twin tube tunnel is proposed from North Strathfield to just south of Campbell Road at St Peters with connections to the City West Link at Lilyfield/Rozelle and Parramatta Road/Broadway at Glebe/ Chippendale. A bus only connection at Parramatta Road, Haberfield is also possible. A further tunnel is proposed to connect Victoria Road near Gladesville Bridge to the main tunnel in the Leichhardt area. There is a proposed surface motorway link from just south of Campbell Road to the road network around Sydney Airport probably connecting to Canal Road and Qantas Drive (the latter subject to M5 East Expansion planning and Sydney Airport Corp Ltd agreement) with a potential link to M5 at Arncliffe.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Update August 2017
    Community update August 2017 Changes to bus stops in Rozelle, Lilyfield, Leichhardt, Annandale and Camperdown Transport for NSW has identified some ways to improve bus on-time running in Sydney’s inner west. Transport for NSW and Roads and Maritime Services } Norton Street near Carlisle Street asked the community for feedback between December } Norton Street near Norton Plaza (one removal only) 2015 and January 2016 on a proposal to make changes to some bus stops in Sydney’s inner west. We would like to } Parramatta Road near Mallet Street thank everyone for their comments. } Parramatta Road near Larkin Street We received feedback from 298 people and organisations. We expect to start work at these locations later in 2017 The feedback included comments around access to bus and will notify you before this happens. services, additional walking distances, loss of parking, removing trees on Norton Street and project justification. The detailed maps in this community update explain the final proposal of changes to bus stops. WHAT HAPPENS NEXT? BACKGROUND We summarised the feedback and our responses in a Community Consultation Report which can be viewed at These changes are part of Sydney’s Bus Future, the NSW www.rms.nsw.gov.au/bpp. Government’s plan to redesign Sydney’s bus network to meet customer needs now and into the future. In this plan, We considered all feedback while finalising the proposal our customers tell us that travel time and on-time running and decided not to proceed with changes at the are some of the most important service
    [Show full text]
  • Temporary Construction Site: Rozelle Rail Yards
    Community Update July 2018 Western Harbour Tunnel Temporary construction site: Rozelle Rail Yards Western Harbour Tunnel is a The NSW Government has now major transport infrastructure A temporary construction site is proposed for the Western released the proposed project project that makes it easier, Harbour Tunnel at the Rozelle reference design, and there will faster and safer to get around Rail Yards. be extensive community and Sydney. stakeholder engagement over The site will be shared with the the coming months. As Sydney continues to grow, our M4-M5 Link Project, helping to minimise construction impacts in transport challenge also increases We now want to hear what the area. and congestion impacts our you think about the proposed economy. The site will support the fit out the reference design. Western Harbour Tunnel ramps to Your feedback will help us further While the NSW Government actively City West Link, and for fit out of refine the design before we seek manages Sydney’s daily traffic the ventilation facility which will planning approval. demands and major new public be delivered as part of the M4-M5 transport initiatives are underway, it’s Link Project. There will be further extensive clear that even more must be done. community engagement once theSeaforth Spit Bridge Environmental Impact Statement Western Harbour Tunnel will provide is on public display.Northbridge Balgowlah Heights a new motorway tunnel connection Artarmon across Sydney Harbour between Seaforth Spit Bridge Rozelle and the Warringah Freeway Northbridge near North Sydney. Balgowlah Heights Artarmon It will form a new western bypass Lane Cove of the Sydney CBD, providing an Cammeray Ernest St St Leonards Mosman alternative to the heavily congested Falcon St Lane Cove Crows Nest Sydney Harbour Bridge, Western OFF Cammeray RAMP Cremorne Distributor and Anzac Bridge.
    [Show full text]
  • EPISODE 61 SUBURB SPOTLIGHT on GLADESVILLE Marcus
    EPISODE 61 SUBURB SPOTLIGHT ON GLADESVILLE Marcus: Good morning and welcome to another episode of the Sydney property inside podcast, your weekly podcast series that talks about all things property related in the city of Sydney. Michelle, how are you doing this fine morning? Michelle: Good, how are you? Marcus: Very very well. So today, we are going to back to one of our series which is the Suburbs Spotlight series and today, we're focused on Gladesville. Michelle: I know Gladesville. I know it well, I used to live there for a long time, actually. Marcus: Oh did you, I didn't know? Oh wow. Michelle: Yeah, I did. Marcus: 'Cause I personally don't know that much about Gladesville so this was certainly interesting reading for myself. Michelle: Yeah, Gladesville is a really interesting suburb. For those of you who don't know where it is, it's on the lower North Shore, northern suburbs of Sydney although sometimes it's counted as being part of the Inner West now, too. So it's situated on the northern banks of the Parramatta river and it's next to Hunters Hill to the northeast and Boronia Park to the north, with Ryde to the western side of it. It's approximately 10 Ks from the city and it's placed in between the local government area of the City of Ryde and the municipality of Hunters Hill. Michelle: So it's really got a very rich history, most of which I found on the dictionary of Sydney which is a fantastic website with lots of information about the history of different suburbs.
    [Show full text]
  • Contaminant Chemistry and Toxicity of Sediments in Sydney Harbour, Australia: Spatial Extent and Chemistry–Toxicity Relationships
    Vol. 363: 71–87, 2008 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published July 15 doi: 10.3354/meps07445 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Contaminant chemistry and toxicity of sediments in Sydney Harbour, Australia: spatial extent and chemistry–toxicity relationships Gavin F. Birch1,*, Stephanie McCready1, Edward R. Long2, Stuart S. Taylor1, 3, Gina Spyrakis1 1School of Geosciences, Environmental Geology Group, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia 2ERL Environmental, 3691 Cole Road South, Salem, Oregon 97306, USA 3URS, 116 Miller St., North Sydney, New South Wales, 2060, Australia ABSTRACT: The spatial distribution of chemical contamination and toxicity of surficial sediments in Sydney Harbour, Australia, was investigated in a 3-tiered, hierarchical approach. An initial chemical investigation throughout the entire estuary (Stage 1) indicated wide ranges and different spatial patterns in sediment chemical concentrations. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) were used as a preliminary estimate of possible toxicity in Stage 2 of the investigation. Assessment of chemical mixtures indicated that sediments in a small part (~2%) of the harbour had the highest probability of being toxic (~75%), whereas sediment in almost 25% of the port was estimated to have an inter- mediate (~50%) probability of being toxic. The SQG assessment in Stage 2 enabled careful stratifica- tion of the harbour into areas with different toxicity risks, reducing cost and time commitments in the final tier of assessment. The spatial survey carried out in Stage 3 involved concurrent chemical and ecotoxicological analyses. In this final stage, the degree of response in tests of amphipod survival in whole sediment samples, as well as in tests of microbial metabolism (Microtox©) and sea urchin egg fertilisation and embryo development in pore waters, generally increased with increasing chemical concentrations.
    [Show full text]
  • Temporary Construction Site: Victoria Road, Rozelle
    Community Update July 2018 Western Harbour Tunnel Temporary construction site: Victoria Road, Rozelle Western Harbour Tunnel is a The NSW Government has now major transport infrastructure A temporarily tunnelling site for Western Harbour Tunnel is released the proposed project project that makes it easier, proposed adjacent to Victoria reference design and there will faster and safer to get around Road, Rozelle. be extensive community and Sydney. This site is only needed stakeholder engagement over the temporarily and no major coming months. As Sydney continues to grow, our permanent facilities will be located transport challenge also increases We now want to hear what here. The site will be left clear for you think about the proposed and congestion impacts our future urban renewal. economy. reference design. Roads and Maritime recognises Your feedback will help us further While the NSW Government actively the importance of this site as refine the design before we seek manages Sydney’s daily traffic the home of the Balmain Tigers demands and major new public Leagues Club and will work with planning approval. transport initiatives are underway, it’s all parties concerned. There will be further extensive clear that even more must be done. community engagement once the Seaforth Spit Bridge Environmental Impact Statement Western Harbour Tunnel will provide is on public display. Northbridge a new motorway tunnel connection Balgowlah Heights Artarmon across Sydney Harbour between Seaforth Rozelle and the Warringah Freeway Spit Bridge near North Sydney. Northbridge Balgowlah Heights Artarmon It will form a new western bypass Lane Cove of the Sydney CBD, providing an Cammeray Ernest St alternative to the heavily congested St Leonards Mosman Falcon St Sydney Harbour Bridge, Western Lane Cove Crows Nest OFF Cremorne Distributor and Anzac Bridge.
    [Show full text]
  • Farewell to Rozelle Hospital Snip in Time - History Archives
    Farewell to Rozelle Hospital Snip in Time - History Archives Callan Park was opened with much pomp and ceremony in 1884. This group of splendid sandstone buildings set in park-like river view grounds in Rozelle was considered - in 1901 - to be one of the finest institutions in the Commonwealth. The inclusion of Broughton Hall Estate into the Callan Park complex and a further six repatriation wards for victims of 'shell shock' [took place] after the First World War. PRA The Story, 2005. (Eds) Chesterson J, Maller S & Turner B p15; www.pra.org.au Services for people with a mental illness have been provided on the Rozelle Hospital site since 1876. Rozelle Hospital was formed in 1976 from the amalgamation of Callan Park Hospital and the Broughton Hall Psychiatric Clinic. The History of Rozelle Hospital is in tandem with the historical, social and political context of the mentally ill of a new colony and the progressive maturity of a nation. The progressive changes between 1870 and the present day evidence this maturity as social attitudes gradually changed towards the care and treatment of the mentally ill. The ‘Kirkbride Block’ was named after the eminent American, Dr William Kirkbride who was renowned for his pioneering work on progressive mental health care. Rozelle Hospital has continued its services through the intervening years up to the present day in these historic buildings. Rozelle with its long and rich history has provided a milieu of progressive learning in treatment and care of the mentally ill with which it can be justly proud. http://www.cs.nsw.gov.au/rozdev/history.htm In 1873, due to severe overcrowding at the Hospital for the Insane at Gladesville, the Parkes Government purchased the "Callan Estates" (then a rural setting) of just over 100 acres for £12,500; with the express purpose of building a large lunatic asylum.
    [Show full text]
  • Speed Camera Locations
    April 2014 Current Speed Camera Locations Fixed Speed Camera Locations Suburb/Town Road Comment Alstonville Bruxner Highway, between Gap Road and Teven Road Major road works undertaken at site Camera Removed (Alstonville Bypass) Angledale Princes Highway, between Hergenhans Lane and Stony Creek Road safety works proposed. See Camera Removed RMS website for details. Auburn Parramatta Road, between Harbord Street and Duck Street Banora Point Pacific Highway, between Laura Street and Darlington Drive Major road works undertaken at site Camera Removed (Pacific Highway Upgrade) Bar Point F3 Freeway, between Jolls Bridge and Mt White Exit Ramp Bardwell Park / Arncliffe M5 Tunnel, between Bexley Road and Marsh Street Ben Lomond New England Highway, between Ross Road and Ben Lomond Road Berkshire Park Richmond Road, between Llandilo Road and Sanctuary Drive Berry Princes Highway, between Kangaroo Valley Road and Victoria Street Bexley North Bexley Road, between Kingsland Road North and Miller Avenue Blandford New England Highway, between Hayles Street and Mills Street Bomaderry Bolong Road, between Beinda Street and Coomea Street Bonnyrigg Elizabeth Drive, between Brown Road and Humphries Road Bonville Pacific Highway, between Bonville Creek and Bonville Station Road Brogo Princes Highway, between Pioneer Close and Brogo River Broughton Princes Highway, between Austral Park Road and Gembrook Road safety works proposed. See Auditor-General Deactivated Lane RMS website for details. Bulli Princes Highway, between Grevillea Park Road and Black Diamond Place Bundagen Pacific Highway, between Pine Creek and Perrys Road Major road works undertaken at site Camera Removed (Pacific Highway Upgrade) Burringbar Tweed Valley Way, between Blakeneys Road and Cooradilla Road Burwood Hume Highway, between Willee Street and Emu Street Road safety works proposed.
    [Show full text]
  • Contextual Analysis and Urban Design Objectives
    Rozelle Interchange Urban Design and Landscape Plan Contextual Analysis and Urban Design Objectives Artists impression: Pedestrian view along Victoria Road Caption(Landscape - Image shown description at full maturity and is indicative only). 03 White Bay Power Station Urban Design Objectives 3 Contextual analysis 3.1 Contextual analysis Local context WestConnex will extend from the M4 Motorway at The Rozelle Interchange will be a predominately Parramatta to Sydney Airport and the M5 underground motorway interchange with entry and Motorway, re-shaping the way people move exit points that connect to the wider transport through Sydney and generating urban renewal network at City West Link, Iron Cove and Anzac opportunities along the way. It will provide the Bridge. critical link between the M4 and M5, completing Sydney’s motorway network. Iron Cove and Rozelle Rail Yards sit on and are adjacent to disconnected urban environments. While the character varies along the route, the These conditions are the result of the historically WestConnex will be sensitively integrated into the typical approach to building large individual road built and natural environments to reconnect and systems which disconnect suburbs and greatly strengthen local communities and enhance the reduce the connectivity and amenity of sustainable form, function, character and liveability of Sydney. modes of transport such as cycling and walking. Rather than adding to the existing disconnection, An analysis of the Project corridor was undertaken the Project will provide increased
    [Show full text]
  • 7 a Short Geological and Environmental History of the Sydney
    View metadata,citationandsimilarpapersatcore.ac.uk effect on floods and droughts in Australia', Climatic change, vol. 25, pp. 289–317. 7 Wilby R L, 2005. 'Uncertainty in water resource model parameters used for climate change impact assessment', Hydrological Processes, vol. 19, pp. 3201–3219. Young P, 2003. 'Top-down and data-based mechanistic modelling of rainfall-flow dynamics at the catchment scale', Hydrological Processes, A short geological and environmental history vol. 17, pp. 2195–2217. of the Sydney estuary, Australia Young W, Brandis K & Kingsford R, 2006. 'Modelling monthly streamflows in two Australian dryland rivers: matching model complexity to spatial scale and data availability', Journal of Hydrology, Gavin Birch vol. 331, pp. 242–256. Zhang L, Dawes W R & Walker G R, 2001. 'Response of mean annual evapotranspiration to vegetation changes a catchment scale', Water Abstract Resources Research, vol. 37, pp. 701–708. Zhang L, Walker G R & Fleming M, 2002. 'Surface water balance for Sydney is blessed with one of the most beautiful harbours in the world. recharge estimation', CSIRO publishing, Collingwood, Victoria. However, like many large, capital ports world-wide, this environment has been exposed to relentless stress due to a rapidly increasing population density and extensive residential, commercial and industrial expansion. In this chapter, we explain why the coastal zone is such an important environment, especially for the people of Australia, and describe changes to the Sydney estuary as an example of environmental transformation due to anthropogenic pressure. The geologic development of the Sydney estuary is briefly traced, showing how the feature was eroded into the Hawkesbury Sandstone, mainly during low sea levels of the glacial periods.
    [Show full text]