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MORDECAI Richler's Development As a Novelist

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MORDECAI Richler's Development As a Novelist Mordecai Richler as Satirist DAVID MYERS ORDECAI Richler's development as a novelist now stretches over a span of some twenty years. This M development has carried his writing away from a rather melodramatic realism towards satirical fantasy and farce. The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz is a pivotal point in this development. As George Woodcock rightly points out, realist and satiric traditions clash with some "jarring shifts of focus"1 in this work, but it is the satiric tone that dominates. Duddy Kravitz has strong intima• tions of the comic techniques and break-neck pace that are among the main virtues of Cocksure and St. Urbain's Horseman. The question to be answered about these later works is whether they are merely entertainments, which by pandering to a public hungry for comic pornography and undemanding farce have compromised Richler's repu• tation as a serious novelist. To do these works justice, it is of course essential to approach them as satires. This method may seem self-evident, but it has not always been applied by critics. Nairn Kattan, who is in general very fair to Richler, lists the following "limitations" of Duddy Kravitz: [Richler] is led to destroy his characters through cari• cature. Facing a society which he wishes to conquer, he has no time to look at it, to understand it, to per• ceive its complete ambiguity. His characters are linear . fabricated by a novelist whose wish to do battle is stronger than his desire to comprehend.2 This is an accurate description of Richler's manner, but is this manner necessarily limiting, especially in satire? Alvin Kernan claims that "unwillingness to ponder any situation or investigate it thoroughly" is part of the "well- •IS DAVID MYERS known tendency of satire to pass rapidly from one subject to another without lingering for many lines on any single fool or particular piece of foolishness."1 It is also a clas• sical technique of the satirist to mount an ethical attack by mocking his victims with tendentious distortion and simplification. It is not the critic's task to reproach the satirist for having created caricatures, but rather to dis• cover whether these caricatures are distinguished by wit and satirical sting. In this essay I shall discuss Richler's four most success• ful novels, Son of a Smaller Hero, The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, Cocksure, and St. Urbain's Horseman* in an attempt to prove that Richler is a first-rate satirist and humorist, blessed with a highly articulate sense of what is ridiculous in human behaviour and the imagina• tion to invent fast-moving plots inspired by a zany fantasy. As for characterisation, Richler has created anti-heroes who are both pathetic and hilarious, villains who are thoroughly scurrilous, an authentic panorama of Jewish types, and galleries of incidental caricatures and miniature parodies. Finally, Richler's satiric themes are contemporary, rele• vant, and probing, and in his latest novel, St. Urbain's Horseman, he has succeeded in combining satire, fantasy and farce with moments of near-tragic intensity. Smaller Hero is not primarily a satire; it is more a moral drama of Noah Adler's quest for truth and the ma• turity to temper this truth with compassion. There are, however, some very successful comic and satiric scenes in the novel. They are found predominantly outside the central relationships between Noah and Miriam, and Noah and his zeyda, in Richler's representation of ghetto life in Montreal. One thinks of the ghoulish crowd glugging coke while they goggle at the excavation for Wolf Adler's body. The varying tone and pace in the scene is masterly. The day is full of bitter gall for Melech Adler, for Itzik it is an occasion for self-righteous masquerade of orthodox ritual, for the crowds it is a holiday in macabre sensationalism, MORDECAI RICHLER AS SATIRIST 49 and for a salesman a heaven-sent opportunity to sell life- insurance. Richler presents the scene tautly and with a minimum of intrusive comment. Some moments are frank• ly funny, as in the shop-sign "Mexican money is accepted in Mexico. Here, cash will do fine." Other moments feature a wit that is harsh and abrasive; for example, the hypocritical rent-collector from Outremont is described as a "man who did not take his employer's name in vain and who had honoured his father and mother ever since they had died" (p. 137). The whole scene culminates with a delicious irony of fate that mistakenly makes Wolf a folk hero and earns an opportunistic poet considerably more money for his ode to Adler than he had reaped for his Ode to Sacco and Vanzetti years before. Richler swiftly and pitilessly pillories many of his minor characters: Rabbi Fishman who is more interested in getting into the news• papers than giving religious solace; Marsha who makes out with a McGill quarterback while telling Noah she doesn't believe in premarital sex; Itzik who is "so busy counting the bars of soap in the Johns . that he wouldn't know a million-dollar deal if he was hit over the head with it"; insincere mourners who "ladled out their slop of re• grets in which platitudes floated like indigestible dump• lings"; and finally Wolf himself, whose secret diary is re• vealed to be nothing more than a collection of nonsensi• cally precise banalities. Richler reveals the two prime preoccupations of his wit in Smaller Hero : jewishness and sex. It is hilarious farce when Noah steals the sign read• ing "This beach is restricted to Gentiles" (p. 54), but for condensed satire this episode must yield to Theo Hall's academic party where the glib witticisms and sexual flirta• tions barely gloss over the hollowness of the merry-makers and in a fittingly grotesque climax to the occasion Mrs. Hall puts the stop-watch on her daughter-in-law's latest adultery. In Smaller Hero it is evident that Richler feels much sympathy for the noble aspirations of his protagonist-hero, 50 DAVID MYERS Noah, and this is why the satiric mood is reserved prim• arily for the background. In Duddy Kravitz, however, the ambitions of Duddy are materialistic and his methods more than dubious. But Richler chooses not to mock Duddy; in fact he elicits a great deal of sympathy from the reader for the fierce, unapologetic hustling of his anti-hero, and turns his derision instead on the mediocrities and oddities whom Duddy leaves churning in his wake: Milty with his fears about his beezer and his tulips, Jewish middle- class businessmen and their wives, the scheming Irwin, whom Duddy denounces to the FBI as a communist and a pervert, and many others. In his apologia for Duddy, Richler appeals to the pathos of poverty (p. 298) and family ties (p. 312) and contrasts Duddy favourably with con• descending, moralizing intellectuals (p. 242), North Am• erican businessmen like Cohen and the hideous Boy Wonder in particular. Not that Richler lets Duddy off scot-free. Uncle Benjy's moving letter to Duddy, begging him to be a mensh not a behemoth, states the novel's ethical theme; it is this theme that raises the novel above the level of clever farce and gives the concluding lines their full ironic impact. Duddy marvels at his new economic and social status and forgets, at least temporarily, that this success has cost him Virgil's friendship, Yvette's love, and his grandfather's moral approval. Duddy's ethical foils are Mr. MacPherson whose liberal idealism is derided by society at large and Yvette, whose touching need to give love is so horribly misunderstood by Duddy that he offers her money as a bribe to keep quiet about the land around the lake. Mr. MacPherson tried to be a mensh and so did Yvette, and that Richler chose to write tragically of their different failures lends poignancy and an ethical counterpoint to the social satire. In his characterisation of Yvette, however, Richler is not convincing. Yvette begins as a simple French Canadian girl from the sticks who is kind-hearted but limited; she develops almost overnight into a shrewd businesswoman MORDECAI RICHLER AS SATIRIST 51 and then into a lily-pure conscience constantly chiding the hapless Duddy. When Duddy retaliates by calling her a combination of Florence Nightingale and the United States cavalry (p. 302), we are more impressed by his wit than her credibility. But if Yvette is irritating in her righteous goodness, Virgil is insufferable in his cocker-spaniel trust• fulness. In fact we are relieved — although startled — when the tension of his melodrama abruptly dissipates in a black-humour parody of his magazine for, by, and of epileptics. Energetically manipulating this jarring con• fusion of moods and characters is Duddy himself, who must be one of the most zesty and compelling villain-heroes in North American literature. The great variety of moods in this novel suggests that Richler's forte as a writer is satiric farce with a tragic undertone. The satiric point of view prevents him from lapsing into bathos, and a potentially tragic perspective obviates the emergence of merely trivial farce. In this respect, Duddy Kravitz clearly anticipates St. Urbain's Horseman. Richler's later works feature many techniques that are typical of the satirical genre. As John Carroll points out about The Incomparable Atuk, the first of Richler's una• bashed satires: "Richler sets up his game with a classic manoeuvre of the satirist: put a savage in civilization, and then let the audience decide who is savage, who is civi• lized."6 This is the same technique as Huxley used in Brave New World.
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