70 Journal of Nematology, Volume 11, No. 1, January 1979

Nematologica 11:137-154. 51:220-524. 21. SEINHORST, J. W. 1967. The relationships 24. WALLA, W. J. [Chairman]. 1977. 1975 Southern between population increase and population states soybean disease loss estimate conrmittee density in plant parasitic nematodes. III. report. Plant Dis. Rep. 61:42. Definition of terms host, host status, and 25. WALLACE, H. R. 1969. The influence of resistance. IV. The influence of external nematode numbers and soil particle size, conditions on the regulation of population nutrients and temperature on reproduction densities. Nematologica 13:429-442. of Meloidogyne javanica. Nematologica 15: 22. SEINHORST, J. W., and J. KOZLOWSKA. 1977. 55-64. Damage to carrots by Rotylenchus reniformis, 26. WALLACE, H. R. 1971. The influence of density with a discussion on the cause of increase of of nematode populations on plants. Nema- tolerance during the development of the tologica 17:154-166. plant. Nematologica 23:1-23. 27. WALLACE, H. R. 1973. Nematode ecology and 23. THOMASON, I. J., and B. LEAR. 1961. Rate of plant disease. Edward Arnold, London; Crane, reproduction of Meloidogyne spp. as influ- Russak, New York. 228 p. enced by soil temperature. Phytopathology

Proleptonchoides southindiae n. gen., n. sp., a New Leptonchoid from South 1 V. R. FERRIS, 2 C. G. GOSECO, ~ and A. C. KUMAR :~

Abstract: Proleptonchoides southindiae n. gen., n. sp. (Dorylaimida: Leptonchidae), is described from soil around false tobacco (Lobelia excelsa) and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomurn) in South India. P. southindiae is prodelphic, has a short constricted esophageal bulb and flanged odontophore, and is phylogenetically close to Proleptonchus. Key Words: taxonomy, Nematoda, Dorylaimida, Leptonchidae, Proleptonchus.

During September-November 1976, one large numbers at an additional site in the of us (ACK) collected nematodes as a part same general area, from soil around the of a survey around the Coffee Research roots of Elettaria cardamomum Maton. Station of the Central Coffee Research In- (cardamom). It is not known whether this stitute (C.C.R.I.), District, leptonchoid is plant-parasitic, although the , South India. In one locality a large numbers recovered suggest that it new leptonchoid was found in substantial might be. numbers associated in soil with roots of Lobelia (false tobacco), a plant which grows Proleptonchoides n. gen. widely in the area in loamy soils of pH 5.6- 6.6. The collection site is at latitude 13022 ' Type species: Proleptonchoides south- N and longitude 73028 ' E at an elevation of indiae n. sp. 853 m above mean sea level. Annual rainfall Differential diagnosis: Proleptonchoides averages 2540 mm, with most rainfall be- can be distinguished from Proleptonchus tween March and November. In subsequent Lordello, 1955, by the flanged spear exten- sampling in the spring of 1977, adults were sion (odontophore) and the digitate-spicate not found again until after the March rains. tail. The thick sclerotized ~toma is similar Mean annual temperature of the area is to that of Proleptonchus, although more 26.8°C (range 17.8-35). In the spring of columnar and less distinctly flask-shaped. 1978 the new leptonchoid was collected in Description: Leptonchidae. Body cyl- indroid, slightly arcuate. Cuticle with distinct transverse striations; subcuticle Received for publication 17 July 1978. xJournal Paper No. 7232, Purdue University Agricultural coarsely striated, loose. Refractive elements Experiment Station. Research supported in part by Na- tional Science Foundation grant DEBT7-12656. in cuticle abundant. Lip region slightly set 2Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West off, lips distinct. Stoma thick, sclerotized, Lafayette, Indiana 47907. SCentral Coffee Research Institute, Coffee Research Station, nearly cylindrical. Spear slender, spear ex- , Karnataka, South India. tension flanged. Esophageal bulb short and New Leptonchoid from South India: Ferris et al. 71 constricted. Vulva transverse; ovary single, 61%; G, = 13%; width = 25.6 #m; esoph- prodelphic. agus = 170/am; esophageal bulb = 35/am; prefecture = 131 /am; tail = 35/am. Proleptonchoides southindiae n, sp. Paratype females (mean, standard devia- tion, and range): L = 0.94 ± 0.03 (0.90- (Figure 1) 0.99); a -- 35.8 ± 1.8 (3S-38.6); b = 5.5 ± 0.1 (5.3-5.7); c = 27.8 ± 1.5 (25.6-30); V Type: Holotype female on slide labeled = 59.3% ± 1.0 (58-60.6); Gt = 14.7 -+- 1.7 Proleptonchoides southindiae, K-I/I, in (13-18); width = 26.1 ffm ± 1.3 (24-28.8); Purdue Nematode Collection (PNC). Col- esophagus = 168.6 /am ± 5.5 (163-177); lected September 1976 from soil around esophageal bulb = 35.3/am ± 1.2 (33.6-37); roots of Lobelia excelsa Leschen. near prerectum = 148.2 /am ± 14.5 (128-160); C.C.R.I., Balehonnur, Chikmagalur Dis- tail = 33.7/am ± 2 (30-37); spear = 13/am trict, Karnataka, South India. ± 0.8 (11.2-14); spear extension = 6.8 /am Paratypes: Females (35) and juveniles ± 0.6 (6.4-8); esophageal bulb/esophagus (5) on slides labeled Proleptonchoides (%) = 20.8 ± 0.9 (19-22); prerectum/anal southindiae, K-I/2-14, in PNC; also, females body width = 8.6 ± 1.1 (6.7-10); tail/anal (5) on slide L4, C.C.R.I. nematode collec- body width = 1.9 ± 0.1 (1.7-2.2). tion. Holotype [emale: Body slightly arcuate. Measurements: Holotype female: L = Cuticle with distinct striations; subcuticle 0.96 ram; a = 37.5; b = 5.6; c = 27.4; V = coarsely striated, somewhat loose and it-

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FIG. 1. Proleptonchoides southindiae n. gen., n. sp. A, head; B, esophageal bulb; C, anterior portion of body; D, posterior portion of body; E, vulval region; F, G, female tails; H, female. 72 Journal of Nernatology, Volume 11, No. 1, January 1979 regular. Lateral cords 8 t~m wide; lateral Discussion: We consider Proleptoncho- pores distinct. Refractive elements in cuticle ides to be phylogenetically closely related to abundant. Lip region slightly set off, 8 /~m Proleptonchus, possibly a sister group. Both wide; liplets and papillae distinct. Oral genera have a short constricted esophageal opening lined with thick, sclerotized refrac- bulb, prodelphic ovary, slender spear, tive material. Stoma 9 /zm long, thick, slightly set off lip region, and cuticular sclerotized, wider at base; guiding ring refractive elements. The flanged spear distinct. Amphids cup-shaped, about 4 /xm extension is a characteristic also of Xiphi- wide. Spear 13.6/~m long, slender, distinctly nemeUa Loos, 1964 and Loncharionema refractive. Spear extension about 6.4 txm Goseco, Ferris and Ferris, 1974. Although long, flanged. Anterior esophagus slender, we formerly placed Loncharionema in cylindroid; posterior bulb muscular, con- Xiphinemellinae (2), and Proleptonchus in stricted, 37 t~m long, about 21% esophageal Leptonchinae (I), we now believe that length. Cardia 7.2 t~m long, rounded. Nerve Loncharionema shares a common ancestor ring located about half-way along esoph- with Proleptonchus and Proleptonchoides. agus. Vulva transverse; vagina about 14 tLm (Proleptonchus probably lost the flanges long, extending about 50% across body secondarily.) Proleptonchus species are also width; circular muscles distinct. Anterior found in India as well as many other parts gonad normal, 13% body length; posterior of the world (1). gonad absent. Prerectum distinct, 131 t~m long (= 8 anal body widths long). Tail LITERATURE CITED digitate to spicate, 35 /~m long (= 2 anal 1. (;OSECO, C. G.. V. R. FERRIS, and J. M. body widths); single caudal papilla on each FERRIS. 1974. Revisions in Leptonchoidea side. (Ncmatoda: Dorylaimida). Leptonchus, Pro- Male not seen, and mature females did leptonchus, Funaria, and Meylis n. gen. in not contain sperm. Leptonchidae, Leptonchinae. Purdue Univer- Distribution and habitat: This species sity Re.+earch Bulletin 911:1-32. 2. GOSECO, C. G., V. R. FERRIS, and J. M. has been found only in South India. The FERRIS. 1974. Revisions in Leptonchoidea original collections from the type habitat (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Tyleptus in were part of a survey (by ACK) near the Leptonchidae. Tyleptinae; Basirotyleptus in Coffee Research Station, C.C.R.I., and P. Leptonchidae, Belonenchinae; and Lon- southindiae appeared at first to be associ- charionema n. gen. in Leptonchidae, Xiphinemellinae. Purdue University Research ated only with Lobelia. In subsequent Bulletin 913:1-25. collecting in the same general area, it was found associated in larger numbers with Elettaria cardamomum.