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Gert Spaargaren E Ecological Modernization 30 VAG NN08201 no , -< 40951 1997-01-16 z *"1 - GERT SPAARGAREN E ECOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION -ESSAYS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY - CD fN I Stellingen 1. Men hoeft niet alle elementen uit de door Dunlap en Catton gelanceerde kritiek op de main-stream sociologie te onderschrijven om te erkennen dat de sociologie in de jaren zeventig en tachtig beHEPt was met een onderschatting van de betekenis van het fysiek-materiële substraat in de reproductie van sociale systemen. [Catton, W.R. and R.E. Dunlap (1978), Environmental Sociology: A New Paradigm. The American Sociologist, vol. 13, pp. 41-49] 2. Met het oog op de operationalisering van het begrip 'duurzame ontwikkeling' dienen sociale wetenschappers aan te knopen bij concepten van natuurwetenschappers zonder daarbij probleemdefinities over te nemen waarin het sociale karakter van door de milieuwetenschap bestudeerde stofstromen wordt miskend. 3. De theorie van de ecologische modernisering van productie en consumptie werd in eerste aanleg ontwikkeld in relatie tot de productiesfeer en besteedde derhalve onvoldoende aandacht aan de specifieke dynamiek van de consumptiesfeer. 4. Milieusociologen moeten in hun benadering van consumptie een brug slaan tussen op productkenmerken gerichte milieukundigen enerzijds en op de symboolwaarde van producten gerichte sociologen anderzijds. 5. Er is geen bezwaar tegen het begrip milieubeschaving ter aanduiding van de culturele dimensie van het proces van ecologische modernisering van de samenleving, zolang men daarbij het onderscheid in acht neemt tussen de begrippen beschavingsproces en beschavingsoffensief. 6. De door Anthony Giddens in de sociologie geïntroduceerde begrippen 'dualiteit van structuur' en 'dubbele hermeneutiek' illustreren het feit dat theoretische vernieuwing zich vaak via neologismen voltrekt. 7. De structuratietheorie van Anthony Giddens biedt een meer adequaat handelingstheore- tisch model voor het sociaal- wetenschappelijk milieu-onderzoek dan het lange tijd gangbare attitude-gedrag model. 8. De door Per Ornes geschetste voorstelling van huishoudelijke consumptie als een proces van 'serving and being served by socio-material collective systerns' brengt het abstracte begrip 'dualiteit van structuur' op een aanschouwelijke wijze in huis. [Omes, P. (1988), Housing consumption: Collective systems service, in: P. Otnes (ed.), The Sociology of Consumption. New Jersey: Humanitíes Press Int., pp. 119-138] 9. Om de veranderende rol van wetenschap en politiek in de laat-moderne samenleving te doorgronden biedt het aan Ulrich Beek ontleende onderscheid tussen 'simpele' en 'reflexieve' modernisering een vruchtbaarder aanknopingspunt dan het recent (ook) in de milieusociologie herleefde debat over het 'sociaal constructivisme'. 10. Het door de 'Club van Lissabon' geschreven rapport 'Grenzen aan de Concurrentie' zou voor de jaren '90 eenzelfde betekenis kunnen krijgen als het rapport aan de Club van Rome heeft gehad voor de jaren '70 en het Brundtland-rapport voor de jaren '80. [Petrella, R. e.a. (1995), Grenzen aan de concurrentie. Brussel: VUBPRESS] 11. In plaats van zich te beklagen over de geringe belangstelling van de Nederlandse burgers voor de politieke besluitvorming in de Europese Unie zouden (euro)parlemen- tariërs zich sterk moeten maken voor een Europese pendant van 'Den Haag Vandaag' op de Nederlandse televisie. 12. Soms moet men promoveren om niet te degraderen. Gert Spaargaren The Ecological Modernization of Production and Consumption; Essays in Environmental Sociology Wageningen, 28 januari 1997 THE ECOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION Promotoren: dr. A.T.J. Nooij, hoogleraar in de methoden en technieken van het sociale onderzoek aan de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen dr. N.J.M. Nelissen, bijzonder hoogleraar in de natuur- en milieuvraagstukken aan de Katholieke Universiteit Brabant en hoogleraar in de bestuurskunde aan de Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen THE ECOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION Essays in Environmental Sociology Gert Spaargaren Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van de Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, dr. CM. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 28 januari 1997 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula With contributions of Arthur P.J. Mol on chapters three and four. Chapter two was published in Dutch language in Sociologisch en antropologisch jaarboek 1987, pp. 244-265. Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus and in English language in The Netherlands' Journal of Sociology, Vol. 23, No. 1, april 1987, pp. 54-72. Chapter three was published in Society & Natural Resources, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1992, pp. 323-344. Chapter four was published in International Sociology, Vol. 8, no. 4, dec. 1993, pp. 431-559. Chapter five was published in Ttjdschrifl voor Sociologie, vol. 15, nr. 2, 1994, pp. 29-66. Chapter six is being reviewed to be published in Tijdschrifl voor Sociologie. Cover design: Daniël Loos, Wageningen Translation and correction of the English language: Rob Kuitenbrouwer, Nijmegen Spaargaren, G. The Ecological Modernization of Production and Consumption; Essays in Environmental Sociology/ G. Spaargaren - [S.I.: s.n.] Thesis Landbouw Universiteit Wageningen. - With ref. - ISBN 90-5485-647-5 Subject headings: ecological modernization; environmental sociology; sustainable lifestyles; environ• ment and consumption. IIMJOTHEKK LAhTDBOUWUNIVEESITSrr WAGENINGEN Acknowledgements This thesis reports on my search for a theoretically adequate sociological approach to envi• ronmental issues. A search of which I also have given regular account in journal articles. Interim results were discussed with my students and colleagues, during courses and at meet• ings of the international (ISA) network of social environmental scientists which has made rapid progress especially during the past decade. I would like to thank Marc Marmont, Pieter Leroy, Riley Dunlap, Philip Lowe, Michael Redclift, Joseph Huber and Maarten Hajer for the stimulating discussions on environmental sociology that we have had. As a category of sociologists, environmental sociologists are a bit peculiar. Many of them tend to be rather problem-oriented and nearly always seek the company of environmental scientists from other disciplines. In order to 'keep up' with the theoretical developments in sociology, too, I could not, and would not for a moment have done without the support of the Wageningen Giddens circle, where Giddens' books as well as the works of leading sociologists, anthropologists and historians are discussed over a good glass of wine. Its 'primus inter pares' Rien Munters is not only the one who trained me to become a sociol• ogists, but especially the one who conveyed his fondness of this discipline to me. A disci• pline which supplied the subject matter for the highly instructive and captivating discussions that my former co-students Hans Mommaas and Hugo Van der Poel and myself have had up to the present day. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to them as well as to the other members of the study circle. I am aware that, seen in an international perspective too, I am privileged to be able to work in a team of people within the sociology department toward further development of environ• mental sociology as a new field of application for sociology. As the former chairman of the sociology department, Professor Nooij, one of my supervisors, has allowed environmental sociology to be developed into an independent field of application alongside rural sociology. Meanwhile, he has always followed the developments in the environmental sociology section in a critical but constructive manner. My dissertation will show that my other supervisor, Professor Nelissen, played an important role in showing me the way in the subject matter at hand. The success of a project such as mine of course relies heavily on the cooperation with my colleagues in the environmental section of the department. Kris van Koppen, Duncan Lieffe- rink, Jan van Tatenhove, Joris Hogenboom, Erna Krommendijk, Bas van Vliet and Erna Ovaa have been, or are, invaluable colleagues and friends. Arthur Mol must be mentioned separately. Not only is this thesis partly 'our' thesis in the sense that Tuur has literally contributed to it. Each and every idea contained in it is the product of our many years of intensive and highly enjoyable collaboration, which stems from our shared interest in and largely congruent views on this field of study. Corry Rothuizen and Ciska de Harder at our department's secretariat need no thanks. Being 'knowledgeable and capable agents', they are conscious enough of their value for the depart• ment as it is. Oddly enough, the family usually come last, even though Margreet, Martijn and Petra have sometimes been more than 'in' on this thesis and both my in-laws and parents have shown a stimulating interest in it. The fact that in order to get some writing done I could always go into hiding at Anneke's house in the Jordaan, Amsterdam, has sped up the process in a very pleasant way. Wageningen, December 1996. Contents Preface i-vi Chapter 1. Ecological Modernization Theory and the Changing Discourse on Environment and Modernity 1 1. Introduction 1 2. A sociological perspective on environmental issues 3 3. De-modernization theory and the 'limits to growth debate' 9 4. Ecological modernization theory and the debate on sustainable development 12 4.1 Martin Jänicke on ecological modernization as the 'modernization of politics' 13 4.2 Joseph Huber
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