REALTIME: MAKING DIGITAL CHINA 1 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME REALTIME: MAKING DIGITAL CHINA
REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实 时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME 实时 REALTIME
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CHINA MAKING DIGITAL DIGITAL MAKING REALTIME: REALTIME:
COPYRIGHT ------
Cover illustration, graphic design and layout: Maria Roszkowska, DISNOVATION.ORG
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is an imprint owned by the Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, a Swiss academic publishing company whose main purpose is to publish the teaching and research works of the Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL).
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First edition © EPFL Press, 2020 ISBN 978-2-88915-345-9
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Printed in Italy
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REALTIME: MAKING DIGITAL CHINA 3 CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION (RENAUD, GRAEZER BIDEAU & LAPERROUZA) 006
01 THE ASCENT OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA (RENAUD) 014
02 PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES (GRAEZER BIDEAU) 038
03 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION: CHINESE BLOCKS IN NETWORKS (LAPERROUZA) 060
04 AN ARCHEOLOGY OF SHANZHAI PHONES (RENAUD & DISNOVATION.ORG) 086
05 THE GHOSTS OF SHENZHEN (DE BEL) 110
06 LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA (BOLLI, RENAUD, BLOCH & PROTTI) 126
07 CHINA.AI (DE SETA) 154
08 THE ARMATURES OF A NEW AUTONOMOUS URBANISM (HILGEFORT & LI) 170
09 SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU (GE ZHANG) 182
10 FUTURE RECIPES (WANG) 200
CONCLUSION (RENAUD, GRAEZER BIDEAU & LAPERROUZA) 218
5 6 110 170 014 218 126 182 154 200 038 08 060
006 006 ) )
LAPERROUZA
LAPERROUZA
(RENAUD & DISNOVATION.ORG) & (RENAUD BEL) (DE & PROTTI) BLOCH RENAUD, (BOLLI, (WANG)
SETA) (DE ZHANG) (GE
CHINA (RENAUD) BIDEAU) (GRAEZER
& LI) URBANISM (HILGEFORT
BLOCKS IN NETWORKS (LAPERROUZA) NETWORKS IN BLOCKS
AN ARCHEOLOGY OF SHANZHAI PHONES PHONES SHANZHAI OF AN ARCHEOLOGY OF SHENZHEN GHOSTS THE LEARNING ABOUT IN CHINA MAKERS CHINA.AI OF DANMU POLITICS SPEED FUTURE RECIPES THE ASCENT OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IN TECHNOLOGY OF DIGITAL ASCENT THE MODULES TO PLANNING: MODEL FROM PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION: CHINESE CHINESE STANDARDIZATION: PRODUCING OF A NEW AUTONOMOUS THE ARMATURES
09 10 GRAEZER & BIDEAU (RENAUD, CONCLUSION 03 04 05 06 07 08 CONTENTS GRAEZER & BIDEAU (RENAUD, INTRODUCTION 01 02 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简 介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简 介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简 介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简 介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简 介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简 介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简 介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介
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简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介
介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 介
INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION
简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介
介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 介
INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION
简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介
介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 介
INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION
简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介
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INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION
简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介
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INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION 简介 INTRODUCTION
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REALTIME: MAKING DIGITAL CHINA 9
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2 The computation 3 Statistics ntergovernmental 1 The the collapsed nderstandingand flash isolated over manufacturing 00 new ays CHINA Arguably, over PEED he he ast and predictable ime are and sed contrasts ays seems In tems new surpassed re odes LOST The great onstruction ncertainties logically of eal orrect, ime chipt second1 are o egular aid In processor, he igital CHINA MAKING DIGITAL DIGITAL MAKING REALTIME: REALTIME: All this happened with incredible speed. Anyone who has witnessed firsthand the development of Chinese cities over the past three decades can attest to its velocity. Nationwide infrastructure projects were developed and deployed in a matterf o years, including more than 100,000 km of railway tracks and 4,000 km of subway lines. These developments evolved from intense planning through successive five-year and ten-year plans, but also from a surprising sense of urgency and immediacy that has spread over the country.
All across the nation, thousands of people were arriving each day at train stations, bags in hand, ready to start a new urban life. Planners had to develop entire cities to host these newcomers, who were often present illegally. In many cases, urban plans were used to explain and contain what was already happening. Among the population, the dedication to executing tasks at a faster rate was also palpable. Manufacturers would hear a client request, rush back to the factory and work day and night until a prototype was ready to ship. “On my o way t meet a Korean client, I was blowing on the phone to dry the paint!” remembers a Shenzhen electronics maker with a large smile.
Beyond the anecdotes, China’s experiments conciliate predictable plans with revolutionary events. In many ways, the Chinese economic reforms directly evolved from the experience of the guerrilla. Yuan Geng (1917-2016), author of the famous slogan “Times i Money, Efficiency is Life,” was at the same time a war hero, a policy-maker and a Shenzhen business magnate. For his generation, speed was a necessary means in achieving victory. Today, this legacy, while gradually fading, remains foundational.
THE CITY-ON-A-CHIP Since the 1990s, communication devices and the Internet have played an important role in the transformation of our world. By 2018, half the planet’s population had access to a network of computers. 4 Beyond humanity itself, billionsf o machines are now exchanging information daily. Direct communi- cations continue to raise new questions about the ways habitants, cities and nations comprehend time and space.
Indeed, why should urban composition be based on the spatial order of places and roads when we can find our own way using a text search? Why should we waito t interact physically when an interface able to react in under a tenth of a second feels instant? One of the most outwardly visible actions of computers is to reorganize space. Cities, like computers, evolved from the same necessity of humans to organize things and thoughts into functions and zones.
In this regard, the technocratic dream that predates the “smart city” is a very old one. The city is classically represented as a machine, with vertical dynamics of institutions and horizontal ranges of possibilities. With computers networks
4 55% according to Internet World Stats, 2019. REALTIME: MAKING DIGITAL CHINA 11
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namely evolution he night narrates following arkets hree China’s the unique olume ole ollection The of on he he scent lanning It ontainsincluding This —soso olume research, common everything eeling intentions at a ultiple ragmented We humans. nvisage nstead describe adjustr China ts China. have Research or een ABOUT This ook out from lans. and ED world, regulation gencef he hese In largest ost rban existing dreams nd and obotics, commenting directly over online videos (chap. 9). The final chapter is a work of fiction that attempts to articulate a potential future of China’s technology through food and recipes (chap. 10).
Together these contributions constitute a small but significant sample from the vast spectrum of technology in China. They remind us that technology, before being from any specific nation, is deeply human.
Clément Renaud Florence Graezer Bideau Marc Laperrouza REALTIME: MAKING DIGITAL CHINA 13 THE ASCENT
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BOTTOM: The Cangjie Input method was invented in 1976 for inputting Chinese characters on a standard keyboard. [01] THE ASCENT OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA 23
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(1):
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[02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模
[02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模
[02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模
PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 [02] [02] [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模
[02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 [02] PLANNING: [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 [02] FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 式到模块 PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 [02] PLANNING: [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 [02] FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 城市规划：从模式到模块 式到模块 PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 [02] PLANNING: [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 [02] FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 式到模块 PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 式到模块
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PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模 MODULES TO MODEL FROM PLANNING: [02] [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 MODULES TO MODEL FROM PLANNING: [02] [02] [02]
式到模块
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PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模 MODULES TO MODEL FROM PLANNING: [02] [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 MODULES TO MODEL FROM PLANNING: [02] [02] [02]
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PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES MODULES TO MODEL FROM PLANNING: 城市规划：从模式到模块 MODULES TO [02] [02]
PLANNING: FROM MODEL MODEL FROM PLANNING: 城市规划：从模式到模块 MODULES TO MODEL FROM [02] [02]
PLANNING: PLANNING: 城市规划：从模式到模块 MODULES TO MODEL FROM PLANNING: [02] [02]
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PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES MODULES TO MODEL FROM PLANNING: 城市规划：从模式到模块 MODULES TO [02] [02]
PLANNING: FROM MODEL MODEL FROM PLANNING: 城市规划：从模式到模块 MODULES TO MODEL FROM [02] [02]
PLANNING: PLANNING: 城市规划：从模式到模块 MODULES TO MODEL FROM PLANNING: [02] [02]
PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 城市规划：从模式到模块 城市规划：从模式到模块 MODULES TO MODEL FROM PLANNING: [02] [02] [02] [02] 05
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PLAN OF BEIJING FROM THE 17TH THROUGH TO THE 19TH CENTURY, SHOWING IMPERIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS. 01. Forbidden City 02. Ancestral Temple 03. Altars of Soil and Grain 04. Altar of Heaven 05. Altar of Earth 06. Altar of the Sun 07. Altar of the Moon 08. Altar of Agriculture (First Crops) 09. North, Middle, and South Lakes 10. Jing Shan (Coal Hill) 11. Confucian Temple 12.National Academy 13. Prefectural Administrative Offices 14. Yamen (county official residences and courts) 15. Granaries 16. Buddhist Monasteries 17. Daoist Monasteries 18. Mosque 19. Provincial Examination Hall 20. Bell and Drum Towers [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 41
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07 06 05 04 01 08 03 02 WEST-EAST AXIS
LOCATIONS OF THE TEN GREAT BUILDINGS AND OTHER MONUMENTS IN BEIJING. 01. Tian Anmen 02. Museum of Chinese History 03. Great Hall of the People 04. Cultural Palace of Nationalities 05. Hotel of Nationalities 06.Military Museum 07. State Guest House 08. Beijing Train Station 09. Palace Museum 10. Beihai Park 11. Coal Hill 12. Beijing Library 13. National Art Gallery 14. Hotel of Overseas Chinese 15. Workers’ Stadium 16. Museum of Agriculture 17. Capital Exhibition Hall (former Soviet Union Exhibition Hall) 18. Beijing Olympic Park [02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES 45
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PRODUCINGPRODUCING STANDARDIZATION STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 如何创造标准 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 PRODUCINGPRODUCING STANDARDIZATION STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 如何创造标准化 [03] [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION 如何创造标准化 [03] 化 [03] 化 [03] CONFORMITÉ EUROPÉENNE VS CHINA EXPORT. The Conformité Européenne (CE) mark (white) is a common sight on products in North America and Europe. However the China Export mark (red) and CE mark are easily confused, understandable given they appear almost identical. The China Export Mark means the product was manufactured in China. No registration, testing, or auditing is required in order to use it. The mark can be used arbitrarily by Chinese manufacturers. [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION: CHINESE BLOCKS IN NETWORKS 63
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THE WORLD’S ECONOMIC CENTER OF GRAVITY. Often dominant at home, Chinese manufacturers seldom maintain the lead in host markets. The economic center of the globe is calculated using an average of countries’ locations weighted by their GDP. [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION: CHINESE BLOCKS IN NETWORKS 65
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SOLAR 100 50 70-85 LEADING PANELS LOCAL PLAYERS HIGH-SPEED 100 5 75-90 WITH RAIL LOCAL CONTENTS DIGITAL 95 10 >85 PAYMENTS
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SEMI- 5 5 <10 LAGGING CONDUCTORS LOCAL PLAYERS AIRCRAFT <5 <1 <20
CHINESE PRODUCERS NON-CHINESE PRODUCERS
SECTORAL MARKET SHARE OF CHINESE AND NON-CHINESE SUPPLIERS/MANUFACTURERS. [03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION: CHINESE BLOCKS IN NETWORKS 67
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AN ARCHEOLOGY OF AN ARCHEOLOGY OF SHANZHAI PHONES 87
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[04] AN ARCHEOLOGY OF SHANZHAI PHONES 89
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BOTTOM: SHANZHAI ARCHEOLOGY INSTALLATION, MAISON POPULAIRE, MONTREUIL, FRANCE. [04] AN ARCHEOLOGY OF SHANZHAI PHONES 97
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BOTTOM: This rare dish, made in Jingdezhen for the western market, exhibits an interesting blend between a classical 18th-century European style and typical Chinese patterns, landscapes and even characterizations. [04] AN ARCHEOLOGY OF SHANZHAI PHONES 99
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LEARNING ABOUT
LEARNING
LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN
LEARNING ABOUT
LEARNING LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中 [06] LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN
LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06] LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查 LEARNING ABOUT [06] [06] LEARNING LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06]LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中 ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06] [06] LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN MAKERS IN CHINALEARNING 中国创客调查实录 ABOUT [06] MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06] CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06] 国创客调查实录 LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查 LEARNING ABOUT 实录 [06] LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06]LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中 ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06] [06] LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN MAKERS IN CHINALEARNING 中国创客调查实录 ABOUT [06] MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06] CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06] 国创客调查实录 LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查 实录 [06] LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06] ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06] MAKERS IN CHINALEARNING 中国创客调查实录 ABOUT [06] MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06] CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06] 国创客调查实录 实录 LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06] ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06] MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 [06]
LEARNING LEARNING
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LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN IN MAKERS ABOUT LEARNING
LEARNING LEARNING 127
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LEARNING ABOUT ABOUT LEARNING LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT LEARNING
[06] [06] LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN IN MAKERS ABOUT LEARNING [06] [06]
MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS
[06] [06]
LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT LEARNING [06] [06]
ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT [06] [06]
LEARNING LEARNING [06] [06]
LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT LEARNING [06] [06] LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT LEARNING
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[06] [06]
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CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA
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MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS
LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT LEARNING [06] [06]
ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT
[06] [06]
LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT LEARNING LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT LEARNING
实录 实录
[06] [06]
国创客调查实录 国创客调查实录 LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT LEARNING
CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA
[06] [06]
MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS
[06] [06]
LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT LEARNING [06] [06]
ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT
[06] [06]
LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT LEARNING [06] [06]
实录 实录
国创客调查实录 国创客调查实录
CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA
MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS [06] [06]
ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT [06] [06]
LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT LEARNING [06] [06]
LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 中国创客调查实录 中国创客调查实录 CHINA IN MAKERS ABOUT LEARNING [06] [06] [06] [06] FIELD RESEARCH. Drawings by Anaïs Bloch, Shenzhen, 2018 [06] LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA 129
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DANMU 弹幕的速度政治 弹幕的速度政治 DANMU [09] [09] [09] [09] TOP: “Time is Money, Efficiency is Life” (Chinese: “时间就是金钱，效率就是生命”) is a widespread slogan of China’s economic reform. It was initially a quote from Yuan Geng made in 1981.
BOTTOM: Picture taken by the author in a factory ruin during the “2014 Bi-City Shenzhen-Hong Kong Biennale of Urbanism/Architecture: Value Factory.” [09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU 185
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[10] FUTURE RECIPES 205
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CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结 论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结 论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结 论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结 论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结 论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结 论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结 论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论 CONCLUSION 结论
CONCLUSION 221
f f y e a -
ut o o b he he he b nd
hat t t
b
xist ase
a and T
hal
e c obile obile
o aises W
o c
iction t urban
r
t nalyze triking
hinese ith urther. m m F
ope
omplex f s
a
he
ractices
C
w h xamples c arked
G hina, T
p
e orrelation
5
pproaches nd onstraints, C c m hese f
t ttest
he c a a r onstitutes elationships thnographic o how
temporality. cientific
t
r
a
c e s hich s bridization
China’s
fo
I
heir w ondition? hese iscourse een xplored t hy A ithin
ith
c
of e and d T b he
t domestically
ountry’s
f
rganizations
w
w T a c e nd o
o
ctual ontinuity.
he
ransformation. b a ommunities. escribe elationship evelopment, t iversity
n-hand
a nd t c fforts r vercome c
ave
d d d he
o nly a e
ntricate O o
t ransformations n t h
i scale
uman
i o
o t mmediate EALTIME
f i cale t
h o
ere,
hina.
c shapes he R
t s et o
h
t
omments
ystems.
C y ot
rban
o he
s
t rban eyond he t odel n u ities s
iverse t conomic n i
u
b nd
rban
i c
ulinary) m deologies
d istorical e trajectories
i
a u
gency epth c
hina,
h f erspectives
nd
a density, d f o C
equired p a
danmu nd
xist
r o
multiple
esearcher. bserved a
rom e
r
nd
f and o
( nspiration llustrates re
nd nd a i i peed rafted
a ccurring a a tandardization escribes s the bout
c nternet, lanning he uman eshaping I daptation
o
t
a S
d r p
h
a
visible.
ich patial
r
lanning cosystems, r
ook oticeable cale paces echnological f
s country’s p t e he
s n b s
o a fo t
ocations iews
ew l
ensory
rea paces
echnology v technological
n s a ew t s
he he
iewpoints the Pacific. p
analyze t n
henomena epresentations,
uch hardly v a
T
hanges nd mbition,
a ace, ractices r
p s
e.g.,
c a a
p arger p
of ( plot l
f
lsewhere. rovide
nd
the
hat tatements
nd o
and ermanent nd e p t f a an igital s
a
he
xhibiting
he
a
p he
o c t d
t of isual t ifferent e ifficulties
when
mob
light v urture
d d f
uaqiang
ile hones cales mportance ociopolitical n
n
i ransformations o rigins he onceptual s ow
s H o t in
t
hows
o c
h riting hile o
s t
even ultures
sides
w w ndings
ontexts nd
ringes c
s efinitive nd describe
fi c a f ractices f
u ight
d a apturing
l p athers ifferent government o
entral llustrate ransformation. echnological
c
i
ultiple to g d
t t evelopment c shanzhai
he
both
t
f he aker t
m d illages elp a t ommon
rban eal-time space,
o
the
v h ighlights
m r f
atural mergence c he out u n
ay, on
h henzhen’s
t
o
ook
n e he
o he
ethodological w hysical
t n S
t b
f i ntegrate urthermore,
n
eaching ifferent p i isruptions, urther and pite and i
f world. m
set o r
f rom e-commerce)
f
reative d s
d
f
i
t
technology.
o c f t
boundaries?
a
I a o
T
u T
the
a
n
A of
t o
a e p
a o
t e
S t c
them? national nd to How hanges sortf re hese ew across The xtension modest reality. casting ttempt he future More han borrowed lenges may nd ventually Considering significant and reminds rosper technology account between casef he aobao In uniquely heir wn companies abroad.n resemblances resultingn reproduced telephony The important dministration of henzhen evolving telephony, rom REALTIME and echnological CONCLUSION
CREDITS ------[01] MAKING DIGITAL CHINA ------
p.16 Public Domain p.18 Source: Patent US2613795A “Chinese typewriter“ by Lin Yutang,14/10/52. Public Domain (patent expired) p.20 (CC-BY-2.0) Robert Scoble p.22 Source: Paris, BnF, Manuscrits orientaux. Public Domain p.24 Source: Science, 12 Oct 1973, Vol. 182, Issue 4108, pp. 134-140 © Science p.26 Top: © People’s Daily Bottom: © UPI p.28 (CC-BY-2.0) Z Jason p.30 Top: (CC BY-SA 3.0) 余华峰 Bottom: (CC BY 3.0) 唐明亮 p.32 © Liu Xiangfu p.34 CCTV © 2016 p.36 © Tencent
------[02] PLANNING: FROM MODEL TO MODULES ------
p.40 Source: Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt, Chinese Imperial City Planning, University of Hawai’i Press; New edition (April 30,1999) p.42 Source: Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt, Chinese Imperial City Planning, University of Hawai’i Press; New edition (April 30,1999) p.44 Source: Wu, Hung. 2005. Remaking Beijing: Tiananmen Square and the Creation of a Political Space. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p.46 Public Domain p.48 Public Domain p.50 Source, top: Shenzhen Comprehensive Development Draft Plan, 2007-2020 Source, bottom: Zacharias, J., and Y. Tang. 2010. “Restructuring and Repositioning Shenzhen, China’s New Mega City.” Progress in Planning 73: 209-249. p.52 Source: 可可KekeTV © p.54 Google Earth Engine Source: Nick Van Mead, “The Great Sprawl of China: Timelapse Images Reveal 30-year Growth of Cities.” The Guardian, March 21, 2017. p.56 Top: © Dennis de Bel p.56 Bottom: © SeanPavonePhoto p.58 © Dennis de Bel
------[03] PRODUCING STANDARDIZATION: CHINESE BLOCKS IN NETWORKS ------
p.62 (CC-BY-2.0) DISNOVATION.ORG p.64 Source: “Well Under Way.” (2018, Oct 27). The Economist, 429, 89. p.66 Source: Woetzel, Jonathan, et al. (2019). China and the World: Inside the Dynamics of a Changing Relationship. McKinsey Global Institute. p.68 Source: Meng et al. (2018) based on the UIBE GVC indexes derived from the ADB 2018 ICIO table. p.70 Source: The New York Times. 2018. “How China Took Over Your TV” November 18, 2018. p.72 Source: Woetzel, Jonathan, et al. (2019). China and the World: Inside the Dynamics of a Changing Relationship. McKinsey Global Institute. p.74 Source: “Welcome to Silicon Delta; Innovation.” (2017, Apr 08). The Economist, 423, 9. p.76 Source: Fomalhaut Techno Solutions p.78 Source: Steve VanPuyvelde and Randy Thompson, ShopJimmy.com (NY Times) p.80 (CC-BY-2.0) DISNOVATION.ORG p.82 (CC BY-SA 2.0) Maersk Line p.84 (CC-BY-2.0) DISNOVATION.ORG
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图片版权名单 ------[04] SHANZHAI ARCHEOLOGY ------
p.88-108 (CC-BY-2.0) DISNOVATION.ORG p.88 Top: Public Domain Bottom: © Victoria and Albert Museum, London
------[05] GHOSTS OF SHENZHEN ------
This text was made possible by the invaluable support of many great individuals and the Mondrian Fund NL, 33 Space, Handshake 302, Institute For Provocation Beijing.
p.112-124 © Dennis de Bel
------[06] LEARNING ABOUT MAKERS IN CHINA ------
This study was conducted with the support of the SNFS for the project “Makerspaces in China” (2016-2020) at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL).
p.128, 132, 136, 140, 146, 150, 152 © Anaïs Bloch p.130, 134, 138, 142, 144, 148 © Monique Bolli
------[07] CHINA.AI ------
p.156 Source: “红色云”助你党课随身听 by 膜包不膜蛤 posted on 8月 31, 2018 © China Digital Times p.158 © “A.I. Love” MV by Wang Leehom © 2017 Hong Sheng Culture, Inc. p.160 © Global Views – Commonwealth Publishing Group p.162 Top: © CGTN Bottom: CITIC press p.164 Top: © Xinhua news Bottom: © Gabriele de Seta p.166 Xinhua news anchors p.168 Screenshot Google & Baidu results by Gabriele de Seta
------[08] THE AFORMAL ARMATURES OF A NEW AUTONOMOUS URBANISM ------
p.172-180 © Jason Hilgefort & David Li
------[09] SPEED POLITICS OF DANMU ------
p.184 Top: (CC-BY-SA-4.0) H2NCH2COOH p.184 Bottom: © Dino Ge Zhang p.186-188 © Dino Ge Zhang
------[10] FUTURE RECIPES ------
p.202-214 © Xiaowei Wang
------223
BIOS ------
CLÉMENT RENAUD is a technologist, scientist and artist exploring new digital spaces and representations in China and worldwide. He is a research collaborator at the College of Humanities at EPFL, and a research associate at the Institute of Complex Systems (IXXI) at ENS de Lyon.
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FLORENCE GRAEZER BIDEAU is Senior Scientist at the College of Humanities, EPFL, Visiting Professor at the Politecnico di Torino since 2015 and Associated Researcher at the China Room Research Group and South China-Torino Collaboration Lab since 2016. Her domains of expertise are the anthropology of East Asia, critical heritage studies and urban studies. She is the principal investigator of the “Makerspaces, politics, and communities of innovation in contemporary China” project, financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation between 2016 and 2019.
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MARC LAPERROUZA is scientist and lecturer at the College of Humanities, EPFL and at HEC, University of Lausanne. His domain of expertise is economic development with a focus on China and emerging markets. He is co-investigator of the “Makerspaces, politics, and communities of innovation in contemporary China” project, financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation between 2016 and 2019.
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MARIA ROSZKOWSKA is an artist, designer and co-founder of the DISNOVATION.ORG working group. From 2010 she conducted research with EnsadLab Paris, before joining Intégral Ruedi Baur, a cultural design studio based in Paris. She designed and coordinated “Don’t Brand My Public Space!”, a 3 year research project on the issue of application of branding strategies by cities. In 2015 she edited “The Pirate Book”, an anthology on media piracy.
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DISNOVATION.ORG is a working group based in Paris, founded by Nicolas Maigret and Maria Roszkowska. Existing at the intersection of contemporary art, research and hacking, the collective develops situations of disruption, speculation, and debate in order to question dominant techno-positivist ideologies, and to stimulate post-growth narratives. They edited “The Pirate Book”, an anthology on media piracy and their research includes artworks, curation and publications. In 2018, they received a Design Trust Grant (Hong Kong) for a research project into China’s Shanzhai culture. They are currently visiting researchers at the University of California, Irvine.
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DENNIS DE BEL is a hands-on artistic researcher, educator and radio amateur. His practice oscillates between various configurations focusing on collectively exploring hardware, wetware and various waveforms. In 2017 he co-founded Varia, a physical space for developing collective approaches toward everyday technology based in Rotterdam. De Bel holds an MA from the Piet Zwart Institute (NL) and most recently participated in the artist in residency program of the Institute for Provocation in Beijing (2018). dennisdebel.nl
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MONIQUE BOLLI is a social anthropologist specializing in Asian Studies. She is currently finalizing her PhD at EPFL on the politics of innovation in urban China, more specifically on the maker movement in Shanghai, Shenzhen, Beijing and Addis Ababa. Prior to joining EPFL, she worked at the International Cooperation Division of the Embassy of Switzerland in China on policy dialogue for poverty reduction, Public-Private Partnerships for Development (PPDP) and trilateral cooperation.
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作者简介 ------
ANAÏS BLOCH is an artist, researcher, and educator. After obtaining a bachelor’s degree in Product Design (University of Arts and Design in Lausanne - ECAL), she studied her master’s in Material Culture in Anthropology (University College London - UCL). Her work explores the boundaries between anthropological research methods, art and design.
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EMANUELE PROTTI is an architect and PhD candidate in Architecture History and Design at Politecnico di Torino. He works inside the Future Urban Legacy Lab at Politecnico di Torino along with personal research on the phenomenon of Urban Manufacturing, temporary architecture and adaptive reuse. Since 2014, after studying in Barcelona and São Paulo he has collaborated with different professional realities such as Carlo Ratti Associati, Plateau Collaboratif, and UdA Marcante-Testa. In 2016 in collaboration with Plateau Collaboratif he won the international competition for the redevelopment of the industrial sector of Pasubio in Parma.
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GABRIELE DE SETA is a media anthropologist. He holds a PhD in Sociology from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica in Taipei, and is currently a Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Bergen. His research work, grounded in ethnographic engagement across multiple sites, focuses on digital media practices and vernacular creativity in China. He is also interested in experimental music scenes, internet art, and collaborative intersections between anthropology and art practice. More information is available on his website paranom.asia.
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JASON HILGEFORT is an urbanist/architect and founder of Land+Civilization Compositions, Aformal Academy, and The Institute for Autonomous Urbanism; he is a Lecturer in Urban Design at Hong Kong University and is currently executing his PhD at RMIT.
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DAVID LI has been contributing to open source software since 1990. He is a member of the Free Software Foundation, a contributor to Apache projects and board director of ObjectWeb. In 2010 he co-founded XinCheJian, the first hackerspace in China to promote hacker/maker culture and open source hardware. In 2011 he co- founded Hacked Matter, a research hub on the maker movement and open innovation. In 2015 he co-founded Maker Collider, a platform to develop next generation IoT from the maker community. He is also the executive director of Shenzhen Open Innovation Lab which facilitates the collaboration between global smart hardware entrepreneurs and Shenzhen Open Innovation ecosystem.
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DINO GE ZHANG is a media anthropologist. You can find his work at anthropos.live.
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XIAOWEI WANG is an artist, engineer and researcher based between the two Bay Areas. They research technology in rural areas, with a focus on food systems and the importance of landscape in a digital world.
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IMPRESSUM ------REALTIME: MAKING DIGITAL CHINA ------
EDITORS Clément Renaud, EPFL Florence Graezer Bideau, EPFL Marc Laperrouza, EPFL
GRAPHIC DESIGN Maria Roszkowska, DISNOVATION.ORG
AUTHORS Clément Renaud, EPFL Lausanne, CH Florence Graezer Bideau, EPFL Lausanne, CH Marc Laperrouza, EPFL Lausanne, CH Monique Bolli, EPFL Lausanne, CH Emanuele Protti, Polytechnico de Torino, IT Anaïs Bloch, HEAD Geneva, CH Maria Roszkowska, DISNOVATION.ORG Nicolas Maigret, DISNOVATION.ORG Dennis de Bel, Willem De Kooning Academy, Rotterdam, NL Gabriele de Seta, Academia Sinica, Taipei, TW Jason Hilgefort, Hong Kong University / LCC, HK David Li, SZOIL, Shenzhen CN Dino Ge Zhang, RMIT University, Melbourne, AU Xiaowei R. Wang, Researcher & Designer, San Francisco, US
COPY-EDITING Rik Godwin and Jo Nicoud-Garden
CREDITS PURR © 2020
This book was made with the support of the SNFS for the project “Makerspaces in China” (2016-2019) and the Swiss Institute of Technology at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL).
We are very grateful to all the people who supported the project formally or informally, from close or afar. Our thanks go in particular to the maker communities in Chengdu, Shanghai and Shenzhen for making along, to Swissnex China for sponsoring a number of events, to Lucas Giossi for his editorial support and to the College of Humanities at EPFL for hosting the project.
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