Lapdap: a New Antimalarial for Africa
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Trypanocidal Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Andrographis Paniculata
Science World Journal Vol. 15(No 4) 2020 www.scienceworldjournal.org ISSN: 1597-6343 (Online), ISSN: 2756-391X (Print) Published by Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University TRYPANOCIDAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA 1* 2 3 4 Ladan Z., Olanrewaju T. O., Maikaje D.B., and Waziri P. N. Full Length Research Article 1Department of Chemistry, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria 2Human African Trypanosomiasis Research Department, Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research, Kaduna, Nigeria 3Department of Microbiology, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria 4Department of Biochemistry, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria *Corresponding Author’s Email Address: [email protected] Phone: 2347030475898 ABSTRACT animal Trypanosomiasis (Achenef and Bekele, 2013; Giordani et Andrographis paniculata used in this study belongs to Acanthacae al., 2016). Various industries are now on the search for sources of family and is commonly known as king of bitters. This study aimed alternative which include synthetic and natural products. Medicinal at evaluating effect of A. paniculata leaf extract on experimental plants remain a major source of alternative medicine and scientific rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Cold maceration was investigations have shown that various plants indicate promising used for extraction and the biomass was fractionated in open results for the development of cheaper less toxic drugs for column chromatography. One of the ethanolic fractions obtained treatment and management of trypanosomiasis (Simoben et al., from A. paniculata was evaluated for in vitro and in vivo activities 2018). Andrographis paniculata evaluated in this study belong to using RPMI 1640 cell culture media and experimental wistar rats Acanthacae family of the plant kingdom and commonly known as respectively. -
Folic Acid Antagonists: Antimicrobial and Immunomodulating Mechanisms and Applications
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Folic Acid Antagonists: Antimicrobial and Immunomodulating Mechanisms and Applications Daniel Fernández-Villa 1, Maria Rosa Aguilar 1,2 and Luis Rojo 1,2,* 1 Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (D.F.-V.); [email protected] (M.R.A.) 2 Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 28029 Madrid, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-915-622-900 Received: 18 September 2019; Accepted: 7 October 2019; Published: 9 October 2019 Abstract: Bacterial, protozoan and other microbial infections share an accelerated metabolic rate. In order to ensure a proper functioning of cell replication and proteins and nucleic acids synthesis processes, folate metabolism rate is also increased in these cases. For this reason, folic acid antagonists have been used since their discovery to treat different kinds of microbial infections, taking advantage of this metabolic difference when compared with human cells. However, resistances to these compounds have emerged since then and only combined therapies are currently used in clinic. In addition, some of these compounds have been found to have an immunomodulatory behavior that allows clinicians using them as anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an updated state-of-the-art on the use of antifolates as antibacterial and immunomodulating agents in the clinical setting, as well as to present their action mechanisms and currently investigated biomedical applications. Keywords: folic acid antagonists; antifolates; antibiotics; antibacterials; immunomodulation; sulfonamides; antimalarial 1. -
Of!Transcription!In!The!African! Trypanosome!Trypanosoma*Brucei.!
! ! ! ! ! ! Epigenetic!control!of!transcription!in!the!African! Trypanosome!Trypanosoma*brucei.! ! ! ! ! ! by! Louise!Elizabeth!Kerry! ! ! ! ! ! Thesis!submitted!in!partial!fulfillment!of!the!requirements!for!the!degree!of! Doctor!of!Philosophy!(Ph.!D.)!in!Molecular!and!Cellular!Biosciences.! Department!of!Life!Sciences,!Division!of!Cell!and!Molecular!Biology,! Imperial!College!London! ! ! ! ! ! ! Declaration!! ! Declaration!of!originality! I! declare! that! all! of! the! work! presented! in! this! thesis! is! my! own,! and! that! all! else,! information,! data,! results,! figures! and! ideas! from! another! source! or! from! collaborations! have!been!appropriately!referenced!or!acknowledged.! ! ! ! Louise!Elizabeth!Kerry!! November!2017! ! ! Copyright!declaration! The! copyright! of! this! thesis! rests! with! the! author! and! is! made! available! under! a! Creative! Commons!Attribution!NonOCommercial!No!Derivatives!license.!Researches!are!free!to!copy,! distribute!or!transmit!the!thesis!on!the!condition!that!they!attribute!it,!that!they!do!not!use! it!for!commercial!purposes!and!that!they!do!not!alter,!transform!or!build!upon!it.!!For!any! reuse! or! redistribution,! researchers! must! make! clear! to! others! the! license! terms! of! this! work.! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1! Abstract! Abstract! ! Trypanosoma! brucei! relies! on! an! essential! Variant! Surface! Glycoprotein! (VSG)! coat! for! survival!in!the!mammalian!bloodstream.!A!single!VSG!gene!is!transcribed!by!RNA!polymerase!I!(Pol!I)! in! a! strictly! monoallelic! fashion! from! one! of! -
Annual Review 2004 Contents Contentsforeword
Annual Review 2004 Contents ContentsForeword ........................................................................................................................... 3 Editor’s Note ..................................................................................................................... 4 Organization Chart ............................................................................................................ 5 Administrative Board .......................................................................................................... 6 Special Events..................................................................................................................... 8 Consultants ...................................................................................................................... 13 Visiting Professors ............................................................................................................ 13 Faculty Board ...................................................................................................................13 Faculty Senate ..................................................................................................................14 Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine ........................................................................ 15 Department of Helminthology ......................................................................................... 22 Department of Medical Entomology ............................................................................... -
Genomics and Expected Benefits for Vector Entomology
4 Genomics and expected benefits for vector entomology Christos Louis# Abstract This paper summarizes the gains expected for vector entomology from the acquisition of the genome sequence of disease-transmitting arthropods. The results of this kind of high-throughput science, especially the direct consequences that could be summarily described as post-genomic activities, may lead to a better understanding of the biology of the vectors, including population studies, interactions with the disease agents and, finally, the direct development of tools, biological or bioinformatics- based, to be used in their control. Keywords: genome sequencing; genome mining; comparative genomics The facts and the prospects Although the etymology of the term genomics is obvious, in contrast, its definition is fairly vague. Interestingly, unless one would encompass in it the notion of ‘high- throughput research’, Bridges’ pioneering work on the cytogenetic mapping using the polytene chromosomes of Drosophila (Bridges 1935) would definitely qualify as genomic research, possibly marking the beginning of the discipline. The particularly tedious and time-consuming closing of gaps in the whole genome sequence (WGS) of the same organism, on the other hand, can hardly be described as ‘high throughput’, thus its inclusion in the category of ‘-ics’ science could theoretically merely be done as a typical example of ‘post-genomics’. In spite of these philological considerations genomics has not only found its place in biological research, even more so, it represents a constantly expanding field, also due to the continual development of new biotechnological, technological and informatics-based tools. The first reported completion of the sequence of a large segment of eukaryotic DNA, that of chromosome XI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Dujon et al. -
Artemether-Lumefantrine (Six-Dose Regimen) for Treating Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria (Review)
Artemether-lumefantrine (six-dose regimen) for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria (Review) Omari AAA, Gamble CL, Garner P This is a reprint of a Cochrane review, prepared and maintained by The Cochrane Collaboration and published in The Cochrane Library 2009, Issue 1 http://www.thecochranelibrary.com Artemether-lumefantrine (six-dose regimen) for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria (Review) Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. TABLE OF CONTENTS HEADER....................................... 1 ABSTRACT ...................................... 1 PLAINLANGUAGESUMMARY . 2 BACKGROUND .................................... 2 OBJECTIVES ..................................... 3 METHODS ...................................... 3 RESULTS....................................... 5 DISCUSSION ..................................... 9 AUTHORS’CONCLUSIONS . 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 10 REFERENCES ..................................... 10 CHARACTERISTICSOFSTUDIES . 13 DATAANDANALYSES. 20 Analysis 1.1. Comparison 1 Artemether-lumefantrine vs amodiaquine, Outcome 1 Total failure by day 28. 22 Analysis 1.2. Comparison 1 Artemether-lumefantrine vs amodiaquine, Outcome 2 Total failure by day 14. 23 Analysis 1.3. Comparison 1 Artemether-lumefantrine vs amodiaquine, Outcome 3 Gametocyte carriage on day 14. 23 Analysis 2.1. Comparison 2 Artemether-lumefantrine vs chloroquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, Outcome 1 Total failurebyday28. ................................ 24 Analysis 2.2. Comparison 2 Artemether-lumefantrine -
Drugs and Drug Resistance in African Animal Trypanosomosis: a Review
European Journal of Applied Sciences 5 (3): 84-91, 2013 ISSN 2079-2077 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ejas.2013.5.3.75164 Drugs and Drug Resistance in African Animal Trypanosomosis: A Review Achenef Melaku and Bekele Birasa Department of Veterinary Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, Ethiopia Abstract: Trypanosomosis is the most serious animal health problem in sub-Saharan Africa and prevents the keeping of animals over millions square kilometres of potentially productive land. Trypanocidal drugs belonging to different chemical families and they are used quite intensively in veterinary medicine. Drug for control of animal trypanosomosis relies essentially on three drugs namely homidium salts, diminazene aciturate and isometamidium chloride. About thirty five million doses of trypanocidal drugs are used annually in the treatment of animal trypanosomosis in Africa. Most of these drugs are very old and utilized for a long period of time. Hence, treatment of trypanosomosis is complicated by development of drug resistance. Drug resistance has been reported in 17 countries of Africa. The exact mechanism how trypanosomal parasite develop resistant and the factors responsible for the development of drug resistance are yet to establish. In addition, it is very unlikely that new trypanocidal drugs will be released into the market in the near future. Therefore, it is essential to maintain the efficacy of the currently available drugs through proper utilization. The general features of trypanosomosis, drugs for the treatment and drug resistance in African trypanosomoses are briefly reviewed in this paper and measures to combat drug resistance especially at field level are also suggested. -
Review of T-2307, an Investigational Agent That Causes Collapse of Fungal Mitochondrial Membrane Potential
Journal of Fungi Review Review of T-2307, an Investigational Agent That Causes Collapse of Fungal Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Nathan P. Wiederhold Fungus Testing Laboratory,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; [email protected] Abstract: Invasive infections caused by Candida that are resistant to clinically available antifungals are of increasing concern. Increasing rates of fluconazole resistance in non-albicans Candida species have been documented in multiple countries on several continents. This situation has been further exacerbated over the last several years by Candida auris, as isolates of this emerging pathogen that are often resistant to multiple antifungals. T-2307 is an aromatic diamidine currently in development for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. This agent has been shown to selectively cause the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential in yeasts when compared to mammalian cells. In vitro activity has been demonstrated against Candida species, including C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. auris strains, which are resistant to azole and echinocandin antifungals. Activity has also been reported against Cryptococcus species, and this has translated into in vivo efficacy in experimental models of invasive candidiasis and cryptococcosis. However, little is known regarding the clinical efficacy and safety of this agent, as published data from studies involving humans are not currently available. Keywords: T-2307; aromatic diamidine; in vitro susceptibility; mitochondrial membrane; mitochondrial membrane potential; Candida; Cryptococcus Citation: Wiederhold, N.P. Review of T-2307, an Investigational Agent That Causes Collapse of Fungal Mitochondrial 1. Introduction Membrane Potential. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 130. -
How to Protect Yourself Against Malaria 1 Fig
From our Whitepaper Files: How to > See companion document Protect Yourself Against Malaria World Malaria Risk Chart 2015 Edition Canada 67 Mowat Avenue, Suite 036 Toronto, Ontario M6K 3E3 (416) 652-0137 USA 1623 Military Road, #279 Niagara Falls, New York 14304-1745 (716) 754-4883 New Zealand 206 Papanui Road Christchurch 5 www.iamat.org | [email protected] | Twitter @IAMAT_Travel | Facebook IAMATHealth THE ENEMY area. Of the 460 Anopheles species, approximately 100 can transmit malaria Sunset — the hunt for human blood begins. parasites. From dusk to dawn the female Anopheles, Mosquitoes prey on a variety of hosts — the malaria-carrying mosquito searches for a host humans, monkeys, lizards, birds — carrying to supply her with blood. Blood is an absolute different species of malaria parasites which in necessity for her because it provides the protein turn infect only specific hosts. Of the approxi- needed for the development of her eggs which mately 50 different species of malaria parasites she later deposits in her breeding place. sharing the genetic name Plasmodium, only She has a tiny, elegant body, measuring 5 infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, from 8 mm to 1 cm. She has dark spots on the killer; Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium ovale, her wings, three pairs of long, slender legs and Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium knowlesi. a prominent tubular proboscis with which The latter, a malaria parasite of Old World she draws blood. monkeys, has been identified to infect humans Fig. 1 Female Anopheles mosquito. The Anopheles enters your room at night. in Southeast Asia. In the past this parasite has Image source: World Health Organization You may recognize her by the way she rests been misdiagnosed as Plasmodium malariae. -
Hydroxychloroquine Or Chloroquine for Treating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – a PROTOCOL for a Systematic Review of Individual Participant Data
Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine for treating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – a PROTOCOL for a systematic review of Individual Participant Data Authors Fontes LE, Riera R, Miranda E, Oke J, Heneghan CJ, Aronson JK, Pacheco RL, Martimbianco ALC, Nunan D BACKGROUND In the face of the pandemic of SARS CoV2, urgent research is needed to test potential therapeutic agents against the disease. Reliable research shall inform clinical decision makers. Currently, there are several studies testing the efficacy and safety profiles of different pharmacological interventions. Among these drugs, we can cite antimalarial, antivirals, biological drugs, interferon, etc. As of 6 April 2020 there are three published reportsand 100 ongoing trials testing hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine alone or in association with other drugs for COVID-19. This prospective systematic review with Individual Participant data aims to assess the rigour of the best-available evidence for hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine as treatment for COVID-19 infection. The PICO framework is: P: adults with COVID-19 infection I: chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine (alone or in association) C: placebo, other active treatments, usual standard care without antimalarials O: efficacy and safety outcomes OBJECTIVES To assess the effects (benefits and harms) of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. METHODS Criteria for considering studies for this review Types of studies We shall include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a parallel design. We intend to include even small trials (<50 participants), facing the urgent need for evidence to respond to the current pandemic. Quasi-randomized, non-randomized, or observational studies will be excluded due to a higher risk of confounding and selection bias (1). -
The Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors
THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF INSECT DISEASE VECTORS JOIN US ON THE INTERNET VIA WWW, GOPHER, FTP OR EMAIL: WWW: http://www.thomson.com GOPHER: gopher.thomson.com A service of ICDP® FTP: ftp.thomson.com EMAIL: [email protected] THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF INSECT DISEASE VECTORS A METHODS MANUAL Edited by J.M. CRAMPTON Division of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK C.B. BEARD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA and C. LOUIS Department of Biology, University of Crete m CHAPMAN & HALL London· Weinheim . New York· Tokyo· Melbourne· Madras Published by Chapman & Ball, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEt 8HN, UK Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEI 8HN, UK Chapman & Hall GmbH, Pappelallee 3, 69469 Weinheim, Gennany Chapman & Hall USA, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York. NY 10003. USA Chapman & Hall Japan, ITP-Japan, Kyowa Building, 3F. 2-2-1 Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Chapman & Hall Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne. Victoria 3205. Australia Chapman & Hall India, R. Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road. CIT East. Madras 600 035. India First edition 1997 © 1997 Chapman & Hall Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1997 Typeset by Saxon Graphics Ltd .• Derby ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7185-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-1535-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-1535-0 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study. or criticism or review. as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act. 1988. this publication may not be reproduced. stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK. -
WO 2013/061161 A2 2 May 2013 (02.05.2013) P O P C T
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2013/061161 A2 2 May 2013 (02.05.2013) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every A61K 31/337 (2006.01) A61K 31/48 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, A61K 31/395 (2006.01) A61K 31/51 (2006.01) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, A61K 31/4174 (2006.01) A61K 31/549 (2006.01) BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, A61K 31/428 (2006.01) A61K 31/663 (2006.01) DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, (21) International Application Number: KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, PCT/IB20 12/002768 ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, (22) International Filing Date: NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, 25 October 2012 (25.10.2012) RW, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, (25) Filing Language: English ZM, ZW. (26) Publication Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (30) Priority Data: kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 61/552,922 28 October 201 1 (28.