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The Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF INSECT DISEASE VECTORS JOIN US ON THE INTERNET VIA WWW, GOPHER, FTP OR EMAIL: WWW: http://www.thomson.com GOPHER: gopher.thomson.com A service of ICDP® FTP: ftp.thomson.com EMAIL: [email protected] THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF INSECT DISEASE VECTORS A METHODS MANUAL Edited by J.M. CRAMPTON Division of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK C.B. BEARD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA and C. LOUIS Department of Biology, University of Crete m CHAPMAN & HALL London· Weinheim . New York· Tokyo· Melbourne· Madras Published by Chapman & Ball, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEt 8HN, UK Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEI 8HN, UK Chapman & Hall GmbH, Pappelallee 3, 69469 Weinheim, Gennany Chapman & Hall USA, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York. NY 10003. USA Chapman & Hall Japan, ITP-Japan, Kyowa Building, 3F. 2-2-1 Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Chapman & Hall Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne. Victoria 3205. Australia Chapman & Hall India, R. Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road. CIT East. Madras 600 035. India First edition 1997 © 1997 Chapman & Hall Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1997 Typeset by Saxon Graphics Ltd .• Derby ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7185-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-1535-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-1535-0 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study. or criticism or review. as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act. 1988. this publication may not be reproduced. stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK. or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied. with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-70874 <§ Printed on pennanent acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSIINISO Z39.48-1992 and ANSIJNISO Z39.48-1984 (Pennanence of Paper). Contents A colour plate appears between pages 286 and 287 List of contributors xi Foreword xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi List of abbreviations xxiii Part One Care and Maintenance of Insect Colonies 1 Care and maintenance of anopheline mosquito colonies 3 Mark Q. Benedict 2 Care and maintenance of Aedes mosquito colonies 13 Leonard E. Munstermann 3 Care and maintenance of phlebotomine sandfly colonies 21 Govind B. Modi 4 Care and maintenance of blackfly colonies 31 Eddie W. Cupp and Frank B. Ramberg 5 Care and maintenance of tsetse colonies 41 Ronald H. Gooding, Udo Feldmann and Alan S. Robinson 6 Care and maintenance of triatomine colonies 56 Patricia de Azambuja and Eloi S. Garcia Part Two Experimental Infection of Insect Vectors 7 Infection of mosquitoes with rodent malaria 67 Robert E. Sinden 8 Infection of mosquitoes with primate malaria 92 William E. Collins vi Contents 9 Infection of mosquitoes with filaria 101 Harold Townson 10 Infection of phlebotomine sandflies with Leishmania 112 Paul A. Bates 11 Infection of blackflies with Onchocerca 121 Albert E. Bianco and Peter J. Ham 12 Infection of tsetse with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense 136 Ian Maudlin 13 Infection of triatomines with Trypanosoma cruzi 146 Eloi S. Garcia and Patricia de Azambuja Part Three Basic Methods in Isolating, Cloning and Characterizing Nucleic Acids and their Products 14 Isolation of genomic DNA 159 Christos Louis 15 Isolation and analysis of RNA from insect vectors 164 Margaret A. Hughes 16 Determination of insect genome size and complexity by 172 reassociation kinetics Melanie J. Palmer and William C. Black N 17 Constructing and screening lambda libraries 195 Margaret A. Hughes 18 Constructing and screening cosmid libraries 207 Kostas D. Mathiopoulos 19 Constructing and screening cDNA libraries 218 Kostas D. Mathiopoulos 20 Southern/northern blotting and hybridization techniques 230 Inga Siden-Kiamos Contents vii 21 The polymerase cMin reaction (PCR) and RT-PCR 244 Bruno Arca and Charalambos Savakis 22 Differential display of mRNA 261 George Dimopoulos and Christos Louis 23 Localization of RNA transcripts by in situ hybridization 268 Philip W. Ingham and Trevor Jowett 24 In situ localization of proteins in whole mounted tissue 283 Marcos A. Gonzalez-Gaitan and Herbert Jackle 25 DNA sequencing and primer extension mapping 295 Hans-Michael Muller Part Four Genome Mapping Techniques 26 RFLP analysis of insect genomes 309 David W. Severson 27 Microsatellite mapping of insect genomes 321 Liangbiao Zheng 28 Polytene chromosome preparation from anopheline mosquitoes 329 Alessandra della Torre 29 In situ hybridization to Anopheles polytene chromosomes 337 Vasantha Kumar, Anthony J. Cornel and Odette Mukabayire 30 Microdissection and microamplification of dipteran polytene 346 chromosomes Robert D.C. Saunders Part Five Insect Identification Techniques 31 RAPD-PCR and SSCP analysis for insect population genetic studies 361 William C. Black IV and Nancy M. DuTeau 32 PCR amplification of insect ribosomal DNA 374 Susan M. Paskewitz and Frank H. Collins viii Contents 33 Generation and use of species-specific DNA probes for insect vector 384 iden tification Julian M. Crampton and Susannah M. Hill 34 Cloning and detection of insecticide resistance genes 399 Nicole Pasteur, Michel Raymond, Fran~ois Rousset, Jean-Baptiste Berge, Marcel Amichot, David Pauron, Andre Cuany and Didier Fournier Part Six Transformation Techniques and Viral Systems 35 Microinjection of mosquito embryos 423 Alison C. Morris 36 Transfection of cultured mosquito cells 430 Ann Marie Fallon 37 Viral transducing vectors for mosquitoes 444 Jon O. Carlson, Boris N. Afanasiev, Stephen Higgs, Tomoyo Matsubara and Jane c. Bums 38 Viral expression systems and viral infections in insects 459 Stephen Higgs, Ken E. Olson, Kurt 1. Kamrud, Ann M. Powers and Barry J. Beaty Part Seven Cell and Organ Culture 39 Establishing primary cell cultures from disease vectors and 487 maintenance of continuous cell lines Colin J. Leake 40 Culture and analysis of insect salivary glands 500 Alison C. Morris and Anthony A. James 41 Culture and analysis of the insect fat body 507 Alexander S. Raikhel, Kirk W. Deitsch and Thomas W. Sappington 42 Culture and analysis of insect ovaries 523 Thomas W. Sappington, Mark R. Brown and Alexander S. Raikhel Contents ix 43 Culture and analysis of insect midgut 536 Hans-Michael Muller and Andrea Crisanti Part Eight Insect Symbionts 44 Isolation and culture of tsetse secondary endosymbionts 547 Susan C. Welburn and Colin Dale 45 Genetic manipulation of insect symbionts 555 C. Ben Beard and Serap Aksoy 46 PCR-based detection and identification of insect symbionts 561 Scott L. O'Neill Index 567 Contributors Boris N. Afanasiev Arthropod Borne Animal Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523, USA Serap Aksoy Yale-MacArthur Center for Molecular Parasitology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, Room 700 LEPH, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven CT 06510, USA Marcel Amichot Genetique MoIeculaire, INRA, 06606 Antibes, France BrunoArd Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology, Hellas, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece Patricia de Azambuja Funda~ao Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil 21045-900 Paul A. Bates Division of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 SQA , UK C. Ben Beard Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Mail Stop F-12, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta GA 30341-3724, USA Barry J. Beaty Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Science, Fort Collins CO 80523, USA Mark Q. Benedict Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Mail Stop F-22, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta GA 30341-3724, USA Jean-Baptiste Berge Genetique Moleculaire, INRA, 06606 Antibes, France Albert E. Bianco Division of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK William C. Black IV Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523, USA Mark R. Brown Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602-2603, USA Jane c. Burns University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/0830, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0830, USA. xii Contributors Jon O. Carlson Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523, USA Frank H. Collins Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Mail Stop F-22, 4770 Buford Hwy, Chamblee GA 30341-3724, USA William E. Collins Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Mail Stop F-12, 4770 Buford
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