International Journal of Chemical Sciences and Applications ISSN 0976-2590, Online ISSN 2278 – 6015 Vol 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp 97-104 http://www.bipublication.com

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THERMAL SPRING OF IN THE DISTRICT OF KHURDA, , INDIA.

Anjali Dash 1, Sharat K. Palita 2 and Hemant K. Patra 1

1Post Graduate Department of Botany, Utkal University, -751004, Odisha, India. 2Department of Zoology, Kendrapara Autonomous College, Kendrapara-754211, Odisha, India. Corresponding Author : E-mail : [email protected] Tel: 093813897

[Received-06/10/2012, Accepted-21/04/2013]

ABSTRACT:

Physico-chemical analysis of water was carried out in the terrestrial thermal spring of Atri in the district of Khurda, Odisha. It is an acrothermal spring where water temperature is very high (55.9 - 54.9 0C). Analysis was carried out on a seasonal basis (summer, rainy and winter) in the main tank and four of its overflows during 2010 and 2011. The parameters like temperature, pH, EC, turbidity, alkalinity, DO, chloride, fluoride, phosphate, sulphate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium and total iron were analyzed. The water of the main tank and overflows was alkaline and pH decreased (from 8.8 -8.39) with decrease in temperature. The DO content showed a progressively increasing trend (6.095 to 7.29) with decrease in temperature from main tank to overflows. No carbon dioxide was detected during the period of study. Presence of traces of nitrate and phosphate are the characteristic feature of this hot spring. Keywords : Terrestrial thermal spring , acrothermal spring, physico-chemical properties, Atri, water sample, nutrients

[I] INTRODUCTION

Thermal springs are sites where warm or hot Thermal springs of the Indian subcontinent ground water issues from the earth on a regular (temperature range of about 30 0C- 100 0C), occur basis for at least a predictable period and is in groups along certain major tectonic trends, significantly above the ambient ground plate boundaries, continental margins and rifted temperature. The water issuing from a thermal [3]. Geochemical studies of thermal springs from spring is heated by geothermal energy. The India have been carried out in the past by several distinguishing features of these specialized authors [4 -12]. They found that these waters are habitats are, their elevated temperature, depressed generally associated with tectonic belts, mid- dissolved oxygen level and high radioactivity[1- continental rifts, Cretaceous-Tertiary volcanism 2]. and regional fault zones. More than 400 thermal PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THERMAL SPRING OF ATRI IN THE DISTRICT OF KHURDA, ODISHA, INDIA.

springs have been analyzed and are part of the corchorifolia); Acanthaceae (Hygrophila seven major geothermal provinces [3-4], i.e. i) polyspermae); Commelinaceae (Commelina the tectonic belts of Himalaya, ii) the Sohna fault longifolia, Toningia axillaris); Cyperaceae zone, iii) Cambay, iv) the Son-Narmada–Tapi (Cyperus cephalotes); Poaceae (Panicum lineament (namely, SONATA), v) the West Coast psilopodium, Cynodon dactylon, Paspalidium fault zone, vi) Godavari and vii) . In flavidium); Mimosae (Mimosa pudica); Orissa, seven thermal springs of Mahanadi Euphorbiaceae (Phyllanthus simplex); geothermal province have been located and Onagraceae (Ludwigia perennis); Malvaceae studied till the date, but their detail characteristics (Sida acuta) and Amaranthaceae (Alternanthera are not available. Those are Attri, , sessilis . Among these Panicum psilopodium Deuljhori, Magarmuhan, Bankhol, and under Family Poaceae is the predominant species Boden [13 - 19]. [21]. Amongst Thermal springs present in Odisha, Atri The physical and chemical parameters of (20 0 12 ′ N and 85 0 30 ′ E) ) is situated in the groundwater play a significant role in classifying eastern part of Odisha, in a small village at and assessing water quality. The hydro-chemical Baghmari under Khurda district, at a distance of study reveals quality of water that is suitable for 43 kms from Bhubaneswar, the state capital irrigation, agriculture, drinking and industrial (Figure 1). purposes [22]. Atri, being a acrothermal, The thermal spring at Atri has a circular main terrestrial hot spring water sample analysis for tank of 161 ′′ diameter and 168 ′′ depth (artificially various parameters holds a lot of importance for constructed) having a rocky bottom with water future scientific studies. depth of 139 ″, from where water and gases In the present investigation an attempt has been escape in the form of bubbles. The water being made to study the physico-chemical parameters extremely hot near the origin is channelized into of the main tank and its overflows of the thermal three nearby cemented bathing tanks called spring seasonally (summer, rainy and winter) overflows where people take their dip (Figure 2). over a period of two years (2010-11 and 2011- The present investigation was carried out in main 12). tank and its three overflows. These overflows are [II] MATERIALS AND METHODS in the form of rectangular reservoirs (Figure 2). Surface water samples were collected from the The 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd overflows are placed at 77 ″, main tank and three overflows for various 96 ″ and 334 ″ distance from the main tank with an physical and chemical analysis following area of 135 ″×135 ″, 120 ″×120 ″ and 200 ″×200 ″ standard procedures and methods as outlined in respectively. All the tanks have around 40’ of standard methods of APHA [23]. Surface water water height throughout the year and from these temperature, pH and EC were measured in situ by tanks water flow to the surrounding field. using WTW kit. Alkalinity, turbidity, total The maximum temperature of the main tank is chloride, fluoride, sulphate, phosphate, nitrates, 55 0C and remains almost constant throughout the calcium, magnesium, total iron was measured by year. As the temperature remains above 50 0C, standard methods of APHA. this thermal spring is classified as “acrothermal” Statistical Analysis [20]. Relationships among variables were explored The vegetation of the soil around overflows is using Pearson Correlation Coe fficients (PC). represented by 15 species under eleven Families Statistical correlations were done using the i.e. Convolvulaceae (Evolvulus nummularius, program SPSS 13.0 and included all seasonal Ipomoea sepiaria); Sterculiaceae (Melochia data during the year 2010-11.

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Fig: 1. Map showing the location of the thermal spring at Atri, Odisha

Fig.2. Main tank and its overflows of the thermal spring of Atri

Tank Type 2010 2011 Average of 2011 & 2012 Parameters S R W S R W S R W

Main Tank 55.1 56.8 55 55.9 55.4 54.9 55.5 56.1 54.95 Temperature 1st OF 50.4 51.6 48.3 51.4 52.9 47.6 50.9 52.25 47.95 (0C) 2nd OF 46.2 48.7 40.4 45.7 49.6 41.5 45.95 49.15 41.05 3rd OF 37.6 38.2 25.4 36.9 37.9 27.8 37.25 38.05 26.6 Main Tank 8.9 8.6 8.9 8.5 8.5 8.7 8.7 8.55 8.8 1st OF 8.9 8.6 8.8 7.9 8.7 8.5 8.4 8.65 8.65 pH 2nd OF 8.6 8.6 8.8 7.6 8.5 8.7 8.1 8.55 8.75 3rd OF 8.8 7.6 8.3 7.3 7.9 8.4 8.05 7.75 8.35 Main Tank 923 690 1074 913 685 1064 918 687.5 1069 1st OF 935 690 1078 925 689 1071 930 689.5 1074.5 EC (mho/cm) 2nd OF 942 720 1048 931 700 1050 936.5 710 1049 3rd OF 967 680 1054 937 670 1048 952 675 1051 Alkalinity Main Tank 32 38 15 30 36 18 31 37 16.5 (mg/l) 1st OF 40 32 44 38 32 45 39 32 44.5

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2nd OF 42 40 48 39 38 47 40.5 39 47.5 3rd OF 38 42 48 35 40 47 36.5 41 47.5 Main Tank 0.6 0.59 0.37 0.9 0.58 0.39 0.75 0.585 0.38 Turbidity 1st OF 1.1 0.8 0.65 1 0.7 0.62 1.05 0.75 0.635 (mg/l) 2nd OF 0.8 0.67 0.29 0.8 0.68 0.35 0.8 0.675 0.32 3rd OF 1.2 0.28 0.37 1.1 0.25 0.39 1.15 0.265 0.38 Main Tank 6.14 6.11 6.09 6.13 6.1 6.1 6.135 6.1 6.095 1st OF 6.35 6.28 6.23 6.37 6.24 6.23 6.36 6.26 6.23 DO 2nd OF 6.55 6.45 6.39 6.51 6.43 6.38 6.53 6.44 6.385 3rd OF 7.29 7.23 7.15 7.29 7.21 7.19 7.29 7.22 7.17 Main Tank 274 262 260 269 254 267 271.5 258 263.5 1st OF 270 268 260 260 253 259 265 260.5 259.5 Cl (mg/l) 2nd OF 266 255 248 256 253 246 261 254 247 3rd OF 282 253 248 264 251 245 273 252 246.5 Main Tank 7.7 4.48 3.32 7.5 4.43 3.29 7.6 4.455 3.305 F 1st OF 7.45 4.5 3.48 7.2 4.49 3.37 7.325 4.7 3.425 (mg/l) 2nd OF 7.6 4.48 3.4 7.4 4.39 3.41 7.5 4.435 3.405 3rd OF 7.7 4.7 0.48 7.6 4.54 0.56 7.65 4.62 0.52 Main Tank 33 30 30.4 32 30.2 31.4 32.5 30.1 30.9 Sulphate 1st OF 31.3 28.8 33.2 30.1 29.5 32.9 30.7 29.15 33.05 (mg/l) 2nd OF 36 28.4 27.8 35 29.6 28.5 35.5 29 28.15 3rd OF 33 27 32.8 31 28.6 32.3 32 27.8 32.55 Main Tank 0 0.02 0 0 0.05 0 0 0.035 0 Phosphate 1st OF 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.015 (mg/l) 2nd OF 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.06 3rd OF 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.1 0.035 0.04 0.08 Main Tank 0 0.01 0.1684 0.01 0 0.1684 0.005 0.005 0.1684 1st OF 0 0 0.0802 0.062 0 0.0901 0.032 0 0.0851 Nitrate (mg/l) 2nd OF 0 0.073 0.3288 0.073 0.079 0.3158 0.036 0.076 0.322 3rd OF 0 0.062 0.1524 0.89 0.068 0.1494 0.445 0.065 0.1509 Main Tank 8.8 11 11.2 8.5 11.1 10.2 8.75 11.05 10.7 1st OF 9.6 11.2 12 8.6 11.2 11 9.1 11.2 11.5 Calcium (mg/l) 2nd OF 12 12.6 12.8 11.9 12.5 12.5 11.95 12.55 12.65 3rd OF 12 12.8 12.8 11.6 12.7 12.3 11.8 12.75 12.55 Main Tank 3.8 3.682 3.346 3.6 3.594 3.246 3.7 3.634 3.47 Magnesium 1st OF 3.8 3.682 3.402 3.2 3.587 3.305 3.5 3.634 3.353 (mg/l) 2nd OF 3.4 3.303 2.916 2.9 2.879 2.811 3.15 3.091 2.863 3rd OF 3.8 2.186 2.916 3.3 2.544 2.901 3.55 2.365 2.908 Main Tank 0.11 0.158 0.056 0.11 0.185 0.066 0.11 0.171 0.061 Total Iron 1st OF 0.182 0.186 0.198 0.252 0.243 0.181 0.217 0.214 0.189 (mg/l) 2nd OF 0.496 0.382 0.304 0.356 0.397 0.294 0.426 0.389 0.299 3rd OF 0.362 0.291 0.026 0.398 0.342 0.036 0.38 0.316 0.031

1st OF- First Overflow, 2 nd OF- Second Overflow, 3 rd OF- Third Overflow

Table: 1. Physico-chemical parameters of thermal spring of Atri (main tank and overflows) during 2010 and 2011 in three different seasons.

[III] RESULTS temperature gradually declined from first The physic-chemical properties of water samples overflow to third overflow (52.25 0C, 49.95 0C of the main tank and three overflows of the hot and 38.05 0C respectively) [Figure 3]. spring during three different seasons (summer, The pH of water was alkaline in nature which rainy and winter) of 2010 and 2011 and their decreased from 8.8 (at temp 54.95 0C) of main average seasonal values are shown in Table 1. tank to 8.35 (at temp 26.6 0C) of third overflow. During the study period, the average water The pH correlated with temperature in different temperature remained high in the main tank and it seasons [Figure 3] High pH value may be due to gradually lowered down in the respective low water level and high photosynthesis of overflows. The highest average temperature of 0 phytoplankton resulting in high production of 56.1 C was recorded in the main tank and the

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free carbon dioxide and approaching towards which decreases from main tank to third alkalinity [24 -25]. overflow. The average value of calcium showed an increasing trend (8.75 mg/l to 12.75 mg/l) from main tank to overflows with decrease in temperature [Figure 4]. The average value of magnesium varied little during seasons, however, it showed a decreasing trend with decrease of temperature. The average total iron content varied from 0.061 mg/l to 0.426 mg/l. In water hardness the cations like calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese contribute to the total water [31].

Fig. 3. Temperature and pH of thermal spring of Atrid, Odisha during 2010 and 2011.

Electrical conductivity (EC) was found to be good indicator of the water quality [26-27]. In the present study, average electrical conductivity varied from 675 to 1078 µS/cm and found lowest in 3 rd overflow in the rainy season and highest in 1st overflow during winter season. This might be due to high anthropogenic activities. The alkalinity is the main physical parameter that can be attributed to the phytoplankton diversity [28-29]. The average alkalinity ranged from 16.5 to 47.5 mg/l and highest value was recorded in 2nd and 3 rd overflow during winter season [Figure Fig.4. Physico-chemical parameters (alkalinity, 4]. The alkalinity is directly related to the fluoride, chloride, sulphate and calcium) of thermal spring of Atri, Odisha during 2010 and 2011 abundance of phytoplankton since they dissociates bicarbonate into carbonates and Nutrients are essential for survival, reproduction carbon dioxide which leads to the increase in and growth of phytoplankton and in an aquatic alkalinity [30-31]. -3 environment phosphate (PO 4 ) is one of the The average dissolved oxygen (DO) content limiting factors for the productivity of showed a progressively increasing trend (6.095 to phytoplankton. The average phosphate 7.29) with decrease in temperature from main concentration ranged from 0.015 to 0.08 mg/l and rd tank to 3 Overflow. highest was recorded in 2 nd overflow [Figure 5] The average chloride (Cl) concentration was which may be attributed due to the anthropogenic higher in comparison to other parameters (271.5 activities. to 246.5 mg/l) and correlates with temperature

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0 Nitrate (NO 3) is one of the most important disintegrate at temperatures of 48-50 C, they indicators of water pollution of water because it were absent in bacteria and blue-green algae is the end product of the aerobic decomposition which are more abundant in thermal springs [32]. of organic nitrogenous matters. The average Presence of traces of phosphate provides proof concentration of nitrate (0.32 mg/l) was found for the presence of planktonic organisms in Atri highest in the 2 nd overflow during winter season hot sulphur spring. [Figure 5]. The average concentration of sulphate -2 [IV] CONCLUSIONS (SO 4 ) ranged between 27.8 to 35.5 mg/l [Figure 4]. The high water temperature, high chloride, sulphate and traces of phosphate of spring water will encourage future research related to physic- chemical parameters and geothermal energy and studies related to diversity and distribution of planktonic organisms in thermal spring of Atri.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are thankful to University Grants Commission for providing Teacher Fellowship to the first author and Head, P.G. Department of the Botany, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar for providing necessary facilities for conducting this research work.

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Table-2

Variables WT ( 0C) pH EC Alkalinity Turbidity Chloride Flouride Sulphate Phosphate Nitrate Calcium Magnesium Iron WT( 0C) 1

pH .393* 1

EC -.264 .228 1

Alkalinity -.624** -.172 .060 1

Turbidity .219 -.072 -.036 -.089 1

Chloride .424* .250 .061 -.461* .684** 1

Flouride .374* -.189 -.182 -.207 .749** .693** 1

Sulphate -.043 .068 .500** .022 .378* .401* .271 1

Phosphate -.490** -.288 -.118 .480** -.094 -.581** -.210 -.013 1

Nitrate -.289 -.115 .075 -.060 .385* .341 .148 -.084 .017 1

calcium -.643** -.176 -.088 .488** -.447* -.584** -.503** -.216 .542** .193 1

Magnesiu .576** .558** .025 -.373* .623** .724** .407* .349* -.418* .192 -.601** 1 m Iron -.110 -.339 -.327 .305 .319 .010 .491** -.057 .362* .225 .400* -.204 1

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed). * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (1-tailed).

Table: 2. Correlation coefficient matrix between physico-chemical characteristics in different sampling sites

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