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Odisha District Gazetteers Nabarangpur
ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS NABARANGPUR GOPABANDHU ACADEMY OF ADMINISTRATION [GAZETTEERS UNIT] GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF ODISHA ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS NABARANGPUR DR. TARADATT, IAS CHIEF EDITOR, GAZETTEERS & DIRECTOR GENERAL, TRAINING COORDINATION GOPABANDHU ACADEMY OF ADMINISTRATION [GAZETTEERS UNIT] GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF ODISHA ii iii PREFACE The Gazetteer is an authoritative document that describes a District in all its hues–the economy, society, political and administrative setup, its history, geography, climate and natural phenomena, biodiversity and natural resource endowments. It highlights key developments over time in all such facets, whilst serving as a placeholder for the timelessness of its unique culture and ethos. It permits viewing a District beyond the prismatic image of a geographical or administrative unit, since the Gazetteer holistically captures its socio-cultural diversity, traditions, and practices, the creative contributions and industriousness of its people and luminaries, and builds on the economic, commercial and social interplay with the rest of the State and the country at large. The document which is a centrepiece of the District, is developed and brought out by the State administration with the cooperation and contributions of all concerned. Its purpose is to generate awareness, public consciousness, spirit of cooperation, pride in contribution to the development of a District, and to serve multifarious interests and address concerns of the people of a District and others in any way concerned. Historically, the ―Imperial Gazetteers‖ were prepared by Colonial administrators for the six Districts of the then Orissa, namely, Angul, Balasore, Cuttack, Koraput, Puri, and Sambalpur. After Independence, the Scheme for compilation of District Gazetteers devolved from the Central Sector to the State Sector in 1957. -
Traditional Knowledge of Konda Dora Tribes, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India 1S
IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy (e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219 Www.Iosrphr.Org Volume 3, Issue 4 (May 2013), Pp 22-28 Traditional Knowledge of Konda Dora Tribes, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India 1S. B. Padal, 2J. Butchi Raju & 3P. Chandrasekhar 1 & 2. Department of Botany, Mrs. A.V.N. College, Visakhapatnam-530001, Andhra Pradesh, India. 3. Department of Botany, Dr. V.S. Krishna Govt. Degree College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. ABSTRACT: Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh is known for Konda Dora tribe. Konda Dora tribe is divided into a number of clans such as Korra, Killo, Swabi, Ontalu, Kimud, Pangi, Paralek, Mandelek, Bidaka, Somelunger, Surrek, Goolorigune olijukula etc., Konda Dora are very dominant in the district. Frequent field trips were conducted in Konda Dora rich areas to collect the Traditional Botanical Knowledge and Ethno- medicinal plants used by the Konda Dora. Because of modernization, all the ethno-botanical knowledge is declining day by day, so there is an urgent need to document the knowledge of ethnic people. Here 68 plant species belong to 63 genus of ethno- medicinal value were recorded from Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Key-Words: Traditional knowledge, ethnobotany, konda dora tribe, visakhapatnam, Andhra pradesh. I. INTRODUCTION Tribal communities are considered to be forest dwellers living in harmony with their environment. They depend heavily on plants and plant products for making food, forage, fire, beverages and drinks, dye stuff and colouring matters, edible and non-edible oils, construction of dwellings, making household implements, in religious ceremonies, magico-religious rituals etc. a close association with nature has enabled tribal people to observe and scrutinize the rich flora and fauna around them for developing their own traditional knowledge and over the years, they have developed a great deal of knowledge on the use of plants and plant products as herbal remedies for various ailments. -
Malkangiri District
Orissa Review (Census Special) MALKANGIRI DISTRICT Andhra Pradesh on the east and Bastar district of Chhattisgarh state on the west. Malkangiri district is full of natural beauty. Long- The district having 5,791 sq. kms of th range hills, dense forests, rivers, streams, reservoir geographical area occupied the 13 rank in the and waterfalls are the major attractions of the state during 2001 Census. The average height of district. On the whole, the landscape of the district the district is 350m above the sea level having the presents a scenic beauty. highest elevation of 926 meters above Sea Level. Malkangiri district bears some The population of the district is mythological importance. It is situated in enumerated in 2001 Census to be 5.04 lakh of Dandakaranya region, where ‘Dandaka’ Rushi which 50.08 percent are males and 49.92 percent was residing. Lord Rama with Sita and Laxman females. The decadal growth rate during 1991- spent some years in this forest during their 14 years 2001 is 1.37 percent arithmetically averaged Banabasa. Some people say that the name annually. The area of the district is 5791 sq.km, Malkangiri has been derived from the name of a thus the calculated population density is 87 hill “Malyabanta giri”. Some historians believe that persons per sq km. The percentage of population the name Malkangiri takes after the name of a living in urban area is 6.87. The Scheduled Caste fort “Mallakimar danagarh” constructed by the population is 21.35 percent of the total population king Krishna Deo (1676-81) of Nandapur and of these the Namasudra (72.57 percent), kingdom. -
Lions Clubs International
GN1067D Lions Clubs International Clubs Missing a Current Year Club Only - (President, Secretary or Treasure) District 322C2 District Club Club Name Title (Missing) District 322C2 26074 BERHAMPUR GJM President District 322C2 26074 BERHAMPUR GJM Secretary District 322C2 26074 BERHAMPUR GJM Treasurer District 322C2 30428 BALASORE President District 322C2 30428 BALASORE Secretary District 322C2 30428 BALASORE Treasurer District 322C2 32568 RAYAGADA President District 322C2 32568 RAYAGADA Secretary District 322C2 32568 RAYAGADA Treasurer District 322C2 37621 TITILAGARH President District 322C2 37621 TITILAGARH Secretary District 322C2 37621 TITILAGARH Treasurer District 322C2 38219 GANJAM President District 322C2 38219 GANJAM Secretary District 322C2 38219 GANJAM Treasurer District 322C2 38735 PATNAGARH President District 322C2 38735 PATNAGARH Secretary District 322C2 38735 PATNAGARH Treasurer District 322C2 38834 KANTABANJI President District 322C2 38834 KANTABANJI Secretary District 322C2 38834 KANTABANJI Treasurer District 322C2 39318 BARIPADA President District 322C2 39318 BARIPADA Secretary District 322C2 39318 BARIPADA Treasurer District 322C2 40058 DHENKANAL President District 322C2 40058 DHENKANAL Secretary District 322C2 40058 DHENKANAL Treasurer District 322C2 45961 NOWRANGPUR President District 322C2 45961 NOWRANGPUR Secretary District 322C2 45961 NOWRANGPUR Treasurer District 322C2 45963 SURADA President District 322C2 45963 SURADA Secretary District 322C2 45963 SURADA Treasurer District 322C2 50300 KALUNGA President Run 7/2/2007 -
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION of HOUSING and HOUSEHOLD AMENITIES: a DISTRICT LEVEL ANALYSIS, ODISHA. a Dissertation Submitted to the Depa
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ethesis@nitr SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING AND HOUSEHOLD AMENITIES: A DISTRICT LEVEL ANALYSIS, ODISHA. A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement of the Award of the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Submitted by Leesa Vandana Toppo 412HS1012 Under the Guidance of Prof. Jalandhar Pradhan Department of Humanities and Social Sciences NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA – 769008, ODISHA May 2014 1 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING AND HOUSEHOLD AMENITIES: A DISTRICT LEVEL ANALYSIS, ODISHA. A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement of the Award of the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Submitted by Leesa Vandana Toppo 412HS1012 Under the Guidance of Prof. Jalandhar Pradhan Department of Humanities and Social Sciences NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA – 769008, ODISHA May 2014 2 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Spatial Distribution of Housing and Household Amenities: A District Level Analysis, Odisha” which is being submitted by Leesa Vandana Toppo, MA student, Studentship Roll No. 412HS1012, in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769008(INDIA) for the Degree of MA in Development Studies is a bonafide research work done by her under my supervision. To the best of my knowledge, the dissertation contains neither materials published or written by another person, nor the material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of MA degree at Humanities and Social Sciences, NIT Rourkela or any other educational institute except where acknowledgement is made in the dissertation. -
Region PINCODES Discription Area Svc DP ETAIL SOUTH 2 515872
Region PINCODES Discription Area Svc DP ETAIL SOUTH 2 515872 HERIAL YBL YBL YES YES SOUTH 2 621704 ARIYALUR CEMENT FACTORY ALR ALR YES YES SOUTH 2 621713 PILIMISAI ALR ALR YES YES SOUTH 2 621802 JAYANKONDA CHOLAPURAM JKM JKM YES YES SOUTH 2 621803 EARAVANGUDI CB JKM JKM YES YES SOUTH 2 621804 THATHANUR JKM JKM YES YES SOUTH 2 587101 BAGALKOT BAZAR BAG BAG YES YES SOUTH 2 587102 BAGALKOT BAG BAG YES YES SOUTH 2 587103 BAGALKOT HOUSING COL BAG BAG YES YES SOUTH 2 587104 BAGALKOT UHS CAMPUS S.O BAG BAG YES YES SOUTH 2 587111 HERKAL BIL BIL YES YES SOUTH 2 587113 SORGAON MUH MUH YES YES SOUTH 2 587114 BALLOLLI BDM BDM YES YES SOUTH 2 587116 BILGI (BAGALKOT) BIL BIL YES YES SOUTH 2 587118 TIMMAPUR IKL IKL YES YES SOUTH 2 587119 HUNNUR JAM JAM YES YES SOUTH 2 587122 LOKAPUR MUH MUH YES YES SOUTH 2 587124 TALLIKERI IKL IKL YES YES SOUTH 2 587125 ILKAL IKL IKL YES YES SOUTH 2 587154 TUMBA IKL IKL YES YES SOUTH 2 587201 BADAMI BDM BDM YES YES SOUTH 2 587203 GULDEGUDDA BDM BDM YES YES SOUTH 2 587204 KALADGI BAG BAG YES YES SOUTH 2 587205 KATAGERI BDM BDM YES YES SOUTH 2 587301 JAMKHANDI JAM JAM YES YES SOUTH 2 587311 RABKAVI BANHATTI BNT BNT YES YES SOUTH 2 587312 SAIDAPUR BNT BNT YES YES SOUTH 2 587313 YADAHALLI MUH MUH YES YES SOUTH 2 587314 RAMPUR BNT BNT YES YES SOUTH 2 587315 TERDAL JAM JAM YES YES SOUTH 2 587316 SAMEERWADI MUH MUH YES YES SOUTH 2 560018 AZAD NAGAR TR MILLS BLR JNR YES YES SOUTH 2 560024 HEBBAL AGRICULTURAL BLR MYT YES YES SOUTH 2 560029 BISMILLANAGAR BLR BXZ YES YES SOUTH 2 560039 NAYANDAHALLI BLR RRN YES YES SOUTH 2 560043 H R B R LAYOUT BLR CGM YES YES SOUTH 2 560045 GOVINDPURAM BLR MYT YES YES SOUTH 2 560059 R.V. -
DISTRICT-LEVEL STUDY on CHILD MARRIAGE in INDIA What Do We Know About the Prevalence, Trends and Patterns?
DISTRICT-LEVEL STUDY ON CHILD MARRIAGE IN INDIA What do we know about the prevalence, trends and patterns? PADMAVATHI SRINIVASAN NIZAMUDDIN KHAN RAVI VERMA International Center for Research on Women (ICRW), India DORA GIUSTI JOACHIM THEIS SUPRITI CHAKRABORTY United Nations International Children’s Educational fund (UNICEF), India International Center for Research on Women ICRW where insight and action connect 1 1 This report has been prepared by the International Center for Research on Women, in association with UNICEF. The report provides an analysis of the prevalence of child marriage at the district level in India and some of its key drivers. Suggested Citation: Srinivasan, Padmavathi; Khan, Nizamuddin; Verma, Ravi; Giusti, Dora; Theis, Joachim & Chakraborty, Supriti. (2015). District-level study on child marriage in India: What do we know about the prevalence, trends and patterns? New Delhi, India: International Center for Research on Women. 2 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The International Center for Research on Women (ICRW), New Delhi, in collaboration with United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), New Delhi, conducted the District-level Study on Child Marriage in India to examine and highlight the prevalence, trends and patterns related to child marriage at the state and district levels. The first stage of the project, involving the study of prevalence, trends and patterns, quantitative analyses of a few key drivers of child marriage, and identification of state and districts for in-depth analysis, was undertaken and the report prepared by Dr. Padmavathi Srinivasan, with contributions from Dr. Nizamuddin Khan, under the strategic guidance of Dr. Ravi Verma. We would like to acknowledge the contributions of Ms. -
LHA Recuritment Visakhapatnam Centre Screening Test Adhrapradesh Candidates at Mudasarlova Park Main Gate,Visakhapatnam.Contact No
LHA Recuritment Visakhapatnam centre Screening test Adhrapradesh Candidates at Mudasarlova Park main gate,Visakhapatnam.Contact No. 0891-2733140 Date No. Of Candidates S. Nos. 12/22/2014 1300 0001-1300 12/23/2014 1300 1301-2600 12/24/2014 1299 2601-3899 12/26/2014 1300 3900-5199 12/27/2014 1200 5200-6399 12/28/2014 1200 6400-7599 12/29/2014 1200 7600-8799 12/30/2014 1177 8800-9977 Total 9977 FROM CANDIDATES / EMPLOYMENT OFFICES GUNTUR REGISTRATION NO. CASTE GENDER CANDIDATE NAME FATHER/ S. No. Roll Nos ADDRESS D.O.B HUSBAND NAME PRIORITY & P.H V.VENKATA MUNEESWARA SUREPALLI P.O MALE RAO 1 1 S/O ERESWARA RAO BHATTIPROLU BC-B MANDALAM, GUNTUR 14.01.1985 SHAIK BAHSA D.NO.1-8-48 MALE 2 2 S/O HUSSIAN SANTHA BAZAR BC-B CHILAKURI PETA ,GUNTUR 8/18/1985 K.NAGARAJU D.NO.7-2-12/1 MALE 3 3 S/O VENKATESWARULU GANGANAMMAPETA BC-A TENALI. 4/21/1985 SHAIK AKBAR BASHA D.NO.15-5-1/5 MALE 4 4 S/O MAHABOOB SUBHANI PANASATHOTA BC-E NARASARAO PETA 8/30/1984 S.VENUGOPAL H.NO.2-34 MALE 5 5 S/O S.UMAMAHESWARA RAO PETERU P.O BC-B REPALLI MANDALAM 7/20/1984 B.N.SAIDULU PULIPADU MALE 6 6 S/O PUNNAIAH GURAJALA MANDLAM ,GUNTUR BC-A 6/11/1985 G.RAMESH BABU BHOGASWARA PET MALE 7 7 S/O SIVANJANEYULU BATTIPROLU MANDLAM, GUNTUR BC-A 8/15/1984 K.NAGARAJENDRA KUMAR PAMIDIMARRU POST MALE 8 8 S/O. -
Social-Impact-Assessment-And-Resettlement-Action-Plan-Bowdara-To-Vizianagaram.Pdf
MINISTRY OF ROAD TRANSPORT AND HIGHWAYS Public Disclosure Authorized (Government of India) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized GREEN NATIONAL HIGHWAYS CORRIDOR PROJECT Social Impact Assessment and Resettlement Action Plan Bowdara to Vizianagaram Public Disclosure Authorized December 2019 Rehabilitation and Up-gradation of NH-516E from Bowdara – Vizianagaram – Social Impact Assessment and Resettlement Action Plan Report ABBREVIATIONS APRDC – Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation BPL – Below Poverty Line CPR – Common Property Resources DPR – Detailed project report GoAP – Government of Andhra Pradesh GoI – Government of India GRC – Grievance Redressal Committee GVB – Gender Based Violence IAY – Indira Awaas Yojana LARR – Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement LPS – Land Plan Schedules MoRTH – The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways NGO – Non-Government Organization NHAI National Highway Authority of India OBC – Other Backward Class PAF's – Project Affected Family PAP's – Project Affected Person's PDF's – Project Displaced Family PDPs – Project Displaced Persons PESA – Panchayats (Extension to Schedule Areas) Act,1996 PIU – Project implementation Unit PMC – Project Management Consultants PRoW – Proposed Right-of-Way R&B – Roads and Building R&R – Rehabilitation and Resettlement RDO – Revenue Divisional Officer Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land RFCTLARR – Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement, 2013 Act RoW – Right-of-Way SC – Scheduled Caste SIA – Social Impact Assessment SMU – Social Management Unit SPS – Safeguard Policy Statement SSR – Standard Schedule of Rates ST – Scheduled Tribe TPPD – Tribal People Participation and Development Plan VGC – Violence Against Children WB - World Bank ii Rehabilitation and Up-gradation of NH-516E from Bowdara – Vizianagaram – Social Impact Assessment and Resettlement Action Plan Report Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... -
ANGUL Adarsha ITC, At/PO-Rantalei,Dist- 338 101400 Angul 2 ANGUL Akhandalmani ITC , At/Po
STATUS OF PAYMENT OF FORM FILL-UP FEES OF AITT JULY/AUGUST 2018 Sl No District Name of the ITI Total Form fill- Current fees up Count Deposited 1 ANGUL Adarsha ITC, At/PO-Rantalei,Dist- 338 101400 Angul 2 ANGUL Akhandalmani ITC , At/Po. 360 108000 Banarpal, Dist- Angul- 759128 3 ANGUL Aluminium ITC,At-Kandasar, 196 58800 Nalco Nagar, Angul-759122 4 ANGUL Ashirwad ITC, At/PO - 96 28800 Mahidharpur, Dist.- Angul 5 ANGUL Biswanath ITC, At/PO - 136 40800 Budhapank,via-Banarpal, Dist.- 6 ANGUL Diamond ITC, At/PO-Rantalei, 86 25800 Dist- Angul-759122,0 7 ANGUL ESSEL ITC, At/PO- Kaniha 78 23400 Talcher, Dist.-Angul-759117 8 ANGUL Gayatree ITC, AT-Laxmi Bazar,PO- 44 13200 Vikrampur,FCI,Dist-Angul 9 ANGUL Govt. ITI, Talcher 692 207600 10 ANGUL Guru ITC, At- Similipada, 59 17700 PO/PS/Dist. - Angul-759122 11 ANGUL Guru Krupa ITC, At- 170 51000 Jagannathpur, Via-Talcher, Dist- 12 ANGUL Angul ITC,(RCMS Campus), 260 78000 Hakimpada, Angul-759143 13 ANGUL Rengali ITI,At/Po-Rengali Dam 261 78300 site,Talcher-759105 14 ANGUL Kaminimayee ITC, At/Po- 153 45900 Chhendipada, Angul 15 ANGUL Maa Budhi ITI, At-Maratira,PO- 176 52800 Tubey, DIST-Angul-759145 16 ANGUL Maa Hingula ITC, At/Po- 244 73200 talabrda,talcher, Angul 17 ANGUL Maharishi ITC, At/PO-Kosala, 24 7200 Dist. - Angul 18 ANGUL Malyagiri ITC, Batisuan, Nuasahi 63 18900 Dimiria Pallahara, Anugul 19 ANGUL Matru Shakti ITC, At/Po-Samal 72 21600 Barrage Township,Via-Talcher, 20 ANGUL Narayana Institute of Industrial 51 15300 Technology ITC, At/PO- 21 ANGUL OP Jindal Institute of Technology 78 23400 & Skills ITC, Near cricuit house, 22 ANGUL Orissa ITC, At/Po-Panchamahala 0 Dist-Angul-759122 23 ANGUL Pabitra Mohan Private ITI, At- 92 27600 Manikmara, Po-Dharampur, Dist- 24 ANGUL Pallahara Institute of Industrial 117 35100 Training & Skill ITC, At - 25 ANGUL Pathanisamanta ITC,S-2/5 191 57300 Industrial Estate, Hakimpada, 26 ANGUL Satyanarayan ITC, At-Boinda, PO- 0 Kishoreganj, Dist-Angul – 27 ANGUL Shreedhriti ITC, Jagannath 114 34200 Nagar, Po-Banarpal, Dist-Angul- 28 ANGUL Shivashakti ITC, At -Bikashnagar, 0 Tarang, Dist. -
Total Area of the District. Kollam Is Located on the Banks of Ashtamudi Lake
total area of the district. Kollam is located on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake. Neendakara, a major fishing port in southern Kerala, is also located on this scenic lake. Edava and Nadayara Lakes are also partly located in Kollam district. Kollam district is moderately industrialized. Government enterprises namely; Indian Rare Earths Limited and Parvathi Mills are among the important industrial units in Kollam. Kerala Ceramics Ltd. (Kundara), Kerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Company, Kerala Premo Pipe Factory, Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited, United Electrical Industries‐Kollam and Kerala Agro‐Fruit Products are state‐government‐owned companies. Other industries are Thomas Stephen & Co., Floorco, Cooperative Spinning Mill and Punalur Paper Mills.Kollam is well‐ connected to rest of the country by bus and train service. It also has an IWT terminal which has 30m berthing space with 200 sqm covered godown and 400 sqm open storage. In the base year, region handled around 2.38 million tonnes potential IWT traffic comprising 0.82 million tonnes of originating and 1.56 million tonnes of terminating goods traffic. Out of this, traffic likely to get diverted to proposed IWT services, arrived at using various assumptions described earlier, is estimated to be 0.50 million tonnes comprising 0.22 million tonnes of originating and 0.27 million tonnes of terminating goods traffic. Traffic: Projected divertible traffic through at Kollam Terminal Kollam Total Traffic (MT) Year Org. Termi. Total 2011‐12 0.67 1.20 1.87 2021‐22 1.99 2.23 4.22 2031‐32 3.68 5.14 8.82 Imp Com. -
Performance of Sweet Pepper Under Protective Structure
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT Volume-3, Issue-2, Mar-May 2014 ISSN 2091-2854 Received:13 April Revised:1 May Accepted:16 May ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF BORRA CAVE, VISAKHAPATTANAM, INDIA Haraprasad Bairagya Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India, 731235 Email: hbairagya7@ gmail.com Abstract Caving is an art which can be best experienced in the mystic Borra of Eastern Ghats and ranked as the second largest cave of India just after Belum Caves situated in the same state Andhrapradesh, India. This Cave is fast becoming a hot tourist‟s destination offering great adventurous opportunity to the tourists in the Eastern Ghats. The cave is located in the Ananthagiri hills of the Eastern Ghats region near Visakhapattanam and is made of limestone. The emotion of thrill heightens after entering the cave. The entrance has a narrow vertical opening and is well lit. Due to its location in the sub-equatorial region, dripping of water from the cave roofs occurs almost throughout the year. The formation of stalactites and stalagmites create wonderful phenomena specially found in this cave. The conspicuous pillars formed due to the joining of the roof and the floors are an awe-inspiring creativity of the creator of this world. Various viruses and bacteria are in the cave interior along with different other creatures. The Borra cave helps the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, India, to earn huge economic benefits for the sake of tourism industry. Keywords: Cave, stalactite, stalagmite, virus, bacteria Introduction Caves have always hunted the imagination of mankind already from the start of human history; these natural formations provided shelter to early man and were sought after earnestly, to provide a „safe home‟.