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NEW AMERICAN 80 Grand Street Jersey City, NJ 07302 2011332-9191 Established 1980 As A Weekly Volume 1, No. 9

Chairman,i C .A.S.E. Arthur Abba Goldberg General Manager, N.A.F.C.U. FEATURES Joel Schwartz Executive Director, C.A.S.E. Robert A.Frauenglas David Shifren 9 New York Jewish Cultural Club Shows Its Age Editor-in-Chief Isaac Emanuel 11 Pictures of Two Worlds Harold Marcus Louis Rapoport 21 Captive Refuseniks Associate Editor & Art Director Alex Kharkovsky 26 A Journalist in Russia Victor Dobrow Russian Section Editor Tamara Dobrow INTERVIEW Consulting Editor Ludmilla Alexeyeva Louis Rapoport 18 Ida Nudel: an Interview Published and sponsored by the Com­ mittee for the Absorption of Soviet Emigrees (C.A.S.E.) in cooperation ARTS with the New American Federal Credit Union as a public service to its Nina A/overt 36 Baryshnikov Dances Giselle members and to those individuals con­ cerned with the issues of anti-totalit­ arism and human rights issues. MISCELLANY All rights reserved. Publisher reserves the right to accept or reject all advertising matter. Naomi Kenan 3 Tay-Sachs Warning Unsolicited manuscripts, artwork or photography must be accompanied by Hugh Barry 33 Alexander Magarik: the Prisoner self-addressed return envelopes and Jeffrey Pundyk 35 In Memoriam: 24 Russian Writers postage. Publisher assumes no res­ ponsibility for unsolicited manu­ scripts, artwork, or photography. DEPARTMENTS No part of this magazine may be re­ produced without the written permis­ sion of the Committee for the Absorp­ 2 From the Editor's Desk tion of Soviet Emigrees (C.A.S.E.) Letters and the New American Federal Credit 3 Union (N .A.F.C.U.). The opinions 4 News Briefs from C.A.S.E. expressed by writers in this magazine 25 Blow-up are not necessarily the viewpoints of the editorial staff and the publisher. 30 Book Review Copyright © 1986 32 Business Advice ISSN 0886-9618

Any persons or corporate sponsors RUSSIAN SECTION wishing to make a tax-deductible con­ tribution to the Committee for the Absorption of Soviet Emigrees H.KeHaH 40 OnacHOCTb: T31i1-CaKc (C.A.S.E.), a non-profit emigree re­ ApKaA/lfH 41 nporpaMMll1CT - Hawa npocpeCCll1fl settlement, human rights advocacy. n. and social aid agency based in Jersey n. KacpaHOBa 43 «HaW111» City may address their contributions B. Ko3nOBCK/lfH 46 no 4Y>Kll1M crpaH1114aM to: C.A.S.E .• 80 Grand Street, Jersey City, NJ 07302. Special thanks for technical assis­ tance to George Camalich, Packard Cover photo of Ida Nudel by AP/Wide World Photos Press, New York, NY

1 Ill From the Editor's Desk In trying to come up with a single idea that expresses this issue of NEW AMERICAN I keep thinking of the word 'struggle'. By definition, struggle implies opposition. For Russian Jews that means the Soviet Government. As undoubtedly, the most difficult strug­ gle for Sovkt Jews is the shuggle to get out of Russia. But this issue of NEW AMERICAN, I think, expands the focus of that struggle by expressing, not only the difficulty that someone like Ida Nudel has within Russia, but also the struggle after one emigrates. In "Pictures of Two Worlds", Isaac Emanuel emigrates to the United States, after which, in a large sense, his struggle first begins. He must support himself, and on top of that make enough money to bring his wife over. He shares with us an intimate history of Russia: the small towns of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth, the matchmakers, the businesses, and the land itself. All of this as a backdrop to his per­ sonal history; how he met his wife, how he came over to the U.S., his wife's illness after he emigrates and his fears that she might not survive. And in what must be the most unique struggle of all in this issue, David Shifren brings us into the New York Jewish Cultural Club, a club whose members are mostly in their sixties, seventies and eightks. When they first came over from Russia in the early part of the century, they gathered as an extended family for Bar Mitzvahs, wed-. dings, funerals, and shared a culture and common language. Now they find that they are getting older and their club is threatened with extinction unless they get new members. Paradoxically, they are trying to keep new members away. The obvious question is, why would any group close itself off to new members at the risk of extinction. According to their chairman "It's young people who don't tolerate the elderly. They think people at the club are too old for them." But the article makes you wonder, if the old members of the Jewish Cultural Club have something they don't want watered down - at any cost. Maybe old friendships, the comrDderie of language, and stories of a generation past that onl1 the oldest of friends could really understand is more important than the survival of the club itself. After all, what would they be sacrific­ ing' if they brought in a crop of first, second and third generation Americans? I see the members of the Jewish Cultural Club not as egotistical or misanthropic but as emigres struggling to maintain their heritage and their close knit group of friends. If NEW AMERICAN is "! succeed with our vision we will have to present the cultural richness of Soviet emigres as they survive the duress of great struggle . . When we call this country a melting pot, we don't mean that every immigrant's experience melts down into something Americanized, but rather, the expression highlights the difference in the cultures which have to come to our country. The struggle often, is not only to assimilate, but to assimilate without losing one's culture. I keep thinking of Ida Nudel 's quote from this issue, "AU of us, Russians as well, lead a double life in the Soviet Union. We lead a secret life. Our Jewish identity makes life suddenly so interesting. "

Harold Marcus

2 I TAY-SACHS WARNING

Letters to the Editor

The Russ!an Jewish emigre com­ bloodtest can determine whether some­ munity is the target of an educational one is a carrier. Dear Editor: campaign about Tay-Sachs disease, the If both potential parents are found to fatal genetic disorder that afflicts almost be carriers, the chances are one in four Just a word to tell you how much exclusively babies of Ashkenazic Jews. for each pregnancy that the child will I enjoy reading your magazine. You Connie Cucinotta, a genetic coun­ be born with Tay-Sachs. are really giving excellent coverage selor at Long Island Jewish Medical With a new test called chorionic villus to the emigree subject. Keep up the Center, said the center has launched sampling, developed in the past three good work. an extensive outreach program to in­ years, a mother may determine as ear­ Bernard Fischer form emigrees of the disease and of ly as her seventh week of pregnancy Longport, NJ testing for it. whether her fetus is affected. The medical center received a The early testing allows for the $ 50,000 grant from the Federation possibility of an early abortion in cases Dear Editor: of Jewish Philanthropies to educate where Tay-Sachs is detected. Previous­ Jewish groups that do not generally take ly, prospective parents had to wait un­ The story of Maurice Shainberg advantage of the Tay-Sachs testing til at least the 16th week of pregnancy (NEW AMERICAN, May-June available. The two largest such groups, to undergo amniocentesis, a more com­ 1986, pp. 22-25) is astounding in Cucinotta said, are the Orthcxlox and plicated fetal diagnosis. and of itself I'm afraid that the the Russian emigres. Cucinotta said Orthodox Jews account of Ms. Kustanowitz adds Tay-Sachs is a genetic disorder in typically do not get tested for Tay­ unecessary murkiness to the tale. which the afflicted baby is born without Sachs, since they would probably not How a KGB officer can resign on the enzyme necessary to break down fat agree to an abortion in any event the grounds of being a Jew and normally produced in the brain. Fat because of religious beliefs. wishing to emigrate to Israel, sit in continues to build up until the brain The Russian Jewish community, on prison for a year as a consequence, cells no longer function properly. The the other hand, usually is not tested and then get a job as a university disease is always fatal. because its members are unaware either professor... Well, a little explica­ Although the baby appears complete­ of the disease or of the testing for it. tion would have helped. In 1957, ly normal at birth, within six months he "These people are getting out of such the Pruzanskis get to Haifa but begins to lose developmental milestones a bad situation in Russia," Cucinotta Mrs. P. can't bear the heat "and already achieved. For example, he may said. "The last thing on their minds is the political and religious climate no longer be ab_le to sit up or hold his getting Tay-Sachs tests." was too similar to what they had head erect. Later, he loses functions The medical center is hoping many left behind" (p.25). Haifa resembl­ such as swallowing. Tay-Sachs children more Russian Jewish emigrees will be ed Polnnd politically and religioU.s­ eventually go blind and deaf and begin diagnosed in the future. The tests cost ly? How so? to have seizures .. They die before their $63 per couple and are covered.by most Oh, well. fifth birthdays. insurance policies. One error that is beyond quibble The disease affects approximately While research continues, at this is the apparent identification ofthe one in 2,500 babies born to Ashkenazic point there is no treatment and no cure Rabbi in the photograph on p.25. Jews. It also affects Sephardic Jews and for Tay-Sachs, Cucinotta said. Afflicted Mr. Shainberg may remember Rab­ the general population, but at a negligi­ children are kept as comfortable as bi Nute Yudke, but the picture is ble rate. possible, but early death is assured. that of the Rebbe of Gur (Ger), A child can be born with Tay-Sachs Anyone interested in being tested is mentioned on p.22. He died in only if both parents are carriers of the asked to call the Long Island Jewish Jerusalem in 1948. disease. That is where the testing comes Medical Center's genetics department Zandel E. Klein in. at (7i8) 470-3010. The University of Tay-Sachs may be carried for genera­ Chicago tions in a family without ever surfac­ Dept. of Psychiatry ing, if no member marries another car­ rier. There are no symptoms, only a Naomi Kenan 3 *** Not only was Boris drafted, Solidarity Sunday for 1987 but he was shipped off to the Artie region even before he The Coalition to Free Soviet could apply for a visa to attend Jews announced that Sunday, Boston University or finish his May 3, is the date for 1987's school exams in Leningrad. In Solidarity Sunday. This 1984, because of his family's gathenng is usually the largest status, Boris was denied ad­ human rights demonstration mission to the prestigious Len­ held during the year. Par­ ingrad Institute of Fine Me­ ticipants in the 1986 gathering chanics and Objects, despite had the chance to welcome his excellent grades. Ifhe was Natan Shcharansky to · the admitted, he would not now be U.S., after having heard his serving in the military ... un­ courageous wife, Avital, for less the authorities had con­ ...:. , countless years before then. vinced the school to expel Remember this date, mark it him (which has happened to on your calendar, come and the sons and daughters of show your concern for the fate refuseniks). of Soviet Jews. Mr. Jeffrey Jacoby, Assis­ tant to Boston University From the Coalition to Free ~ Soviet Jews President, John R. Silber, said, "All the kid really *** Left to right: Anna, Boris, Maria, and Vladimir Lifshitz wanted to do was go to col­ Boston University and ed letters he had written and case of the Lifshitzs, who had lege. From a simple desire like the Refusenik Student received, and other materials. been wa1tmg over five years to that he ends up in the military He was sentenced to three emigrate, their wait would be with ulcers." He added, that In the Spring of 1986 Boston year& for the writing in those extended by a minimum of Boris's mother thought it w.as University extended an offer letters, the first time a Jewish five more years. Unless, of a "cruel joke" that the letter of admission to Boris Lifshitz, refusenik has been sentenced course the family would. be of admission arrived on the of Leningrad. June 2, 1986 for such a thing. It was another willing to leave Boris behind. day he was sent to the Artie. was a very eventful day in his attempt to close the channels This is why it is considered a From various sources young life. On that day the 18 of communications between family tragedy for a refusenik year old received his letter of Soviet Jews and, their West­ son to be drafted into the *** admission and was sent to a ern supporters. Soviet armed forces, not to Protests Do Work military site near the Artie Cir­ Not content with making mention the large amounts of cle. Boris did not even have Vladimir a prisoner, the anti-Semitism aimed at him Earlier this ·year Jewish or­ time to apply for a visa. government then went after his while he is serving his ganizations learned that the Boris is the son of Anna and son. Boris was a student with country.) University of Nantes, in Prisoner of Conscience, Vla­ a medical excuse (similar to In May 1986 a medical France awarded a doctorate in dimir Lifshitz, now serving a our 4F, when the draft was military tribunal reexamined history to Mr. Henri Roques three year sentence. for anti­ still in force in the U.S.) for Boris and declared him fit for for his thesis denying the Soviet slander. Vladimir is a not having to serve in the military service. The long slaughter of Jews by the 44 year old computer spec­ Soviet Jews and their West­ history of his serious ulcer Nazis. ialist whose family has been serving in the Armed Forces condition was removed from A number of organizations, refuseniks smce .1981. He has are sent in disproportionate his medical records by doctors such as the Anti-Defamation gone on numerous hunger numbers to fight in Afghanis­ under pressure from the mili­ League ofB'niii B'rith and the strike~ to protest the treat­ tan or to the Far Northern tary. Two doctors did have the Simon Wiesenthal Center pro­ ment of himself and his fami­ regions of the Soviet Union. If moral fortitude and courage to tested this d1stort1on of his­ ly at the hands of the Soviet they survive their time in the refuse to declare Boris fit for tory . Protests were address­ government. Armed Forces, they can not active military duty. However, ed to the Dean of the Univer- After his last hunger strike apply to emigrate from the the military simply took him to . sity of Nantes, the French in April of 1985 the KGB Soviet Union for at least other doctors who were npt so Minister of Higher Education broke into his home and seiZ- another five years. So in the courageous, or ethical. and others. After a passage

4 I of some time, in which fur­ persecution is his open let­ *** and Jew and international ther protests were lodged, ter to the late academician . B'nai B'rith Leadership award-winning pianist and a the offensive doctorate was P. L. Kapitsa with a request to Soviet citizen. Vladimir is the ;evoked. defed me after my illegal classic victim of a repressive French Education Minister exile to Gorky. The election of Seymour Soviet system which punishes Alain Devanguet not only Mr. Marchenko had written Reich, a New York lawyer, as those who dare to choose to revoked the bogus doctorate that Soviet society was doom­ president ofB'nai B'rith Inter­ reveal their distaste for but also ordered the suspen­ ed if members such as Kapit­ national may signal increased cultural imprisonment. Felts­ sion of Professor Jean-Claude sa "fail to support the moral emphasis by the Jewish service man 's soaring career came to Riviere. Prof. Riviere headed resistance movement." He organization on the condition a screeching halt on May 23. the examinations body which was sentenced 16 months of Jews in the Soviet Union. 1979 when he and his wife ap­ awarded the doctorate. later. Mr. Marchenko, in his As an active leader of the plied for visas to emigrate to book, My Testimony, was the Anti-Defamation League, a Israel to pursue artistic From combined first to describe prison camp news sources. division of B'nai B'rith, Mr. endeavors and be free of the conditions in the post-Stalin Reich, elected last week by authorities' watchful eye period. delegates from 43 countries which had followed him as he *** attending B'nai B'rith's con­ toured Western countries. Sakharov Pleas For From United Press International vention, made the plight of Immediately following his Prisoners Soviet Jews a major concern. application all of Feltsman 's Although Mr. Reich said one concerts were cancelled, Leading Soviet . dissident, *** of his concerns was the poten­ copies of his performances on Andrei D. Sakharov wrote to Iosif Begun Update tial blurring of the separation tapes and records were Soviet leader, Mikhail S. Gor­ of church and state in this destroyed, and his music was bachev, seeking the release of Not content with sentencing country, he suggested guaran­ banned from the airwaves. political prisoners, including Iosif Begun to 12 years for teeing basic rights to Jews in In essence, he was erased as . Sakharov's friend Anatoly alleged "anti-Soviet agita­ the world would be an even an artist in the Soviet Union. Marchenko. tion," authorities at Chistopol higher priority. Since that time, he and his In the February 16th letter prison seem bent on trying to family have been constantly From New York Times Dr. Sakharov beseeched Mr. break his spirits. Boris Begun, shadowed and taunted by the Gorbachev to give a general who had made a fruitless trip KGB as they continue to bat­ amnesty to all prisoners of to see his father, was told that tle their forced isolation from conscience serving time in Iosif would be given further ***Culture = Politics both Moscow's artistic com­ prisons, exile or psychiatric punishment for falling behind in the USSR munity and western col­ hospitals. his allotted work quota - he leagues. UPI only received a copy of was producting only two wire The following is an open let­ Just a few months ago, Mr. this letter in September. mesh sheets instead of the re­ ter from Congressmen Jack Feltsman was to perform at It reached them via other quired eight. Iosif, hospitaliz­ Kemp (NY) and Harold L. U .. S. Ambassador Hartman's Soviet dissidents. The letter ed last summer with severe Volkmer (MO). residence in Moscow before was sent by Dr. Sakharov via pneumonia (News-Break, June The recent release of Soviet about 200 guests. Hours circitious means from his own 30), has not been allowed to refusenik Anatoly Shcharan­ before the concert was . to exile in Gorky. have a visit from anyone for sky serves to remind the free begin, unknown vandals Dr. Sakharov, winner of the more than a year and now will world of the continuing plight damaged several strings of Nobel Peace Prize and con­ not be permitted to see his of Soviet. Jews now facing the grand piano in an effort sidered the father of the Soviet family for a least several more harassment and shame for to prevent the concert from hydrogen bomb specifically months, and possibly not un­ their beliefs. occuring. After members of mentioned 12 prisoners by til 1987. Asked why Iosi f s It is especially important at the embassy staff returned name. Mr. Marchenko's name wife, Inna, was not receiving this time that we demonstrate the piano and made makeshift headed the list. He was a foun­ letters from him, prison autho­ our continued commitment to repairs, the performance went ding member of the Helsinki rities told Boris that the camp human rights in the Soviet ahead as planned. Watch Group in the Soviet censor considered them "un­ Union. In a matter of months But this incident is in­ Union and is serving his sixth suitable for onward posting". President Reagan will be dicative of the harassment that prison term. One good piece of news In­ meeting with General Secre­ Feltsman, once recognized as Dr. Sakharov wrote, "My na hopes to send her husband tary Gorbachev and our efforts one of the most promising of friend Anatoly Marchenko, is that a small park in his now on behalf of those suffer­ Soviet pianists, has been sub­ who was many times unjustly beloved Jerusalem has been ing could significantly con­ ject to. sentenced before, has been officially designated "Ginat tribute to the outcome of talks sentenced according to Article Begun." on human rights. Congressmen Jack Kemp 70 to IO years of imprison­ The case of Vladimir Felts­ New York ment and to five years of ex­ From The National man is an important place to Harold L. Volkner ile. The main reason for his Conference on Soviet Jewry. begin these efforts. An artist Missouri 5 *** U.S. Doctors Urge Soviets Free Victims of Cancer

More than 100 cancer specialists have signed letters to President Reagan and Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev urging that five refuseniks who are dying of cancer be given permission to secure treatment in the West and join their families living there. According to the World Jewish Congress, the letters were 'a follow-up to a Moscow News conference where three of the Jewish refuseniks publicized their plight. ''Medicine should know no · border,'' said Dr. Norman Sterns of Tufts University in releasing . the letters. The scientists ·stressed that they were "making a humanitarian plea" and not a political Photo credit: Claire Oppenheim statement. "Every cancer patient needs U.S. Senator Alfonse M. D'Amato (R-NY) speaking at a rally at Dag Hammarskjold Plaza in obser­ family support in their per­ vance of International Black Ribbon Day, to protest Communist repression and the continued Soviet sonal struggle," added Dr. occupation of Eastern Europe, the Captive Nations, and Afghanistan. Pictured are Oeft to right) Boleslaw Wierzbianski, emcee for the rally, Senator D'Amato, and Congressman Bill Green (R-NY). Robert Schwartz, chief of the Hematology Department at the New England Medical Center. In their letter to Gorbachev, and Inna Meiman. a Doctor, have been in refusal the doctors stressed that ''per­ fighting Chinese-supported The doctors' group said that since 1978. His mood is not mitting reunification of these guerilla forces in Cambodia. similar news conferences were good as the authorities con­ families will be a humanitarian Mr. Deng said, "If the being scheduled in Washing­ tinually frustrate his desire to action which will be greatly Soviet Union can contribute to ton and Ottawa with other ses­ live in Israel and prevent him appreciated by all peace­ the withdrawal of Vietnamese sions later this year in major from practicing his specialty. loving people." troops in Cambodia, this will 'Addressing Reagan they cities abroad and throughout The Committee of Concerned remove the main obstacle in wrote: "Surely, given your the United States. Scientists is working very hard Chinese-Soviet relations." on his behalf. He added, "Once this pro­ experience with this horrible From Jewish disease, you must know the Telegraphic Agency blem is resolved, I will be importance of being close to *** ready to meet Gorbachev." your family to face that *** Chinese Soviet Talks From New China challenge." Hunger Strike Ends News Agency The doctors were joined Chinese leader, Deng at a press conference by rela­ Dr. Josef Irlin, a cancer Xiaoping, has said that he is *** tives of some of the patients, specialist who lost his job ready to meet with his Soviet SSSJ Demonstrators including Channa Ambinder, when he applied to leave for counterpart, Mikhail S. Gor­ Attacked whose daughter Rimma Israel ended a twenty-eight bachev, if the Soviet Union Bravve, 31, is dying of ovari- day hunger strike in early withdraws its support for Viet­ Glenn Richter and Rabbi . an cancer. The other cancer September. Irlin began the nam's invasion of Cambodia . Avraham Weiss, National victims awaiting permission to hunger strike to coincide with Mr. Deng said China and Chairman of the SSSJ, organ­ leave are: Tatyana Bogomol­ the opening of an International the Soviet Union "are actual­ ized a group of demonstrators ny, whose sister and father Cancer Conference in August ly in a state of confrontation" outside Lincoln Center (at live in San Francisco, Ben­ in Budapest, Hungary. in Cambodia. Soviet-backed the opening of the Moiseyev jamin Charny, Leah Maryasin Dr. Irlin and his wife, also Vietnamese forces have been Dance Company) to attempt to 6 persuade the attendants to boy­ was on display in the The Hebrew Free Loan is South 22nd Street, Philadel­ cott the dance performance. C.A.S.E. Museum of Russian looking ahead to the future phia, PA ' 19103; 1985, 30 Immediately after the evac­ Contemporary Art in Exile for with new leadership and much pgs., $3.95). The pieces here uation, Richter said, some August and September. It has experience. were taken from articles members of the audience as­ earned much domestic and C.A.S.E. and the New published by HARPER'S NEW sumed Student Struggle was international praise and at­ American Federal Credit Un­ MONTHLY MAGAZINE in responsible for the tear gas tention. ion have opened a branch in 1898. Mark Twain seems to bomb and physically and C.A.S.E. /Third Wave Baltimore, Maryland to serve have a knack for seeing into verbally attacked some of the Publishing has joined the Net­ the large Russian emigre com­ the future. With the election demonstrators. work of Independant Publi­ munity in the Baltimore­ of Waldheim as President of One demonstrator, Maynard ers of Greater New York. NIP Washington, D.C. area. One Austria, this small book is of Swenson, was taken into pro­ is a group of publishers who does not have to be a Russian current interest. In March tective police custody after the have banded together to help immigrant to use the Credit 1898 Twain wrote of anti­ crowd converged on him. each other with distribution, Union. It is open to all people Semitism in Vienna and the Allother audience member publicity, marketing and shar­ and businesses who are mem­ rest of the Austro-Hungarian started screaming "Jewish ing of knowledge. C.A.S.E.'s bers of C.A.S.E. Empire. In a later article he murderer" at Weiss. "The TV Executive Director is the Vice Please consider joining wrote with tongue-in-cheek cameras were in a frenzy - Chairman of Legal Affairs for C.A.S.E. and enable us to how to alleviate anti-Semi­ pushing," Richter said. "Peo­ NIP. continue all these worthwhile tism and what he perceived to ple were very angry, they C.A.S.E./Third Wave took projects. Basic membership be the reasons for it. Amazing­ started screaming at Swenson part in New York Is Book costs $18 and entitles one to ly some of his suggestions and tried to strike him, think­ Country. Held in mid-Sep­ receive a free subscription to have been taken to heart by the ing he was responsible." tember this is the largest book NEW AMERICAN. American-Jewish community SSSJ has used non-violent fair in New York City. It ran For a membership fee of in the past ninety years. This protests for 22 years, Richter for over ten city blocks down $36 one gets NEW AMER­ slim volume would make a said, and would never put Fifth A venue and along some ICAN plus issues of the nice addition to any library. other individuals in. danger. of·the sidestreets. C.A.S.E. catalogs published by the In October we celebrate the "On the other hand, seeing the exhibited its Russian language museum within the year. start of the Jewish New Year. extraordinary persecution in books, museum catalogs, and I would like to personally Remember that for Jews in the the Soviet Union - if it was copies of NEW AMERICAN recommend two books, not Soviet Union, especially someone Jewish - one could magazine. published by C.A.S.E., to our refuseniks and prisoners of understand the frustration," Vladimir Maximov's new readers. The first is Requiem conscience, it marks the end of Richter said. novel, Looking Into The For a Woman's Soul: A Novel, a terrible year. But it marks Rabbi Weiss suffered a Abyss, is currently available. by Omar Rivabella, trans. the beginning of a new year, heart attack after being ver­ We invite all interested readers from Spanish by Paul Riviera perhaps a new year of hopes bally taunted and physically to query us as to price and and Omar Rivabella, Random and wishes and dreams. But abused by members of the au­ availability. This novel is the House, 1986, 116 pgs., those hopes and dreams and dience attending the dance fifth in our Russian language $14.95). A priest in a small wishes can only come true if recital. Mayor Koch visited series. village in an unnamed South we living free in the West will Rabbi Weiss in the hospital Our first four titles, in Rus­ American nation is mysteri­ continue to work on behalf of and sent a city car to pick up sian, are still available. They ously given a package. The our brothers and sisters still the Rabbi's · wife from home are: Russian Artists In The package turns out to be a trapped in the Soviet Union. and transport her to the West: Essays and Articles, by diary. What follows is a sear­ The modern struggle to save hospital. Alexander Glezer (illustr., ing account of torture and im­ our brethren in the Soviet 280 pgs., $18); Three Lives: prisonment of a young daugh­ Union only began in earnest From the National Conference Memoirs. by Oscar Rabin ter of a respectable doctor. She some twenty-two years ago, on Soviet Jewry (illustr., 180 pgs., $12.50); is a member of no political when a small band of students and other source~ In The Literary Mirror: group, is abducted out of the decided that quiet diplomacy Writing of Vladimir Maximov blue, charged with no crime, alone would not work. *** Gratis Dictum (272 pgs., $15.50); and and brutally tortured. The Let us not forget the names Third Wave No. 19: A Journal priest is driven to find out all of Ida Nude!, Josef Berens­ The C.A.S.E./Freedom of of Poetry and Prose (96 pgs., he can about this person and tein, Iosif Begun, Zachar Zun­ Communications Project will $6.00). All the books are in so will the reader. I imagine shein, Yakov Levin, Mark be bringing out a large 80 trade paperback editions. many of our readers are in­ Nepomnishchy, Yuly Edels­ page bulletin detailing the past The Freedom Synagogue tersted in human rights in tein, Vladimir Slepak, Yuri year. FC is the prime organi­ will again be overflowing general. This is a book which Tarnopolsky, Aba Taratuta, zation monitoring the inter­ for the High Holidays. The will shock you, when you Valery Pevzner, and so many ference with mail and tele­ C.A.S.E. Building is a good thought yourself unshockable. more. communications by the Soviet home for the congregation, but The second title is Con­ authorities. larger facilities may soon be cerning The Jews, by Mark By Robert A. Frauenglas The FC Sakharov exhibit necessary. Twain (Running Press, 125 Executive Director, C.A.S.E. 7 Don't miss the next NEW AMERICAN - subcribe now! . . . ··- ...... --

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BACK ISSUES STILL AVAILABLE.

8 DAVID SHIFREN NEW YORK JEWISH CULTURAL CLUB SHOWS ITS AGE

Gedalia Sandler

last June, members came from all five other to their children's bar mitzvahs boroughs to exchange quiet conversa­ and weddings, and to the births of their tion, nibble layer cake, and sip sweet grandchildren. The club was both cul­ wine from plastic cups. If the festivities tural and social." seemed modest, nonetheless they suited The NYJCC's roots stem back almost the members - whose average age is a century. Between the 1890s and seventy . 1920s, Jewish immigrants from Russia Gedalia Sandler, the NYJCC's and Eastern Europe, trying to earn a elect~ Secretary since its founding, is livelihood here, formed fraternal a diminutive, white-haired gentleman organizations called "landsman' groups who once taught school. Now, in the that consisted of people from the same small, one-room Manhattan office that home-towns and villages. New York ·serves as club headquarters, Sandler sits City had more than 7,000 such clubs. amid ancient file cabinets, covered type­ But native towns weren'.t the only writers and dusty boxes of stationery bonds between members - nor was be­ (the club's letterhead taped to them ing Jewish, speaking Yiddish, or shar­ with yellowed strips) that seem stark ing the same culture. Working in New reminders of a busier era. York as clothing-makers, seamstresses hen "Thirty years ago," . Sandler con­ and fur-makers - laborers in the "nee­ the firms, his Yiddish accent heavy, "this dle trade" - members were bound al­ New was a lively, active organization. At so by their livelihoods. So, at club York neighborhood clubs around the city our meetings, talk turned to pay-scales, Jewish members sang song.s. staged readings, factory-shifts and workmg conditions. Cultural read poetry and discussed literature. From this grew the labor unions, and Club celebrated its 32nd anniversary All in Yiddish . They invited one an- organizations like the Workmen's Cir- 9 cle, the National Jewish Workers' "I just want to be honest with them," But though recent Russian immi­ Alliance, the National Workers' Order Sandler says. grants attend NYJCC meetings occa­ and Jewish People's Fraternal Order Could it be that elder members feel sionally - usually, they're brought by (JPFO). In 1954, with the liquidation resentful of the young? For neglecting friends - overall, their numbers are of the New York State Insurance De­ Jewish customs, failing to observe the few. Instead, they organize their own, partment, the International Workers' laws and for allowing themselves to be younger, Russian-speaking groups. Order - of which the JPFO was a divi­ assimilated? Perhaps even for not "Their organizations are mostly sion - was disbanded. knowing Yiddish? social, not cultural," pronounces "It was a political move," observes Trauber insists it's the other way Sandler. "Saturday nights they dance, Jerry Trauber, current Chairman of the around. Sundays they'll hold dinners, for 40, 50 New York Jewish Cultural Club. "In "It's young people who don't tolerate people." Sandler shakes his head. those days, the McCarthy period, the elderly. They think people at the "They speak neither Yiddish nor whenever a charge was made of com­ club are too old for them." Hebrew. They go the synagogue Satur­ munist influence within an organiza­ But if young people are calling at all, day morning, and they think that's all tion, you were three-quarters guilty mightn't they at least be invited to there is to Jewish life." before you reached the courtroom." volunteer their time, to organize ac­ Still, determined to preserve their tivities for people like themselves? * * * groups, the JPFO's members reorganiz­ Trauber says, stubbornly, ''Not ed, into the Jewish clubs and societies much of that happens. Young people With the NYJCC's outlook so bleak, of today. find other outlets for their energy - in how do similar organizations survive? Members today, however, attend few Zionist groups, or temples that make The Workmen's Circle has a like bar.mitzvahs or weddings. At their age, special appeals to young people." membership, but, to attract new most travel little. And even of those At each of the 18 or so clubs still members, it offers low-cost insurance who still go to the Catskills for two an­ meeting in the New York area, mem­ and other benefits. Its more structured nual five-day lectures on literature, bers pay no dues, but contribute what set-up - all 40,000 members pay dues many haven't read much lately. Their they can. The proceeds go to the 1130 - makes possible activities that Jewish failing eyesight won't allow it. Broadway headquarters, which may clubs and societies can't compete with. Like their individual members, the take in $300-$500 from each club year­ Yet the Workman's Circle, too, faces clubs are growing old. ly. It's not a lot of money to run an trouble attracting members. "So now," reports Sandler, "we see organization, much less to organize and "In the last two years," says Sandler, funerals. Sometimes two or three a publicize activities, hire lecturers and "the Circle lost 2,000 members. Any week." The numbers aren't surprising, rent meeting space. But the club has new ones they may have gotten weren't considering that of the 4,000 current never seen much money. When its enough to replace them." members, all are aged over fifty, with members were working, they earned lit­ If even the Workman's Circle faces many in their eighties or nineties. tle for their long hours, and now, this problem, how much more acute it With an attrition rate so high, can the retired and dependent on social securi­ must be for smaller organizations. club survive? Obviously, only by fin­ ty, they have even less. ding new members. The most logical Mightn't the Club find financial sup­ * * * source might seem young people. But port in foundations, grants, Jewish a problem arises. philanthropies and the private sector? Mr. Trauber - who receives no pay It isn't that young people don't call "Unlikely," says Trauber, "very as Club-chairman, but who runs a about membership; they do. At the rate unlikely.'' Brooklyn tombstone-building business of 10 or 15 a week. After all, The New For, in their younger da:ys as factory­ says "There's no real outlook for York Jewish Cultural Club: One im- workers, many club-members were growth for an organization like this." . agines lectures, seminars, film screen­ staunchly pro-union. They espoused "Five, ten years from now," says ings and socials. But it's Mr. Sandler progressive, left-wing, radical politics Secretary Sandler quietly, "who knows who often answers the phone, and, that, even today, to many, still brands where we'll be?" But suddenly he leans depending on the caller's voice, he may them as socialists. And the wealthy across his desk. "We're not going to say "Listen, I don't think we're for aren't eager to give socialists money. pour cold water on this, though. Even you. But hold on, I'll get you the if we're forced to liquidate our head­ number of the Workman's Circle." If * * * quarters" - his shirtsleeved arm ex­ the caller should ask how Sandler tends toward the unused typewriters - knows the Club is not for him, Sandler With 30,000 Russian Jews now in "some of our neighborhood clubs will will sigh. "Listen, you're twenty? Thir­ Brighton Beach, the neighborhood still continue to meet. For as long as ty? Do you want to sit around with peo­ has been nicknamed the ''Little Odes­ they can." ple seventy years old? We meet once sa." Many of these immigrants, arriv­ a month to talk Yiddish with each ed only since the '70's are not yet other. Sometimes we'll have a birthday parts of organizations. What better David Shifren writes regularly for NEW party. So, now, will you take the place for the Jewish Cultural Club to AMERICAN. number?" recruit? 10 . In 1958, at the age of 88, Isaac Emanuel set down to write his autobiogrpahy. He wasn't writing for publication, but as a gift for his children and grandchildren. He wrote in Yiddish and died be/ore he had chance to complete it. In 1985 his grandchildren had the manuscript translated into English. Although it is a personal story, sometimes fil!ed with a multitude of characters, I found myself quickly involved in Isaac Emanuel's life and at the same time fascinated by the history that his story evokes. In the end I think PICTURES OF TWO WORLDS transcends the gift Isaac Emanuel had intended for his family, and indeed becomes a gift for all of us. Aside from very minor editing (mostly tenses and a few awkward phrases) the manuscript appears in NEW AMERICAN exactly as it was translated. We are publishing PICTURE OF TWO WORLDS in three parts, to be continued in the October and November issues. Isaac Emanuel died in 1961 at the age of 91. He was a Hebrew scholar, and the founder of a Hebrew School in Port/a,nd Maine. He was also a member of the Jewish delegation sent to discuss the establishment of the State of Israel with President Harry S. Truman. Editor ISAAC EMANUEL PICTURES OF TWO WORLDS I anxiously await the prescence of great Minsk, in which the towns of Slutsk and grandchildren. Boiberik were located. At this moment of writing, I have The town I shall describe is Slutsk. chosen to live a pleasant, peaceful re­ It was filled with Jewish intellectuals tirement in a home for the aged in Port­ who studied Torah and the Talmud. The land, Maine. My children are proud town boasted of such great scholars and and happy to know that I spend my Rabbis as Rabbi Joseph Baer (Soloveitc­ time conducting services and teaching chik) Brisker, Rabbi Isser Zalman the writings of the Bible. My children (Meltzer) and many others well versed see to it that I lack nothing that money in Torah. There were also a number of can buy for my pleasure and comfort. outstanding business people in the town, It gives me great pleasure now, while who managed to extend their business I am in good health and have plenty of operations into Deep Russia. They were time, to satisfy my children's request engaged in various prosperous that I record my memories of the enterprises. Emanuel family in Slutsk and in Of major importance to the less pro­ America. This will be a remembrance sperous trades people were the Sunday fo r them and their children. and Wednesday markets. On Wednes­ days the muzhiks, who lived in the sur­ PART 1 rounding villages would ride into , Isaac Emanual The Emanuel Family. Slutsk, their wagons heaped with eggs, am now 88 years The Town of Slutsk chickens, and other fu.rm produce. They old. In 1898, when I was 30 years old, also drove their horses, cows, and other I emigrated from Slutsk, in the Province One hundred years ago, Russia was animals to town on the Big Market day. of Minsk, Russia, to America, to Por­ governed by the Czars of the Romanov The farmers contracted with the Jew ish tland, Maine. I was already married family and their ministers. They were dealers for their great loads of com , when I arrived here. In the years that all enemies of the Jewish people. As a wheat and other crops. When the I have been here, I have brought up two result, Jews were confined to White muzhiks has sold all their crops and sons and five daughters, who have been Russia. They were not pennitted to emptied their wagons, they would go my pride and joy. They have blessed me reside in "Deep Russia". There were shopping fo r the things they needed in with beautiful, precious grandchildren. about 60,000 Jews in the Province of the town stores. Afterwards, both the 11 Isaac Emanuel men and the women would visit the The stores were closed. The Sabbath The Emanuel Family taverns for vodka and something to eat. was a day of relaxation and feasting. These two market days were the main The main meal would end with a pud­ The year was 1820. A wealthy source of livelihood for the Jews of ding filled with many kinds of fruit. businessman, Shmuel Emanuel and, his Slutsk. They lived comfortable lives Husbands and wives would go strolling, two sons, Asher and Velvet, lived in and conducted themselves as honest, dressed in their finest clothing. Boys Slutsk. The elder son, Asher, a fine per­ charitable, God-fearing people. No and girls would meet, go dancing, and son with a keen intellect, was an ex­ business was transacted on the Sabbath. sometimes fall in love. cellent Yeshiva student. By the age of 12 16, he proved himself to be proficient Manya-Mordecai and Henia lived hap­ in Talmud. With his pleasant voice he pily in Terebut raising a family of led prayer services in the synagogue. daughters and sons. In America, in He was much admired for his lectures Brooklyn today, one can find a large on varied subjects. Radinsky Family. All fine, respectable Velvel; though a good student in the business people. This Radinsky family Hebrew School (Cheder), preferred not emanated from Henia of Terebut - to study in the Yeshiva. He became pro­ Asher the Preacher's daughter - my ficient in Russian studies which allow­ sister. ed him to write official documents in U nfortuoately, Asher's and Libba­ the Town Council. At eighteen years of Chaya 's second daughter Hinda­ age he earned a living teaching Russian Malkah, was sickly and deformed; one to children. leg was shorter than the other. The Slut­ Another wealthy inhabitant of Slutsk, zker doctors advised that she be taken was Shmerel Sinagoob, the butcher. He to the baths in Druzgenick. For two supplied the oxen, cows, sheep and years, my mother took her to Druz­ goats to the fifty butchers who genick where she was eventually cured. slaughtered them for the townpeople. A shoe with a inner sole of cork was Shmerel received .payment after all the made for her shorter leg so that it would meat was sold. match the other leg. She was very Shmerel had a fourteen year old bright and excelled in her studies. She daughter he loved dearly. She was an became a wig maker so that she could accomplished young girl, for she could earn a living. In those years in Slutsk, read Hebrew and Yiddish, and create Jews lived according to Jewish law. and execute her own embroideries. In Before the wedding a bride had to cut all, a very desirable girl, whose name off her hair and put on a wig. Hinda was Libba-Chaya. Shmerel Sinagoob Malkah was such a good wig maker, asked the Shadchan (marriage-broker) that one couldn't tell her wigs from real to arrange a match with a medium-sized Isaac Emanuel hair. She rented a room with a window Yeshiva student from a good family, facing the street, put a sign - who could conduct prayers on the High Hebrew, Yiddish, Russian and Polish. Parukmacher - (wig maker) in her Holy days. Shmerel would provide a When Henia was fifteen years old, she window and became known as the best dowry of 400 rubles and subsidized the met Manya-Mordecai Radinsky, from wig maker in Slutsk. She made a lot of couple for four years, during which the town of Shitkowitz, who was stu­ money, in fact enough to support a time the young man could acquire a dying Russian and Hebrew in Slutsk. family. At that time, the Shadchans profitable skill. The Sadchan knew a Manya-Mordecai was so enamored of were talking to her about a boy from young man with all these desired her, he asked his parents, who were the town of Pohost, near Slutsk. He was qualities. He was Asher Emanuel, my wealthy, to arrange a marriage without an excellent student, well-versed in all father. a dowry. He also asked his parents to of the Talmud, and of good character. Asher and Libba-Chaya were in­ provide for the bride's clothing. And so His name was Israel Abba Zelikowitz. troduced, found that they liked each Henia and Manya-Mordecai became She married him, rented another room other and the engagement was announc­ engaged. and lived a very good life with him. He ed. They would be married when the The Radinsky family operated the was very good-hearted, a diamond. bride became fifteen. And so it was one Prince's Tavern in Shitkowitz. They After the wedding, he taught several year later Shmerel Sinagoob provided sold liquor to the non-Jews of the town, students. the dowry and a beautiful wedding. and bought assorted merchandise at low Israel and Hinda Malkah had a son, My father was known as Shmerel's prices. This merchandise was stored in Shmuel Yitzchak, who was very bright Rav Asher in the years he lived with his a warehouse to be resold at a profit to and goodlooking. He was a very good father-in-law. Having lost all the dowry the town merchants. The Prince, who student who knew his Yiddish and Rus­ money in unsuccesful business ventures was Polish, also owned the nearby town sian well . As an educated person, he he decided to utilize his knowledge and ofTerebut and its Tavern. When Henia went to Odessa and got a position with became a preacher. He addressed con­ was called upon to write a contract in the Visotsky Tea Company, sorting tea. gregations, taught the Bible to adults Polish for the Prince she included a He earned a good living but was over­ and to a class of eight children. As statement assigning the tavern to the come (poisoned) by the tea dust ·and Asher Emanuel, the Preacher, he earn­ bride Henia and the groom Manya­ died while still young. They mourned ed a good living. Mordecai for the rest of their lives. him for a long time and devoted Two daughters, Henia and Hinda­ After their wedding, the couple settl­ themselves to their daughter, Leah­ Malkah were born during this time. ed in the tavern in Terebut. The town Alta, a tall beautiful girl. This daughter Henia, the older one, was a beautiful, goyim frequented the tavern to drink brought them much joy. As a young girl healthy, educated girl. She knew and to see this Jewish girl they admired. she was well-versed in the Bible, 13 Hebrew and Yiddish. She studied Rus­ of a man living in Slutsk, who was orig­ born to the elderly Asher and Libba sian in a private girl's school. All the inally from Cracow. He was very suc­ Chaya. I was a small, lively child ad­ girls in Slutsk wanted to be her friend. cessful as a supplier of anny provisions. mired by all as "the beautiful little She made them forget their My brother was smuggled into Kursk boy". When I was three years old I was unhappiness. as a provisions supplier when the en­ severly burned when a pot of hot soup The Zelikowitz family emigrated to tire family moved there. He became overturned. It took a year of expensive American. The father came first, arriv­ wealthy, had ten children all of whom medical care to heal my burns. ing in Portland, Maine in 1903. He were students. As a result, all the At the age of six, my dear friends, settled in Oberron, Maine and became children assimilated. my days in Cheder (Hebrew School) a teacher in a Hebrew school. Two Velvet Emanuel, who was three years began. It was a place where a Rabbi years later, he arranged for his wife, younger than Asher married an older with a Lokshen strap (cat-o-nine tails) Hinda-Malkah, and their daughter to woman who had a large dowry. With prevailed over boys until they were come to New York. He left Oberon and this money, he bought a house. His twelve or thirteen. When a child had to settled in Brooklyn. There he rented an wife, who was a nervous, sickly per­ go to Cheder, he became gloomy, apartment with a shop. Hinda-Malkah son, died at that time. They never had despondent. Nothing, however, could made wigs and Israel taught Talmud to any children. When he had been change the fact that he had to go. The adults. widowed for several years, a Shadchan Rabbis actually were fine men, who on­ At the time my sister Hinda-Malkah from a town nearby, arranged a match ly occasionally became impatient with married, my mother gave birth to a son with a young, pretty, business woman. their students. From the age of six un­ named Yaakov Shmuel. He was very Velvet married her in my father's house til eleven, I studied Bible, Prophets, good looking, intelligent and a very during Purim. He, his wife, two Writings and Commentaries with three good student. After his Bar Mitzvah he daughters and a son emigrated to Rabbis. studied Russian with a friend, who was America. When the time came for me t-0 study a student in the Slutsker High School. Talmud, I had the misfortune to come Without informing his parents, he What I Remember of My Life under the tutelage of Rav Abraham prepared himself for the 7th level in the Itzeh Masliansky, known to be a child High School. My father, however, I was born on September 15 , 1869, beater. Every child feared him - and could not afford to support him through (corresponding to the 6th of Elul) thir­ therefore he was known as a good high school. teen years after the birth of my brother teacher. Every Thursday, the students Y aakov Shmuel married the daughter Yaakov Shmuel; the last child to be had to know the previous week's lesson 14 perfectly. If he didn't, he was beaten. It wouldn't have bothered me as much had I been beaten with the strap. Instead he hit me hard with his right hand across my left cheek - and my cheek became swollen. I was hurt and embarrassed and fled to my home. I was very sick for two days. A Doctor Frantzizkevitsh was called because I heard strange noises in my head. The doctor's examination uncovered a broken left ear drum. We were assured that it would heal. Meanwhile, the noises in my head continued. My mother wanted to bring charges against Rav Masliansky but people discourag­ ed her because he would be harshly punished. Since he was a poor Jew, people pitied him. My hearing remain­ ed impaired and the noises in my head continued. It was thought that I would outgrow it - but I remained hard of hearing all my life. The older I got the deafer I became. After several weeks recuperating I was sent to study with Abraham Masliansky's father-in-law, a scholar, with a friendly disposition who knew how to teach children. Abraham Itze Masliansky eventually went to Lon­ don where he taught in a Talmud Torah. When I was 13, my father wanted to send me to the Yeshiva in Volozhin but my mother didn't want me to leave her. She cried, " He is now my entire con­ solation, without him my life is no life. Our daughters, thank God, are married and our son Yaakov Shmuel is married and lives in Deep Russia in Kursk.'' And so I remained with my parents. They hired someone to teach me Rus­ sian. My religious studies were super­ vised by a scholarly man, Shimon Gobai, who was also an iron monger. I continued in this manner until I was 14 years old, at which time I told my parents it was time for me to learn a Mordecai, to move. Mordecai Temkin Mordecai Temkin hired me at one trade. I planned to apprentice myself to had a brother who lived in Neshvitz, dollar a week to learn the business and a shopkeeper for six months in order to very near Slutsk, who was a very suc­ to check out the bills that were written learn the business. After which time I cessful wholesaler haberdasher. He in Russian. At the end of a year, would get a job. supplied the shops in Neshvitz and Mordecai planned to tell his brother that I seemed to remember meeting a opened other stores in other towns - a he would run the business himself. The man, a scholar named Mordecai Tem­ kind of "chain store." Mr. Temkin of second year I was to receive two dollars kin, who was being subsidized by his Neshvitz opened a store in Slutsk on a week. I had already proved myself in father-in-law named Bakshitzky. This Khapashker Street to be managed by the business. Mordecai Temkin had five children and one of his own men, a 22 year old boy. At the end of the year, the accounts was a very poor man. He helped his Mordecai was to oversee the business were checked and the store proved to father-in-law in his tavern on the and received a few dollars a week the be unprofitable. Actually, the manager Tritzen end of Khobshker Street. Mr. first year. The manager earned thirty used to spend his time playing cards. Bakshitzky still had two daughters to rubles a month. The Neshvitzer sent The Neshvitzer decided to remove all marry off, so he asked his son-in-law, over stock every week. the stock, but Mordecai prevailed upon 15 him to talk to me, Emanuel, and see if men's and women's shoes, lamps - a ing about with my parents - from my I had learned the business. He did that. store like A & S. Every season he youth up to my wedding. My father us­ And the shopkeepers told him I knew would travel to Warsaw, Lodz, and ed to say, " Better a rich tenant than the business better than the · manager. Moscow to buy his wares. The mer­ a poor landlord." He rented three small The Neshvitzer Temkin fired the chandise was shipped to him in large rooms from Coopersmith on Zaretzer manager and appointed his brother in cartons. I bought several cartons from Street. The lease was for three years. his place. Stock was sent over and pay­ him and packed the goods to be brought My mother felt lonely since I went to ment was sent back. I went from store to Neshvitz. Ara Zindes said to me, Cheder and my father taught children to store selling, collecting the money, "Listen, Emanuel, only two other peo­ in his Cheder located elsewhere. My giving it to Mordecai who in tum sent ple work in my store besides my wife mother wanted to be amongst people it to his brother in Neshvitz. At the end and myself. As you know, my custom­ she knew. She visited her widowed of a year the Neshvitz Temkin came to ers are wealthy landowners, officers, sister, Rachel-Leah, who had two the store in Slutsk to take inventory and officials, young men and young children, Deborah and a boy named an accounting of the monies. It appears women. Therefore I need a younger Pinia. Pinia sold leather to shoemakers, that Mordecai had swindled a large sum person to work in the store who can and remained in Slutsk. Deborah's of money .With this discovery, the relate to them . I've heard from all your children live in Passiac, New Jersey, Nesvitzer Temkin removed all the stock customers about your prowess as a and are doing well. and closed the store. And I had to pack salesman. I will pay you 18 rubles a Rachel-Leah lived near Nishke the entire stock in cartons. month, and give you a raise every Kvashnik's tavern. The house had six The necessary cartons were available year." It was very agreeable to me. I rooms, a kitchen, four dark bedrooms only at Ara Zindes store in Slutsk. stayed in the store eight years, until one and long bright dining room. My Zindes owned a large general store year after my wedding. mother rented one bedroom and half the where he sold silver and gold ware, Now I will tell you about my dragg- hall (where I would sleep). We lived at 16 Rachel-Leah's until my Bar Mitzvah. After my Bar Mitzvah we moved to Khapashker Street. My father rented a room in a new house, near the river, built by the Krakovsky Family. It was arranged that I sleep in the hall. At night the hall was mine, during the day it was theirs. Mr. Krakovsky was ill and didn't work. His wife and two daughters baked and sold bread and her­ ring to the Mushiks in the market. In the wintertime, they fattened geese. The sons were young. The oldest son was apprenticed to a carpenter (cabinet maker). After his wedding this son left for America; shortened his name to Cox, became wealthy and a builder and sent his children to college. They became successful lawyers. My father Asher always kept a cou­ ple of hundred rubles for himself to use as loans without interest (Gemilat Chesed). He used to loan money to men and women before every market day so that they could buy all kinds of mer­ chandise from the town goyim. They would then re-sell the items in Slutsk. And that's how it was. Some would borrow money for a month's time. My mother helped many women, especial­ become a Russian soldier as I was meone eligible, an older woman who ly the Krakovsky family. My father already 20 years old and probably would tend the house and cook for us. became a father to their large family. would not grow anymore. A Shadchan arranged a marriage with When their father died, the mother Every person's life, however, is in a widow who never had any children. became the breadwinner. The second God's hands. During this time, my dear She was a fine woman with a good soul. daughter, Chaya-Sarah, who was 18 beloved mother became sick. She was She was completely devoted to us. She years old, washed and helped raise the 63 years old and was sick for a month. was happy to be Reb Asher the young boys. The older daughter, Sima­ Doctors were brought in to heal her. At Preacher's wife and a mother to me. Merre,eamed money writing letters for this time, my sister Henia's son, She used to bring warm food to me in the wives whose husbands were in Shmuel Stze wanted to marry the Slut­ the store. She would ask me to say Kad­ America. My parents were present at sker Judge Salanter's educated dish for her soul. I regarded her as my the marriage of the older daughter and daughter. My mother requested the girl mother, and she loved me as her own David Bronz, who were emigrating to be brought to her - she wanted to look child. Meanwhile, I was working America. Yaakov Bronz, a successful her over. Five minutes later she felt she myself senseless and the Shadchans bottle dealer in Port}and, Maine and was dying and called me to her side. were working feverishly. Every week David's brother made the necessary ar­ ''Come closer to me, my beloved son, I would meet girls. If I liked a girl, rangements. I was twenty years old at I want to bless you, that God should she didn't like me. Two years passed this time (1889). protect you, that you not become a in this manner. I became known as a good salesman soldier, and that you say Kaddish for and was respected in Zinde's haber­ my soul." She began to kiss me and her (Part // will appear next month) dashery business. Zinde was paying me soul departed. I became an orphan on Translated from Yiddish 12 rubles a month, a huge sum for that the 18th day of Tevet. I can still feel by Rita Gordonson time. Many girls wanted to marry me. my mother's blessing and her last kiss. But what could I do - I had not served May she rest in peace. For six months CORRECTIONS in the Army as yet. After the holidays, we lived in Krakovsky's apartment. We inadverently left out the name of the in the Fall, I was about to go to the Ar­ Then we rented two new beautiful author of "Grigory Gurevich And The . my when I received notice of a year's rooms from Mr. Krupenik on Zelber Art Of Pantomime" (May/June 1986). delay - to allow me to grow taller. Street. My father was in his ?O's and Katherine Lombardi wrote the article and· Meanwhile, I was free. We were very needed a woman to care for the house. is also the editor of STATE OF THE lucky. I was earning 12 rubles a month Although I lived with him, I went to ARTS magazine. - and with God's help I would not work. I pleaded with him to find so- 17 • /DA NUDEL • AN INTERVIEW

Ida Nudel outside her home in Siberia, 1982

!!!!!! of the movement to free Soviet Jews emerging suddenly among friends in = from their Russian Communist masters, Lenigrand on her first visit there in da Nude!, managed to elude her KGB shadows for years. It was an act that reflected both in her 15th year as leader a few days at the beginning of June, defiance and desperation. The woman 18 ------My manner and my spirit were my only weapons -----~ who is considered the soul of the Jewish In Siberia she was under constant received a message from a man in emigration movement remains obsess­ surveillance throughout her four-year Bendery, Moldavia, who had sent her ed with the desire to live in Israel, and term. When she was released in March packages while she was in exile. though she is considered as selfless as 1982 she had the legal right to I ive in Somehow, he managed to have her ever - aiding prisoners of conscience Moscow or anywhere else she chose, registered in the town of 100,00, some or sheltering evacuees from the Cher­ and to be registered there - all Soviet 200 kilometers north of the Black Sea nobyl region - it is felt that she herself citizens must be registered in the town and east of the Romanian border. cannot wait any longer, that the Jewish or city where they reside. But Nudel, Nevertheless, after four days she people and the Israeli government must like her friends Anatoly Shcharansky was pushed into a police car and somehow rescue her immediately, or and Vladimir Slepak (the latter receiv­ brought before the town's police chief, she will not be able to survive. ed a five-year term in exile at the same a big man who shouted and stamped his At the same time she is concerned time that she was sentenced to four feet, demanding to know how she had that the entire movement, though years for 'anti-Soviet activity'), was managed to be registered in his town. revitalized by a new generation of regarded as a primary enemy of the peo­ "I just sat there as he ranted at me refuseniks, may be in jeopardy as the ple. And the Soviet authorities flaunt until the stonn subsided. He was calm­ Soviet regime continues to pursue a their own laws whenever they feel call­ ed by my personality. I said, 'Look at neo-Stalinist line on 'the Jewis'1 ed upon to do so. you. You're a man. You have a gun. question.' When she got to her home in Moscow You have many aides here who can kill Nudel, 55, whom her friends de­ after the rigors of Siberia, they gave her me. Why are you shouting?' My man­ scribe as 'a city person,' has been 72 hours to get out. They never said ner and my spirit were my only weap­ living in semi-exile in the small rural how long the ban would last. She tried ons. 'Why are you afraid of me?' I ask­ Moldavian town of Bendery since her to register in seven towns outside the ed him. ' He was no fool. He calmed release from four years of Siberian I 00-kilometer zone around greater down and turned toward the window. exile in 1982. She is a cosmopolitan Moscow. It was a nightmare. For ex­ A big, very strong man who had soul among simple, provincial people, ample, she thought she would get per­ shouted hysterically at a small-town many of them Jews who are too afraid mission to live in Strunino near Alex­ woman. But I had bested him, and he to even talk to her. androv, where her friend Mark Nash~ knew it, and he let me go." She is warm, inspiring and indomi­ pitz, who had also been in Siberian She lives with her collie dog in a pea­ table, yet the wear and tear of Soviet exile, was living (Nashpitz,was pennit­ sant hut of two small rooms. It took two persecution is evident. It is the nature ted to emigrate to Israel last year); but years to make it livable: piping in cold of secret police to be cruel and, until despite his efforts to help her, she was water, bringing in electricity. now, they have been unrelenting in expelled. After four days in the town, When Nudel went to Bendery she hounding and tormenting the frail the police and KGB came, took the knew that a great guif separated her refusenik who suffers from a diseased book of registration from the home from the local Jews. She had been an heart. "I cannot wait anymore," she where she was staying and threatened actress and a famous person with sup­ says. "Take me out. I want Israel the women who owned the house, as porters around the world - in Siberia now!" well as her son. "Why are you register­ she received 12 ,000 letters from peo­ My initial meeting with her lasted ing this terrible woman?" one KGB ple in 51 countries. "I'm safe, secure 10 hours, as she talked deep into the agent asked, as he removed Nudel's in my heart. But the Jews of Bendery white night (in June in Leningrad the name from the book. don't have this feeling, this inner securi­ sun still shines at midnight, a strange Wherever she went it was the same. ty. They do not feel that anyone in the phenomenon that distrubs the equilib­ Every time, after the KGB reviewed the West is at all interested in their fate, and rium, confusing one's sense of time). registration lists in every hamlet of the they do not want to get involved with Nudel unburdened herself in the first U.S.S.R., she would be expelled. "I 'the troublemaker." Nudel is isolated, such interview she has managed to give began to understand how popular I was not allowed to travel. Actress Jane Fon­ in years. It took place in a boxy little with the KGB." She was in a homeless da visited her in April 1983 - even the apartment inside a vast gray complex state for half a year. And she felt like Kremlin could not say no to her - but of hundreds of identical apartments a hunted animal. when former Vice-Presidential can­ similar to innumerable other projects Then, when she was about to aban­ didate Geraldine Ferraro attempted to that surround the great Soviet cities and don hope after six months of wander­ visit Nudel last year, she was denied house millions of worker bees. ing around the Soviet Union, she pennission. 19 ------But if you forget us, all this suffering is in vain -----~ She has continued to write and send packages to the refuseniks who were imprisoned by the Soviet regime on trumped-up charges. Her efforts to keep up-to-date on their conditions of ser­ vitude ·are undiminished. There is no more important work in the Jewish movement, according to other refuse­ niks. Information is the only weapon the Jews have. And the prisoners are at the forefront of the movement. When Nudel found that a prisoner was ill, Ida Nude!, 1986 she would send telegrams to doctors, get the information to refusenik circles All of us. Russians as well, lead a dou­ Tzirlin and Boris Chernobylsky had in Moscow or Leningrad and thence to ble life in the Soviet Union. We lead planned to travel to the Jewish village the West. She has received hundreds of a secret life. Their Jewish identity of Ilyinka - a forbidden place because letters from prisoners, and one of her makes life suddenly so interesting." all the Jews there had applied to go to dreams is to publish a book of these let­ She believes that the question of Israel - and to make a documentary. ters." They tell it all. They give you whether the movement will continue to Tzirlin visited Nude! in Siberia first and an idea of their inner lives, how their grow and to succeed in the goal of said he wanted to practice with his Jewishness has evolved and how it repatriation - these Jews regard camera. changes, and how the support is going themselves as Israelis held captive in an "Why practice? Let's make a film," on." She has never stopped being authoritarian land - depends entirely she told him. She wrote the scenario, involved. on the West. "Otherwise, the move­ which ·he translated into English. "We But she feels she has lost touch with ment will be lost. People in the West worked all day, shooting film in my the day-to-day developments in the must protest against every persecution, very little room where I lived with my movement. "I was exiled, and still live against every attempt to suppress our dog. It was very cold, the snow blow­ in exile. They punished me severely by movement. No one can understand just ing and churning outside, and I said, cutting me off. I don't know most of the how powerful our movement can be, 'Zhenya, if we lose this moment we are young refuseniks, but I have some but it depends completely on support both fools. Stand up and get to work .' understanding of the situation. from the West." The weather was so miserable that no I do know that the Jewish soul is The only solace Nude! gets is from man or beast braved the out-of-doors. awakening here again. There is a her writing - letters to some 30 peo­ We shot film all day . In the last scene special spirit of dignity and identity. ple, prisoners and members of their I sat on my cot and looked into my soul Part of it is a reaction to the malicious families. It takes almoSt all her time. - I turned my face to the camera and anti-Semitism that is vented in the Nude! also works in her garden, looked directly at my future audience newspapers and on television, and growing her own vegetables and ten­ to tell each one of them: 'But if you young Jews feel it. Years ago Jews had ding fruit trees, all of which were af­ forget us, all this suffering is in vain." to suppress their wounded hearts. But fected by the Chernobyl radiation. Im­ Tzirlin left the next day and manag­ now - in the big cities, because the mediately after the nuclear disaster she ed to smuggle the film to the West. situation is different there - you can took in five children evacuated from "Months later I started getting letters see that Jewish people are more Kiev, Jews and non-Jews. "Everybody from England. 'Ida, it's not in vain.' dignified and proud; they speak openly is a slave here," Nude! says. "They Five thousand people in a London about being a Jew. It's especially true don't care if we live or die." The church saw it, and many wept. Now, of the youth between the ages of 12 and refuseniks want to get out. and now . it's seven years later. I'm very, very 15, the time when you become your Nude! after I 5 years of struggle, is the tired. And I say it again . 'If you forget own self. epitome of this desperate desire. In us, all this suffering is in vain." Some children feel only guilt when short, she has had it·. confronted by the anti-Jewish venom on When Nudel was in Siberia she made Interviewed by Louis Rapoport television, but I think most of the youth a short film about her life there that has will choose to pursue their Jewish iden­ been seen around the world. In the tity . It's a new life. unusual, fantastic! winter of 1978-79, refuseniks Yevgeny Reprinted from The Jerusalem Post 20 " ... and the Russian soul is a darkness - for many, a darkness. " Do loevsky, "The Idiot" .

LOUIS RAPOPORT CAPTIVE REFUSENIKS

Jin was still allowing a significant tity, and have become observant Jews. number of Jews to emigrate - about They speak Hebrew - in their apart­ 51,000 in that peak year. In March ments, on the subway, in the streets. 1986, a month after Shcharansky's They regard themselves as Israelis, held release, a total of 42 Jews were allow­ captive in a strange land. ed to leave the vast empire that stretch­ When the Chernobyl disaster was ed across nine time zones. made known to the Russians, rumors Soviet authorities today are much began among some of the common peo­ quicker to use repressive measures than ple: A Jewish engineer was responsi­ was the case during the Brezhnev era, ble, it was said, probably a· refusenik an.d the country's laws have been on his way to Israel. Officially, no such toughened, allowing prison authorities libel was even hinted at; but the at­ r, , he Kremlin'> to act as judges who can double or tri­ mosphere created by the constant anti­ release of Anatoly ple sentences according to their whim. Jewish and anti-Israel campaign in the Shcharansky last February was a cause Shcharansky, though he was under con­ official media creates the climate where for great celebration among Russian stant surveillance for three years before such slander can flourish. Posters sold Jews - he was 'Refusenik No. l,' in his arrest in 1977, was, compared with in ordinary shops depict Zionists as the phrase of Lev Blitshtein, a Moscow today's standard, "free". The KGB tools of the CIA. The drawings are Jew who is a friend of the Shcharansky stopped some activities, such as a straight out of Der Stuermer, the Nazi family. 'We loved him; we wanted him planned seminar on Jewish life in the hate newspaper. to be free.' Shcharansky's close friend U.S.S.R., but did not break up other "We're losing hope," says Blitsh­ Ida Nude!, who has suffered Siberian meetings. Today it would be impossi­ tein, who has been a refusenik for exile and many other torments in her 15 ble for 70 Jews to gather in an apart­ 12 years. He lives alone. in a dark, years as a Jewish activist, also felt 'the ment for a lecture on Jewish history or run-down Moscow apartment. His wife greatest joy' when she heard of his any other subject. and children are in America. "This release on the Voice of America. Almost all Jews who applied for exit is an iron country," he says, shaking But a terrible sadness underscored the visas are now "declasse," as well. his head. "We see no change with celebrations of the many thousands of Their grandparents were craftsmen, Gorbachev.' Jews who wish to emigrate from the merchants, farmers. Their parents were Blitshtein, who more than a decade U.S.S.R. For it is a different era: It is engineers, scientists, doctors; now they ago was a high official in a ministry much tougher in the U.S.S.R. of the are stokers, night watchmen, garbage dealing with food distribution, is not mid- l 980s than it was in the 1970s. collectors. It is a different generation allowed to join his family because he That, at least, is the view of many of too. In the two decades since the allegedly possesses "state secrets" - the refuseniks (people who have applied emigration movement started, sparked about meat, one supposes. The Soviets to emigrate and have been refused), by the consciousness-raising advent of have denied visas to as many as 40,000 several of whom I visited recently on the Six-Day War, children have grown Jews for this "state secrets" reason, or a 15-day trip to Moscow, Leningrad up "in refusal." Their grandparents or because "it is not in the Soviet in­ and Kishinev. parents or wives or husbands or their terest." In 1979, a year after the trials (on own children have left the U .S.S.R. There are said to be 400,000 Jews fabricated charges) of Shcharansky, Many members of the younger genera­ ready to pack up and leave the Soviet Nudel and Vladimir Slepak, the Krem- tion have intensified their Jewish iden- Union in a day. Few doubt that most 21 -- -=~=

t: :}}}\\{:}\' / ''\ they hung a banner from i'''""""'"'''''' their balcony on Gorky Street, Moscow's main thoroughfare, saying, 'Let us go to Israel. '

veteran Leningrad refusenik in his 40s and close friend of Nudel, met 26-year­ old Marina, a Kiev refusenik, in Tbilisi, Georgia. When Marina flew to Len­ ingrad a KGB general named Zazslav­ sky sat next to her. The general, for­ merly of the KGB "Jewish department" Evgeny Lein and son Alexei - in Leningrad, knew of their wedding plans. "We'll see to it that your hus­ band won't be around when you give birth to your first baby," he said. "The fate of your first child will be terrible. It's our mistake that Furman is not sit­ ting in jail. We'll take him after your wedding." Lev and Marina got married in June in a civil ceremony and plan a of the remaining Jews would soon and manhandled by the KGB, their religious wedding in July. follow once the gates were open. Ac­ children were expelled from school and The Slepaks, Vladimir ('Volodia') cording to the official Soviet census Lein was imprisoned for a year. and Maria ('Masha') have been leading there are more than 2 million Jews in Love blooms in the movement, but Jewish activists for 16 years and are, the Soviet Union, but Jewish activists the KGB always tries to play the with Nudel.and YosefBegun, the best­ say the number may be as high as 4 spoiler. In March Lev Furman, a known. Vladimir was Anatoly Shcha- million - many who intermarry prefer to declare that their nationality is Rus­ sian rather than Jewish. And of course there are assimilated Jews who identify with Russia, with the Communist Par­ ty, even with the KGB. For years the KGB has used army du­ ty as a weapon against the refuseniks. Before 1980, according to Dr. Evgeny Lein, a veteran leader among Leningrad activists, hardly any sons of refuseniks were being inducted. "Everything was more open, and then the emigration stopped. Now the KGB uses the threat of induction to make the fathers of teenage boys less active." Lein's youngest child Alexei was 7 when his mathematician father first applied to emigrate in 1978. Now he is rapidly ap­ proaching draft age. Lein and his wife Irina, who has a Ph.D in chemistry, both lost their jobs when they applied to emigrate. He now tutors students in mathematics and Lev Blitshtein physics. It has been a long struggle ever .since, as they were frequently arrested 22 that they were a lost cause. They still feel there is little hope, although the release of Shchransky had heartened them greatly . They learned from a visitor that their grandchildren had been at the huge march for Soviet Jewry in New York, and that Shcharansky had embraced them there. The Slepaks, both about 60, are in good health and keep in shape during the long winter by skiing. "We must be strong to see our children and our five grandchildren," says Masha. They are not very active anymore, although they are still close to their many friends in the movement. During Passover they were invited to a small gathering of ex-prisoners and family members of current prisoners. A KGB Vladimir and Maria Slepak officer called them and warned them not to attend. "Of course we went," Vladimir said. Their old habit of resistance had not been eroded. But they, like Nudel, are tired. "We can­ not survive another 16 years of refusal," Vladimir says. Other activists include: Victor and Irina Brailovsky of Moscow, in the 14th year of refusal, are still being turned down on the basis of " state secrets." The Jewish movement has never been so suppressed, he says. " It's absolutely another era, another epic. Friends who got out in the 1970s don't understand. Now , for instance, we would never talk about activities. Punishment is much quicker and more severe." Eliezer Jousefovich, 37, father of four, a Moscow refusenik since 1980, was turned down for "state secrets" because of army duty 14 .years ago: Victor Brailovsky and family "We try to be Israelis here, and Jews. The connection is strong. My wife Katya and I try to educate our kids as ransky's close friend, and the two Moscow's main thoroughfare, saying, Israelis, no matter what the authorities served as representatives of the Jewish "Let us go to Israel." KGB men occu­ do to suppress us." emigration movement on the original pying neighboring apartments, poured Moshe Furman, 80, a Leningrad Helskinki Watch Group led by dissident boiling water over them and tore down refusenik since 1974, a highly deco­ Yuri Orlov. their banner. They were then arrested rated war hero and career navy captain: Through the years the Slepaks were and charged with "hooliganism." "We are all growing older together in constantly harassed, imprisoned, and In December 1982 they returned to refusal, as the new generation of exiled in Siberia. Their two grown sons Moscow after almost five years in refuseniks grows up." were permitted to emigrate in the late Siberia. Two years later they were once Alec Zilber, 33, his wife Marina, 29, 1970s. The Slepaks' " record" is very again refused exit permits, because of Gorky - artists who recently stag­ long, and they had many confrontations Slepak's work as a radio engineer some ed a demonstration in Moscow with with the KGB, as they helped hundreds 15 years earl.ier had been "classified." their 7-year-old son Arseny: "It's very of Jews to get to Israel. In one such in­ By 1985 the Slepaks were thoroughly difficult in school for the children of the cident in June 1978, they hung a ban­ demoralized by the lack of public con­ refuseniks. Arseny is not a member of ner from their balcony on Gorky Street, cern for them, and they began to feel the Communist scout movement, so the 23 I waited for him to do something tremendous. And then. it happened.

other children taunt him. He was beaten in the presence of the teacher, who simply turned her back on it. He came home bleeding around the eyes." Leonid Shcharansky, Anatoly's brother, was moved by fate into the reflisenik way of life. He was assimilated. But from early childhood he knew his brother was a "wunder­ kind," and when Anatoly was put on trial, it was Leonid who talked to cor­ respondents, repeating almost verbatim the day-to-day testimony at the trial. It was he who comforted their aged mother Ida Milgrom. Charm seems to run in the family, and Leonid is an easygoing warm per­ son; but he feels at a loss as he is buf­ feted by the winds of fate. ''I had never considered leaving here, even during Anatoly's refusal years. But when my wife and I saw what this nightmare was all about, we decided to leave." Leonid, a hydraulic engineer and computer programmer, had to leave his work because of Anatoly's activities, and did physical labor, mainly elec­ tric wiring. His closest friends were refuseniks. · Although he doesn't relish living in his to Anatoly, but she too is apprehensive "Fate is moving me to Israel," brother's shadow, he feels extremely about their future life in Israel. Leonid concludes, 'I'm not in charge close to him and proud of his character Leonid believes in a supreme being, of my own destiny. That is a strange and intellect. ''I knew from childhood but doesn't relate well to the strictures feeling. ' that he would do something great. I of religion or to those who wish to im­ waited for him to do something tremen­ pose their . rituals on others. The dous. And then it happened." Shcharanskys have two boys, Sasha 14 Leonid's wife Raya is also very close and Boris, 11 months. Reprinted from The JerusaJ,em Post ********************************** YOUR AD COULD BE HERE CALL 2011332-9191 24 . as sent to aU par- · }lefUsenikS· It w nd Pfevent\on \ne Soviet-Jewish robletnS of pea~ a ewrJ activ\sts Th\s \s a un\que ~~t~:~~~n~:r;~e o: ;:;~~i!: ¢:ion reached SoVtet J \n the lnd . Moscow tbts pas t\cipants hich was held tn of war, w tater date. ,.,est at a \n the "

Dear Colleagues,

We are writing to you because opinions of respected scientists on the whole spectrum of social, political and human problems of mankind's concern are to­ day listened to everywhere in the world with increasing attention. Open and un­ prejudiced discussions must contribute to the creation ofan atmosphere of trust. Without this no real progress in reducing the nuclear threat and improving the international climate can likely be achieved. Addressing you, we focus on ihe problem involving the fate of thousands and thousands, the problem that substantially contributed to the present crisis of trust between the West and the East. Meanwhile, with goodwill and understanding, a reasonable solution of the problem can be easily found. We mean the problem of Jewish emigration that very often, by mistake or intentionally, is substituted by a particular question of the reunification offamilies separated during the World War JI. But the attempts io misinterpret the problem o·r to pretend that it does not exist at all only make it more acute.and eventually lead to increasing ·of tension and further deterioration of mutual understanding, It is well known, for example, what a serious obstacle the sharp decline ofJewish emigration proved to he for the development of scientific cooperation. For it is natural that the Western Scientific community traditionally very sen­ sitive to the issues of morality, ethics and human rights focused its attention on the fate of thousands of human beings frozen into a quite tragic situation. Th-is interest was substantially amplified by the fact that many of the refuseniks are scientists -because professional solidarity has always been one of the basic ethic principles of the scientific community. Thus, from every point of view, moral or practical, the negative consequences of the fact that the problem of Jewish emigration remains unsolved seem to be strong enough to prompt the Soviet scientific community to develop its own at­ titude towards the question. We are sure that all scientists, members of the Academy of Sciences and refuseniks alike, are interested in finding a satisfac­ tory way w solve the problem.

Victor Fulmacht Alexander Joffe Mikhail Kholmyansky Boris Klotz Yuli Kosharovsky Erlena Matlina Vladislav Ryaboy Igor Uspensky Yosif Zaretzky

------ALEX KHARKOVSKY A JOURNALIST IN RUSSIA would soon live in their own apartment. editor or a supervisor. However, I was In 1986 one million Moscovites still hired as a correspondent of Around. The share their dwellings with other fam­ World to travel and live in the remotest ilies. (In the capital living conditions depths of the provinces. are much better than in the province). I remember my first visit to Tyuratam In 1961, during the so-called Nikita (Kazakhstan, Soviet Asia) where Rus­ Khrushchev thaw I finally joined Mos­ sian spaceships are launched. I accom­ cow University's Department of Jour­ panied the editor-in-chief of Vokrug nalism: By that time I was a well Sveta. Alexander Nikonov. who·was known freelance writer who tried not supposed to cover a new launch though to be involved in politics. ~ut it turned he never wrote an article. I was em­ out absolutely impossible in a country ployed as a ghost writer to fill in for where the Party watches everybody. him. But it was not easy for me, One of my topics was the future because as a Jew and nonmember of the he forties world. I wrote an article about how an Party I had no clearance to get to the and the early fifties were American anthropologist imagined how launching pads. terrible in Russia. I . remember when a human being would look a million The morning, when the spaceship the Jews were blamed for being "cos­ years from now. Soon after my article "Voskhod" took off, my editor was mopolitan" (citizens of the world, was published, I read an attack on my drunk. I was waiting for him and chat­ who betrayed the USSR). I remember piece in Pravda. The piece was entitl­ ting with one of the bigwigs, a well­ when Jewish doctors were accused of ed "It Is Very Far From Everyday Af­ known General Nikoly Kamanin .. He "poisoning-Russians" . We were spat fairs", insinuating that my article was knew me and read a lot of my articles. on in the street and driven out of jobs. frivolous, of no real, practical impor­ I mentioned that I would have wanted My father spent several years in priscin, tance, and dissemiµated "capitalist to take pictures of the General on the during which time he labored on the ideas". launch-pad, but since I did not have the construction of a channel between the Such criticism in the main Soviet necessary and vital papers, I could not Don and Volga Rivers. newspapers (it is a voice of the supreme do so. After surviving the horrors I wanted authority) is devastating for a Jew in the "Down with the bureaucrats", burst to join Moscow University's Depart­ USSR. I was put on a "blacklist": no the General. "Who could keep us from ment of Journalism. However, in magazine was allowed to publish my getting there. Come. We'll drive in niy 1952 it was imP<>ssible for a Jew. If I pieces. But even such an attempt to personal car out to the launch-pad and had tried and failed I would have risk­ discredit me did not stop me from you can take my picture there" . ed being drafted into the Army, where writing, often as a ghost writer, By appealing to his vanity I got him anti-Semitism was just awful. I became sometimes under a pseudonym. How­ so fired up about the prospect of his pic­ a civil engineer. ever, after Nikita Khrushchev fell, there ture in our renown magazine (the only However, I couldn't give up my was a new thaw and I was forgiven. one founded in the 19th century that sur­ dream about journalism. I started to I wrote for a variety of publications vived the Bolshevik Revolution), that he freelance for magazines, sometimes that concentrated on the environment, helped me publish the story with the successfully. space travel, anthropoloizy and the pictures under my own name. It was a tough time. I got married and sciences - (topics allocated to Jewish General Kamanin was responsible for moved to my wife's lodging. We both, journalists who would not disavow their the selection of space crews. This story our newborn daughter and four of my Jewishness). gave me access to the Russian cos­ wife.'s relatives were forced to share· one Had I agreed to renounce my people, monauts (some of them, Gerhrnan Titov big room subdivided by partitions. Some the State of Israel or to sign a document and Valentin Lebedev, became my sixty of our neighbors used the same that Zionism was ap evil conspiracy friends) and finally the authorities kitchen, arid everyone had to line up to perpetrated by the . iews, my position allowed me to cover the Soviet space use the bathroom. would immediately change: I would program almost until 1981, the year I The Party leader promised in the Fif­ be allowed to travel abroad or be emigrated to America. ties that every family in the USSR granted a position in a magazine as an There is a big difference between be- 26 ing a reporter in the free world and in Russia. In the U.S. one would never confess thoughts to a newsman, fearing the mass-media could cripple one's message. In Russia where the press is A Message As a person who under control, journalists are forced to reads books, you To Our have access to count­ publish only that part of the truth which less possibilities for fits with the ruling ideology, to confess Readers ... information and one's ideas to a journalist may be the delight. only way not to drown in oblivion. The world at your fingertips. Everybody is expecting better times Millions of kids don't. when, even in Russia, we will have a They don't because they can't read. Or won'.t. freer press or maybe one·'s message will They've never found out how much fun reading can get abroad. be. Many young people never open a book outside of I knew the Academician Sergey school, much less finish one. Korolyov. He was the Soviet Werhner Think of what they're missing-all the books you von Braun. However, almost no layman loved as a child, all those yw.'ve enjoyed and in the USSR even knew the name of learned from as an adult. Korolyov unW 1966, when he died. He, That's why there's RIF. For twenty years, Reading a secret scientist known under the title is Fundamental (RIF) has been helping community of Chief Designer. Why? The premier, orgaiilz.ations help kids discover the fun of reading. ·Nikita Khrushchev, was called "the RIF's nationwide program of local projects makes it Father of Soviet astronautics" . possible for young people to chooee books that become theirs to keep. And, RlF activities motivate In the Soviet press one never men­ kids, so that they want to read. tioned that the Chief Designer was a To find out how RlF can help in your community former political prisoner, who had spent or even in your own home, some time in the GULAG goldfields. write to: Once Sergey Korolyov told us jour­ RIF nalists: "You know, the real tragedy is Dept. BK-2 that the Government does not unders­ Box 23444 tand how much life today has in com­ Wd.!lffington, D.C. mon with what it was in GULAG. I can 20026 still not get away from the thought of vanishing without a trace. Sometimes l wake up at night and lie there think­ ing: at any moment the order might be given and the very same guards could burst in and shout: ''Come on, scum! Get your things together and on your way!'" ellite into orbit in 1952, contended the Korolyov and his ~ were on S. Korolyov and his associates were Colonel, but the work was paralyzed by the verge of being arrested again. The m a . space race with America. How political arrests. only way for the Korolyov group to · did it happen? Korolyov hated the Could one believe the statement of survive was to work on a project of political system but loved his people, a defector? Sure, because during special importance. his country. After WWII America had 1953-1954 observations from Turkey, Joseph Stalin told Korolyov, "What the A-Bomb; Russia did not. Korolyov along with other intelligence reports, we really need are long-ranged rockets was tricked in his work on long-ranged warned the Pentagon that Russia was capable of hitting targets on the Amer­ rockets by false statements from the making rapid progress with the A-I ican continent. Down with your ideas Soviet intelligence that the USA was Rockets. Within a short time, these of spaces explorations." preparing to bomh Russia from its ba~s reports predicted, the USSR would Nobody in the Government was in­ in Europe, and that his country should have suitable vehicles capable of laun­ terested in satellites. Even the word have intercontinental missiles to ching nuclear bombs against the USA. "sputnik" (it means "fellow traveller") retaliate. Despite all these reports, the Russian was almost forbidden. When, in 1948, Was all this a secret plan from the people were looked down on as a socie­ the U.S. Secretary of Defense James USA? No, it was not. In 1948, one of ty of peasants with horse-and-cart Forrestal revealed that his country was the top Soviet space specialists, Colonel technology and little :indoor plumbing. considering satellites, the Soviet New Tokaty-Tokaev, defected to Britain, and However, let us ·1ook at the Soviet Times referred to "madman Forrestal's supposedly passed on details of Soviet side of the coin. After the deputy chair­ idea" as a "Hitlerite instrument of progress in his field to the authorities. man of the rocket committee Colonel blackmail". The USSR might well have put a sat- Tokaty defected, its member Sergey Why did S. Korolyov come up with 27 an unpopular idea about sputniks? To answer the question one has to know Russia and the mentality of the Russian people. Korolyov knew that with pro­ mises one could pave a way to a better life. But what would happen to those who redeemed the pledges and whom the Government no longed needed? He remembered how, during WWII, his former associate engineer A. Kostykov had gone ahead with the rocket cannon Katyusha, was given the highest award and then ... executed. Why? Because he was blamed as a traitor: "he was able but did not carry out the job three years before." (All his fellows of the Jet Propulsion Institute, where S. Korolyov was employed, were sentenced to death because they sabotaged their work on the same rocket cannon. However, Korolyov survived). Sergey Korolyov knew how to play the game where one's life is at stake. Working behind the bars with a group of scientists, headed by the well-known inventor of the first Soviet jet-plane, Andrey Tupolev, he designed a very successful Russian plane, called the "flying tank", and finally was freed from prison. Now Korolyov came up with an idea to invent an intercontinen­ tal rocket, badly wanted by the Soviet military. However, the first ICBM was very inaccurate. Korolyov knew that without an internal guidance system the missile would certainly miss the target. But at the time, the system was not yet in- The Spacemen sculpted by V. Vakhrameyev vented. To test the first ICBM on the Earth's surface meant to reveal how in- accurate it was and, therefore, to sign his own death sentence. Korolyov chose space as a field to try the missile and to cover up its inaccuracy. He was watched by the military, who They did not know that the inventor, 1957, three months after the decision needed a long-range reliable rocket. who sought to survive, had come with had been made. At that time, the USSR The KGB was ready to arrest him "for a gimmick. The name of it was had very primitive tracking stations, but sabotage". But who could carry out the "sputnik". the Western countries were not asked work? There were a group of scientists Contended Korolyov: "We followed for their cooperation. Why? The answer at liberty (V. Chalomey, S. Krushchev, closely the reports of preparations going was that the launch had been aimed not a son of the Premier), specialists on on in the USA to launch a satellite. It for scientific but for political effect. And missiles who were aware how difficult seemed to be the first satellite in space. the Soviets got it. Senator Lyndon it would be to execute the brilliant By that time, we came to the conclu­ Johnson scared America to death with ideas introduced by Korolyov. sion that we could lift a good 222 lbs his comments in Austin (Texas) that the When finally the rocket was waiting into space. We put the idea to the Cen­ Russians were making a determined bid on the launching pad the second group tral Committee of the Party. In the sum­ for world supremacy and they were go­ was ready to take over and execute the mer I was summoned to the office, the ing to win. test after Korolyov would be arrested. O.K. had been given. That was how the However it was not true. The first But how could they cover up the inac­ first sputnik was born." clumsy sputnik did not give the USSR curacy of the ICBM? The satellite was launched October 4, any advantage in strategic bombing: the 28 on the moon, while the USSR concen­ trated on Earth orbital applications which ended up with the 1986 military space station called Mir (Peace or World, it has two meanings). However, they are not the easy questions. What readers really need is an unbias­ ed, multifaceted approach by two authors, an American and a Russian. I am writing such a book with my friend and colleague journalist Brian Wilkes, who covered the Space Shuttle program as news director of two Cape Canaveral area radio stations. (His book The Space Program Quiz & Fact Book, Harper & Row, New York, $8.95, is on sale now). Our book The Soviet and American Race in Space is concieved as a ques­ tion-and-answer dialogue between the two authors seeking to expose both sides of the issue. (Almost all space books published until now have been, like the moon view from the Earth, visi­ ble on one side only.) The book will ac­ cent not only the open but also the hid­ den part of the story, still unknown to readers, such as the activity. of Soviet scientists in the GULAG, including some forgotten Jewish researchers, and the death of a Russian in orbit, never re­ ported by the Soviet authorities. This book will be rooted in my Soviet and American experience. (I was science editor of the Russian-language New American weekly preceeding this monthly magazine). At the same time I am working on rewriting and updating my manuscript, History of the Jews in Russia, confiscated by the KGB. Only now I realize ho\Y frustrating my life was in Russia: I could never travel abroad, and whenever I did travel ICBM's were inaccurate. of humankind. I have a feeling both of inside the country it was always very The Soviet Union with all its "firsts" them are related, but I do not know difficult to get all the information I - Sputnik, Gagarin - conceded the how. needed. I have lived in America for moon race. It is good to keep in mind After I got to America I had access almost five years. Sometimes I feel I am the events · now, when after the . to all books dealing with the topics, a cemetery; all my folks perished in the Challenger disaster one could think even the ones forbidden in the USSR. holocaust, are buried in my memory, Russia takes a lead over America. But they could not satisfy my curiosi­ and may be revived just in my stories. We are told by A.L. Rose, the ty. None of them have answered the I am the voice of my friends suffering Eflglish historian, that the one thing that questions, why the USSR took such an behind the "Iron Curtain". all great events in history have in com­ astonishing lead over the USA in the Only here in America, am I free, mon is that the people who are caught first decade after the Sputnik, finally, to speak my mind. What could up in those events never really know 1957-1967, yet conceded the moon keep me from writing? what is happening to them. However; race; or whether there ever was a race I would seek to find the answers. I am at all between the two superpowers. (I Alex Kharkovsky lives in New Jersey. fascinated by the two main problems - believe our country had been tricked in­ the history of the Jews, and the future to a non-existent competition to (XII a man 29 - interminable struggle for human rights is brought to life with vivid strokes. In truth, the British historian has given us lesii a biography of Shcharansky than an ambitious panorama of dissident life in the U.S.S .R. Gilbert has unearthed a mound of new information and thread­ ed well-known factual material into a largely coherent and readable frame­ work. He gives us not only the sweep of Shcharansky's life, but .also conveys the.power of his convictions and the in­ domitability of his spirit. Born in 1948 in the coal-mining city of Donetsk, Shcharansky has been a contemporary of the Jewish State. In­ deed, when he was a mere ten months old, Golda Meir made her epochal visit to the Moscow synagogue on Arkhip­ ova Street, bringing a gust of hope amidst the prevailing despair. Among the Shcharansky's, the pull of Zion has been intergenerational. His father, Boris, recalled that his family's home in Odessa was decorated with pictures of Palestine. Boris's eldest brother, Shamai, was arrested in 1924 at the age of 22 for promulgation of Zionism and puf on a boat for the Holy Land. Gilbert is especially effective at pain­ ting the backdrop to Shcharansky's "European education."' The Soviet ac­ tivist was born at a time when Soviet anti-Semitism was rampant. Slander against Jews became customary after World War Il. A mere seven days Hero of Our Time, by Martin Gilbert. (Elizabeth Sifton Books. Viking. NY, $24.95) before Shcharansky's birth on January 20, 1948, Solomon Mikhoels, Director Shcharansky has come to embody for become a publishing phenomenon. His of the Jewish Theatre in Moscow and the West the strength and irrepressibili­ arrival in the West coincided with the one of the stellar Soviet Jews of the ty of freedom. In the face of great odds, publication of Martin Gilbert's metic­ era, was murdered in Minsk. During he withstood the ravages of Soviet ulous biography, Shcharansky: Hero the war, he had been the head of the of­ totalitarianism and the travail of an of Our Time. Robert Bernstein and ficial Jewish Anti-F~ist Committee eight-year imprisonment. In an age Peter Osnos, chairman and associate· and had traveled to Britain and the U.S. oereft of heroes, this diminutive man publisher respectively · of Random to drum up support for the Soviet with a broad and ready smile, used his House, flew to Israel earlier this year fatherland. By 1952 matters on the sardonic wit, sprightly humor and steely to sign a multi-million dollar contract domestic front had taken an even more .Jewishness to parry the thrusts of his with Shcharansky for his autobiogra­ ominous turn. On July .11, 1952, 24 jailors and capture the hearts of people phy. In the fall, Harcourt Brace Jewish writers accused of 'espionage on everywhere. Shcharansky is a remark­ Jovanovich is to release a book on behalf of foreign states' were brought able man, perhaps even more remark­ both the lives of Avital and Natan to trial. Twenty-three of them were able than his present substantial reputa­ Shcharansky, detailing their arduous sentenced to death and shot; the twenty­ tion would suggest. Professor Lerner struggle for freedom and reunion. Part fourth, the only woman in the group came close to expressing a comiii.on of the festivity attendant- upon Shcha­ of the condemned, was sentenced to sentiment when he described the Soviet ransky's long-awaited release has been twenty-five years in prison. Just before emigre as "a· hero of the Jewish emi­ a .flood of print. Stalin's death on March 5, 1953 the gration movement on such a scale as Martin Gilbert's biography, the first Doctor's Plot, hatched by the Soviets, heroes in the Bible." in a welcome proces.sion, places threatened to engulf the Jews of Russia Today, Shcnaransky, no longer a Shcharansky in the context of the Soviet in .an apocalyptic nightmare less than a bone of diplomatic contention, has refusnik movement, whose seemingly decade after the Holocaust. 30 Despite such inauspicious begin­ of Soviet Jewish emigration, all of grim hardship until that momentous nings, Shcharansky's early years were which were published in U.S. Congres­ day, February I I, I 986, when he cross­ not entirely unhappy ones. A warm sional Record. Under constant police ed the Glienicke Bridge into West family life coupled with a sharply­ surveillance, his life became a gauntlet Berlin and boarded a plane to Israel, the honed intellect paved the way to aca­ but he proved equal to it. Smeared as bright light of constancy never dimm­ demic success. In 1966 he graduated a "hoolgan capable of using any means ed. It kept him steadfast amid the long high school with a gold medal and, including force and receiving handouts night of incarceration, which demand­ strange as it may seem today, his from the West," he was one of the main ed great physical and emotional portrait hung on the school's board subjects in the anti-Semitic television stamina. In September 1982, on the eve of honor. His route to achievement program, 'Traders of the Souls.' His of Yorn Kippur, he began a hunger appeared untroubled by outward subsequent membership in the Helsinki strike to protest the extremely stringent circumstance. Watchdog Committee in 1976, helped treatment he was made to endure at However, I967 brought a seismic to increase pressures almost exponen­ Christopol Prison and to call attention shift in Soviet Jewish awareness. The tially. Beginning in March 1977, he was to his sequestration from the outside outbreak of the Six-Day War in the under constant vigilance by the KGB. world. He remained on the hunger Middle East wrought hitherto unforseen In the face of these threats, Shcharan­ strike for I09 days, during which time changes. At the outset of hostilities, sky never lost his footing; his bravery his health deteriorated rapidly and he Radio Moscow sounded ecstatic at what and devil-may-care fearlessness stood was brutally force-fed every three days it took to be the imminent destruction him in good stead. by prison authorit~es. of the Jewish State. Israel's achieve­ His impish sense of humor shines Among the strengths of Gilbert's ex­ ment.on the battlefield gave the lie to through these darkening years. He haustive account is the sobriety of his Soviet propaganda and revivified Jews related to Irene Manekofsky, a leading tone. The enonnity of the event is across the world. The latent energies of American campaigner for Soviet Jews, allowed to speak through the dramatic Soviet Jews, buried beneath layers of how he airily telephoned KGB head­ point counterpoint of those eventful fear and repression, broke forth with a quarters to report that one of his guards years. He does not need to hype what bounding dynamism. Hebrew language was shockingly drunk. After his eight­ is inherently moving. Perhaps the classes mushroomed, commemoration year ordeal in the bowels of the beast, greatest service of the British historian of the Holocaust at the very sites of his wordly and irreverent wit was unim­ is to give the reader Shcharansky's let­ Nazi mass murders grew in number and paired.· During his recent American ters, which distill the essence of his a general effioresence of Jewish culture visit, he channed his hosts by regaling humanity. In the midst of harrowing and consciousness swept the land. . them with his scintillating humor. He trials, the Soviet Jewish activist writes Shcharansky was inevitably caught up has continued to evince that decided zest from ChristopoI Prison in I979: 'Hence in this riptide of enthusiasm and for youth and commitment that is the my affirmation - borrowed from the self-discovery. very negation of despair. existentialists and perceived by reason By 1973 he submitted his first request Gilbert's natural focus is the Shcha­ but not consciously - that freedom, can for a visa to Israel. Denied on account ransky trial, a landmark case. After neither be given nor taken away, since of his 'possession of classified infonna­ nearly I6 months of incommunicado man is freedom, seems to me now as tion ,' Shcharansky began his intense in­ imprisonment, Shcharansky was tried natural as life itself.' Brilliantly and volvement in the refusenik movement on July 10, 1978 under the specious movingly phrased, this is a sort of that was ultimately to take him to the charge of violating Article 64a, 'treason manifesto of a movement that has depths of the Soviet Gulag and into the and espionage' and Article 70, 'anti­ sought to make man an end instead of center of world attention. He became Soviet agitation.' Gilbert captures the turning him into a means. In his letters a pivotal contact for W estem journalists high drama of those tense days, the wi­ - introspective depth-soundings - and American government officials, ly maneuvers of the Soviet system of Shcharansky wins the articulation of a serving as an English interpreter at in­ justice that would give the Borgias vital truth. Freedom is not a derivative formal gatherings of refuseniks and pause, and the crisp eloquence of and compensatory function but the pre­ visitors from the West. Interestingly, as Shcharansky. Upon being sentenced to condition of life itself. By invoking the Gilbert explains, Shcharansky was no 13 years of imprisonment, the Soviet ancient wisdom of the prophets, the perfunctory interpreter. Apparently, he activist declared memorably : "For solace of his years in the lower depths, went beyond the mechanics of mere more than 2,000 years the Jewish peo­ and the latter-day profundity of the translation to the mood and meaning of ple, my people, have been dispersed. philosophers, Shcharansky gives ample otherwise bland and colorless words. But wherever they are, wherever Jews evidence that freedom, liberty, religion His love of literature and his respect for are found, every year they have re­ and literature are the intertwined bran­ the power of words was evident in his peated, 'Next year in Jerusalem.' Now, ches of the same everlasting root. lectures on American Jewry in the mid­ when I am further than ever from my seventies based on contacts and reading, people, from Avita!,. facing many ar­ including the novels of Saul Bellow. duous years .of imprisonment, I say · Michael Skakun During those premonitory years, he turning to my people, my Avita!: Next was fundamental in composing written year in Jerusalem." Michael Skakun writes regularly for summaries demonstrating the situation Throughout the subsequent years of NEW AMERICAN. 31 sale, your profits an:: ciefer­ red, (not taxed until sale of DIVORCE next property) so that the question becomes a moot point. Also, homeowners age 55 or older are eligible UNDER for a one-time $125,000 tax exclusion on profit on the sale of their primary residence. THE However if you are ex­ pecting a profit on the sale of your home, own the pro­ perty for more than six NEW months, and are not plann­ ing on buying another home of equal or greater value, you will be better off sell­ ing this year. This year you TAX LAW will be taxed on only 40 percent of your profits (the highest bracket, 50 percent This month I would like eliminate the favorable The larger property settle­ will pay only a 20 percent to talk about the pending treatment of capital gains. ment will be a problem for rate). Next year the capital tax reform bill and its effect Currently sixty percent of those who receive highly · gains tax will be excluded on divorce settlements. Cur­ the gain on property held appreciated property and you will pay a rate of rently alimony payments can for more. than six months is because when they sell they somewhere between 27 per­ be claimed as a tax deduction excluded from taxation. will be responsible for pay­ cent and 31 percent. by the spouse who is paying That is, only forty percent of ing the taxes on the entire it. Therefore the real cost a long term capital gain is amount of appreciation from Q. I am paying oft' my for someone, for example in subject to taxation. If all the time the couple purchas­ college education with a the top tax bracket, is only goes as expected and the ed the property. For those student loan. Will the in­ 50 cents on the dollar. favorable treatment of long receiving property not terest I pay continued be Under the new tax reform term captial gains is highly appreciated there is tax deductible? bill the top tax bracket will abolished and taxed at the no reason to be concerned probably drop to somewhere new rate, those receiving because property settlements A. Student loans will not be between 27 and 30 percent. alimony will have a signifi­ and child support payments distinguished from· other This drop will substantially cant increase in taxes when are non-deductible by those consumer loans and increase the real cost of they sell their appreciated paying alimony and not tax­ therefore will no longer be alimony by reducing the property. For example: Some­ able for those receiving it. deductible. However, there value of the alimony ·tax one in the 30 percent tax will be transition rules and deduction from 50 cents on bracket who would now pay the deduction will be the dollar to between 27 12 percent capital gains tax phased-out. In 1987 65 per­ and 30 cents on the dollar. (30 percent tax bracket and • • • cent of consumer interest Matrimonial lawyers 40 percent of gain not ex - will be deductible, 40 per­ pred.ict that the new bill will eluded) on the sale of of ap­ Q. I am interested in selling cent in 1988, 20 percent in tend to make the spouse preciated property they ac­ my house. Should I try to 1989 and 10. percent in paying alimony unwilling to quired from their divorce . seU it this year or wait 1990.' settle on large payments and settlement would, under the Until 1987? more willing to settle on new tax bill, have to pay Bf· Keith Rothman larger property settlements. between 27 and 30 percent A. If you are planning to The tax bill throws yet on the gain~. (100 percent purchase another house or Keith Rothman is Business another snare in the divorce of gain and new tax equal or greater value Development Director of proceedings: the proposal to bracket.) within two years of the NAFCU. 32 ALEXANDER MAGARIK: THE PRISONER

"The Prisoner" was a popular British separation from family, and life television show in the late 1960's. The threatening prison conditions and central character, referred to only as beatings. The names: Abramov, Begun, "Number .6", was confined, for Berenshtein, Brodsky, Edelshtein, reasons left unclear, to a hauntingly Koifman, Levin, Lifshitz, Magarik, bucolic village of small cottages, win­ Nepomniashchy, Shefer, Shreier, ding roads and mechanically pleasant Tualadze, Virshuvsky, Volvovsky, neighbors. Whenever "Number 6" Yelchin, Zelichonok, Zisels, and Zun­ sought to discover the reasons for his perversion of law, morality and justice. shein. They are in their twenties, thir­ predicament he'd received vague The reasons for the persecution of ties, forties, and fifties . Here is one bureaucratic responses, e.g. "We are Soviet Jews are obvious; their desire to story. (The Soviet Jewry Legal Ad­ merely trying to help you, Number 6", live in freedom, to practice their vocacy Center has completed a 40 page or "This is for your own good. Trust religion, and in the cases of over ''Profile of Jewish Prisoners of Cons­ us." 400,000 Jews, the dream of emigrating cience. " The profiles also include Patrick McGoohan, who played the to Israel. The right to live in the coun­ selected Christian and fomer Jewish Prisoner, constantly attempted to try of one's choice is guaranteed by the prisoners.) escape. Inevitably he was captured on­ Helsinki Accords, an international ly to be psychologically or physically agreement signed by the U.S.S.R. in THE CASE OF abused in an effort to "re-educate" 1975 . ALEXANDER MAGARIK him. For as long as the series ran, thir­ Recent years have witnessed the near teen episodes, "Number 6" retained his elimination of Jewish emigration from Alexander Magarik is a 27 year old strength of character and a desire for the Soviet Union. Several orchestrated cellist and Hebrew teacher. He is mar­ freedom. events, such as Shcharansky's release ried to Natalya Ratner and together they The world the prisoners of conscience do not, as Shcharansky warned, signal have a son, Chaim, born in 1985 . ·For inhabit in the Soviet Union (or in any an alteration in Soviet policy. Rather the next three years Magarik will be in country violating international human they are attempts to place a compas­ prison for "possessing drugs without rights norms) bares little resemblence sionate humanitarian exterior upon the the intent of distributing them ." to a set of the BBC . However there are face of a repressive totalitarian regime. Magarik began studying Hebrew in many terrifying similarities; the A true indication of the Soviet com­ 1976. Before he and Natalya were unblinking eye of Big Brother, the mitment to human rights is apparent refused exit visas in 198 l they were physical and psychological torture, the from the list of imprisoned Jews. Each teaching Hebrew, an important part of destruction of the human spirit, and the case _is a tragic reminder of lost years, the Jewish cultural revival of the 33 l 970's, to other Jews. In the mid l 980's The investigation continued into the sion? A joke, an attempt to the persecution of the Hebrew teachers spring. In Moscow, on May 7th, three blackmail, an order from above? intensified. The worst case being the of Magarik's friends signed a statement None of these motives seem to me seven year prison and five year inter­ testifying they helped pack Magarik's serious enough to endanger the nal exile sentence of Joseph Begun, belongings and remained with him un­ freedom and the reputation of a who, as early a 1972, sought legal til he was to board the plane. Their man whom one does not even recognition .for Hebrew education. document states that Magarik did not know. Therefore, the events that Magarik, a talented musician and possess any drugs and the confiscated happened will remain a secret to educator, was a clear target. bag, weighing less than ten pounds, did me for the rest of my life ... On March 14, 1986, Magarik was at not have to be removed to be checked. Thus, I have nothing to say in the Tbilisi, Georgian S.S.R. airport On June 1, 1986, Alexander Magarik my own defense except that I am checking in two carry-on bags. A began a three year prison term. His innocent .. .It is possible that if I militia officer in charge of airport final statement, at the close of the trial, admitted everything I could have security insisted that one of the bags be was transcribed by his wife. made things easier for me. considered as luggage. After an hour Some portions of Magarik's final However, I am not guilty of the bag was returned to Magarik. ·He statement: possessing and transferring drugs was asked to open it in front of several Thus, I am firmly convinced and neither do I wish to be guilty officials. Inside was a cigarette box that that the powder found in my lug­ of having slandered myself... allegedly contained six grams of gage was planted there. I can say My son is 8 months old to­ hashish. Magarik was arrested and with full confidence that I did not day. When I regain my freedom ~barged under Article 252/3 of the put it there. Investigator Chitadze he will be able to ask me, "Were Georgian Criminal Code. suggested that it was done by my you rightfully punished?" And I On March 31st Natalya Ratner, friends, but I think that my will tell him, "No, of course Magarik's wife, learned some details evaluation of my own objectivity not." regarding the investigation; l) the con­ and my friends' mental fitness is Recent information reports the fiscated material wa!. not hashish, and correct when I declare that they transfer · of Magarik to a prison in 2) that little effort was being made to could not have done it. Siberia. conceal the fact that the charge was an Other witnesses are airport Hugh Barry~ the ~ate Legal Direc­ excuse for the arrest. When Ratner left employees and I know nothing tor of the Soviet Jewry Legal Advocacy Thilisi for Moscow she carried the same about them. I am not acquainted Center, Waltliam, Mim., and has a LL.M. two bags as did her husband. This time with any of them. What kind of degree in International Human Rights they were allowed on board as hand motive could any of them have Law from the University of E.oliex, Col­ luggage. for planting drugs in my possses- chester, England.

1 r...... nl\ 11111~11111 [ 1111~ .·· ...... 1 ~ y IUui I I POSSEV - A RUSSIAN OPPOSITION MONTHLy I I is must reading for those who wish to be up-to-date on Soviet realities I II POSSEV PROVIDES INSIDE REPORTS ON LIVING CONDITIONS AND POPULAR ATTITUDES 5 ~ IN THE USSR, BRINGS NEWS OF RESISTANCE AND REPRESSION, SAMIZDAT ITEMS, I s REPORTS FROM AFGHANISTAN, POLITICAL COMMENTARY, REVIEWS, INTERVIEWS WITH § s EXILE FIGURES, AND EXPLORES ALTERNATIVES FOR A POST-COMMUNIST RUSSIA... I ~ PUBLISHED IN RUSSIAN IN WEST GERMANY SINCE 1945 AND OFTEN MENTIONED IN THE ~ I SOVIET PRESS, POSSEV WAS THE FIRST TO REPORT THE KYSHTYM NUCLEAR DISASTER, s ~ THE FIRST TO PRINT THE CHRONICLE OF CURRENT EVENTS, THE FIRST TO PUBLISH ~ I THE TEXT OF NOVOSIBIRSK MEMORANDUM ON ECONOMIC REFORM... I ~ ANNUAL AIR MAIL SUBSCRIPTION (12 issues) AVAILABLE FOR $48 FROM: § ~ GABRIEL VALK, POSSEV-USA I · ~ 501 FIFTH AVENUE, SUITE 1612 ~ I NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10017 I ~ A WIDE RANGE OF RUSSIAN BOOKS. CATALOGUE AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST. I ~ ""'""'"""'""""""""'"""""""""""'""""'"'"'""""""'"'"""""'"'"""""""'""'"'"'.I""""""""'""~"'"""""'"'"" 34 - Russian Theater. When the artists were executed in 1952, Gorovets was an unknown; eventually he became a Soviet singing star. But he never became a Soviet. "It is like my own tragedy," Gorovets said. "This is my culture. When the theater was closed, neighbors thought I was taken. Everybody is afraid. I left Russia because I was afraid and I was famous. Gorovets and Polonskaya emigrated to Israel in 1973, bringing one son and leaving another in the Soviet Anny. They gave up wealth and fame and friends, and family, but they didn't give up their memory of a once thriving Jewish culture. And they gained a chance to display that culture. "We couldn't live in that system," Polonskaya said. "Emil wanted to work in the Yiddish theater. It is impossible Emil Gorovets with his wife Margarita Polonskaya to do in Russia what he was singing to­ day in City Hall." "We are here, " Joseph Mlotek, And so they met in New York, to director of the Workman's Circle, told remember and to commit themselves E mil about 130 people, "to honor the entire to the future. Herb Rickman, a special Gorovets stood before an au­ Yiddish Culture. Here from the City assistant to Mayor Edward Koch, read dience in New York's City Hall and Hall of New York we stretch out our a proclamation naming August 12, 1986 sang in a rich operatic tone. The words hands and say 'We will never forget Soviet Yiddish Writers Remembrance spilled out in Yiddish and filled the you." Day. Jerry Goodman, Executive Direc­ room as members of the audience nodd­ "We have organized this meeting," tor of the National Conference for ed their heads and mouthed the lyrics Barnett Zumoff, president of the Soviet Jewry, urged a march on in silent sync. Gorovets clenched and Workman's Circle, said, "as a Washington when first Secretary unclenched his fists: memorial to a shocking and tragic event Mikhail Gorbachev arrives. Members in Jewish history . With one stroke the of the audience sat in the city's Board "My people, my faith , and my government cut off the flower of Jewish of Estimate Chambers and whispered in flowering. culture in that country." Yiddish about the old days of Jewish It has not chained my freedom. But when Polonskaya stood up and theater and of the need to get the young From under the sword I shouted: recited in Yiddish three words of the ex­ people involved in its revival. And Emil I am a Jew!" ecuted poets Shmuel Halkin and Peretz Gorovets stood in the center of the room Markish and when Gorovets sang out nodded at pianist Malke Gottlieb and Words by ltsik Feffer, music by Emil Feffer's declaration, a link was form­ sang out in a loud voice, "I am a Jew!" Gorovets. ed - a link to the dead and a hope for After the performance an elderly The collaboration and indeed the oc­ the future. woman rushed toward the singer. In her casion on that hot New York day last "I feel very, very sad," Polonskaya hands were pictures of the Jewish month for many represented the state of said after her emotional reading. "It's theater in Moscow and of some of the Jewish culture in the Soviet Union. It not that I just studied the poem and read executed writers. She spoke to Gorovets is not a thriving state. it. I was with them and I knew them in Yiddish in quick bursts of emotion: August 12 marked the 34th anniver­ and I knew all their families. When I "I've been in America only three sary of the execution, under the Stalinist am reading Markish, I know him like months," she said, .. I came to this Regime, of 24 Soviet Yiddish writers, a person so I was reading of my friends. hall to hear Gorovets sing "I am a poets and theatrical artists in Moscow's It should be written and written and Jew,' free." Lubyanka prison. For most of those written how they can take the best peo­ ''We gave up everything,'' Polon­ gathered in New York on August 11, ple and just kill them." skaya said. "but it's worth it because it was an opportunity to show their Emil Gorovets was a young actor in here it's better. It's better for every­ solidarity behind preserving a passing Moscow's Yiddish theater when his body. It's very hard to explain. We culture. For Gorovets and his wife, teachers were taken away and jailed came to our dreams." Margarita Polonskaya, it was a time to in the Lubyanka prison. The theater was By Jeffrey Pundyk mark the passing of friends, including closed in 1949 and Grovets and Polon­ Jeffrey Pundyk is a staff writer fo r the Feffer. skaya, then his fiancee, moved on to JERSEY JOURNAL in New Jersey. 35 ------BARYSHNIKOV DANCES GISELLE

ed, and in that love misplaced his As one Russian poet wrote "pain responsibility. In that Leningrad perfor­ goes away litle by little, it is not to mance fourteen years ago, the ballet stay forever." Last year Baryshnikov became a profound drama. In the ces­ appeared in the film "White Nights" ond act, Albert wanted to meet Giselle, in the role of a dancer, whose life not to ask for forgiveness, because he resembled Baryshnikov's own. After couldn't forgive himself. Baryshnikov made the film he seemed Since then Baryshnikov has danced to change perscinally. Even in his inter­ "Giselle" all over the world. His views to the press he talked about Len­ performance is always an event. It is ingrad and his adjustment to this coun­ only natural, of course, that with the try in a much more relaxed way than passing years , his Albert is changing. he did in the past. And then this past His craft has matured, and maybe winter, he presented again, a new because of this his personal life has Albert in "Giselle." The passionate been reflected in his interpretation of romantic youth was gone, but so was Albert. the hardness and reserve. On the stage In a 1977 perfonnance of "Giselle", was a mature, genuinely loving Albert; after having defected to the West, he no a romantic Albert. The gloomy second longer resembled that young excited act was softened. The bitter expression lover of 1972, instead he was more of his pain was now joined by an ac­ reserved and seemed slightly indifferent ceptance of his fate as punishment for to the feelings of his character. But Giselle's death. then in the second act, Baryshnikov was Baryshnikov's perfonnance slightly shocking with his endless unmeasurable differs, of course, depending on who he n January of despair which dominated the act. His is dancing with on a given night, reflec­ 1972, Mikhail Ba­ presence on the stage personified ting more tenderness sometimes, or ryshnikov, then a young dancer for loneliness. All this eoming so soon after more spirituality at other times. Still, the Kirov Ballet, nervously prepared for he defected. at the end of this last perfonnance the first perfonnance of the role of In 1972, in Leningrad, at the end of Baryshnikov, as he once did in Le­ Albert in "Giselle". Those who at­ the performance, Baryshnikov walked ningrad, walked away from Giselle's tended that first Baryshnikov perfor­ away from Giselle's grave leaving be­ grave, dropping white flowers on the mance watched him on stage, not just hind flowers. In his 1977 perfonnance ground. It seemed as if he was locked a man in love, but overwhelmed, struck after Giselle vanished, Baryshnikov ran · in his sorrow and was silently parting by that first love. Many believe there back and forth across the stage as if in with his past life, to which there would has never been a more interesting in­ search of a disappeared ghost, and then be no return. terpretation of that part. Baryshnikov's turning his back to the audience, rush­ Albert didn't cheat on Giselle, he lov- ed to the black curtain and disappeared. Nina Alovert 36 Photo credit: Nina Alovert

37 Photo credit: Nina Alovert

38 PROJECT EYEWITNESS

The t::ommittee for the Absorption of Soviet Emigrees (C.A.S.E.) is proud to be a participant . in PROJECT EYEWITNESS, which is the brainchild of Student Struggle For Soviet Jewry. What is PROJECT EYEWITNESS? Today, over 40 years after the Holocaust, we are understanding the urgent need to document the recollec­ tions of its survivors. Unfortunately, many who survived this extraordinary period of Jewish and world history have gone or their memory has faltered. We see the plight - and rescue - of Soviet Jewry, 20% of the world's Jewish population, as another great historic chapter which must be fully documented for future generations. With advances in technology which permits easy, inexpensive video taping, the faces and recollections of events must be put into perma­ nent archives - now. This is PROJECT EYEWITNESS. What will PROJECT EYEWITNESS document? First and foremost, Soviet Jews themselves. They include former Prisoners of Conscience and activist leaders, those who suffered quietly, the old and the young. Through their eyes we seek to relive the dark years of Stalin and anguish of World War II, the elation at the creation of the State of Israel and Six-Day War, the rise of the emigration and Hebrew teaching movement, the current wave of return to Jewish obser­ vance. and more. We seek to include Jews from all the varied regions of the USSR, from the Moscow urbanite to the farmer in the Ilyinka collective farm, from the Ukraine to Central Asia and Siberia. We plan also to interview those who battled for rescue of Soviet Jewry in the free world. Who coordinates PROJECT EYEWITNESS? What's needed to get it off the ground? PROJECT EYEWITNESS is coordinated by the Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry. To begin, we need a) hardware, such as video VHS camcorders, tripods and video tape b) VHS video cassettee recorders c) subsidy for phone, mail and postage to set up interviews d) the benefit of experience of those who've conducted analogous interviews, as with Holocaust survivors e) suggestions for questions to be asked f) volunteers to interview and operate the cameras g) subsidy to conduct interviews in Israel, where most former activists and prisoners reside. How can I parlicipate in PROJECT EYEWITNESS? You can help us with the items listed above, volunteerism and suggestions. Our address is below. Let us know is you can conduct interviews in your city, or can take your camera to Israel to interview there. Spread the word - PROJECT EYEWITNESS can become the project of all the Jews in the free world!

STUDENT STRUGGLE FOR SOVIET JEWRY 210 West 91 Street• 4th Floor• Newy York, N.Y. 10024 ( 212) 799-9800

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Toquo TaK >Ke B CCCP rosopRT, qTo yronb 06bFmneHlllR 111 onnary 30BeTCR B uapo11e ((qepHbIM JOno­ (YeK111 111 ,qeHe>tKe B uapo11e TaKoe npocb6a Hanpasmnb no a,qpecy: cKa>KeT? 11To >Ke 110 «Hhw-l1opK ALEXANDER GLEZER, TaAMc», TO oua HanHcana JlaJibUie, 286 BARROW STR., JERSEY CITY, qTO 3MHrpaHTbl OKpecTHnH ynOMR­ HYTblH paitcKHA yronoK «MaJieHbKOH N.J. 07302 U.S.A. 011eccoit» no aHanornH c 011HOHMeH­ HbIM «KPbIMCKHM KYPOPTOM». A Te- • 47 OcKap Pa61.1H. TpM >KM3HM. Boc­ noMMHaHMR. JlMreparypHaR 3anMCb I MaMM MypaBHMK. .•""

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48 the Mk:iht;an Dally - Tueedar I Match 31. 1917 - '-• ,. l \

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Dally Photo by SCOTT LITUCHY . . LSA freshman Keith Hope, LSA 90phomore Marc Berman, LSA freshman Laura Glbal, and L8A treaman -~·~ Scblanel (left to right> balld a prison on the Olag y•tenlay to protest the plight of SOVlit Jews. ,. . . ;, Cell commemorates Soviet Jews

By EDWARD KLEINE the problems of Soviet Jewry. tonight and tomorrow night in the A third structure was erected on The Jews on campus know Jews prison, unless the temperature drops • the Diag yesterday as members of are Qppl'CSSed. but 4o little about it, below freezing, as it aid last aighL _:;ragar, a campus Jewish action according to Tagar member Joel Braving the cold and dark on the group. built a mock prison to call Lessing, an LSA freshman. 11Tbe Diag doesn't seem to faze them. "'I · ' attention to the plight of Soviet non-Jews don't realize there is a feel sleeping out is minor compared I ' Jews. problem." he added. to what our brethren in the Soviet ! A dummy symbolizing a Jewish There are cmrently 400,000 Jews Union go through daily," Lessing "refusenik" - a vocal opponent of trying to leave the Soviet Union, · said. Soviet policies who asks to according to LSA freshman Keith emigrale - was suspended inside, Hope, who helped organize the con- Hope said Tagar members will and a, sip -reading "Soviet Union struction. also wear T-shirts made to look like let my people gO'" was tacked to the ..Fanwtic scientists have -been prison uniforms, with the names of

, I front. made street cleaners," Hope said, refuseniks on the back. 1bey will ' , The cell represents a Soviet "Jews can go to jail for 12-15 years also paint the name of one refuse.. ' gulag in which Jewish ~ of for teaching Hebrew, the Only Ian- nik on each of the l6 bars of the conscience are jailed. Members of guage in the Soviet Union that is prison, and hand out flyers to peo­ Tagar, Hebrew for "the spirit of the illegal... The Soviet Union is · on pie who pass by the P{ison. The challenge", hope the new structure the same level as South Africa." prison will remain up for two Will increase student awareness of Tagar members plan to spend weeks . • .. - - ~ - . :j .

• .1 STATa.tllfTS BY SOVIET orrICIALS r-- --j - 1 ON DUORATJON PROM THE USSR ~ .. 1 ' ki 3 FEB. 81 - N&W YORK TIM!S - V.S.ALKBlt.«>V f ·. ! f . ; ' f I THE NEW YORK TIMZS REPORTED THAT THE THEN CHAIRMAN or i , THE SOVIET STATE BANK, VLADIMIR S. ALKBit.«:>V, TOLD U.S. UNDER-SECRETARY FOR INTSRNATIONAL TRADE, LIONEL OLMER, DURING TALKS ON SOVIET-AMERICAN TRADE, THAT

' . THE SOVIET UNION M:>ULD BE READY TO I '·:if I RESUME ·JEWISB DdlGRATION AT THE LEVEL · or UP TO 10,000 PEOPLE PER YEAR, ON CONDITION THAT TRADE RELATIONS BE'IWEEN THE TM> SUPER-PO'tVERS IMPROVED SIGNIFICANTLY. . ' . i WHEN ASK.ED ABOUT BIS STATEMENT LATER BY JOURNALISTS, ALKBIY>V DENIED IT, CLAIMING THAT BE HAD BEEN MISQUOTED AND · QUOTED OUT OF CONTEXT. (IN JAN. 1988 ALKHIY>V WAS Rl!MOVED FROM BIS POST.)

1 OCT. 85 (J'RENCILTw (FR-1) · M. S .GORBACHEV ~ IN REPLY TO QUESTIONS FROM A FRENCH TV {PR-1) CORRESPONDENT ABOUT HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE FREEDOM or JI.WISH EMIGRATION, GENERAL SECRETARY MIKHAIL GORBACHEV STATED: •you SPEAK OP THE JEWISH ISSUE. Ir ANYWHERE ELSE, IN ANY COUNTRY, JEWS ENJOYED SUCH POLITICAL RIGHTS AS IN OUR-COUNTRY, I WOULD BE VERY GLAD TO BEAR ABOUT IT. IT IS NOT TO BE FOUND ANYWHERE. ·WHEN THE MATTER or UNITED FAMILIES ARISES, WE GO ALONG WITH IT. WE GO ALONG WITH IT AND SOLVE THE MATTER. WHEN DO WE NOT SOLVE IT? WHEN THERE IS A PROBLEM CONCERNING STATE SECRETS. THEN WE ALLON THIS PROCESS TO SETTLE, SO TO SPEAK, AND THOSE IN OUR COUNTRY WHO ARE -UNABLE TO GET A PERMIT TO LEAVE POR 5-10 YEARS, BUT WHERE THERE REALLY IS SUCH NECESSITY IN ORDER TO REUNITE, EVENTUALLY THEY GET IT AND LEAVE .... •

/ ••• 2 ·2· (SOVIET 8TATIMZNT8)

..' 11 FEB. ae • LEBANESE NEWSPAPER SAFIR • L.ZAMXATIN . 1 IN THE COURSE OF AN INTERVIEW WITH THE LEBANESE NEWSPAPER SAFIR, LEONID ZAMYATIN, THEN HEAD or THE ...... i INFORMATION SECTION OF THE CENTRAL C<».tdlTTEE OF THE CPSU ..· I SAID: .., •AS FAR AS -J&V/fSH F.MlaRATION FROM THE USSR IS CONCERNED, IT CAN BE STATED THAT ·. EMIGRATION OF SOVIET CITIZENS, WHETHER THEY .. ..:- ARE JEWS OR NOT, IS REGULATED BY SOVIET LAW AND AN INTERNATIONAL AGRED&ENT ADOPTED IN 19ee UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE UN. THE SAME APPLIES TO ALL OTHER COUNTRIES AND EMIGRATION IS SUBJECT TO RESTRICTIONS CONCERNING CERTAIN CATEGORIES OF CITIZENS WHICH HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH THE RELIGIOUS ADHERENCE OF APPLICANTS FOR EMIGRATION . . THUS, THE FOLLOWING PERSONS CANNOT BE ALLONED TO EMIGRATE: •A) THOSE WHO COMPLETED THEIR ARMY SERVICE A SHORT TIME AGO; . B) THOSE WHOSE DEPARTURE WILL HARM THE ·.. INTERESTS OF OTHER CITIZENS OR THEIR OWN F~ILIES; C) THOSE IN POSSESSION OF STATE '• SECRETS; D) THOSE CHARGED WITH A CRIMINAL I. OFFENCE. •LATELY THERE HAS BEEN A DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS FOR EMIGRATION AND THE NUMBER OF PROSPECTIVE EMIGRANTS DECREASED . IN THE YEARS 1984-85, THE NUMBER OF SOVIET JEWS WHO LEFT THE COUNTRY WAS ABOUT 800 PER YEAR. THE STORMY CAMPAIGN LAUNCHED IN . CONNECTION WITH THE UPROOTING OF SOVIET JEWRY IS BASED ON BLATANT LIES AND CONSTITUTES AN ATTEMPT . TO SLANDER SOVIET CITIZENS OF JEWISH ORIGIN. THE SOVIET UNION IS THE HOMELAND OF SOVIET JE.WS AND THEY HAVE NO INTENTION OF LEAVING IT.• . I ·j

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I ... a 1 -· . ....i .r.. · ·~ ·I· ; • I (IOVllT 8TATDSNT8) ~ .. ~

2e FEB. te • 2TT8 CONGRESS or orsy . M.8.QQRBAQBIV SECTION 4 OP OORBAOBEV'S STATIMENT TO TBB 27TB CONGRESS OF THE CPSU: •A SOLUTION IS TO BE POUND, IN A POSITIVE AND HUMANITARIAN MANNER, POR THE QUES-TIO?rOFltEUNITICATION or· FAMILIES.­ CONCLUSION OF MARRIAGES, DEVELOPMENT OF i CONTACTS BE1WEEN PEOPLE AND BE'IWEEN I i ORGANIZATIONS.• j . i 4 APRIL ae . U.S . VISIT . V.ZBURKIN DR. VITALY ZBURKIN, DEPUTY DIRECTOR or THE UNITED STATES or AMERICA AND CANADA INSTITUTE IN t.«>SCOW, STATED DURING A VISIT OF AN INSTITUTE DELEGATION TO THE U.S.: •THE WI LL. BE NO RETURN TO MASS EMIGRATION, BUT THE CONSIDERATION or INDIVIDUAL CASES WILL CONTINUE AND THIS WILL BE DONE IN THE FRAMEWORK OF RE-UNIFICATION or . FAMILIES.•

31 JULY 86 • llTH ANNIVERSARY OF HELSINKI • Y.SILIN

IN THE F~RK OF THE DECLARATION ON THE ESTABLISHMENT or A ·SOVIET eot.NIS~ON ON BUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN PROBLEMS• AND ON THE OCCASION OF MARKING THE llTB ANNIVERSARY or THE RATIFICATION OF THE HELSINKI ACCORDS, THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE SOVIET COYifITI'EE ON COOPERATION AND SECUIR_ITY IN EUROPE, YEVGENY SILIN, STATED THAT: •WE RECOGNIZE THAT A CERTAIN NUMBER OF Ji.WISH AND OTHER FAMILIES WERE DIVIDED FOR HISTORIC REASONS SUCH AS M>RLD WAR II. THERE WERE PERIODS OF INTENSIVE REUNIFICATION. •Now TB.IS PROBLEM HAS BEEN SLOWED DOWN BECAUSE A CONSIDERABLE NUMBER OF FAMILIES WERE REUNITED. ALSO, DUE TO PROBLEMS SUCH AS THE MIDDLE EAST SITUATION WE SEE NO REASON TO MAINTAIN ARTIFICIALLY THE HIGH EMIGRATION LEVELS OF THE 19TOS.•

I . .. 4 .4. (SOVllT STATIMENTS)

3 NOV. ae • VIENNA PRESS CONFERENCE • V.LQMEIKO VLADIMIR LOMEIKO, THE BIAD or THE SOVIET DILIGATION TO THE VIENNA CSCE MEETING, STATED DURING A PRESS CONrlRENCE THAT

THE MANNER or HANDLING REQUESTS TO EMIGRATE WOULD BE CBANGED. -.OH- 1- JAN • .IT ._ THE . EXAMINATION or SUCH REQUESTS M:>ULD TAKE ONLY ONE MONTH, AND IN SPECIAL CASES, SUCH AS ILLNESS, THE EXAMINATION \\OULD TAKE ONLY A I. FEW DAYS. ' 17 JAN. 87- NEW YORK TIMES - Y.KASHLEV ACCORDING TO THE NEW YORK TIMES, YURY KASHLEV, HEAD OF THE FOREIGN MINISTRY BUREAU FOR HUMANITARIAN AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS AND HEAD OF THE SOVIET DELEGATION TO THE VIENNA CSCE CONFERENCE, STATED THAT POLITICAL CASES WERE BEING REEXAMINED, IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE TENSION WHICH HAD BEEN CREATED BE'IWEEN VARIOUS COUNTRIES. THERE WERE 200 PERSONS WHO HAD BEEN CONVICTED FOR aANTI-SOVIET• ACTIVITY. THE RELEASE OF DISSIDENTS WAS EXPECTED iN CONNECl'ION WITH THE HUMAN RIGHTS CONFERENCE TO BE HELD IN MOSCO'N.

26 JAN. 87- CSCE VIENNA - SOVIET DELEGATES REPRESENTATIVES OF THE SOVIET DELEGATION AT THE VIENNA CSCE MEETING MET SCIENTISTS 9.0RKING FOR THE SOVIET JEWRY CAMPAIGN AND TOLD THEM THAT THE USSR BAD NEVER PROMISED EMIGRATION AND HAD NEVER USED SUCH A TERM. THE USSR BAD PROMISED TO ALLOW' FAMILY REUNIFICATION, VISITS TO RELATIVES ABROAD, AND TRIPS TO FUNERALS.

27 JAN. ST - CSCE VIENNA - Y.KASHLEV YURY KASBLEV STATED IN BIS OPENING SPEECH TO THE VIENNA CSCE MEETING: •TODAY DEMANDS ARE AGAIN BEING HEARD TO ALLOW FREE EMIGRATION • SOMETHING WHICH DOES NOT EXIST IN THE HELSINKI ACCORDS.•

I . .. I ~ - . ~ . ' - f ~· .. . Ji-'-fl&f Jtv...1f' 7 . ' ·I· (80VllT ITATDCDTS)

30 JAN. 87 • VIENNA PRESS QQNlEJ\ENCE • SOVllT OFFICIALS BORIS KBAVTSOV (SOVIET MINISTER or JUSTICE), ANATOLY KOVALEV (SOVIET DEPUTY POREION MINISTER), EVOENY PRIMAKOV (MF.MBER OF THE SOVIET AOADD&Y or SCIENCES), NATALIA QALRAT (MF.MBER OF THE SUPREME SOVIET), AND YURY KASHLEV HELD A PRESS CONFERENCE IN VllNNA. IT .WAL STATSJ> .THERE THAT AS A RESULT or THE H&W SOVIET REGULATIONS ON EMIGRATION, THE NUMBER OF DEPABTEES \\OULD OROW, BUT TB~ ORANGE HAD NOT YET BEEN FELT BECAUSE OF A NUMBER OF PROBLEMS THAT HAD TO BE SOLVED: PROPERTY, DOCUMENTS, ETC. KASHLEV CONFIRMED THAT A NUMBER OP PRISONERS BAD BEEN RELEASED RECENTLY AND ASSERTED THAT THERE \\OULD BE MANY Y>RE.

30 JAN. 87· AP REPORT · S.ZIVS

AN ASSOCIATED PRESS REPORT QUOTED ~-=.-::-~../~....-.--.~~T DEPUTY CHA_l.B.¥AN OF THE ANTI-ZIONIST P-~PEABING ON THE •PHIL DONAHUE JAN. 87.

ZIVS SAID THAT 600 JEWS BAD BEEN GIVEN PERMISSION TO LEAVE TBIS.f&)NTH AND THAT AS MANY AS 10,000 OTHERS WERE ELIGIBLE FOR RECONSIDERATION. •THAT'S ONLY THE BEGINNING,• HE SAID OF THE REVIEW. ZIVS SAID THAT THE CASES ELIGIBLE FOR REVIEW .INVOLVED PEOPLE WHO ilAD APPLIED TO LEAVE BUT WHO \\OULD NOT QUALIFY FOR EMIGRATION UNDER THE NEW REGULATIONS THAT TOOK EFFECT IN JANUARY. •I THINK THAT ALL OF THOSE WHO APPLIED CAN ONCE AGAIN RE-APPLY AND THAT THEIR APPLICATIONS _WILL BE RECONSIDERED EVEN IF THEY DON'T FALL WITHIN THE NARROWER CRITERIA OF THE NEW LAWS . •THE PROCESS HAS ALREADY STARTED AND IT IS GOING TO CONTINUE. ALL THOSE WHO DO NOT HAVg ANY LIMITATIONS OR RESTRICTIONS FROM THE PAST IN ANY CLASSIFIED M>RK ABE GOING TO BE ABLE TO LEAVE.•

I ... e ~; ·~; ~l .e. (SOVIET 8TATIMEHT8)

31 JAN. 87 • CSCE VIENNA • Y.]CASHLEV YURY KASHLEV, HEAD OF THE FOREIGN MINISTRY BUREAU roR HUMANITARIAN AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS AND BEAD or THE SOVIET DELEGATION TO THE VIENNA CSCE CONFERENCI, TOLD REPORTERS: •I EXPECT A SBA.RP INCREASE IN EXIT VISAS IN THE NEAR FUTURE, ON A TEMPORARY AND · ~- - ­ PERMANENT BAS Is . I \\QULD EXPECT SoME -i-;-ooo- ·------FAMILY REUNIFICATIONS TO TAKE PLACE IN THE NEXT FEW MONTHS.•

1 FEB. 87 - AUSTR~ NE.WS AGENCY • E.PRIMAKOV ACCORDING TO THE AUSTRIAN NEWS AGENCY, IVGENY PRIMAKOV STATED THAT VARIOUS ASPECTS HAD TO BE CONSIDERED REGARDING THE .QUESTION OF DIRECT FLIGHTS TO ISRAEL. HE NOTED THAT ONLY 11~ OF THOSE WHO LErT THE USSR WENT TO ISRAEL AND THE REST REMAINED IN THE WEST. SO Ir THE SOVIET UNION INSTITUTED DIRECT FLIGHTS TO"ISRAEL, A STATE FROM WHICH DEPARTURE WAS PROBLEMATIC, THEN NP.W CRITICISMS \\OULD BE RAISED AGAINST THE SOVIET UNION. .

3 FEB. 87 - LONDON VISIT V.ZAGLADIN VADIM ZAGLADIN, DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEPARTMENT OF THE CPSU CENTRAL eot.MITTEE, STATED DURING A VISIT IN LONDON THAT . IF PRISONERS IN THE USSR REQUESTED PARDEN, THEN THEIR CASES \\QULD BE REEXAMINED IN A FAVORABLE MANNER.

11 FEB. 87 - MOSCOW - FOREIGN MINISTRY OFFICIALS OFFICIALS OF THE NEW SOVIET HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICE IN THE FOREIGN MINISTRY - YURY M. KOLOSOV (HEAD OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS SECTION} AND ANATOLY V. RESHETOV (HEAD OF THE HUMANITARIAN AND CULTURAL SECTION) - EXPRESSED THE FOLLOWING VIEWS IN A CONVERSATION WITH OFFICIALS OF THE U.S. EMBASSY IN MOSCOW: THE SOVIETS FEAR THAT Ir THEIR BORDERS WERE OPENED TO EMIGRATION THERE \\QULD BE A BRAIN-DRAIN AND FOREIGN CULTURAL INFLUENCES CM>ULD ENTER THE USSR. BOTH REFUSENIKS AND DISSIDENTS IN FACT ASPIRE TO IMPROVE THEIR

I . .. 7 .- ! ·T· (SOVllT ITATIMINTI) I' ' -~ STANDARD or LIVING, AND NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS .:1 ARE NOT THEIR REAL REASON FOR WANTING TO j LEAVE. REGARDING GORBACBEV'S STATEMENT ON A FIVE YEAR WAITING PERIOD FOR PERSONS WITH . ... ! STATE SECRETS • THE SECURITY CLASSIFICATION COULD REMAIN IN EFFECT •INDEFINITELY• IN 1 CERTAIN CASES. ------

12 FEB. 87 · VECHERNIAIA MOSKVA - OVIR THE MOSCOW NEWSPAPER VECHERNIAIA M::>SKVA PUBLISHED AN ANNOUNCEMENT BY OVIR THAT IN REGARDS TO REFUSALS OF EXIT VISAS, •ALL SUCH APPLICATIONS ARE CAREFULLY CONSIDERED AND ARE SATISFIED IN ACCORDANCE WITH A FIXED PROCEDURE. •CITIZENS. WHO, ACCORDING TO THE AUTHORITIES, HAVE BECOME FAMILIAR WITH STATE OR MILITARY SECRETS AT ENTERPRISES AND INSTITUTIONS WHERE THEY HAVE M:>RKED, ARE NOT ALLOWED TO LEAVE THE COUNTRY, FOR REASONS OF STATE SECURITY. AMONG SUCH PERSONS ARE, IN PARTICULAR: YU.I.KHASIN, A.YA.LERNER, YU.M.KOSHAROVSKY, V. ·N.SOi.FER, L. I .SUD, Y.A.G. RAKHLENKO, N.B.KBASINA, A.ND V.S.SLEPAK.•

FEB. 87 - BBC RADIO - G.GERASIMOV GENNADY GER.ASIMOV, SOVIET FOREIGN MINISTRY SPOKESMAN, STATED IN A BBC RADIO ·_Ili_TERVIEW: MOST JEWS IN THE USSR SEE THE SOVIET UNION AS THEIR HOMELAND; THE REST HAVE THE RIGHT TO LEAVE. THE MAIN REASON FOR REFUSALS IS THAT THE PERSONS HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF STATE SECRETS. A SPECIAL COMMISSION WAS INVESTIGATING ANEW THE CRIMINAL LAW OF THE USSR, INCLUD_ING THE PROV'ISlONS REGARDING ANTI-SOVIET PROPAGANDA AND FREEDOM OF RELIGION, ALTHOUGH NO ONE WAS EVER PUNISHED IN THE USSR FOR HIS RELIGIOUS VIEWS.

/ ... 8 • ~; ...... I .. ;'.:· . •. -·· (SOVlft STATEMENTS)

19 FEB. 17 • t.l>SCQW PRESS BRIEFING • G.9EllA81M)V DURING A REGULAR BRIEFING OF FOREIGN CORJlBSPONDENTS, GENNADY GERASIK>V, BEAD or THE INFORMATION SECTION or THE ~ ICENTRAL COYdITTEE OF THE CPSU, IS REPORTED TO HAVE SAID THAT ....;-.-- --· . 1 r ' THERE WERE CATEGORIES or SECRECY WHICH COULD NOT BE LIMITED, AND WERE THEREFORE INDEFINITE. REMINDED THAT MR. GORBACHEV IN AN INTERVIEW WITH THE FRENCH COliMUNIST NEWSPAPER L'BUMANITE IN 1981 HAD STATED I -... .., CATEGORICALLY THAT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION ' WAS GENERALLY FIVE YEARS, .AND THAT THE VERY 1 .- UPPER LIMIT WAS TEN YEARS, MR. GERASIK>V j REPLIED: •THAT WAS A MISTAKE. •JT IS POINTLESS TO DISCUSS SECRECY AS AN ABSTRACT PRINCIPLEi SOME M:>RK BAS GREATER SECURITY, SOME LESS. •THERE ARE INSTITUTIONS IN OUR COUNTRY WHERE EVEN THIRTY YEARS SECURITY CLASSIFICATION COULD BE SAID TO BE INADEQUATE.·

PEOPLE WHO V.ORKED IN SUCH PLACES IN RESPONSIBLE JOBS WILL NEVER BE ALLOWED OUT, HE SAID, AND TO ILLUSTRATE BIS Vl&W BE GAVE PROFESSOR NAUM MEIMAN OF MOSCOW AS AN EXAMPLE. / ~4 FEB. 17 · PARIS JEWISH RADIO • A.KOVALSKY ALEKSEI KOVALSKY, POLITICAL SECRETARY AT THE SOVIET EMBASSY IN PARIS, WAS INTERVIEWED BY AVIVA KOUTCHINSKY ON THE JEWISH RADIO STATION .AND STATED THE FOLLOWING: A PROFOUND PROCESS OF LIBERALIZATION WAS NOW TAKING PLACE IN THE USSR, AND IT \\OULD QUICKLY BRING POSITIVE RESULTS IN THE MATTER OF SOVIET JEWRY. THE PROBLEM OF THE •REFUSENIKS• (KOVALSKY .ADMITTED TO THERE BEING 12 OF THEM) WILL BE QUICKLY RESOLVED. I THE FIRST TO RECEIVE EXIT PERMITS WILL BE I ;I THOSE HAVING RELATIVES IN ISRAEL, LIKE IDA I: NUDEL AND YULY EDELSBTEIN. !

I l I / •.• 9 f .g. (SOVJIT 8TATDflNT8)

· rEB. 87 • S.ZIVS TO A BRITISH HISTORIAN SAMUIL ZIVS TOLD HISTORIAN AND AUTBOR MARTIN QILBDT ) THAT I THE LISTS or PRISONDS AND REfUSENJKS WI LL SOON GRO'N SHORTER AND SHORTER.

END OF VEB. 87 • CSCE VIENNA · YEVSTAVIEV JN A MEETING WITH RABBI ABRAHAM COOPER AND RABBI MARVIN BIER or THE LOS ANGELES WIESENTHAL CENTER, YEVSTArIZV, A MEMBER OF THE SOVIET DELEGATION TO THE VIENNA CSCE MEETING, STATED:

_ ~WE ARE TALKING ABOUT A PROLONGED PROCESS. THE NUMBER OF SOO PERSONS A MONTH, MIICB BAS BEEN MENTIONED ON VARIOUS OCCASIONS, IS CORRECT, AND THIS. WILL SOON BE PROVED.•

20 MAR. 87 - NEW YORK TIMES - S. IVANKO SERGEI IVANENKO, A MlldBER or THE BOARD OF THE STATE-RUN FEATURES SYNDICATE •NOVOSTI, • SAID .JN AN . INTERVIl.W WITH ,CABLE NEWS NE'NA'.>RK IN WASHINGTON:" •ALL THOSE WITH LEQITIMATE RIGHTS TO GO WILL GO OUT.• •I THINK THAT BY THE END OF THIS YEAR APPROXIMATELY 10,000 TO 12,000 PEOPLE, JEWS, WILL GO OUT TO ISRAEL.• I \ BE ADDED THAT ABOUT 10,000 APPLICATIONS TO EMIGRATE WERE •Now ON THE DESKS OF THE SOVIET AUTHORITIES.•

27 MAR. 87 - PRESS CONFERENCE - A. LUKYANOV ANATOLY LUKYANOV, MEMBER OF THE SECRETARIAT OF THE CPSU CENTRAL COMMITTEE, HELD A PRESS CONFERENCE DURING A VISIT TO DENMARK. BE WAS ASKED ABOUT THE POSSIBLE RENl.WAL OF DIPLOMATI"C RELATIONS WITH ISRAEL AND THE CONNECTION or THIS STEP WITH STEPPED UP SOVIET JE.WISH EMIGRATON. BE REPLIED:

•EVERYONE KNCM'S WHY WE BROKE RELATIONS WITH ISRAEL, AND NOTHING HAS CHANGED IN THIS REGARD.•

/ .•. 10 ..' (SOVllT STATDmNTS)

AS roa J&WISB DUQRATION. LUKYANOV a&PLllD ANGRILY THAT TBDI WAS NO CONNBCl'IOlf Bl'IWSD IT AND TRI QU&STION or a&N&WSD DIPLOMATJC TIES. THE CONCERN OVER SOVIET JIWB SHOWN BY PACTORS IN TRI WEST WAS l&)TIVATID SOLELY BY POLITICAL CONBJD&RATIONS. :

·END or DOCUMENT-

I . .. To : ·~ · '""'V\A • G- ~ From : J. Pratt

I thought you might find this of interest

with the Compli·ments of the 0mtass11 of (Israel at ®ashing/on . ,

TRANSLATED FROM RUSSIAN

FROM: "SOVETSKAYA ROSSIYA· I 3 APR. 19 8 7

•BURGLARY UNDER THE GUISE OF GENEROSITY•

-A LARGE-SCALE CIA ESPIONAGE OPERATION CONDUCTED UNDER THE PRETEXT OF 'HUMANITARIAN CONSIDERATIONS'-

BY B. ANTONOV

IT HAS BECOME A HABIT WITH WESTERN LEADERS - BOTH THOSE IN POWER AND THOSE IN OPPOSITION - TO ACCOMPANY POLITICAL AND BUSINESS CONTACTS WITH THE SOVIET UNION WITH A ZIONIST "LOAD," IN THE FORM OF A LIST OF PERSONS WHO HAVE BEEN DENIED THE RIGHT TO LEAVE FOR ISRAEL FOR REASONS ENVISAGED BY SOVIET LAW. THE PETITIONERS SUBMITTING THESE LISTS CAN BE STATEStv!EN OF THE HIGHEST RANK. WHAT IS THE SECRET BEHIND THIS HIGH-LEVEL PATRONAGE AND WHAT ARE THE BIG STAKES INVOLVED?

ANALYSIS HAS SHOWN THAT THE EMIGRATION OF 250 THOUSAND PERSONS OF JEWISH NATIONALITY FROM THE USSR TO THE WEST DURING THE LAST 20 YEARS WAS HARDLY A SPONTANEOUS PROCESS OF "FAMILY REUNIFICATION». WE ARE DEALING HERE WITH A BROAD DEMOGRAPHIC OPERATION OR RATHER, I WOULD WAY, WITH THE TRANSPLANTING OF A QUITE SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF RESIDENTS OF THE USSR INTO A DIFFERENT POLITICAL SYSTEM.

THIS OPERATION DEMANDS ENORMOUS INVESTMENTS. ZIONISTS HAVE SENT TO THE SOVIET UNION 680 THOUSAND INVITATIONS (VYZOVS). THUS, THE COST OF THE ENVELOPES AND STAMPS ALONE WOULD BE ALMO~T ONE MILLION DOLLARS. HOWEVER, NOT ONLY POSTAL ENVELOPES CONTAINING INVITATIONS HAVE BEEN SENT TO SOVIET CITIZENS. THEY ARE LITERALLY BEING TEMPTED BY MATERIAL BENEFITS. A NUMBER OF FIRMS (MELA, DINNERMAN & CO. AND OTHERS) SEND PARCELS OF CLOTHING TO NUMEROUS ADDRESSEES FREE OF CHARGE, AT A COST OF UP TO $1,000 EACH. THIS IS DONE IN ORDER TO ASSURE THE PEOPLE THAT FREE BENEFITS AND A 'GOOD LIFE' AWAIT THEM ABROAD.

SEVERAL RADIO STATIONS HAVE BEEN ENGAGED IN AGITATION AND CALLS FOR EMIGRATION. TENS OF THOUSANDS OF VIDEO CASETTES CONTAINING ADVERTISING FILMS ON ISRAEL AND THE WESTERN WAY OF LIFE ARE SENT INTO THE USSR. AND WHAT ABOUT THE ADVERTISING BOOKLETS, PAMPHLETS AND OTHER FORMS OF FREE ADVERTISING MATERIAL BROUGHT BY ZIONIST EMISSARIES FOR WIDE-RANGE DISTRIBUTION IN THE USSR ? AS A RULE, THEY COME AS »TOURISTS»,

•.. 2 • 2 • (OH2'.!)

!L\VI;";G RECEIVED "EXPE'.'ISES" OR "PilE!v!IUM" P,.\Y\m:-.."rs FOR LACH i::.\'.EClJT.F:D MISSION. SOM!'.: OF THE:\1 BRING INTO THE USSR LAl-:GL SD,!S OF FORE l C;-..,1 CL:IlRENC;Y TO I3E US ED FOR BR I BEil. Y.

\Vl!O IS FINANCING ALL THIS? Tl!E REPLY IS OBVIOUS: THOSE \\110 BE:'i EF IT FHOM l T. FOWviER GE:-; ERA L OF Tl!E lJS MIL I TAHY l ~TELL I GEN CE, GEOHGE KEEGAN, SHED SOME LI GET O~ THE ES S E:--:CE OF 'l'HIS MA T TER \\1IE'.'i GHANTJNG A~ INTERVIEW TO THE "JBRUSALF:\~ ?OST". ::; HIS l:\'TERVI E'W HI~ REVEALED r~'HAT FOR EVEH.Y DO:. LAR r:;V £ S 'l' .~ :) I~ 'iHE OPERATION, A:\1J:~HICA RECEIVED FR0\1 TH.C EMIGRANTS INFOH\~AT!O'.'i o·s SOVIET MILITARY A~D OTHER SECHETS WORTH THOUSA:\'DS OF DOLLARS . THESE SECRETS ARB PlJMPED OUT OF THE VERY "REFl'S E:\' l KS" ABOUT \VHOM SO MUCH NO I SY PROPAGANDA IS BE I ~G \~DE IN THE WEST. THE SPECIAL SERVICES CO~DUCT E~DLESS INTERROGATIONS, QUESTIONING 1'HESE PEOPLE, AND THEY ALSO USE OTHER METHODS. THE ART OF SIEVING THROUGH DATA AND PUTTING TOGETHER A COlVLPLSTE PICTURE FROM BITS OF INFOT\VATION HAS EVEN ACQUIH.ED A NA:Vlli - THE "l\fOSAIC METHODn. NOBODY RISKS FINDING HIMSELF BEHIND BARS (AS O:\CE HAPPENED TO A CERTAIN "REFUSE:'\ I Kn , SHCHARA'.\'SKY, \\'EO BEGAN \\ORK ING FOR THE CIA WHILE STILL LIVING IN MOSCOW) WHEN C'S I:iG TH I S l\fETHOD.

THIS IS \-VHY ZIONISTS IN THJ:<: \VEST HAVE BEEN EXERTI'.\G SUCH STRONG PRESSURE TO BRING OUT THOSE PERSONS DENIED PERMISSIO~ TO ~EAVE BECAUSE THEY POSSESS STATE A~D MILITARY SECRETS OF THE USSR. POLITICAL AND PUBLIC LEADERS HAVE BEEN DRAWN INTO THIS OPERATION, "RICH PURSUES PURELY ESPIONAGE-TYPE INTERESTS. THE V..ECHANICS OF THE PROCESS ARE SIMPLE: EVERY "REFUSENIK" WISHING TO PARTICIPATE IN STAGING A PROVOCATION TELEPHO~ES TEL AVIV FR0~.1 MOSCOW. THOSE WHO RECEIVE THE CALL INFORM THE ESPIO:;AGE SERVICES ABOUT IT, AND THEY IM\IBDIATELY ORCANIZE "ACTS OF SUP PORT" . THE :'\'A.\iES OF PERSO.\'S WHO HA VE TO BE "SAVED" ARS READ O.\' THE "VO I CE OF I SRA EL n • DRA..\1A TI c ~vfES SAGES ABOUT ")i.\ftTYRS OF ZION" (SIC) Fl.ND THEIR WAY INTO THE WESTERN PRESS AND TELEVISIO.N '~' BROUGH A !\ET\VORK OF ZIONIST ORGA.NIZAT:ONS. \\~EN ALL nr:s HAPPENS, TE.2 PUBLIC OFTEN DOES KOT EVE~ Sl:SPECT THAT IT !S BEING DUPED A!\D THAT THE PEOPLE INVOLVED ARE, IN FACT, £AGERLY A"~!TED BY THE INFOR\~TION COLLECTORS AT LANGLEY, THE ClA HEADQUARTERS .

.t\U_\1EROUS WEST1~RN ":\fONITORS" USE BASKET I I I OF THE HELSINKI ACCORDS AND VARIOUS "Hl)V.ANITARIA.N CO:'.\SJDERATIONS" AS A COVER, A'.'i!) THEY KEEP DEVA?\"DING THAT NO OBSTAC'..ES BE PLAC!-:~ I:i.r.~ FORE ' ~' HElH. l'NSE 1;:\lLY 03JECTIVES. OTHEitWISS, ".''.lEY CLA!~,'., T~:s SOVIET UNION \VOULD BB VIOLATING THE BELSINKI ACCORDS. 'l'!-:E SOVIET UNION HAS, IN FACT, BEEN OBSERVING IT TO THE LET~~R. THE PROCEDURE INVOLVED IN ARRANGING FOR AN E~IGRATION PERMIT HAS BEcmm SIGNIFICANTLY snfPLIFIED IN CASES WHERE NO REASONS FOR DENYING THE RIGHT TO LEAVE ON THB GROUNDS OF POSSESSING STATE OR OTHER SECRETS ARE INVOLVED. ACCORDI.NG TO TES NL"'\V REGULATIONS, APPLICATIONS FOR EMIGRATING ABROAD TO SETTLE T!f~RE P.':~ IlVANENTLY ARE CO'.\'SIDERED DURING A :\10NTH'S TI\!E. THIS IS A \IlJCH Sl!OilTER PERIOD THA;.l THAT E:\VISACED JN THE FINAL DOCC\lENT

... 3 I

- 3 -

OF THE VAD~ID ~l~ETJNG (SIX MONTHS) OR THE ONE SUGGESTED LAST :::.i'Itl:\'C I:-: IJEJC-l, AT TBE Mr:CT!NG OF THE HSPRESE:-.l'fATIVES OF Tl!E \1E.'v1I-JER-STATES OF THE HELSINKI CONfERE!'lCE. PERSO.\'S REFUSED £~,1 l GRAT I O;-.i P ER!vfl TS ARE ALWAYS I:\ FOH\iED ABOUT THE GROU.\'DS FOR THE IU-;FUS,\L (LAWS IN WEST~RN COUNTR1ES DO :'WT ALWAYS DEMAND THIS). ~~E~ HECONSIDERING PREVIOUSLY REJECTED APPLICATIO~S THE ACTHCJRlTIES TAKE INTO ACCOUNT PREVIOUSLY sum.i!TTED DOCU~1ENTS IN OR.DER TO SI \iPL I FY TIIE PROCEDUllE.

l F WE ARE DEAL l NG \VI TH TBE QUEST I OI'i OF \\1-!0 TJOES A.\'D \VllO DOES ;-.;oT OBSERVE THE !IELS INKI AGREEt-.:.E.NTS A.\'D 'TO WHAT EXTEi\'T, WE CA:\NOT FAIL TO NOTICE T!IE ARBITRARINESS PRACTICED BY THE UNITED STATES IN THE ISSUI:\C OF E.'.'ITRA.NCE VISAS. LAWS ADOPTED DURil"G THE MCCARTHY PERIOD AR~ STILL IN USE THERE, AXD ACCORDING TO THESE LA\VS THE I SSUA.'.'ICE OF A PASSPORT OR OF AN E~TRANC8 YI SA STILL DEPENDS ON A PERSON'S POLITICAL VIE\VS.

OJ'.'E COULD RECALL, FOR EXA .. ;PLE, THE "CASE" OF THE · PROGRESSIVE A.'vfERICAN WRITER AND POETESS, MARGARET RAI\DALL. THIS IS A VIVID EXA\~LE OF USING EMIGRATION LAWS AGAINST »DISSIDENTS" A.ND, IN PARTICULAR, AGAINST CULTURAL LEADERS MiOSE POLITICAL VIEWS DIFFER FRO~ THE ANTI-CO~MUNIST IDEOLOGY OF THE Amil NI STRAT ION.

THEREFORE, THE QUESTION OF "REFUSENIKS» IN THE USSR IS THAT "MOTE" IN SO\fl~ONE ELSE'S EYE PERCEIVED BY THE PERSON \,\1-IO CA:\~OT SEE THE "DEA.\1" I:./ HIS OW8 EYE.

• • April 29, 1987 6:00 pm

DRAFT SCRIPT FOR SOVIET JEWRY VIDEOTAPE

I am happy to join with you in demanding freedom for Soviet Jewry - one of the most important human rights issues of our time. By signing the Helsinki Accords, the Soviet Union obligated itself to allow all Soviet citizens to freely practice their religion and to preserve their cultural heritage. It also obligated itself to allow those who so choose to emigrate. But twelve long years after Helsinki, neither of these provisions of Helsinki have been upheld by the Soviets. Thus, there is still systematic discrimination against Jews and tens of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands, of Soviet Jews are denied the right to leave.

This demonstration today is proof that thP American people and their government hold the Soviet Union to the international agreeMent to which it subscribed in 1975. We have net and we will not forget Soviet Jewry. The cause of Soviet Jewry is our cause - because we are committed to freedom for all people everywhere.

We hear much these days about "glasnost." To which we say: "open the gates, let Soviet Jews go." For those who remain we say, "let them practice their religion openly, without fear of persecution."

America is a society born out of the idea of freedom. And because we have been free, we have been a peace loving nation. We know then from our own experience that there is a profound link between freedom and peace. So, when we demand freedom for Soviet Jews, for all Soviet citizens, we are also promoting the cause of peace.

I urge the Soviet Union - in the name of freedom and peace - to free Soviet Jewry. April 29, 1987 6:00 pm

DRAFT SCRIPT FOR SOVIET JEWRY VIDEOTAPE

I am happy to join with you in demanding freedom for Soviet Jewry - one of the most important human rights issues of our time. By signing the Helsinki Accords, the Soviet Union obligated itself to allow all Soviet citizens to freely practice their religion and to preserve their cultural heritage. It also obligated itself to allow these who so choose to emigrate. But twelve long years after Helsinki, neither of these provisions of Helsinki have been upheld by the Soviets. Thus, there is still systematic discrimination against Jews and tens cf thousands, if not hundreds of thousands, of Soviet Jews are denied the right to leave.

This demonstration today is proof that thP American people and their government hold the Soviet Union to the international agreement to which it subscribed in 1975. We have net and we will not forget Soviet Jewry. The cause of Soviet Jewry is our cause - because we are committed to freedom for all people everywhere.

We hear much these days about "glasnost." To which we sav: "open the gates, let Soviet Jews go." For those who remain we say, "let them practice their religion openly, without fear of persecution."

America is a society born out of the idea of freedom. And because we have been free, we have been a peace loving nation. We know then from our own experience that there is a profound link between freedom and peace. So, when we demand freedom for Soviet Jews, fer all Soviet citizens, we are also promoting the cause of peace.

I urge the Soviet Union - in the name of freedom and peace - to free Soviet Jewry. '.'

• lHE NEW YORK llMES 2SAY SOVIET PLANS MAR 31 'B81 · create to 40Q or more. • TO LET JEWS LEAVE Mr. Abram laid that he had not nlficant eu'"" of the ...... m c:oui'd wanted to publici.ze the contenll of his ... ,..._..... and Mr. Bronfman's dilcuallons In improve the lane of relations between Moecow m1tll later but that he was IN LARGER NUMBERS Moscow and Wamtnaton. Given the prompted to do IO after news of the di· Soviet aversion to complete freedom of rect tupu was made public SUndly by em1&raUon, however, It .eems doubtful Rabbi A~r Schneler. ·.Abram and Bronfman Tell of . that the Kremlin wtll be prepared to PreeentJY, Soviet Jews travel first to liberalize enouati to aau.ty the de- Vienna, where they c:hoole whether to ,. mends of hwnan-rtahll campaigners ao to l1rael or the United States. Most I Promises on Emigration ( In the United States. fn recent yean have come to the Mr. Abram l8Jd he had told Soviet of- United St.ates, a fact that has hurt and and Religious Studies flclals- that It em1&raUon rate5 grew qered m11.ny Israelis, who aee their sufficiently, he and his coUeques country as a aanctuary for Jews. wouldncommend the repeal of a Con· mue of Refuaee Status lly DAVID K. SHIPLER 1 greuional ban on euy credjt terms for Mr. Abram and his oraanlzatlon ...-. .. ne ..... YonTlnlt• I Soviet impon.s from the United States have OPPOled braeli ettoru to aet the WASHINGTON, March 30 - Two. and a waiver of another law that ban UnltecfStates to deny refuaee ltatus to Weatem Jewllh spokesmen said today reduced tarltts an Soviet expons to this Jewllh tllliar&- U fliahll lhrough that they bad been told by senior Soviet country Rumama are ~. Mr. Abram Aid, dftclall that MOICOw would aoon per· ...... _ law known as the Ste- 80IDe cbanae In American lmm1&ratlon · ...., two •, procedures may be aouaht to permit mlt a major lncreaae_!r.l Jewish ..eml· venaon amendi;nent and the Jacboo- Jews.., enter the Unit.ea States from .1f8tlon, C1lrect flllhts lhrough Ruma- Varut amendmmt, unit the trade bene- Israel CUrrentty they are not consld· Dia to llrael and an tmp.rovement In fits to em1&raUon and were enacted In end rerupes .tier they arrive In ls· • allWty of Soviet JewLto study He-. 1174 In an effort to press Moscow Into rael aDd must await entry to the United obmr llDd ~rve their re~ous ~di -,· relaxing restrictions on Jews who Slates under the normal lmm1&raUon lilml:' · wished to leave. quo&aa. The auurances were given by an· Mr. Abram laid he and Mr. Bronf· . array- iTliiih-rank.ln& Communist Some Fault Qaqe ID Laws man had been told that "111bstantially 1Party aDd Soviet Government officials Mr. Abram's wWlnpeSS to eue the all" Chose wbo had been refused per· ·In lbree days of talks In Moscow last laws drew Immediate criUcism f~m mlulon to emtarate would be allowed · ....._ accordln& to Morris B Abram another Jewish orpnization, heralding to do IO Within the nex~ year, exCf!pt · • ·• fight over the tasue among thOle who 1hole rejected an national teeurity prmtdmt of the National Conference campaian for Soviet Jews. grounds. Poaession of state secrets ts an Soviet Jewry and c:halrman of the "This ls IOmethlng we would fight the mott frequently used reason for re· Cmdermce of Presidents of Major With all out IUWtgth because It would jecllon of ult Vilas, 10 the significance American Jewish OraanlzaUons. He doom Soviet Jewry," Nid Rabbi Avt ofthllaasurancelsunctear. apoke la a telephone Interview on be· Weiss, national chairman of the Center But Soviet officials also told the Jew· balf ol hlmaelf and Ed&ar M. Bronf- for Sovtet Jewry. He predicted that llh apokesmen that a formal appeals man. president of the World Jewish after 10,000to12,000 Jews were allowed process up to the Presidium of the Su· c.aaaress to leave - the fiaure &iven by Soviet of- preme Soviet, the nominal Parliament, · · flciats as a likely number Within the would be Installed for thole denied exit PromlMI Are Reported next year - lhe gates would close and Yilas, Mr. Abram said, and that the Accardinc to Mr. Abram. thf> offi· 1 others would be turned down qaln. cues of I to 10 people who have been dall laid that "all Jewish religious 1 In a joint ltatement, Mr. Abram and told they Will never be allowed to leave boaU trom;any IOUrce may be Import- I Mr. Bronfman also expreaed caution. would be reviewed. eel, a kosher restauran• may be estab- i "We now await .~iet perfor,mance on lllbed ta Moacow and ritual slaughter· \ all thele frants, they •kl. Only then . .. are we prepared to Ny that atunost ls In& wW be permitted. a real process and that It includes 1 "SJnalolues wW be opened at all Jews." . Illes where 1here ls a demonstrated ·The term "aJunost,'' meaning need," he added. "openness," has been used by Mikhail Soviet rabbis may be trained, the two S. Gorbachev, the Soviet leader, to de· apok•men were told, even in the acrlbe the procesi of lncreasln& public Uni&ed States. In addition the ban on debate and critlctsm. Hebrew teachln& u Wegat' religious in· •Leave ID Mardi ltlVCtlan "wtll be studied along With Em1&ration Is generally restricted ' ll8dlir restrietlons on other religious for all Soviet citizens, With some excep­ ·araul»·" Mr. Abram Aid. ; Uons made for Jews, Armenians and lmce the bardships of Soviet Jews ·ethnic Germans for family reunlfica- have been a major factor In Soviet· t1on purposes. ·Since 1979, when ~ American tension over the -~rs a sia· number of Jews leaving the SoVJet 1 - ' . Union reached a hi&h of more lhan !51,000, the rate has dropped to 100 or C.tlmaed • Pase Al2, Column S fewer a month. Thls month i..aw an In· IHE WASHINGTOM P'OST MAR 31 t987 Jewish leader Says Soviets May Let Thousands Emigrate,.. ~; "believe we were reassured9 that By John M. Goehko W..... a111'1111 lkllff Wriltr ffie V1ets,_as part of ·their new policy of glasMSt or openness, will An American Jewish leader pre.­ -once agam permit large«ale Je~· dieted yesterday that the Soviet ls e miji'ati_oni_wbich ended . m Union will permit thousands of Jews l98o.He added that he expects to emigrate to Israel this year on n early all the estimated 11,000 direct air flights via the Soviets' long-term "refuseniks,• whose pre­ East-bloc ally Romania, and will vious applications to leave ~ve : increase substantially Jewish reli· been rejected, to be free to IO with­ paus and cultural freedom for those in the year. who remain. A new system of direct emicra­ This prediction was made by tion from the Soviet Union to Tel Morris 8. Abram, chairman of the Aviv via Romania will have the ef· National Conference on Soviet feet of satisfying a longstanding Is­ Jewry, who bad extensive talks with raeli request that Jewish emigres Soviet officials in Moscow last from the Soviet Union be brought week. Abram and Edgar Bronfman, directly to Israel. They would lose many U.S. Jewish leaders have op­ chairman of the World Jewish Con· the option they have enjoyed in t1!e posed steps that .would coerce So­ areas. went to the Soviet capital on past to request refugee status m viet Jews to ao to Israel, though . behalf of major Jewish organizations the United States or other Western American Jewish groups have en· · in the United States and other countries once they arrived in Vi· dorsed the coacept of direct flights Western countries. enna, until now their first landing . In a telephone interview yester· place in the West. to Tel Aviv. · day, Abram said he and Bronfman The Reagan administn~CJ- and See !MIGRATE, ll6, Col. l ,,

1HE WASHINGTC* POSl MAR 3 11987

llDOIATB. from Al eecurity queltions, and be added .then are we ~red to uy thal that a l)'ltem will be lltlbllshed to flaneosl le a reil procas and that it A eenior State Department O(fl. . I advene deciaioos -.a far up D:ludes Jews.• . cial aid yesterday that the admin-· :':·· SMpreme Soviet.• , . . • llid that if .the Sovieta make iltration's policy is "to open up • ·Jn delCribiDa 111tic:Jpated domel- -~· aa . ebele andentadinp, c:boices for people, not cloee them tic policy lhJfta by ScMet utllor· · · Ammbn Jen are prepared to re- down.• He •id the U.S. govern· ities, Abram llid be -~ epond -on a parallel buia to the de· ment would have to take •a close that "'all Jewilh reJiajoua books from pee that we can produce it'" to help .....-before committing ite support any eource may be imported into tbe ~ta improve their relations to any plan that might foreclose the the ·Soviet Uruon,• that a kolber with ~ and to win waiven rWhtl ol Soviet Jews. · . restaurant may be opened in Moe- 'GD .a pear-to-year basis for reatric· ·But aeveral Jewish leaders famil· cow and ritual llaughtering to pr0- tioD1 on tnde with the Soviet Union. iar with the negotiations said an duce kosher meat will be allowed ~ declined to Identify the agreement to allow several thou· more freely, that ~ will . Soviet c&afals with whom ·be and und new emigres to teave was be opened in all lites where there is · · Bronfman _apoke, except to aay that worth IOme limits on where the a demonstrated neect,• that appli· they represented "the hilhest levels emigres could go. They noted that cants for· rabbinical training will be of the 1<>vernment and the Soviet the emigres could apply from Israel allowed to teave the country for the ·. Communist Party." He would not to come to the · United States, ·requisite •tudies . and tbat "the · comment on reports that Anatoliy F. thoulh they would then be counted qainat a quola for Israeli citizens, teaching of Hebrew to cftudren in Dobrynin, a former ambassador here thousands of whom are already achool·or synagogue,• which now is and a key adviser to Soviet teader waiting for permission to come to baMed will be "restudied along ·Mikhail Gorbachev, played a major the United States. with ~ restrictions on ~er -role in the Moecow talks. If the system described by Abram . religious groups.• ,, , · . About 500 Jews have received does go into effect, emigres arriv· $peaking for bOdi Bron&uo and · exit visas ..this month-five times ing in Israel directly from the So- bimaelf, Abram Can~: '. · the monthly rate of last year but far , viet Union would lose the refugee "We 4\0W await Soviet perform· below the number of visas granted status that entitles them to enter ance on all these fronts, for only in the late 1970s. the United States, because they would be regarded as Israeli citi· rens the moment they arrived. As a result, only those with relatives in the United States could claim ref- ugee status under U.S. law. In a reference to this problem, Abram said yesterday that the So· viets will permit so-called "first-de- . gree relatives"-peopte with a fa. ther, mother, child or sibling in an· other country-to emigrate for "family reunification purposes." "We have the impression that there may be considerat>le flexibil­ ity in the interpretation of 'first-de­ gree relationship,' " Abram added. "We were told that the term 'fam­ ily,' as defined in Soviet regulations, derives from their law governing domestic matters and was not de­ ligned to be restrictive in emigra­ tion matters." Abram said that procedures will be established for reviewing the cases of refuseniks who were denied permission to emigrate. He said it ·was his impression that the Soviets will hold back only those refuseniks who.are involved in Soviet national ,.,ORRt S B A~~ AM ARTHUR L LIMA"' P1\UL, WEISS, RIFKIND, WHARTON ~CARRI SON NEALE M. Al. B E RT MARTIN LONOC "i. MA R K H ALCOTI BAYLESS ~A'<.""~· · ·G DA NIEL J . BELL EH JOHN£ MA.SSE • •.:,~1..E 345 PARK AVENUE NEW YORK . NEW Y 0 R K 10 I 54 MARK A. 9E'.LNICK JOHN P_ M c Er-..R C:': ALLAN DLUMSTEtN COLLEEN M~~·,.q,,....C-.., RICHARD S BORlSOFF ROBERT E. M O!'\i-GO-~ERY . JR. 161 !SL STREET. N . W . Tf.LE'PHON~ (2 ! 21 644-8000 JOHN F BR £GLIO ROBERT H "'4Q .~, ':'":'.;".:)"!£RY, JR. TEL".:.C:OPIER {212) 644-8202 WASHINGTON. D . C. ;t:·QO J.6 Dl\V!O C B P ODHEAD DONALD F. Moc.;;~ TELEPHONE . {202) 223 -7300 RICMARD J HRON5TE"IN TOav s. Ml'E25 0 ~ ;~A?IF"AX (212>3$5-0118 JOSEPH E BROWD't' PAUL J . NE.•lfLQ 'f TELECO~IER (202> 223· 7420 CAMERON CLARK M-Ar.TTHEW Nl!l.1.E -:"Z TELEX 'NU 12-763 1 WUI 666-8 -\3 TELEX 240237 PWA UR JEROME ALAN COHEN KEVIN J . O "BRP::"'.N EDWARD N. COST!KYAN L.IONEL H. OLM~?' JAMES R DUBIN JOHN J . 0 NEIL RANDOL Pl-' E. PAU:_ ( 1946· I 956) e. PLACE vEND6ME RICHARD A . ENGELMAN STUART t. ORA.N LOU1S 5- W i:'. 155 (1927- 1950) LESLIE GORDON FAGEN JA-~..tES L PURC E L:... 75001 PARIS. FRANCE PET ER L FELCHER LEONARD V. QU ;G:... C:V JOHN F . WHARTON (1927· 1977) TELEPHON E 296. 10. i S GEORGE P. FELLE~AN SIMON H RtFKl ·.... U TE:LECOPIE.R' 260. 63. 59 E!ERNARO FINKELSTEIN STUART R0Bt~Ot'1 1 7l MITC HELL S. F ISHMA.N SIDNEY S . ROso.::·-cHER ADRIAN W . (JEWINO TELEX 213649F M A RTIN FLlJMENaJiiUM ST E VE N B. R O S E.:~~ E:LD LLOYD r: GARRISON MAX GITTER PETER J. R O ThS,.. ~ ::rRG JAM f-.5 B . LEWIS RICHARD 0 GOLDSTEIN ERNC::ST RU3ENS ... ~IN 2008 TWO EXC HANGE SQUARE: BERN A RD H. GREENE MOSES SILVC:R'-~ :i.'4. MORDECAI ROCHLIN 8 CONNAUGHT PLACE. CENTRAL JAY GREENFIELD EILEEN 5. SlLVf:::.is HOWARD A . SEJTZ PETER R. HAJE S1EVEN SIM K IN HONG KONG ROBERT S . SMIT M S .l\ MUE:L J . SILVERMAN ALBERT P. HANO TEL'EPl"tONE 5-2200.11 SEYMOUR HERTZ THE O DOR- ~ c . so~=:::"tSEN JOHN C. TAYLOR. 3R O. TELECOPlER 052· 1 23·4286 JOSEPHS. ISEMAN GERALD D. S TER~ CO U N S EL A~TH UR KALISH ALLEN L THOMAS TELEX HX662DB LEWIS A.. KAPLA,.. JUDITH R THOY E . ~ ANTHONY B KUKLIN JAY T0Pi'(15 5.\i\il :.,i~:L MYERS JEROME KURTZ JOSEE. TR iAS STEVEN F. LANDERS DAVID T. \V"ASH3VQ' ... EUR ~)i:.oE ;..N COUNSC-~L ROSE RTL. LAUFER ALFRED[>. YOU~c.~ooo WALTER F . LEIN HARDT NORMAN ZELEN K O WR! fER"S DIRECT DIAL NUMBER

•,...;::M BER C O SNECTIC~T & DISTRICT OF COLUMSllA O~RS 0 .... LY.

(212) 644-8654 October 23, 1985

The Honorable Paul N. Carlin Postmaster General United States Postal Service Washington, D.C. 20260-0010

Dear Postmaster Carlin:

I recall so well your meaningful presence at the banquet following the meetings of the International Council of the World Conference on Soviet Jewry. In fact, the whole event was an "upper" inasmuch as the President of the United States received our Executive Committee and reassured us of his devotion to the cause of Soviet Jewry on the eve of the Surnmi t. We ·were further delighted with Secretary Armacost' s presentation '\·1hich I am sure you felt, as did I, was intelligent, articulate and forthright.

In my introduction of you I mentioned our indebted­ ness to your predecessor Postmaster Bolger whom I visited prior to the meeting of the International Postal Union in 1984. Posb~aster Bolger took to that meeting the outrage expressed by the Congress over the Soviet noncompliance with its obligations to respect the integrity of the International Postal System and to deliver mail and parcels in accordance with the Union's conventions. As I said at the time, Mr. Bolger was not only willing to undertake this rebuke to the Soviet authorities but anxious to do so. PAUL, \'CEISS, Rlf-KIND, WHARTON 8 GARRISON

Honorable Paul N. Carlin -2- October 23, 1985

I know that your sentiments and dedications are the same as Mr. Bolger's and reflect the views of the Administration.

Some of the top leadership of the National Conference on Soviet Jewry (NCSJ) have recently returned from the Soviet Union with grave reports of widespread "loss" and non-delivery of mail for months and months. This is a deliberate effort by Soviet authorities to cut the lifeline of contact between the persecuted Jews of the Soviet Union and their coreligionists and sympathizers abroad. I think something should be done -- I do not know what -- which is dramatic and effective. At least, the Soviet Union should be held before the bar of public opinion and f ello\v members of the Union as a state in flagrant violation of one of our oldest civilized traditions.

I know that you will know the most effective way of correcting this condition and certainly I would hope that you would send a brief note after you have checked to the Secretary of State and the President for their information as they approach the Sununit. The President needs (and I am sure wants) instances of gross violations by the Soviets of the obligations, methods and traditions of civilized conunerce as he negotiates with his counterpart.

I ·write as Chairman of the NCSJ, the organized Jewish Corrununi ty' s chosen instrument for leadership in the struggle to free Soviet Jews persecuted within the Soviet Union and to permit those who wish to leave to do so in accordance with the Soviet Union's international obligations, including the Helsinki Accords.

Again, I thank you and your ~:1ife for attending our banquet. Your presence meant a lot to us.

Sincerely, ~ ( ./-) ~------/ '\\0£-t//~'f\) Mob~1\ B. Abram

prof \ bee: J1r. Michael H. Armacost JMr. Max Green Mr. Jerry Goodman Mr. William Keyserling