Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51717-1 — the Cambridge History of Judaism the Islamic World Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51717-1 — The Cambridge History of Judaism The Islamic World Index More Information

INDEX

Page numbers in bold refer to content in footnotes; page numbers in italics refer to content in ﬁgures.

640 ūĪā ā ī 77 356 383 612–13 Aaron b. Asher, Ab s al-Isfah_ n , , , , Aaron b. Elijah of Nicomedia, 590, 595, Abū Jaʿfar al-Tabaṛ ī, 41 599 Abū Karam al-Dārānī, 344 Aaron b. Joseph, 579, 590, 599 Abū Maʿālī ‘Abdallāh, 217 362 ū ʿā ī 546 Aaron b. Mashiah,_ Ab Ma l Uzziel, ʾ 924 ū 41 Aaron b. Me ir, Ab Muhammad_ Ibn Qutayba, Aaron ha-Kohen, 462 Abū Nasṛ Judah b. Daniel, 342 ‘Abbād II al-Muʿtadid, 191 Abū Rāfiʿ Sallāmb.Abī al-Ḥuqayq, 273, 276, _ ‘Abbāsid dynasty, 14, 16, 24, 110, 120, 181, 183, 283 202, 227, 383–84, 614–18 Abū Sahl b. Moses, 461 ‘Abd al-Haqq,̣ 968 Abū Saʿīdb.Dāwūdī, 356 Abdullāhb.Muʿāwiya, 614, 617 Abū Sulaymān al-Qūmisī, 339 ‘Abd al-Malik, 610, 613 Abū Ubayd, 105 ‘ ā 178 ū ū 102 121 Abd al-Rahm_ n, Ab Y suf, , ‘ ā ‘ 275 ū ī ā ī 228 364 Abd al-Rahm_ nb. Awf, Ab Zayd S r f , , ‘ ā 24 180 183 192 656 897 ū ī 546 Abd al-Rahm_ n III, , , , , , , Ab Zikr ha-Kohen, 905 Abudraham, David b. Joseph, 770 Abhar, 338 Abūkarib Asʿad, 305 Abiathar ha-Kohen, 468, 983 Abulafia, Abraham, 219 Abīkarib Asʿad, 317 Abulafia, David, 213 Abraha, King of Himyar,̣ 320 Abulafia, Meʾir, 748 Abraham b. Halfon,̣ 940 Abulafia, Samuel ha-Levi, 662 Abraham b. Hillel, 938 Abulafia, Todros, 653 Abraham b. Nathan, 770 Acre, 209, 215–16, 393 Abraham b. Yijū, 884 Adams, Hannah, 45 Abraham Bar Hiyya,̣ 192, 627, 644, 649, 657–58, Addas, Claude, 914 840, 855 ‘Aden, 227, 235–36, 239, 242, 244, 546 Abraham ha-Kohen, 926 Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade, 243 Abraham of Tortosa, 663 Aderet Eliyahu (Mantle of Elijah), 511, 600 Abrahams, Israel, 143 Ādharbayjān, 338 Abū Bakr, 286 Adhriʿāt, 272, 290–92 ū ā 836 855 290–92 Ab Barak t, , Adhruh,_ Abū Bishr Mattā, 835 Adiabene, 294 Abū Dāʾūd, 838 adīb, 186 Abū Dulaf, 233, 363 Adler, Elkan N., 52, 372 ū ā ū ā 857 375 Ab Fadl_ D w d b. Sulaym n, Adler, Joseph, Abū Faraj Furqān b. Asad, 695 administrative operations, 155–56, 437, 456–57 Abū Faraj Hārūn, 601 adolescence, 517–19, 563–65 Abū Hasaṇ Siman-Tov,̣ 342 Afdaḷ Ibn Saladin, 217 Abū Huqayq̣ family, 273 Afendopolo, Caleb, 600, 861 Abū Imrānal‑Tiflīsī, 622–23 Afghan Genizah, 13, 336, 342, 352, 355, 975

1029

1030 index Africanus, Leo, 1017 education, 17, 503–5 afterlife, 311–13, 802, 946 golden age, 178–82 aggadah, 505 historiography, 166–68 Aghlabid dynasty, 203 Jewish intellectual tradition, 182–85 agriculture, 19, 181, 382, 401, 427–30, 435, languages, 639, 650 439 Muslim conquest of Spain, 173, 173–78 Ahaị of Shabha,̣ 510, 754 Muslim-Jewish relations, 89–90 Ahimaaz b. Paltiel, 937 mysticism, 892, 894–99, 901, 912–13 ʿ ī 836 844–46 Ahmad_ al-Ash ar , physicians, Ahwāz, 339 poetry, 185–89, 790–94, 926–27, 932 ū 298 317–21 āʾ 189–94 Aks m, , _t ifa period, alchemy, 842–43 Angevin Empire, 219 Aleppo, 206, 771 Anjuvanam trade association, 231–33, 232 Aleppo Codex, 52, 692 Annales historians, 4 Alexander Romance, The, 668 annual cycle Alexandria, 111, 140, 397–99, 426, 480–81, 525 commercial seasons, 537 Alfaqui, Don Moses, 662 Day of Atonement, 531–32 Alfaquim, Don Abraham, 662 everyday life, 527–28 Alfasi, Isaac, 149, 179, 246, 359, 503–4, 730–31, feasts and festivals, 529, 531–34 733, 738, 740, 748 High Holy Days, 530–31, 534 Alfonsi, Petrus, 657 holy shrine pilgrimages, 534–37 Alfonsine Tables, 193, 828 Sabbath, 528–29 661–62 828 ā 263 267–69 276 Alfonso X, King of Castile, , Ans_ r, , , Algeria, 127–28 Anthony, Sean, 613 ‘Alī b. Abī Tạ̄ lib, 381, 984 antinomianism, 625 ‘Alī b. Dāʾūd al-Yahūdī, 838 Antioch, 203, 214, 387 ‘ ī ‘ ī 234 Al b. Muhammad_ al- Alaw , Antiquitez judaiques ou remarques critiques sur la ‘Alī b. Rabban al-Tabaṛ ī, 41 république des Hébreux, 44 ‘Alī b. Sulaymān, 588, 595, 598, 963 Antiquities of the Jews, 45 Almohad dynasty, 1, 10, 71, 73, 99, 114, 129, 165, anti-Semitism, 67, 94, 98, 115, 172, 438 168, 196, 405, 408 apes-pigs motif, 98, 98 Almoravid dynasty, 1, 10, 165, 168, 190, 195, 405, apocalypticism, 606–7 408, 629 ‘Abbāsid dynasty, 615–18 Altmann, Alexander, 906 Muslim conquest, 75–77, 111, 608–10 ‘Alwān b. Abraham, 924 ninth century, 618–26 amān (security), 109, 115 twelfth century, 626–32 Ambrosian Library, Milan, 51 Umayyad period, 610–13 Amidah prayer, 764, 768, 780, 782, 889 Apollonius, 836, 853 Amitai, Reuven, 348 apprenticeship, 544, 564 ‘Amr b. Umayya, 280 Arab Dress, 28 Amram b. Mishoy, 462 Arabian Nights, 668 Amram Gaʾon, 180, 182, 766 Arabian Peninsula, 12–13, 107, 224, 227–28, Āmul, 338 374–80. See also northern Arabia Jews; ‘Anan b. David, 15, 511, 571–74, 571, 619, 624, pre-Islamic Arabia 702, 719, 750 Arabic language, 27, 40, 84, 88–89, 185–86, 189, Anan II, Karaite leader, 576 199, 219, 228–31, 229, 444, 486, 580, 636–37, 939 923–24 Anatoli_ b. Joseph, . See also Judeo-Arabic language Anatoli, Jacob, 659–60, 663, 861 Arabic Papyrology Database, 142 Anbāʾ al-Zaman fī Akhbār al-Yaman, 234 Aramaic, 306, 325, 352, 580, 636, 650. See also ‘ 611 Anbasa b. Suhaym,_ Judeo-Aramaic Andalus, 164–69 architecture, 202, 993–1003, 997–99, 1001. See also beginnings of Jewish life, 169–73 art biblical exegesis, 706–7 Arculf, 43 breakdown of Jewish life, 10, 72, 194–97 Arghun Khan, 347 demography and migrations, 406–9 aristocracy, notion of, 189–90

index 1031 506–7 656 717 799 804 807 814 25 72 808–12 851 895–96 Aristotle, , , , , , , , Bahya_ Ibn Paquda, , , , , , 818–19, 825, 835, 837 915–16, 919 Arjomand, Said, 106 Bakhos, Carol, 84 663 ā ī 392 Arnau de Vilanova, Bal dhur ,Ahmad,_ Arragel, Moses, 664 Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem, 395 Arrajān, 340 Balia, Isaac, 505 art, 28, 993–94 Ballard Ottoman Rug, 1004 architecture, 993–1003, 997–99, Bāmiyān, 342, 351 1001 Banū ʿAwf, 278 carpets and textiles, 1002–7 Banū Aws, 271, 281, 377 ceramics, 1020–23, 1021 Banū Ḥāritha, 262 illuminated manuscripts, 249, 669, 680, Banū Hilāl, 139, 403 1007–17, 1010, 1012, 1014, 1016 Banū Hūd, 899 Jews as transmitters of, 1024–26 Banu Isrāʾīl, 260 metalworks, 1017–20 Banū Jafna, 264 artisanal sector, 430, 434–35, 439 Banū Janba, 292 Ascalon, 421 Banū Khazraj, 259, 269, 271 28 511 749 1002 ū ī 102 104 259–62 266 270 273–74 Asher b. Jehiel, , , , Ban Nad_ r, , , , , , , Ashīr, 405 279–81, 283, 378–79 Ashkenaz, 503, 505 Banū Najjār, 257 Ashraf Ismāʿīl II, 247 Banū Qaynuqā‘, 104, 261, 277–79, 378 160 220 371 377 389 398 ū 101 104 259–62 270 281–82 Ashtor, Eliyahu, , , , , , , Ban Qurayza,_ , , , , , 403, 407, 971 377–78 ̣ 986 ū 264 Ashtori ha-Parhi, Ban Shutayba,_ Ashur, Amir, 14, 156, 223–53 Banū Sughmār Family, 543 Asiatic Museum, St. Petersburg, 56 Banū Sulaym, 403 Assaf ha-Rofe, 831 Banū Thaʿlaba, 264, 266 astral magic, 878–82 Bāqillānī,Abū Bakr, 41 Astren, Fred, 3, 40, 606–31 Bar Hebraeus, Gregory, 347, 475 astrology, 831–32, 839–42 Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 ce), 201 astronomy, 192–94, 828, 831–32, 838–39 Baradānī, Joseph, 786 ā ī 421 144 Asturl_ b , Maryam, Bareket, Elinoar, Austrian National Library, 51 Baron, Salo, 17, 66, 93, 408, 620, authority. See communal organization; judicial 974 authority; leadership Bashyachi, Elijah, 511, 599, 990 Avendauth, 657 Bashyachi, Moses, 39 Averroes, 813, 819 Basnage, Jacques, 44 108 384 Avesta, Basra,_ Avicenna (Ibn Sīna), 812, 814, 836, 854 Bat Yeʾor, 109 290–92 ī ī 910 Ayla, Batalyaws_ , Ibn al-S d, Ayyūbid dynasty, 1, 158–60, 244, 447, 478 Battle of Badr (624 ce), 265, 276 Battle of Khandaq (627 ce), 281, 283 1 14–15 26 183 205 625 ce 267 Babylonian academy, , , , , , Battle of Uhud_ ( ), 241–42, 294, 316, 354, 381, 452–54, 460, Baybars, 215 462–65, 732 bayt al-midrās, 269–70 education, 17 beadles, 480 historiographical sources, 37 Bedouins, 129, 204, 273, 280, 283–84, liturgy, 765–68, 785 647 Maghrib connections, 133–34 Beer, Peter, 45 responsa, 20 Beeri, Tova, 26 Babylonian Talmud, 3, 14, 328, 352, 381, 454, 494, Beeston, F. L., 318 500–2, 608, 619, 678, 730 Beinecke Library, Yale University, 52 Baer, Yitzhak, 408 beit din, 132–34, 738–39 Baghdad, 21, 24, 69, 181, 381, 384, 387, 459, 463, beit midrash, 132, 134, 518 473, 618, 752 Beit-Arié, Malachi, 669, 673–74, 684

1032 index belles lettres, 26, 923–25 Bonfil, Robert, 990 form and style in golden age poetry, 930–33 Bonsenyor, Jafudà, 659 Hebrew belles lettres in the East, 937–42 Book Intimating the Ensemble of Theoretical and Hebrew golden age, 925–30 Practical Components, 594 legacy of, 943–44 Book of Abrogation of the (Mosaic) Law, 952 major poets, 933–37 Book of Beliefs and Opinions, 705 medieval theory, 942–43 Book of Bliss, 592 Ben Ezra Synagogue, Cairo, 55, 166, 335, 414, 995, Book of Comfort after Distress, 526 997 Book of Commandments, 596, 723 Ben Nissim family, 542 Book of Comparison between the Hebrew and Ben Tehillim (Son of Psalms), 934 Arabic Languages, 707 Ben Yījū family, 149 Book of Concealment, 594 Ben Yijū, Abraham, 239, 243, 252 Book of Daniel, 978, 987 Ben Zvi Institute, Jerusalem, 52, 360 Book of Definitions, 804 Benaiah b. Seʿadyah, 248 Book of Discussion, 707, 709, 712, 942 Benjamin of Tudela, 37, 206, 217, 234, 238, 336, Book of Doctrines and Beliefs, 797 338, 340, 343, 346, 350, 354, 372, 379, 383, 385, Book of Gardens, 584, 704, 988 387, 389, 392, 398, 463, 473–74, 630, 1005 Book of God’s Unity, 592 Ben-Sasson, Menahem, 9, 55, 127–62 Book of Imaginary Circles, 910 Ben-Shammai, Haggai, 22, 571–604 Book of Knowledge, 491, 817–18 Beraita de-Mazalot, 831 Book of Laws (Anan b. David), 572 Beraita de-Shmuʾel, 831, 833 Book of Laws (Japheth b. Eli), 597 Berber dynasties, 11, 128, 180, 189, 402, 404, 651. Book of Laws (Nihāwandī), 349 See also Almohad dynasty; Almoravid Book of Lights and Watchtowers, 13, 573, 597, 703, dynasty 961, 988 Berger, David, 505 Book of Precepts, 703, 731, 759 Bernard de Gordon, 663 Book of Reflection, 599 betrothal ceremonies, 519, 549 Book of Remedies, 831 biased sources, 35–36, 167 Book of Riches, 590 Bible, 9, 621 Book of Roads and Kingdoms, 181, 985 book production, 671, 677, 686, 692 Book of Roots, 708 education, 486, 504–6 Book of Rules, 703 Hebrew poetry, 932 Book of Simples, 846 illuminated manuscripts, 1008–11, 1010, Book of Simplification and Elucidation, 856 1013–16, 1016 Book of Testimony and Legal Documents, 753 language and translations, 359–60, 638–39, Book of the Properties of Letters, 906 649, 664 Book of the Wars of the Lord, 704, 988 Bible of Arragel, 665 Book of the Wonders of India, 228 biblical exegesis, 23, 352–54, 493, 701–2 Book of Tradition, 38 biblical linguistics and poetics, 708–14 Book on Spirit and Soul, 805 720–25 21 666–70 idea of pesha_t, book production, , Karaism, 80, 583–91, 702–5 availability of books, 670–73 midrashic forms, 59, 77 bindings, 696–98 rabbinism, 705–8 book forms and structures, 687–91, 690 rationalism, 714–20 book prices, 676–79 Biblioteca Palatina, Parma, 51 contexts and modes of, 673–76, 675 Biblioteca Rosenthaliana, University of copying and ruling guidelines, 693–95, 694 Amsterdam, 51 Hebrew script, 695–96 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 50, 1008, 1011 inks, 685–87 Bilāl b. Jarīr, 239 Karaism, 582 birth, 514–15 materials, 681–86, 686 ī ū ī ū ā 41 859 679–81 B r n ,Ab Rayh_ n, , scribes, Blau, Joshua, 646–48 sizes and formats, 691–93 Bodleian Library, Oxford University, 50 Books on Language, 504 Bohak, Gideon, 24, 864–89 Botticini, Maristella, 20, 376

index 1033 Brack, Jonathan, 349 casus belli, 277, 279 Brann, Ross, 8, 64–90, 195 Catherine the Great, 54 Braudel, Fernand, 4 cemeteries, 244, 244, 282, 300, 305, 341, 526 Brethren of Purity, 710, 837, 855 censuses, 372 British Library, 50, 357, 1009 central Arabia, 327–28 Brody, Robert, 502 Central Library, Zurich, 51 Brotherton Library, University of Leeds, 50 ceramics, 1020–23, 1021 Bukhārā, 344, 359, 361 charity, 400, 426, 448, 478, 481, 520, 524, 532, Bulb and Flower, 986 543, 672 Bulliet, Richard, 180, 383 Chazan, Robert, 8 business partnerships, 432, 433, 441 Chennamangalam, 251 ā 272 290–92 651 Busr_ , , Chetrit, Joseph, Bustanay b. Haninay, 473 Chiesa, Bruno, 988 Buzūrg b. Shahriyār, 228 childhood, 515–17 Byzantium, 107, 111–12, 128, 147, 201, 203–4, 263, China, 13, 228, 362–66 387, 581, 603, 608, 829 Chinggis Khan, 344 Christian Spain, 748 Caesarea, 392 Christianity, 93, 98, 152, 312, 317 Cairo, 204, 398, 401, 415, 582, 774 Andalus, 171–73, 181 Cairo Genizah, 3–6, 9–10, 66, 129, 143, 182, Crusades, 214–18 975–76 dhimma policy, 112 art, 28, 994, 1004, 1011, 1017, 1025 magical practices, 881–82 book production, 667–71, 674, 677, 683, 688, modern-period sources, 44–45 692, 695, 698 Norman rule of Sicily, 214 demography, 20, 20, 371 sources of Christian views, 43–44 economic life, 19, 415–22, 426, 429, 435, 438, Chronicle of 754, 611 446 Chronicle of Ahimaaz, 38 education, 484–85, 497, 499 Chufut-Kale, 579 Egyptian Jews, 143–44, 147–48, 151, 160, 161, churches, 177, 320 399 Chwolson, Daniel, 54–55 family life, 561–62, 564, 566 circumcision ceremonies, 515 India Book, 223, 234–36, 238 clothing, 17, 28, 175, 525, 529, 1005–7 Islamic East, 336, 341, 349, 352, 355–56 Cochin, 252 life/annual cycles, 523–24, 528, 532, 534 codex form, 689–91, 775 liturgy, 776–77, 781, 783 Cohen, Gerson D., 186 magic, 865, 868, 876, 878, 883 Cohen, Mark R., 8, 18, 67, 70, 92–122, 144, 418, manuscript collections, 50, 54–62 477, 481 messianism, 78, 629 Cohen, Mordechai Z., 23, 701–26 Muslim-Jewish relations, 87, 120 Cola dynasty, 232 religious and communal organization, 60–61, Columbia University, New York, 52 451, 453, 455, 461, 464–65, 467, 469, 479–80 commensality model, 18 science, 834, 837, 839–40, 842, 846 Commentary on the Mishnah, 73, 509, 730, 990 Sicily, 207–9, 212–13, 218, 403 commerce. See trade Syria, 206, 216, 394, 397 communal organization, 132–33, 450–52 Yemen, 239, 241, 243 Egypt, 152–56, 470–72 calendars, 321, 466, 625, 838 exilarchate, 472–76 caliphate of Córdoba, 169, 180, 189, 899 gaonate role and function, 452–60 Cambridge University, 50 geonim and local leaders, 460–62 camel ownership, 274 Iraqi geonim, twelfth century onward, 462–65 cantors, 480 Islamic East, 345 capital punishment, 171, 745, 951 local communities, 479–82 caravan trade, 274 Palestine geonate overview, 465–67 carpets, 1002–5 Palestine geonate’s personnel and functions, Carthage, 128 467–70 Castro, Americo, 168 territorial leadership, 476–79

1034 index community of Israel, 303–4 Dead Sea Scrolls, 573, 625 Compendium of Chronicles, 348 death, 524–27 Comprehensive Guide for the Servants of God, 737 Della Pergola, Sergio, 377, 380, 385 conquest treaties, 108, 111, 118 demography, 20–21 Constantine VII, Byzantine emperor, 656 Andalus, 165, 406–9 Constantinople, 578 Egypt and North Africa, 397–406 Constitution of Medina, 13, 67, 103–8, 108, Iraq and Iran, 380–87 262–65 Maghrib, 130–32 contracts, 746–47 pre-Islamic and early Islamic Arabia, 374–80 Controversy of the Karaites and the Rabbanites, 595 sources and methods, 371–74 Convento de Las Dueñas, Córdoba, 996 Syria and Palestine, 387–97 conversion, 118, 171, 180, 226, 247, 297, 316–18, demon summoning, 875–78, 877 447, 984. See also forced conversion DePiera, Shelomo, 794 Coplas de Yosef, 652 dhimma policy, 108–13, 122 Copper Instrument, The, 193 dhimmī people, 18, 24, 60, 102, 752. See also Pact copperplate inscriptions, 228–33, 229, 232 of ‘Umar Copts, 161, 220, 477, 981 Andalus, 176–77 Córdoba, 166, 173, 179, 183, 628 dhimma policy, 108–13, 122 court notebooks, 155 Islamic East, 346, 385 court systems, 217, 442, 455, 459, 477, 479, 742, persecutions of, 114, 220 746. See also judicial authority Yemen, 226 courtiers, 417, 437, 503 Dhū al-Jadr, 274 crafts production, 431 Dhū Nuwās, 375 credit relationships, 441 dictionaries, 600, 648, 704 Crimean Peninsula, 578 differentiation systems, 118 104 615 ā ī ī 857 Crone, Patricia, , Dimy t_ , al-Sad d, Crusader period, 61, 214–18, 393, 395, 630 dina de-malkhuta dina, 743–44 Cuenca, 998 Dioscorides, 24, 28, 192, 657 cultural assimilation, 65, 167, 185, 443 Diqduq (The Grammar), 705 cultural historiography, 69 divorce, 18, 551, 558–62 Cyrenaica, 130 Divrei Yosef, 476 dīwāns, 928–29 Damascus, 154, 179, 204, 206, 217, 386–90, 410, documentary texts, 57, 68 467 domestic violence/abuse, 553–58 Damascus Document, 573 donations, 530 Dammūh, 535–37, 671 Donner, Fred M., 96, 105, 106 Dandān-Uiliq, 350, 362, 685 Donnolo, Shabbetai, 131, 655, 831, 833 Daniel b. Azariah, 136, 470 dowry payments, 550, 553 Daniel b. Eleazar, 463 Drory, Rina, 27 Daniel b. Hisday,̣ 475 dualism, 313–14 Dār al-Hikma,̣ Baghdad, 673 Dubnow, Simon, 379 ā ʿ 577 89 184 639 641 648 706 d r ilm (house of knowledge), Dunash b. Labrat,_ , , , , , , ā 335 353 791 925 D r Simhah_ Synagogue, , , Darb al-Bakra, 325, 326 Dunash b. Tamīm, 805, 833, 838, 934 Da’ʾūdb.‘Imrān, 676, 695 Dunhuang, 363, 685 859 ̣ 748 758 859 David (Aluel) b. Yesha, Duran, Simeon b. Semah,_ , , David b. Amram, 588 Duran, Solomon b. Simeon, 733, 748, 758, 860 David b. Boaz, 588, 590 Duties of the Heart, 808, 851, 895, 915–16 David b. Daniel, 154, 155, 477, 531 David b. Seʿadyah, 735–36 eastern Arabia, 328 David b. Zakkay, 459, 475 Eber, Irene, 366 ā ū ī 857 20 376 D w db.Ab Nasr,_ Eckstein, Zvi, , Day of Atonement, 531–32 economic life, 15, 19, 131, 177, 412–17. See also De Piera, Meshullam, 642 trade De Rossi, Giovanni Bernardo, 51 Cairo Genizah overview, 417–22

index 1035 early foundations, 443–47 Ephraim b. Saʿīd, 339, 350 Islamic attitudes, 422–27 Ephraim b. Zafrān, 848 Islamic East, 349–52 Epistle of Consolation, 954 Islamic market, 440–43 Epistle of Rav Sherira Gaʾon, 452, 474, 980 late Middle Ages, 447–48 Epistle on Contemplation, 905 marriage, 553 Epistle on Letters, An, 913 Mediterranean Islamic economy, 427–40 Epistle on Martyrdom, 990 Edessa, 215 Epistle to Yemen, 73, 246, 627, 630, 990 education, 17, 21, 148, 434 Epistles of the Sincere Brethren, 25, 898, 909, 911 accomplishments of geonim and rishonim, epistle-writing, 924 510–11 Erder, Yoram, 625 183 186 ̣ 595 Andalus, , E_sHayyim (Tree of Life), character education, 506–7 Eshkol ha-Kofer (Cluster of Henna), 602–3 Ghazālī’s theory, 507–8 esotericism, 908 higher level, 497–501 Ethiopia, 375 instruction, 496 Ets Haim, Amsterdam, 51 Jewish practice, 494–96, 516–17 Euclid, 835 Jewish theory, 487–90 Exalted Faith, The, 815, 982 Karaism, 511–12 excommunication, 470, 744 Maimonides’ theory, 508–10 exilarchate, 18, 472–76 seven sciences, 492–94 extended family, 552–53 sources, 484–86 Ezekiel ha-Kohen, 789 subject matter, 490–92 Ezobi, Joseph, 493 Egron, 360, 504, 648 Ezra the Scribe, 953, 962, 966 Egypt, 10–12, 18, 127 Ayyūbid dynasty, 158–60 Fadak, 273, 286–87 biblical exegesis, 707–8 family life communal structure, 152–56 adolescence, 563–65 demography and migrations, 20, 134, 146–48, concept of family, 540–42 397–406 functional family units, 542–43 Jewish relations with the state, 149–51 legal age and processes, 548–52 Jewish-Muslim-Christian relations, 151–52 parent-child relations, 562–63, 565 Karaism, 578 polygyny, 559–60 Mamlūk dynasty, 160 role of marriage, 545–48 Moses and Abraham Maimonides, 156–58 sibling relations, 565–67 scholarship, 148–49 slaves as kin, 543–45 sources overview, 141–44 spousal relations, 552–59 trade, 145–46, 445 termination of marriage, 560–62 140–41 ā ā ī ū 716 815 817 835 854 transformation of, F r b ,Ab Nasr,_ , , , , El Tránsito Synagogue, 996–1000, 999 Faraj Allāh b. Saghīr, 857 Eldad ha-Dani, 985 Fārisī,Abū Bakr, 859 Eleazar b. Jacob ha-Bavli, 27, 940, 943 Fārisī, Salmān, 273 Elements, 835 Fārs, 340 Eli b. Israel, 601 Fāsī, David b. Abraham, 600, 704 39 595 ā 11 18 60 99 140 149 153 160 Elijah b. Abraham, , F timid_ dynasty, , , , , , , , , Elijah ha-Kohen b. Solomon, 467 203–8, 234–35, 383–84, 400, 435, 467, 478 Elizur, Shulamit, 767 Fayyūmī, Nethanel, 78, 851, 957 Elman, Yaakov, 505 Feast of Tabernacles, 530, 532, 535 emancipation, 167 Feast of the New Year, 531 embeddedness, 19, 418, 422, 446 Fenton, Paul B., 903 encyclopedias, 854–55 Ferrario, Gabriele, 24, 825–62 Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World, 6–7, 29 Festival of Lights, 533 engagement, 549 festivals, 529 England manuscript collections, 49–50 Fez, 130, 132, 404–5 ʿ 694 ī 390 Ephraim b. Buya a, Filast_ n,

1036 index Firestone, Reuven, 97 Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf Firkovich collections, 53–56, 342, 583, 1009 die Gegenwart, 65 Firkovich, Abraham, 54–55, 603 Ghassānid tribe, 263–64, 289 First Temple, 380 Ghazālī,Abū Ḥāmid, 17, 489–90, 507–8, 813, 815 Fīrūzkūh, 351, 354 Ghazan Khan, 346–47 Fischel, Walter, 5, 16, 332, 340, 345, 351 Ghaznī, 342, 351 ʿ 266 271 ū 337 341 344 346 354 Fityawn,_ Tha laba King, , Gh r province, , , , , ﬂagellation, 744 Gil, Moshe, 5–6, 20, 105–6, 207, 332, 356, 375, Fleischer, Ezra, 781, 793 382, 386 food, 28 Gindin, Thamar E., 335 forced conversion, 99, 110, 128, 130, 172, 196, 244, girls’ education, 497, 517 631 Glaser, Eduard, 299 Formation of the Fetus, 831 Goal of the Sage, The, 25, 911 Foundation of the World, 857 God, names of, 298, 304, 313 Fount of Knowledge, 43 Goitein, S. D., 3–5, 20, 66, 69, 75, 97, 144, 145, Four Captives story, 130, 183, 385, 406 150–51, 159, 208, 224, 376, 382, 389, 399, France manuscript collections, 50 476, 484, 495, 505, 975 Franco, Abraham, 246 Goldberg, Jessica, 19–20, 145, 206, 213, 235, Frankel, Zacharias, 46 412–48 Franklin, Arnold E., 450–82 golden age myth, 65, 92, 169, 185, 976–77 Franks, 214–16 Goldman, Brendan, 12, 199–221 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, 215, 218, 395 Goldreich, Amos, 916 Freidenreich, David, 28 Goldschmidt, Lazarus, 51 Frenkel, Miriam, 17–19, 28, 153, 481, 498, 514–39, Goodman, Lenn, 70 540–67, 676 Gottheil, Richard, 390 Friedberg Jewish Manuscript Society (FJMS), 59 governmental economic functions, 435–38 Friedland, Moses Aryeh Leb, 56 Grabar, Oleg, 993 Friedländer, Israel, 614 Gracian, Zerahiah, 663 Friedman, Mordechai Akiva, 19, 157, 884 Graetz, Heinrich, 48, 64–66, 167, 379 funerals, 524–26 Grammar of Early Judaeo-Persian, 335 ā 18 134 155 157 166 240 242 399–401 89 114 164–65 169 179 195 407 409 Fust_ t,_ , , , , , , , , Granada, , , , , , , , , 415, 467, 470–72, 477, 480, 547, 675 934, 936 Gratz College Anniversary Volume, 485 Gabès, 132 Great Revolt (66–73 ce), 375 Gafni, Isaiah, 15 Greek language, 110 Galeano, Moses, 861 Greek tradition, 2, 14, 23, 603, 656–57, 796, 829, Galen, 843, 849 833, 843 Galilee, 309, 314, 316 Grégoire, Abbé, 45 Gamliel, Ophira, 253 Grief, Avner, 213 Gan Eden, 599 Guide for Physicians, 849 Gans, David, 38 Guide for the Perplexed, 26, 28, 247, 465, 671, 679, gaon, ofﬁce of, 17, 135, 452–54 712, 818, 823, 851, 920, 956 relations with local leaders, 460–62 guilds, 425 role and authority, 454–60 Guiscard, Robert, 211 Garden of the Intellect, 77 Gunbad-i Mallaghān, 340 ā 38 657 Gedaliah b. Yahy_ , Gundissalinus, Dominicus, Geiger, Abraham, 46, 48, 95, 167 Günzburg family, 56 Generations of the Ages, 974, 981 Gurevich, Aaron, 70 Genoa, 433 geographic nisbas, 420, 446 habit, preeminence of, 508–10, 509 Gerard of Cremona, 657 Habsḥ ūsh, Hayyim, 299 Gerber, Jane S., 10, 164–97 Hadassi, Judah, 575, 598, 602–3, 617, 626 Germany manuscript collections, 50 Hādī Zaydī Imam, 234 Geschichte der Israeliten, 47 haḍ īth, 94, 102–3, 120, 122, 490, 501, 947, 978 46 ̣ 227 296 Geschichte der Jehudim, Hadramawt,_ ,

index 1037 Haggadah manuscripts, 1000 manuscript collections, 49–54, 56 Haim, Oﬁr, 13, 332–66 poetry, 167, 185–91, 641–43 Ḥākam II, 185, 985, 1017 proto-scientiﬁc works, 830–31 Ḥākim bi-Amr Allah, 70, 114, 150, 383, 395 Hebrew Bible, 45, 59, 88, 571, 583, 596, 638, 677, Hakkāri, 356 709, 774 halakhic literature, 27, 47, 486, 599, 723, 728–35, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, 52 985 Hebron, 79 halakhic tradition, 3, 11, 38, 48, 59, 132–33, 139, Heidenheim, Moritz, 51 739, 741–42. See also Jewish law Heikhal Shelomo, Jerusalem, 52 Halakhot Gedolot, 754 Hekhalot literature, 900 Halakhot Pesuqot, 691, 754 Henning, W. B., 341 Halevi, Judah, 25, 86, 90, 189, 196, 522, 627, 650, Heraclius, Byzantine emperor, 388, 392, 608 653, 707, 713, 717–18, 812–15, 851, 900, Herbert D. Katz Center, University of 916–19, 936, 938, 943, 953, 988 Pennsylvania, 52 Halevi, Samuel, 996 heresy, 40 Halfoṇ b. Nethanel, 146 Herman of Carinthia, 832 Halicz, 579 Hezekiah b. David, 475 Hamadān, 343 Hiba b. Khalaf al-Shīnīzī, 340 Hamdānī, al-Hasan,̣ 309, 321 hierarchy, 113–14, 119–20 ̣ ī ā 284 530–31 534 Ham dull h, Muhammad,_ High Holy Days, , Hananeḷ b. Hushị ʾel, 133, 139, 729 Higrâ,̣ 323 Ha-Nasi, David, 789–90 Hij̣ āz Jews, 315, 322–27, 374, 376 Haṇ īfa, A., 15 Hilāl tribe, 129 Hannah bt. Israel, 339 Himyar,̣ 13, 225 Hanukkah, 533 characteristics of new religion, 297–304 Harbạ de-Moshe, 868, 874 end of the Jewish kingdom, 318–22 Ḥārith Abū Zaynab, 290 evidence of Judaism, 305–9, 375 ̣ā ‘ ā’ 264 295–97 H rith al-Muharriq_ b. Amr Muzayqiy , history and conversion of, Ḥārith b. Kaʿb, 319 royal inscriptions, 316–18 Haṛ īth Ibn Saʿīd, 610 type of Judaism, 309–16 Haṛ īzī, Judah, 27, 80, 87, 90, 395, 564, 650, 659, Hindus, 110 661, 702, 939, 966 Hippocrates, 849 Harkavy, A., 54 Hirschberg, H. Z., 5 ̣ ā 388 ̣ 474 Harr n, Hisday b. Natronay,_ Hārūn, Abū Faraj, 587, 705, 711 Hishāmb.‘Abd al-Malik, 346, 611 Hary, Benjamin, 648 Histoire des Juifs, 44 Hasaṇ b. Sahl, 832 historiography, 22, 974–77. See also sources ū 24 71 72 89 183–85 192 986–91 Hasday Ibn Shapr t,_ , , , , , , attitudes toward, 656, 845, 848, 897, 925 disciplinary perspectives, 68–71 Ḥashsh Kawkab, 282 events history, 983–85 ̣ ī 305 979–82 Has_ , general histories, Hasideị Ashkenaz, 882 Jewish perceptions of Islam, 64–68 Hasṇ ā, 269 old and new genres, 977–79 Hayya Gaʾon, 24, 37, 138, 354, 359, 379, 455, 495, travelogues, 985–86 522, 548, 572, 716, 733–34, 750, 753, 755, History of Palestine, A, 5 789, 840, 884–86, 926 History of the Jews (Adams), 45 Hayỵ ūj, Judah, 504, 657, 706, 708 History of the Jews (Milman), 45 784–85 789 hazzanim,_ , History of the Jews in Egypt and in Syria under the Head of the Jews, 154, 156–58, 241, 476–79 Rule of the Mamluks, 160 Hebrew, 27, 46, 84, 241, 635–45. See also History of the Jews of North Africa, 5 982 liturgical poetry (piyyu_tim) History of the Kings of Judah and Israel, biblical exegesis, 353, 590, 713 History of the Patriarchs of the Egyptian Church, book production, 695–96 152 Karaite writers, 580–81, 600–2 Ḥīwī al-Balkhī, 356, 622 language of learning, 486, 493, 496, 504 Hofer, Nathan, 158

1038 index holy shrine pilgrimages, 534–37 Ibn Ezra, Isaac, 533, 939 honoriﬁc titles, 461–62, 523 Ibn Ezra, Moses, 90, 187, 196, 521, 707, 709, 712, Horayat ha-Qore, 602 714–15, 852, 935, 942 Horowitz, Elliott, 498 Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov,̣ 805 hospices, 524 Ibn Faqīh, 350 847 ī 344 465 hospitals, Ibn Fuwat_ , , Houghton Library, Harvard University, 52 Ibn Gabirol, Solomon, 85, 188, 650, 658, 791, Hudaybiyya,̣ 284 805–8, 852, 900, 928, 935 Hujr,̣ King of Kinda, 327 Ibn Ghiyyāth, Isaac, 179, 188, 650, 730, 769, 852, Hülegü Khan, 344, 347, 387 964 Hulẉ ān, 354 Ibn Hasday,̣ Abraham, 804 Humayḍ ī, al-Saboni, 69 Ibn Hawẉ ās, 209 ̣ ā 656 ̣ ‘ ī ̣ 42 896 952 Hunayn b. Ish_ q, Ibn Hazm, Al b. Ahmad, , , Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 51 Ibn Isḥāq, 102, 104–6, 377 Husayka,̣ 267, 271 Ibn Jāma, Samuel, 139 ̣ 283 ā 88 504 706 708 720–22 845 Huyayy b. Akhtab,_ Ibn Jan h,_ Jonah, , , , , , hymns, 772 Ibn Jarrāh,̣ 121 Ibn Jawzī, 386 Iberian Peninsula, 112, 652–54, 769. See also Ibn Jumay, 848, 857 Andalus Ibn Kammūna, 42, 856, 957, 966 Ibn ‘Abbās, ‘Abdallāh, 266 Ibn Kaspi, Joseph, 713 Ibn ‘Abbās, Judah b. Samuel, 493 Ibn Kathīr, 387 Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam,̣ 397 Ibn Khaldūn, 981 Ibn ‘Abdūn, ‘Abd al-Majīd, 195 Ibn Khalfūn, Isaac, 926, 934 Ibn Abī ‘Aqīl, 391 Ibn Khordadbeh, 227, 350 ī ʿ 667 ī 429 Ibn Ab Usaybi_ a, Ibn Kill s, Jacob, Ibn Abi Zimra, David, 252, 399 Ibn Labi, Vidal, 664 Ibn Abītūr, Joseph, 733, 791 Ibn Masarra al-Jabalī, 897, 905–9, 913 Ibn Adret, Solomon, 770, 958, 1006 Ibn Migash, Joseph, 179, 503–4, 628, 730, 733, ā ī 149 738 741 Ibn Amsh t_ family, , Ibn ‘Aqnīn, Joseph b. Judah, 488–91, 708, 846, Ibn al-Muqaffa‘, 754 938 ā ū 797 Ibn Muqammis,_ D w d, Ibn ‘Arabī, 891, 907, 912 Ibn al-Muthannā, 193 ‘ ī 896 910 Ibn Ar f, Ibn Muto_ t,_ Samuel, Ibn Aryeh, 628 Ibn Nadīm, 830 Ibn al-Athīr, 210, 400 Ibn Naghrella, Joseph, 114, 176, 194, 408 Ibn ‘Awkal family, 522, 542 Ibn Naghrella, Samuel, 89, 176, 187, 190, 194, Ibn Ayyūb, Solomon, 663 408, 526, 706, 729, 928, 934 ī ī ū 835 ū ū 587 704 711 Ibn Bahr z, Abd sh , Ibn N h,_ Y suf, , , Ibn Bājjah (Avempace), 819 Ibn Quraysh, Judah, 707 Ibn Balaam, Judah, 706, 716 Ibn Saḍ īq, Joseph, 38, 812, 936 Ibn Barūn, Isaac, 707, 714 Ibn al-Sāʿī, 463 ū 42 251 365 397 ʿī 193 Ibn Bat_t_ ta,_ , , , Ibn Sa d, Isaac, Ibn Chiquitilla, Moses, 649, 657, 706, 716, 899 Ibn Sanāʾ al-Mulk, 74 Ibn Danan, Seʿadyah, 982 Ibn Saqbel,̣ Joseph, 937 Ibn Daud, Abraham, 15, 38–39, 90, 132, 149, 180, Ibn Sarūq, Menahem, 72, 184, 187, 639, 706, 183, 194, 385, 476, 627, 658, 815–17, 837, 953, 790, 925, 933 981 Ibn Sughmār family, 210, 547, 552 Ibn Ezra, Abraham, 26, 86, 193, 196, 358, 360, Ibn Taymiyya, 756 504, 658 Ibn Thumna, 209, 211 biblical exegesis, 23, 493, 702, 708, 712, 715–16, Ibn Tibbon family, 659–61, 702 718, 722 Ibn Tibbon, Moses, 659, 910 languages, 601, 644, 649 Ibn Tụ̄ lūn, Ahmad, 41, 393 poetry, 937, 943 Ibn Tụ̄ mart, 629 science, 839–41, 853 Ibn Ubayy, 261, 278

index 1039 Ibn Verga, Joseph, 38 Isaac b. Baruch, 672, 838 Ibn Verga, Solomon, 195 Isaac b. Jacob, 613 Ibn Wāﬁd, 191 Isaac b. Samuel ha-Sefaradi al-Kanzī, 149 Ibn Waqār, Joseph, 856 Isaac b. Sheshet Perfet, 748, 758 ʿī 858 ā ū ī 349 Ibn Ya sh, Solomon, Isaac b. Simha_ al-Nays b r , Ibn Zarzal, Abraham, 191 Isaac Israeli, 14, 141, 511, 803–5, 848–49, 857 Ibn Zimra, David, 747 Isaiah b. Joseph, 358 Ibrāhīmb.Yaʿqūb, 985 Isaiah di Trani the Elder, 139 Ibrahīmb.Yūsuf, 248 Isaiah ha-Levi, 156 Idel, Moshe, 902 ‘Īsāwiyya, 386, 615–18 ī ī 404 ā 386 Idr s Yahya,_ Isfah_ n, ī ī 341 ā ī ū ʿ 349 Idr s ,Muhammad,_ Isfah_ n ,Ab Nu aym, ̣ā ū 965–67 ā ā 845 Ifh m al-Yah d, Ish_ q b. Qist r, Ifrāʾīm b. al-Hasan,̣ 667 Ishmael (biblical), 84 Ifrīqiya, 11, 138–39, 445 Ishmael b. Hakmon,̣ 149 iftidā’ (ransom), 18 Islām al-Samawʾal al-Maghribī, 42 Iggeret Teiman, 955, 966 Islam, Jewish perceptions of, 64 Ikhshīdid dynasty, 203 culture and consciousness, 87–90 Ilan, Tal, 28 disciplinary perspectives, 68–71 Īlkhānid period, 336, 346, 358–59 historiography, 64–68 illuminated manuscripts, 249, 669, 680, 1007–17, messianism, 75–87 1010, 1012, 1014, 1016 sources and their themes, 71–87 Ilyās b. Ibrāhīm al-Yahūdī, 861 Islamic attitudes/policies ‘Imād al-Dīn Zengī, 630 Andalus, 174–76, 194–96 Immanuel of Rome, 643 Constitution of Medina, 103–8 Imperial Public Library, St. Petersburg, 54 dhimma policy, 108–13 Improvement of the Qualities of the Soul, 808 economic life, 422–27 ‘Imrānī, 362 haḍ īth, 102–3 Imru’ al-Qays, 289, 327 Maghrib region, 129–30 In the Kingdom of Ishmael in the Geonic Period, 333 myth and countermyth, 92 India, 1, 14, 110, 223–24 Pact of ‘Umar, 115–22 234–36 ’ 95–96 India Book, Prophet Muhammad_ s background, material culture, 243–44 Qurʾān, 96–102 post-twelfth century, 251–54 sociological factors, 113–15 rashut formula, 241–43 source overview, 92–95 seventh to eleventh centuries, 227–34 Islamic East trade, 236–39, 546 Chinese world, 362–66 India Book, 4, 14, 224, 234–37 geographical distribution, 337–45 India Traders of the Middle Ages, 234 intellectual and religious history, 352–62 Indian Ocean, 145, 156, 217, 224–25, 228 scholarship and sources, 332–37 inscriptions, 302, 305–6, 306, 310–14, 316–18, 320, social and economic aspects, 345–52 322–26, 326, 337, 342, 351 Islamic law, 9, 19, 121, 440, 442, 458, 502, 719, Institute of Oriental Studies, St. Petersburg, 56 751–60 interconfessional sociability, 441–42 Ismāʿīlal‑‘Ukbarī, 620–22 interfaith symbiosis, 66 Ismāʿīlb.Yaʿqūb, 231 92 āʿī ī ̣ 235 interfaith utopia myth, Ism l Sulayhid_ dynasty, intolerance, 93–94 Ismāʿīlīsm, 586, 814, 903, 907–8 investment, 433–34 Israel Museum, Jerusalem, 52 Iran, 13, 111, 343–45, 349–52, 387. See also Islamic Issuppu Irappan, 232 East Istakhrī, al-Farisi, 383 Iraq, 1, 14–17, 22, 146, 153, 294, 380–87. See also Italy, 22, 51, 137–40, 147, 493, 643 Baghdad Ivry, Alfred L., 23, 796–823 Iraqi academy. See Babylonian academy Irving, Washington, 168 Jābir b. Hayỵ ān, 843 Isaac b. Abba Mari, 654 Jacob b. Amram, 138

1040 index Jacob b. Eleazar, 659 John Rylands University Library, Manchester, 50 Jacob b. Elijah, 475 Jonah b. Biklārish, 845 Jacob b. Makhir, 659, 661, 663 Jonathan ha-Kohen, 749 Jacob b. Moses Beirav, 747 Joseph (Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar), 317–20 Jacob b. Nethanel Fayyūmī, 246, 951, 955 Joseph b. Jacob Rosh ha-Seder, 149 Jacob b. Nissim Ibn Shāhīn, 132 Joseph b. Menahem ha-Kohen, 135 Jacob b. Reuben, 705 Joseph b. Moses, 359, 747 Jacob b. Salīm, 242 Joseph b. Nimorad, 340 Jacob b. Simeon, 594 Joseph b. Nissan, 682 860 ̣ 861 Jacob of Gaeta, Joseph b. Solomon Taita_ saq,_ Jacob of Nihāwand, 339 Joseph ha-Kohen, 38 Jacoby, David, 336 Joseph ha-Kohen b. Solomon, 469 Jacques (James) of Vitry, 43 Joseph Rosh ha-Seder, 676, 678 ā ū ʿ ā 42 45 328 981 J hi_ z,_ Ab Uthm n, Josephus, Flavius, , , ā ‘ 491 47 J hi_ z,_ Amr Ibn Bahr,_ Jost, Isaak M., Jand, 343 Judah b. Barzillai, 745, 747–48, 769, 840 Japheth b. Bundār, 235–36, 239 Judah b. Daniel, 351–52 Japheth b. David, 470 Judah b. Moses, 193, 662 Japheth b. Eli, 83, 339, 572, 582, 585–87, 590, 592, Judah b. Seʿadyah, 477 597–98, 617, 623, 701, 704, 710–11, 715, 962 Judah b. Solomon ha-Kohen, 836, 855 Jarbā, 290–92 Judah b. Yaqar, 770 ā 983 1029 204 ʾ 354 Jarr hid_ Wars ( - ), Judah Ga on, Jehiel b. Joseph, 749 Judah ha-Kohen b. Joseph, 149 Jericho, 290–92 Judeo-Arabic language, 27, 40, 58, 84, 353, Jerusalem, 52, 79, 81, 111, 201, 204, 210, 214–16, 580–81, 584, 600, 645–50 266, 393–96, 467, 578, 608 Judeo-Aramaic, 300, 311, 650 Jerusalem Temple, 531 Judeo-Berber language, 651 Jesus Christ, 77 Judeo-Castilian language, 653 Jewish Education in Muslim Countries, 485 Judeo-Greek, 581, 602 Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw, 52 Judeo-Italian language, 655 Jewish law, 18, 217, 219, 479, 728 Judeo-Persian language, 333–35, 352–53, 357–62, communal regulations and local custom, 580, 650 737–41 Judeo-Provençal language, 654 domains of legal activity, 742–47 Judeo-Romance languages, 653–55 economics, 19 judicial authority, 110, 133, 153, 455–56, 465, extralegal inﬂuences, 747–51 468–70, 474. See also court systems 741–42 ī 11 396 halakhic decisors, Jund Filas_t n, , halakhic literature, 728–35 Jund Urdunn, 390, 396 Karaism, 572, 596–600 Justinian, Roman-Byzantine emperor, 118 legal theory, 735–37 Juwaynī, 344 marriage process, 549–52 751–60 ʿ ā 227 relationship with Islamic law, Ka b al-Ahb_ r, Jewish National Library, Jerusalem, 52, 56 Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, 274, 276 Jewish Theological Seminary, Budapest, 51 Kaʿbb.‘Amr Muzayqiyā’, 264, 289 Jewish Theological Seminary, New York, 52 Kabbalah, 25, 645, 772, 882, 892, 902. See also Jews in Islamic Countries in the Middle Ages, 6 mysticism Jews in the Economic and Political Life of Kābul, 341 Mediaeval Islam, 5, 16 Kaffa, 579 Jews of Arab Lands, The, 6 Kāfī (Sufﬁcient), 601 Jews’ College, London, 50 Kaganovitch, Albert, 333 Jin dynasty, 364 Kāhina, Berber queen, 128 jizya. See taxes Kahle, Paul, 697 John of Damascus, 43 Kaifeng, 364–66 John of Nikiu, 111 kalām ideology, 595, 796, 799, 801, 851 John of Seville, 832 Kalila wa-Dimna, 669

index 1041 500 ā ī ā 595 kallah assemblies, Kit b al-Talw h_ t, ā 151 ā ī 708 K mil, al-Malik, Kit b al-Tanq h_ , Kanzī, Isaac b. Samuel, 707 Kitāb al-Umm, 121 54–55 ā ā ʿ ā 704 Kapustin, Antonin, Kit bJ mi al-Alf z_ , Karaism, 3, 12–13, 22 Kitos War (115–117 ce), 140 biblical exegesis, 23, 80, 702–5 Kizilov, Mikhail, 55 education, 17, 511–12 Kochi, 231–33, 232, 251 Egypt, 147–48, 153, 155 Kodungallur, 231–33, 232, 251 Eshkol ha-Kofer (Cluster of Henna), 603 Kollam, 228–31, 229 Hebrew language and Masoretic knowledge, Kostandini, Joseph, 602 600–2 Kozodoy, Maud, 24, 825–62 historiographical sources, 39–40, 55, 61, 978, Krakowski, Eve, 519, 545 987–88 Kramer, Joel, 74 Islamic East, 356–58, 361, 385 Krochmal, Nahman, 46 Karaite diaspora survey, 574–79 Kuzari, 813, 851, 900, 916–19, 974, 975, 988 languages and literature, 579–83 law and customs, 596–600, 750 Lambourn, Elizabeth, 14, 223–54 literary and cultural legacy, 583–91 Land of Edom, 139 liturgy, 774–75 Land of Israel, 10–12, 15, 134–36, 467, 616, 768, Muslim-Jewish relations, 80, 83 771, 773, 781, 947, 986 origins, 571–74 land ownership, 429 philosophy, theology, and polemics, 591–96 Langermann, Y. Tzvi, 825, 828, 830, 842, 846 poets, 603 language learning, 496 science practices, 854 languages, overview of, 634–37 Kedar, 84 Hebrew, 637–45 Kelal Yisraʾel (Jewish collectivity), 134 Judeo-Arabic, 645–50 Keralan Jews, 251 Judeo-Aramaic, 650 Keter Malkhut (Kingly Crown), 935 Judeo-Berber, 651 ketubbot, 550–51, 650, 746, 1012–13, 1014, 1026 Judeo-Persian, 650 Khan, Geoffrey, 335 Judeo-Romance, 651–55 Khanbaliq, 365 Lasker, Daniel, 603 Khansā, 365 Lassner, Jacob, 87–88 Khaybar, 107, 273, 282–86, 379 law. See Islamic law; Jewish law Khazar tribes, 72 Laws of Sanhedrin, 757 Khazraj, 257 Lazard, Gilbert, 334 Khurāsān, 13, 332, 336, 341, 346, 354, 384 Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava, 70, 951 Khurramīs, 615–17 leadership, 176, 423, 448 Khūzistān, 13, 336, 339 Egypt, 154–55 Khwāja Bukhārāʾī, 362 Maghrib, 135–36 Kināna b. al-Rabī‘, 273, 283 territorial, 476–79 Kinda tribe, 289 leather scrolls, 682 ī ʿ ū ā 804 ī 146 Kind ,Yaq bb.Ish_ q, Lebd , Joseph, Kirmān, 341 Lecker, Michael, 13, 104, 106, 108, 255–92 Kīsh, 350 Lectures on a New History of the Jews, 46 Kister, Meir J., 285, 379 Lehmann family, 52 Kitāb al-Anwār, 573, 584, 592 Leiden University Library, 51 Kitāb al-Arayot, 594 Leningrad Codex, 680, 691, 692, 693, 698, 1009 Kitāb al-Bawl, 848 letter mysticism, 912–15 Kitāb al-Buldān, 351 Letters of the Brethren of Purity, The, 859 Kitāb al-Kharāj, 121 Levant, 217 Kitāb al-Luma‘, 708 Levi b. Japheth, 592, 597–99, 705 Kitāb al-Masālik wa-l-Mamālik, 350 Levy-Rubin, Milka, 106, 109, 119–20, 121 ā ā ā 187 225 Kit b al-Muh_ dara_ wa-l-Mudh kara, Lewcock, Ronald, Kitāb al-Mushtamil, 705 Lewis, Bernard, 69 Kitāb al-Muʿtabar, 836, 855 Libson, Gideon, 27, 728–60

1042 index Libya, 128 geopolitics, 127–28 Lieberman, Phillip I., 371–448 intercommunal framework, 136–37 Liebes, Yehuda, 891 international connections, 133–36 life cycle. See also annual cycle migration, 137–40, 147, 406 adolescence, 517–19 Muslim-Jewish relations, 129–30 childhood, 515–17 sources and scholarship, 127–29 death, 524–27 magic, 3, 24, 864–65 marriage, 519–22 aims and techniques, 870–74 old age, 522–24 contention, 886–87 pregnancy and birth, 514–15 demon summonings, 875–78, 877 Lithuania, 579 origins and transmissions of, 874–75 9 26 84 188 528 882–86 liturgical poetry (piyyu_tim), , , , , , practitioners and clients, 762–63, 768, 780–81, 928 religious practices, 887–90 Andalus, 790–94 sources, 62, 865–70, 869 decline of, 794 talismanic/astral magic, 878–82 95 111 537 Jewish-Muslim relations, , Mahalla,_ 640–41 648 706 language, Mahberet_ , , late Eastern compositions, 788–90 Mahdī bi-llāh, 203, 615 late Eastern overview, 781–85 Maimon b. Joseph, 954 late Eastern poets, 785–88 Maimonides, Abraham, 26, 81, 143, 154, 157, 246, pre-classical and classical East, 781–83 672, 708, 734, 738, 756, 772, 794, 919 science concepts in, 851–52 Maimonides, David, 218 liturgy, 26, 60, 762–63 Maimonides, Moses, 26, 38, 141, 143, 148, 194, Babylonia and Land of Israel, 765–68 246, 405, 423, 566, 666, 745–46 bifurcation of rights, 768–71 art, 993, 1018 Genizah sources, 776–77 biblical exegesis, 23, 707, 712–13, 715, 717–19, Karaism, 774–75 723–25 mysticism and the Sephardic impact, 771–73 education, 489, 491–92, 503, 508–10 physical media, 775–76 Egypt political career, 156 Talmudic legacy, 763–65 historiography, 989–90 women, 773–74 Jewish law, 729–33, 736, 740, 742–43, 748, local communities, 479–82 755–58, 756, 759 local ofﬁcials, 456–57, 460–62, 468, 479 languages, 88, 352, 644, 660, 695 logic, 834–35 liturgy and poetry, 770, 938 London Beth Din, 50 marriage, 546, 551, 553, 556, 560 Lorca, 998, 1002 messianism, 607, 627, 630 Löwisohn, Solomon, 46 Muslim-Jewish relations, 73–74, 81 loyalties of category, 114 philosophy and mysticism, 817–23, 920 Lucena, 166, 179, 407, 628, 852 polemics, 951–54, 966 Luck (Volhinya), 579 science, 849–50, 853 Luria, Isaac, 772 Main Points of Difference and Agreement between Lutzki, Simhah Isaac, 40 the Two Teachers Abū ʿAlī and Abū al-Surrī, Luzzatto, Samuel David, 48 598 ī ī 911 Majr t_ , Maslama, Maʿallā, 244 Malabar, 1, 231–32, 238, 243 MacKenzie, D. N., 334 Malik al‑Ramlī, 623–24 āʾ ạ̄ 325 ī ʾ 297 Mad in S lih,_ Malk karib Yuha min, Madīnat al-Zahrā’, 189 Mamlūk dynasty, 1, 160, 215, 219–21, 397, 447, Madīnī family, 208 478 ū ̣ 242 ’ ū 474 Madm_ nb.Hasan, Ma m n (caliph), ū 239 241 522 546 ʾ ū 191 Madm_ n b. Japheth, , , , Ma m n of Toledo, madrasas, 501 Mangup, 579 Maghrib, 10–11, 71 Mann, Jacob, 152, 341, 476, 612 demography, economy, and social structure, Mann, Vivian B., 28, 993–1026 130–33 457 ū ū ʿ 383 613 615 832 , Mans_ r, Ab Ja far, , , ,

index 1043 Mantabia, Joseph, 397 Mediterranean Sea, 145–46, 224–25 manufacturing professions, 419, 421, 431 Mediterranean Society, A, 4–5, 144, 484 maqāma, 27 Megillat Ahimaaz, 138 Maqāma of the Astrologer, The, 87 Mehab, Isaac, 996 ī ū 41 206 ʾ ʿ 40 Maqdis ,Ab Nasr,_ , Me irat Einayim, Maqnā, 290–92 Meiri, Menahem, 743 Maqrīzī,Ahmaḍ b. ‘Alī, 981 Menahem b. al-Fawwāl, 845 Mar ‘Uqba, 475 Menocal, María Rosa, 977 Margariti, Roxani, 238, 243 Meqor Ḥayyim, 805–7 Margoliouth, D. S., 318 merchants, 19, 113, 145, 206, 208, 226, 417–18, Marīnid dynasty, 130 438. See also trade marketplaces, 113, 177, 181, 272, 274–76, 435, Andalus, 170, 178 440–43 apprenticeship, 564 marriage, 18, 237, 519–22 representative of the merchants, 239–40 legal age and processes, 156, 548–52 mercy, idea of, 298 polygyny, 559–60 Mérida, 170 role in family life, 545–48 Merkavah literature, 900 spousal relations, 552–59 Meshullam da Volterra, 390, 399, 401 termination of, 560–62 Mesopotamia, 380, 444 Martin Buber Society of Fellows, Hebrew messianism, 22, 112, 244, 606–7 University, 140 ‘Abbāsid dynasty,̣ 615–18 Martyrdom of Azqīr, The, 317 Islamic East, 356 Marwān b. al-Hakam,̣ 269 Muslim conquest, 608–10 ā 614 75–87 Marw nb.Muhammad,_ Muslim-Jewish relations, ā 967–68 618–26 Mas lik al-Nazar_ , ninth century, ā 832 626–32 M sarjawayh of Basra,_ twelfth century, Māshāʾallāh b. Atharī, 24, 658, 831 Umayyad period, 610–13 Mashrabat Umm Ibrāhīm, 270 metalworks, 1017–20 Māsika, 269 metaphysics, 851 ī ī 657 ʿ 154 477 Maslama al-Majr t_ , Mevorakh b. Se adyah, , 208 887 888 Maslia_ h_ b. Elijah, mezuzoth, , ʾ 25 150 242 883 475 Maslia_ hGa_ on, , , , Michael the Syrian, Masoretic tradition, 602, 621–22, 640, 648 Middle Arabic. See Judeo-Arabic language Massignon, Louis, 413 Midrash Hokhmaḥ , 855 Masʿūdī, Abu al-Hasan,̣ 41 Midrash Rabbi David ha-Nagid, 981 Materia Medica, 24, 28, 192, 657 midrashim, 77, 84–85, 111, 360, 486, 505, 678 mathematics, 3, 193, 835–36 migration, 20–21 Mawhūb b. Rashīd, 259 Andalus, 177, 180, 183, 196, 406–9 Mazor, Amir, 447 economic opportunity, 445–46 Mazuz, Haggai, 9, 946–72 Egypt and North Africa, 131, 137–40, 146–48, McGaha, Michael, 908, 912–14 397–406 Mecca, 96, 98, 106, 175, 256–57, 284, 376 Iraq and Iran, 380–87 Meccan Revelations, 891–92 Jewish law, 747–49 Medici-Lorenzo Library, Florence, 51 pre-Islamic and early Islamic Arabia, medicine, 24, 62, 183–84, 829, 843–44, 857–58. 374–80 See also physicians sources and methods, 371–74 Medina, 96, 98, 175, 255, 257–62, 316 Syria and Palestine, 387–97 Constitution of, 103–8, 108, 262–65 mikrāb, 299–303, 310 Jewish population, 376–79 Miller, Daniel, 121 Jewish-owned weapons and fortresses, 270–71 Milman, Henry Hart, 45 ’ 265–69 365 Muhammad_ s land in Zuhra, Ming dynasty, ’ ī 279–81 436 Muhammad_ s war against Nad_ r, minting, partial exile of Banū Qaynuqā‘, 277–79 Miriam bt. Benaiah, 679 281–82 ī ‘ ī 624–26 Qurayza_ massacre, M shawayh al- Ukbar , trade, 271–74 Mishnah, 312, 502, 572, 678

1044 index Mishneh Torah, 81, 246, 358–59, 489, 491, 551, muwashshaḥ poems, 932 644 730–32 741 745 755–56 770 817–18 191 , , , , , , , Muzaffar,_ Muhammad,_ 853, 956, 1018 mysticism, 25, 62, 891–95 861 ’ 915–16 Mizrahi,_ Elijah, Bahya_ s Duties of the Heart, Mongols, 1, 13, 160, 344, 346–48, 358 Halevi’s Kuzari, 916–19 monographs, legal, 734–35, 754, 853–54 historical background, 895–902 Monteﬁore College, London, 50 Ibn Masarra’s works, 906–9 Montpellier, 663 Ismāʿīlīsm and Epistles of the Sincere Brethren, Mordecai b. Eliezer Comtino, 860 909–12 Mordechai b. Nissan, 40 liturgy, 771–73 moredet (rebellious wife), 18 Maimonides family, 919–20 Morocco, 127, 129, 405 Neoplatonism vs. Sụ̄ ﬁsm, 902–5 Morony, Michael, 381 Mosaic Law, 594, 822, 952 Naʿaran Synagogue, 995 97 822 953 324–25 326 Moses (biblical), , , Nabataean_ language, , 360 ī ū ī Moses b. Aaron, Nad_ r. See Ban Nad_ r Moses b. Asher, 1008 nagid, role of, 136, 154, 476–79, 983 Moses b. Enoch, 183–84, 733 Nahāwandī, Benjamin, 574–75, 580, 591, 596, Moses b. Isaac Alashkar, 747 624, 703, 720 604 965 216 390 702 713 717 725 748 Moses b. Samuel, , Nahmanides,_ , , , , , , Moses b. Sheshet, 358, 360, 940 Nahrawānī, 787 Moses b. Yijū, 213 Nahray b. Nissim, 522, 677 Moses da Salerno, 655 Najrān, 121, 319–20, 320 Moses Darʿī, 603, 628, 941 names, of God, 325–27 Moses ha-Kohen, 885 names, personal, 228, 229, 322–25 mosques, 177 Narayanan, Muttayil G. S., 232 Mottahedeh, Roy, 114 Nathan b. Abraham, 135 Mourners of Zion, 357, 575, 585, 616–17, 621, 625, Nathan b. Jehiel, 139 704 Nathan b. Samuel he-Haver,̣ 524 mourning, 526 Nathan b. Solomon ha-Kohen, 524 Mudéjar art style, 993, 998, 1019, 1021 Nathan Ha-Bavli, 37 Muhājirūn, 267, 269, 276 Nathan the Babylonian, 341, 354, 453–54, 456, Muhammaḍ b. ‘Abbād, 218 474, 498, 501, 983 ʿ ī 260 56 357 Muhammad_ b. Ka b al-Quraz_ , National Library of Russia, Moscow, , ā ī ̣ 916 407 Muh_ sib ,Harith, Natronay_ b. Havivay, ī 593 611 Muhtaw_ (Comprehensive), Natronay_ b. Nehemiah, ī 267–68 ʾ 500 500 572 753 766 885 Mukhayr q, Natronay_ Ga on, , , , , , Mukhtār al-Thaqafī, 631 Nehemiah b. Kohen Sedeq,̣ 463 Munk, Salomon, 805 Nehemiah b. Solomon, 787 Muqaddasī, 291, 339, 341 neo-lachrymose school, 109, 115 Muqtadir of Saragossa, 191 Neoplatonism, 25, 804–5, 808, 812, 837, 892, Murshid (Instructor), 599 901–5 Mūsā Darʿī, Cairo, 671 Nestorian Christians, 317, 319 Mushkā (messiah claimant), 618 Neubauer, Adolf, 50 Mushtamil, 601 Neusner, Jacob, 380 music, 28, 785 New Christians, 172 Muslim Spain. See Andalus New Wisdom, The, 856 Muslim textual sources, 40–43 Nicomacus of Gerasa, 836 Muslim-Jewish relations, 151–52, 174–77. See also Nihāwand, 343 Islam, Jewish perceptions of; Islamic Nihāwandī, Benjamin, 349, 353, 356 attitudes/policies Nile, 144 Muʾtamin, Yusuf, 191 Ningbo, 365 Mutawakkil ‘ala Allāh, 110 nisbas, 420 Muʿtazilite philosophy, 593, 703, 714, 718, 736, Nissim b. Jacob Ibn Shāhīn, 38, 133, 139, 526 798, 801 non-rabbinic religious movements, 3, 15, 606–7

index 1045 Islam’s rise and Muslim conquests, 609 liturgy, 767, 771 ninth century, 618–26 Palestinian academy, 26, 61, 153, 155, 204–6, twelfth century, 626–32 204–6, 217, 242, 389, 458, 465–67, 783 Umayyad and Abbāsid periods, 610–18 appointments, personnel, and functions, Normans, 209–14 467–70 North Africa, 397–406, 707, 769, 859. See also authority in Egypt, 153–54 ā 470–72 Egypt; Maghrib relations with Fust_ t_ elite, northern Arabia Jews, 255 panegyrics, 927 Constitution of Medina, 262–65 Pantalayini Kollam, 251 Fadak, 286–87 paper production, 684–86, 775, 829 Khaybar, 282–86 papyri, 141–43, 681–82, 775 Mecca and Tạ̄ ʾif, 256–57 parchment, 683–84, 775 Medina, 257–62 parent-child relations, 562–63, 565 ’ 265–69 325 533 Muhammad_ s land in Zuhra, Passover, , ’ 274–76 877 Muhammad_ s trade enterprise, Patai, Raphael, ’ ī 279–81 600 Muhammad_ s war against Nad_ r, Patshegen Ketav ha-Dat, partial exile of Banū Qaynuqā‘, 277–79 Paul, Ludwig, 335 political assassinations, 276–77 Pearce, Sarah J., 27, 634–65 Quff and bayt al-midrās, 269–70 pedophilia, 18 281–82 358–59 584 587–89 598 704 711 Qurayza_ massacre, Pentateuch, , , , , , , seven Jewish-inhabited towns, 290–92 719 Taymā’, 289–90 Pentecost, 534 trade involvement, 271–74 People of the Book, 97–98, 100–1, 107–8, 119 ā ī ā 287–88 149 W d al-Qur , Perahyah_ b. Nissim, weapons and fortresses, 270–71 Pereq Rabbi Shimʿon ben Yohaị , 948 Northern Song dynasty, 364 Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, 226 Noth, Albrecht, 117, 119 Perlmann, Moshe, 964 Nuʿmānb.Abī al-Ridā, 857 Persia, 111, 146, 321 _ Persian Gulf, 328, 350 Obadiah da Bertinoro, 246, 252, 399, 986 Persian language, 580 73 629 720–25 Obadiah the Proselyte, , pesha_t, Occasionalism, 796 Petahiah of Regensburg, 343, 355, 387, 395, 464 old age, 522–24 Peter of Cluny, 43 Öljeitü Khan, 346 Peters, Richard S., 506 Olszowy-Schlanger, Judith, 21, 666–98 Philo Judaeus, 796 onomastics, 228, 306, 315, 322–25 philosophy, 3, 23, 186, 194, 796–97 67 175 808–12 oppression, , Bahya_ Ibn Paquda, ̣ 40 506–7 OrahS_ addiqim, character education, orality vs. textuality, 501–6 Halevi, Judah, 812–15 Ornament of the World, The, 977 Ibn Daud, Abraham, 815–17 Orthodoxy, 47 Ibn Gabirol, Solomon, 805–8 590 803–5 O_sar Nehmad_ , Isaac Israeli, ostracism, 744 Karaism, 593–95 Ottensosser, David, 46 Maimonides, Moses, 817–23 Ottoman Empire, 391, 448, 860–62, 1004–5, science concepts, 851 1007 Seʿadyah Gaʾon, 797–803 Oxford University, 50 translations of texts, 656 Phinehas ha-Kohen b. Jacob, 782 Pact of ‘Umar, 8, 67, 109, 115–22, 121, 174, 176, physicians, 145, 178, 832, 844–50 447, 450 physics, 836–38 Pahlavi, 231 pilgrimages, 534–37 Palermo, 403, 446 Pines, Shlomo, 903, 911 ʿ Palestine, 201, 210 Pirqei de-Rabbi Eli ezer, 77, 830, 947 demography and migrations, 147, 387–97 Pirqoy b. Baboy, 667 Karaism, 578 Pitron Torah, 344, 361

1046 index places of worship. See churches; mikrāb; attitude toward Jews, 94, 107, 174 synagogues Khaybar, 283–86 Plato, 717, 800 Maqnā, 292 Plato of Tivoli, 192, 657–58 Mecca, 256 pleasure marriages, 285 Medina, 257, 261, 263, 270–71 Plotinus, 821, 902 ownership of Zuhra land, 265–69 pluralism, 99–101, 113, 165, 347 partial exile of Banū Qaynuqā‘, 277–79 poetry, 26–27, 60, 923–25. See also liturgical polemics, 946–47, 957, 961 276–77 poetry (piyyu_tim) political assassinations, 930–33 281–82 form and style in golden age poetry, Qurayza_ massacre, golden age of, 925–30 trade enterprise, 274–76 Hebrew, 167, 178, 185–91, 641–43 Wādī al-Qurā, 287–88 937–42 ī 279–81 Hebrew poetry in the East, war against Nad_ r, Judeo-Aramaic, 650 protected people. See dhimmī people Judeo-Persian, 361 Protestantism, 40 major poets, 933–37 Provence, 643, 654, 748, 770 medieval theory, 942–43 Ptolemy, 839, 861, 878 polemics, 964–65 Pumbedita, 181, 354, 381, 454, 456, 462, 498. See wedding poems, 521 also Babylonian academy polemics, 9, 69, 577, 946–47 punishment, 744–46 common Islamic arguments, 949–50 Purim, 533 converts to Islam, 965–71 947–49 ā ī ā 74 early works, Q d_ al-F dil,_ Karaism, 590, 595–96, 960–64 Qalonymus b. Qalonymus, 659 ’ 957 ʿ 357 Muhammad_ s Jewish Companions, Qarqa ot ha-Diqduq, 964–65 ī 931 poetry, qa_s da poems, Rabbanites in the Islamic world, 950–57 Qāsim b. Ibrāhīm, 42 Rabbanites of Iberian origin, 958–60 Qaynuqā‘. See Banū Qaynuqāʿ poll taxes. See taxes Qaynuqā‘ market, 272, 275 Pope Gregory VIII, 215 Qayrawān, 129, 132, 138, 402–3, 446, 457, 495, Pope Urban II, 214 502, 518–19, 522, 547 Portolan Chart, 1015 Qayyāra, Simeon, 729, 754 Portugal, 654 Qeshet u-Magen (Bow and Shield), 959 positive reinforcement, 487 Qillir, Elazar bi-rabbi, 782 1002–5 508 702 prayer rugs, Qimhi,_ David, , 60 182 599 640 661 prayers, , , , . See also liturgy Qimhi,_ Joseph, Precision of the Accents, 640 Qirqisānī, Jacob, 13, 39, 77, 84, 340, 386, 596–97, pregnancy, 514 961, 988 pre-Islamic Arabia, 294, 301 biblical exegesis, 353, 584, 586, 703, 710–11, central and eastern Arabia, 327–28 713–14 characteristics of Himyaṛ ’s religion, 297–304 Jewish sects, 574, 607, 617, 621–25 demography and migrations, 374–80 Karaism’s origins, 571, 574–75 end of Himyar,̣ 318–22 law, 82, 620 evidence of Judaism, 305–9 magic, 864 Hij̣ āz Jews, 322–27 philosophy, 592 ̣ 316–18 ʿ 931 Himyarite royal inscriptions, qi_t a poems, history and conversion of Himyar,̣ 295–97 Qubā, 282 type of Judaism in Himyar,̣ 309–16 Quff, 269–70, 277 Preussischer Staatsbibliothek, Berlin, 51 Qūmis, 339 priestly families lists, 308, 314 Qūmisī, Daniel, 83, 339, 353, 361, 394, 573–75, private security, 436 580, 583, 591, 624, 626, 703, 961 procreation, 562 Qumrān, 573 Profayt Duran, 38, 493 Qurʾān, 8, 40, 78, 82, 298, 306, 424, 486, 501, professions, 206, 349 622, 760, 946–47, 950, 957, 963, 1010 9 13 77 95–108 255 108 Prophet Muhammad,_ , , , , dhimma (protection),

index 1047 Islamic attitudes/policies, 94, 96–102, 174 Romano, Judah, 655 languages of, 88 Rome, 323, 375 Qurʾānic exegesis, 23, 272, 277 Rosenthal, Leser, 51 Quraysh tribe, 96, 105, 256–57, 284 Rossi, Azariah de, 38 ū 43–44 Qurayza._ See Ban Qurayza_ Roth, Cecil, Royal Library, Copenhagen, 51 rabbinic movement, 22, 36–39, 148, 217, 240, 310, Rubin, Uri, 105 354, 466, 485, 705–8, 978 Rudbār, 338, 343 Rādhānites, 350, 363, 382 Russian Ascension Convent, St. Petersburg, 56 Rādhāniyya ﬁrm, 181 Russian manuscript collections, 53–56 ā ā 298 298 597 Rahm_ n n, , Russian National Library, St. Petersburg, ā 17 97 532 150 Ramad_ n, , , Rustow, Marina, 12 392 396 467 480 ū 341 Ramle, , , , , R zbih b. Maslia_ h,_ Rapoport, Solomon J., 46, 48 Raqilī,Abū Zakariyyā, 969 Saba’, 295–96 Rashbam, 722 Sabaic language, 299–300, 311 Rashi, 493, 509, 702, 722 Sabar, Shalom, 28, 993–1026 ī ī ā 338 347–49 528–29 625 Rash d al-D nFadlall_ h, , Sabbath, , ī ī ā 343 ʿ 347 349 Rash d al-D nWatw_ t,_ Sa d al-Dawla, , Rashidun caliphate, 96 Sáenz-Badillos, Ángel, 27, 637, 644, 634–65 rashut formula, 241–43 Safed, 397, 882 Rasūlid dynasty, 247 Saffrin, A. E., 251 Rātij, 267, 271 Sạ ﬁyya bint Huyayy, 285 rationalism, 714–20 Sahl b. Bishr, 832 902 353 588–89 595 598 rationalistic mysticism, Sahl b. Maslia_ h,_ , , , Rav Kook Institute, Jerusalem, 52 Sahl Tustarī, 913 Ravitzky, Aviezer, 67 Sahlān b. Abraham, 461 Rāwandiyya, 613 Sāʿid al-Andalusī, 184, 828, 845 Raydān palace, Zaf̣ ār, 295 Saʿīdb.Hasaṇ al-Iskandarī, 967–68 ā ī 833 835 842 ʿī ̣ ī 975 R z ,Muhammad_ b. Zakariyya, , , Sa d Ibn al-Bitr q, Reccared, Visigoth King, 171 Saladin, 158, 215, 395 Reconquista, 53 Salāma b. Saʿīdb.Sagḥ īr, 674 Reif, Stefan C., 9, 26, 35–62, 762–78 Salmon b. Jeroham, 39, 80, 342, 574, 585, 595, religious hierarchy, 113–14, 118 704, 961, 987 religious life. See also communal organization Salomon b. Buyaʿa, 694 Cairo Genizah demonstrations, 60–61 Samarqand, 342–43, 359 Iraq, 15 Sāmarrā’, 618 life/annual cycles, 537–38 Samawʾal al-Maghribī, 356, 630, 668, 965–67 relation with economic life, 423–24 Samawʾal b. ʿĀdiyā, 289 religious organization. See communal Sambari, Joseph, 39, 476, 966 organization Samhūdī, Nur al-Din, 269 responsa, 1, 15, 20, 143, 161, 453, 455, 458, 469, Samuel b. Eli, 355, 463–64 485, 500, 548, 611, 667, 732–34, 737 Samuel b. Hophni, 83, 462, 510, 701, 706, 714, Revival of the Religious Sciences, 489 721, 734–36, 753, 755, 852, 952 rhymed prose, 933, 937 Samuel b. Isaac, 358 Ricci, Matteo, 366 Samuel b. Jacob, 674, 677, 679, 685, 694 Richard the Lionheart, 215 Samuel b. Joseph ha-Kohen, 135 Ricoldo da Monte Croce, 43 Samuel b. Judah, 659 Rippin, Andrew, 318 Samuel b. Moses de Medina, 773 Robin, Christian Julien, 12, 294–330, 320 Samuel b. Moses ha-Maʿaravi, 589, 599 Rōʾī, David, 356, 630 Samuel ha-Kohen b. Daniel, 465 rolls (rotuli), 689–90, 690 Samuel ha-Nagid, 650 Roman tradition, 2 Samuel ha-Shlishi, 787 Romaniote rite, 771 Saṇ ‘ā’, 320, 320, 1015 Romano, David, 662 Saṇ ‘ā’ Pentateuch, 248–49, 249, 253

1048 index Santa Maria la Blanca Synagogue, Toledo, Secrets of Rabbi Simon ben Yohai, The, 76–77, 996 76 Sar Shalom, 354 Sedaqaḥ b. Shelomoh b. Yufay, 209 Saragossa, 899 Sefer Ahavah, 359 Sarakhsī, 284 Sefer Bahir, 912 Sarjado, Aaron, 502 Sefer Egron, 82 Sasanian dynasty, 119, 201, 226, 380, 472, 608 Sefer Halakhot Rabbati, 730, 755 ’ 258 344 358 360 Sawda bint Zam a, Sefer Meli_sa, , , Sayf b. dhī-Yazʾan, 321 Sefer Mispar, 193 29 52 580 620 Schechter, Solomon, , Sefer Mi_svot, , Scheindlin, Raymond P., 26, 923–44 Sefer Qabbalah, 149, 183, 476 Schiffman, Lawrence, 375 Sefer Raziʾel, 868 Schiller-Szinessy, Solomon Marcus, 50 Sefer Razim, 868, 874 Schmidt, Anton von, 46 Sefer Taharaḥ , 359 52 827 831 833 900 914 Schocken Institute, Jerusalem, Sefer Ye_sirah, , , , , Scholem, Gershom, 771, 877 Sefer Yishuv, 79 schoolbooks, 1011, 1012 Sefer Yosippon, 22, 974, 975, 980–81 schools. See education Sefer Yuhasiṇ , 983 Schorsch, Ismar, 48 Segovia Synagogue, 996 Schwarz, Arthur, 51 Seljūq dynasty, 209 3 24 184 191–94 825–29 ̣ 474 science, , , , , . See also Semah_ b. Solomon, medicine Sephardic Jews, 169–70 alchemy, 839–43 Sephardic mystique, 168 astronomy and astrology, 828, 831–32, 838–39 Sergius of Rēshʿāynā, 830 encyclopedias, 854–55 Serjeant, Robert B., 106, 225 fifteenth century, 859–62 Seroussi, Edwin, 29 indirect sources of activity, 850–54 service professions, 421 Karaism, 854 Seth b. Japheth, 360 logic, mathematics, and physics, 834–38 Severus (messiah claimant), 610 physicians, 832, 844–50 Seville, 179 pre-tenth century, 829–33 sexuality, 18 proto-scientific works in Hebrew, 830–31 Shabbetay b. Hodaviah, 131 tenth to twelfth centuries, 833–55 Shāfiʿī school, 757 855–59 āfiʿī 121 thirteenth to fourteenth centuries, Sh ,Muhammand_ b. Idris, translations of texts, 656 Shāhīn, Mawlānā, 361 Yemen, 858–59 Shahrastānī, 613–14, 618 scribes, 679–81 Shaked, Shaul, 335, 342, 352 Scroll of Abiathar, The, 983 Shammar Yuharʿish, 296 980 ā 705 Scroll of Antiochus, The, Sharh_ al-Alf z_ , Scroll of Esther, The, 352, 359 Sheʾiltot, 510, 754 scrolls, 687–89 Shem Toṿ b. Joseph Falaquera, 493 Seʿadyah Gaʾon, 14, 26, 82, 141, 355, 435, 987 Shem Toṿ de Carrion, 652, 663 biblical exegesis, 701, 705–6, 714–15, 717–18, Shema prayer, 763, 767, 777, 780, 889 720–21 89 Shemariah ben Elhanan,_ communal organization, 459–60, 475 Shemariah ha-Kohen b. Nathan, 149 education, 487, 504, 510 Shepherd (messiah claimant), 611, 617 Jewish law, 733–36, 753, 755 Sherira Gaʾon, 37, 39, 85, 241, 246, 354, 379, 381, languages, 88, 647–48, 655 452, 474, 502, 733, 753, 840, 980 liturgy, 766, 787–88, 793 Sheshna Gaʾon, 26 philosophy, 797–803 Shīʿism, 615, 814, 903, 907 poetry, 640 Shīrāzī,Shāhīn-i, 651 951 ʾī ʿ 317 polemics, Shurihbi_ lYafur, science, 828, 833, 840, 852–53 sibling relations, 565–67 Seʿadyah Ibn Danan, 664 Sicily, 10, 12, 199–201, 403, 446 Second Temple, 310, 315, 624 decline of Jewish Sicily, 218–19

index 1049 ā 203–4 207–8 984 F timid_ period, , Story of Bustanay, Jews in early Islamic period, 201–3 Straits of Gibraltar, 11, 112 Norman period, 210–14 Stroumsa, Sarah, 70 ā 208–10 ụ̄ ﬁ 25–26 82 447 628 794 808 893–96 post-F timid_ invasions, S sm, , , , , , , , Sijilmāsa, 132 901. See also mysticism Siman-Toṿ b. Judah, 351 Sukkot, 532, 535 ̣ 959–60 129 139 Simeon b. Semah,_ Sulaym tribe, , 596 ā ‘ 611 Simeon b. Sheta_ h,_ Sulaym nb. Abd al-Malik, Simonsen, David, 51 Sulaymān, Solomon, 786 Sinạ ʿāt al-Tibḅ , 670 Sulkhat, 579 Sind b. ‘Alī, 828 Sunbādh, 615 Sīnīz, 340 Sura, 181, 182–83, 454, 456, 462, 498, 752, 885. sīra, 377–79 See also Babylonian academy Sīrāf, 340 Sūs, 343 Sirāt al-Hādī, 234 Sviri, Sara, 25, 891–921 Sisebut, Visigoth King, 172 Synagogue of Moses, Dammūh, 534–35 Sitt al- Ghazāl, 554–56 synagogues, 132, 175, 177, 202, 396, 480, 516, Skoss, Solomon L., 601 528, 582, 673, 993–1003, 997–99, 1001, 1002, slavery, 6, 171, 543–45 1003 Social and Religious History of the Jews, 17, 66 Syria, 12, 199–201 social status, 423–26, 448, 524, 528 Crusader period, 214–18 Sogdian language, 363 demography and migrations, 387–97, 444 17 484–512 ā 204–7 Sokolow, Moshe, , F timid_ period, Solomon b. Aaron Troki, 40 Jews in early Islamic period, 201–3 Solomon b. David Nasi, 598 Mamlūk period, 219–21 554–56 ā 208–10 Solomon b. Elijah, post-F timid_ invasions, Solomon b. Judah, 135, 455, 462, 470, 479, 523 Solomon b. Levi ha-Bouyaʾa, 1009 Tabaṛ ī, Ibn Jarir, 206, 346 Solomon b. Rūjī, 356, 630 Tabaṛ ī, Rabban, 832 Solomon b. Samuel, 358, 360 Tabarisṭ ān, 343 Solomon ha-Kohen, 135, 629 Tabrīz, 358 Song of Songs, 712, 789 Tāhertī family, 542 sources, types of, 35–37 Tạ̄ hir b. al-Aʿwar, 832 Cairo Genizah, 56–62 Tạ̄ hirid dynasty, 248 Christian views, 43–44 Tahkemonị , 939 Firkovich and Russian collections, 53–56 Tạ̄ ʾif, 256–57 49–53 āʾ 168 189–94 408 Hebrew and Jewish manuscripts, _t ifa kingdoms, , , Karaitist historiography, 39–40 Taʿiz, 247 modern-period Christians, 44–45 Tales of the Alhambra, 168 modern-period Jews, 45–49 talismanic magic, 878–82 Muslim texts, 40–43 Talmud, 27, 42, 294, 493, 502–3, 572, 719, rabbinic historiography, 37–39 844 South Arabian writing system, 295 talmudic tradition, 37, 59, 183, 494 Spain. See Andalus Tamyīz (Distinction/Discernment), 593 Spitzer, Leo, 74 Tang dynasty, 364 Sri Lanka, 14, 226, 228, 239 Tang-i Azao, 337, 341 93 ā 350 St. Augustine, Tanhum_ b. Sulaym n, 170 830 St. Jerome, Tanhuma_ , stationers (warrāqūn), 675–76 Taqqanot, 653 Stein, Aurel, 362 Targum, 496 Steinschneider, Moritz, 48, 65, 971, 974 Tạ̄ riq b. Ziyād, 406 Stern, David, 622 Tartessus, 170 903 537 Stern, Samuel M., Tatay,_ Stillman, Norman, 5–6, 18, 379, 400, 408 Tavim, José Alberto da Silva, 253 Stillman, Yedida, 28 tax farming, 150, 401

1050 index taxes, 100–2, 109, 112, 122, 174, 227, 346, 371–72, Trakai, 579 404, 408, 436, 456, 543 translations, 27, 192, 582, 586, 655. See also trade, 216 languages, overview of Taʾyīd al-Milla (Fortification of the Community), Bible translations, 664–65 969 early Middle Ages, 656–57 Taymā’, 273, 288–90, 323 fourteenth to fifteenth centuries, 663–64 Tbilisi, 622 twelfth to thirteenth centuries, 657–63 Temple Mount, 608, 984 Transoxania, 13, 284, 344, 346 Ten Days of Repentance, 531 travelogues, 20, 37, 43, 372, 409, 638, 985–86 Ten Wise Jews, 984 Treatise of the Garden, 707, 712, 715 Teruel, 1020 Treatise on Measures, 830 textiles, 446, 1005–7 Treatise on the Art of Logic, 817, 835 Thābit b. Qurrah, 835, 878 Treatise on the Attainment of Legal Majority and Thamad al-Rūm, 261 Puberty, 735 Thamgh, 267–68 Treatment for Healthy Souls, 488 Theodosius II, Roman-Byzantine emperor, 118 Tripoli, 204, 206, 209 theology Tripolitania, 127, 130 810–11 494 Bahya_ Ibn Paquda, tuition fees, Ibn Daud, Abraham, 815–16 Tụ̄ lūnid dynasty, 203 Karaism, 591–95 Tunisia, 127–28, 138 Maimonides, Moses, 820–22 Tustar, 340 Seʿadyah Gaʾon, 800–1 Tustarī family, 346, 350, 383, 386, 542–43, 576 Theology of Aristotle, 902 Tyre, 204–5, 209, 391–92, 467 Thessalonika, 627 Thiqqa, Mishael al-Shaykh, 546 ‘Ubāda b. al-Sạ̄ mit, 278 Tiberias, 204, 396, 467 ‘Ubayd Allāh al-Mahdī, 803 Timotheus, Katholikos of Baghdad, 574 ‘Udhra tribe, 288 Tischendorf, Konstantin von, 54 Udovitch, A. L., 975 Tobi, Joseph, 223, 225–27, 234, 253 ‘ulamā’, 159, 194–95, 423 Tobiah b. Moses, 590, 593, 597, 705 ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-Azīz, 115 595 ‘ ‘ ī 247 Tokhahat_ Megullah (Open Admonition), Umar b. Al , 193 828 ‘ ā 79 115 121 201 257 Toledan Tables, , Umar b. al-Khat_t_ b, , , , , , Toledo, 166, 172, 186, 196, 661, 996 267–68, 285, 287, 379, 388, 473, 984 tolerance, 93–94, 119, 167, 176 Umayyad dynasty, 14, 24, 72, 110, 120, 178, 183, Tomb of Samuel, 578 202, 227, 388, 390, 610–13, 909 tombstones, 244, 245, 251 United States of America (USA) Torah, 28, 146, 312, 352, 365, 486–87, 493, 547, manuscript collections, 52–53 562, 649, 671, 710, 811, 822, 953 University of Leeds, 50 Torah scrolls, 1013, 1018 ‘Uqba b. Nāfi‘, 129 Torres Balbás, Leopoldo, 407 urbanism, 422, 446 Trachtenberg, Joshua, 865 ‘Uthmānb.‘Affān, 96 Tractate Concerning the Order of the Generations, 982 Vajda, Georges, 102 trade, 14, 19, 113, 235, 537 Vandals, 128 Andalus, 170, 177, 181–82 Vatican, 51 Egypt, 145–46, 156, 445 Vecchietti, Giambattista, 360 India, 228, 236–40, 546 Vehlow, Katja, 22, 40, 974–91 Islamic East, 349–52 Vernadsky Library, Kiev, 56 Maghrib, 127, 131–32 Visigoths, 112, 128, 164, 171–72 Mediterranean, 207, 428–29, 431, 435 ’ 274–76 ā ī ā 273 287–88 324 Muhammad_ s trade enterprise, W d al-Qur , , , northern Arabia Jews, 271–74 Waldman, Yedael, 251 207–8 211 213–14 ā ī ‘ 378 Sicily, , , W qid ,Muhammad_ b. Umar, Syria, 206 warrāqūn (stationers), 675–76 Yemen, 224–27, 243 Wasserstein, David, 384, 406

index 1051 Wasserstrom, Steven, 69 scientiﬁc activity, 858–59 weddings, 550 seventh to eleventh centuries, 224–27 widowhood, 562 Yerivuni Alei Ozvi Berit El, 964 Wieder, Naphtali, 772 Yeroushalmi, David, 333, 362 William of Tripoli, 43 Yerushalmi, Joseph b. Tanhum, 941 will-writing, 524 Yerushalmi, Tanhum, 708, 853, 856 Wissenschaft des Judentums, 46–49, 55, 65 Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim, 974 Wolfson, Elliot R., 25 Yeshiva University, New York, 52 women, 28, 424–25, 425, 433, 518, 528, 544–45, yeshivot, 24, 134–35, 139, 402, 448, 498–506, 737. 563, 773–74. See also marriage See also Babylonian academy; Palestinian Wonders of Countries, 233 academy workshops, 432, 441 Yeshuʿa b. Judah, 588–89, 593–94, 598, 705, 720 ā 531 543 ʿ 964 al-Wuhsha_ al-Dall la, , Yivashe un Qehaleikha ha-Omedim ba-Leilot, Yom Kippur, 17, 97, 531–32, 781 Yahūdī, Asad, 857 Yose b. Yose, 781 ā ī 234 363 Yahy_ al-Yaman , Yoshida, Yutaka, ā ̣ 234 365 Yahy_ b. al-Husayn, Yuan dynasty, ā ā 291 ū ā ā 356 615 617 Yahy_ b. Irmiy , Y dgh n of Hamad n, , , ʾ ¯ ē 351 ū ī 83 588 592–94 598–99 705 963 Ya ir b. Em d, Y suf al-Bas_ r, , , , , , Yaʾir Nativ, 493 Yūsuf b. Bakhtawayh, 577 Yakkuf, Judah, 305, 306, 310 Yūsuf b. Tāshufīn, 628 Yangzhou, 365 Yannai, 782 Zacuto, Abraham, 38, 193, 860, 982 ʿ ū ī 41 ̣ ā 295 305 318 Ya q b ,Ahmad,_ Zaf r, , , Yāqūt al-Hamaẉ ī, 405 Ẓāhir li-I‘zāzDīn Allāh, 99 Yashar b. Hesed,̣ 594 Zakkay b. Moses, 677, 679 Yathrib. See Medina Zand, Michael, 332, 343 Yaʿūq, 300 Zanj Rebellion (869–883 ce), 384 Yazīdb.‘Abd al-Malik, 611 Zayd b. Thābit, 269, 288 Yehoshua-Raz, Ben Zion, 332 Zaydī Imamate, 234 Yehudai Gaʾon, 553, 691, 729, 733, Zaynab bt. Ḥārith, 103, 286 754 Zayton, 365 Yemen, 12, 14, 107, 147, 223–24, 302. See also Zedekiah b. Abraham Anav, 139 Himyaṛ zījes, 827–28 India Book, 234–36 Zinger, Oded, 9, 125–62 India trade, 236–39 Zīrid dynasty, 70, 89, 209, 403 Jewish communal organization, 239–41 Zohar, 891–92 material culture, 243–44 Zoroastrians, 108, 112, 119, 228, 622 ā 244–49 259 265–69 274 277 post-F timid_ period, Zuhra, , , , pre-Islamic period, 294 Zunz, Leopold, 46, 48 rashut formula, 241–43 Zurʿa b. Ibrāhīm, 282