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Development Team Paper No. : 05 Tribal Culture of India Module : 06 Racial Elements among the Tribes Development Team Principal Investigator Prof. Anup Kumar Kapoor Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi Paper Coordinator Prof. Anup Kumar Kapoor Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi Dr. Temsumongla Content Writer Department of Anthropology, Nagaland University Content Reviewer Prof. A. Paparao Sri Venkateswar University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 1 Tribal Culture of India Anthropology Racial Elements Among the Tribes Description of Module Subject Name Anthropology Paper Name 05 Tribal Culture of India Module Name/Title Racial Elements Among the Tribe Module Id 06 2 Tribal Culture of India Anthropology Racial Elements Among the Tribes 1. Learning outcomes This module entitled racial elements among the tribes will help one to know the concept of race, history, and how human races are developed. It will help one to learn the meaning of race and how it should not be confused with people, nationality, religion, culture, etc. This module also talks about the different views regarding racial categories, whether they are socially constructed or biologically defined. As the emphasis is on the racial elements of the tribals in India, this study will broaden one’s knowledge on the tribal people of India who form an integral part of the Indian sub-continent. Because most of the past studies on the racial classification of India are based on the physical morphology of the population, it can help one to understand and identify the tribals from a scientific approach. However, it can also be open to further researches on the cultural and social significance of race. 2. Introduction The term “race” meaning common descent entered the English in about 1580 that has been derived from the old French word rasse and from Italian word razza, which initially may have derived from the Arabic word ras meaning the head of someone or something. It can further be traced back to Latin word gens and Arabic genat meaning clan, stock or people and genus meaning birth, descent, origin, stock, or family, and Greek word genos meaning race, kind and gonos meaning birth, offspring, stock. Race is a concept. It should not be confused with people, nationality, religion, culture, etc. The concept of race has a long and complicated history that dates back to the time when the Europeans explored the world. History has it that race was first recognized when the Europeans came to America and noticed the Native Americans. Initially, the term race was associated with language that was used to refer to speakers of a common language and then to denote national affinities. By the 17th century, it was associated with physical traits phentoypically. And from the 19th century onwards, race was used to refer to the classifications done genetically among different human populations that were defined by phenotype. However, in the 20th century, there was a decline in racial studies due to the politicization of this field under the concept of racism. Many scholars are of the opinion that racial categories are socially constructed and not biologically defined. Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish naturalist, was among the first to classify human species based on some mental traits. However, most of the anthropologist refuse to believe in the theory that human races are classified taking into consideration their mental characteristics and one of the most prominent scholar defying this theory was Klinberg who found no relationship between race and psychology. According to Gunthers (1927) “race shows itself in an individual human group, which in turn only produces it’s like”. By individual human group, he meant a human group marking itself off from other human group through its own peculiar combination of bodily and mental characteristics. His explanation on race was based on the determination of five European races and on their skull 3 Tribal Culture of India Anthropology Racial Elements Among the Tribes measurement. Hooton, an American anthropologist, defined race as “a great division of mankind, the members of which, through individually varying are characterised as a group by certain combinations of morphology and metrical features, principally, non-adaptive, which have been derived from their common descent.” He recognised three primary races in 1931 namely, Caucasoid, Negroid, and Mongoloid which was later modified. Franz Boas (1858-1943) precisely studied the physical characteristics of different population and concluded that the cranial capacity and brain size differ widely within the races. This anthropological research work led to the finding that there can be no race that is either superior or inferior to the other. The first attempt to classify human races dates back to 1684, where, Bernier tried to classify the people he came across on his journey to the old world. Many other scientists such as Blumenbach (1775), Deniker (1889), Dixon (1923), etc. classified race based on the physical morphology such as skin colour, hair form, nose form, etc. In the 19th century, attempts were made to change the concept of race from a taxonomic to a biological concept such as using anthropometrics that were invented by Francis Galton and Alphonse Bertillion. In the recent time, in the field of anthropology, the studies concerned with physical morphology are somatometry, somatoscopy, and some physiological characters. Somatometryis a measurement of the human body including face and head, a major tool in the study of human biological variability including morphological variations. Somatoscopy refers to the examination of the human body through observation, which is also an important tool in studying human variation and similarities. Physiological studies, on the other hand, include certain traits such as ABO blood grouping, MN blood grouping, Rh system, etc. Ottenberg (1925) was the first to classify race based on the ABO blood grouping. Lahovary (1946), on the other hand, made the classification based on M and N genes, besides ABO blood grouping. Likewise, various other scientists and anthropologists attempted to classify race based on both physical and mental traits at different times. However, three major races have been recognised namely Negroid, Caucasoid and Mongoloid. A fourth race namely Australoids has also been considered by anthropologists. These major races have been classified into various other subgroups. There are a number of races in the human population, each differing from one another. Scientists and scholars are interested in studying the differences and similarities among the various racial groups and the nature of it. Some of the reasons that clearly explain the formation of race are mutation, natural selection, accidental or chance fluctuations, migration, isolation, hybridization, sexual and social selection. Since time immemorial, admixtures in the human population have been taking place among different races giving rise to racial groups. On the flip side, it is also the reason for extinction or absorption of racial groups. 4 Tribal Culture of India Anthropology Racial Elements Among the Tribes 3. Tribal India According to Reich et al. (2009), the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations who intermixed in ancient times, known as the Ancestral North Indians and the Ancestral South Indians. Since time immemorial, various ethnic groups have entered the Indian subcontinent making the population even more diverse. Many anthropologists are of the view that the Indian populations present a mixture of all the major races namely Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid. In the past several pre-historic studies in India through the remains of human skeleton shows that there are about three racial groups present in the Indian subcontinent namely Proto-Australoid, Mediterranean and Alpine Armenoid. Proto-Nordic type is also added by some scholars to the classification. The first racial classification of India was made by Herbert Hope Risley who classified the population of India into seven types namely, Turko-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Scytho- Dravidian, Aryo-Dravidian, Mongolo-Dravidian, Mongoloid, and Dravidian. Many other scholars such as Eickstedt, Guha, Haddon, Majumdar, Sarkar, etc. also attempted to classify the people of India based on scientific knowledge. India with its diverse culture comprises of many ethnic groups, each of them differing from one another. Tribal populations in Indian are an integral part of the Indian civilization that forms a huge percentage of the Indian sub-continent who are scattered all over the country. In fact, according to Richard Lannoy, all India were tribally organised and that the de-tribalization began simultaneously with the process of urbanization. According to 2011 census, the tribal communities constitute about 8.61 percent of the total population of the country and cover about 15 percent of the country’s area. Each tribe have their distinct culture, tradition and language. In the history on India, the tribals are referred to as Jana, Adivasis, etc. who differs in their physical appearance, culture, tradition, religion and are isolated from the others and live in rugged terrains. These tribal communities can be classified according to their geography, language, race, and economy. Basically, the tribes in India are divided territorially into three main zones namely Northern and North- Eastern zone, Central zone and Southern zone. The tribes of these three zones speak languages and dialects belonging
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