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Electronic Supplementary Material for

HOW DO GEOLOGICAL SAMPLING BIASES AFFECT STUDIES OF

MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN DEEP TIME? A CASE STUDY OF

PTEROSAUR (REPTILIA: ARCHOSAURIA) DISPARITY

Richard J. Butler,1,2 Stephen L. Brusatte,3,4,5 Brian Andres,6,7 and Roger B. J. Benson8,9

1Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10,

80333 Munich, Germany

2E-mail: [email protected]

3Division of , American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th

Street, New York, NY 10024, USA

4Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY,

USA

5E-mail: [email protected]

6Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven,

CT, USA

7E-mail: [email protected]

8Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2

3EQ, United Kingdom

9E-mail: [email protected]

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This file includes

1. Introduction

2. Character/ matrix 1

3. Character/taxon matrix 2

4. Character list

1. Introduction

This is one of two supplementary data files accompanying the paper “How do geological sampling biases affect studies of morphological evolution in deep time? A case study of (Reptilia: Archosauria) disparity”. This file contains the character/taxon datasets used to generate disparity data series. The second supplementary data file is in Microsoft

Excel format, and contains information on taxon ranges and time bins, disparity and geological sampling data series, and results of modelling, multiple regression and statistical analyses.

2. Character/taxon matrix 1

Character matrix without missing data reconstruction used in the disparity analyses of the

Pterosauria (modified from Andres 2010). Characters are polarized with respect to a sole outgroup: Euparkeria capensis Huxley, 1877. Parentheses denote polymorphic character codings. Inapplicable and missing data are both coded with a question mark. Valid and names are written in italics. This modified matrix was created specifically for the described disparity analyses by B. Andres and should not be used for phylogenetic reconstruction, which would give erroneous results different from the parsimony analysis of the original dataset (Andres 2010) that will be published elsewhere (B. Andres et al. in preparation). 3

Euparkeria capensis 000010?01100000210?001????0102110?010000000000000?????000000100?000?00 00000000000000??00?00100000000010?00001001000000000010000000000000000 ?0000000000000000000?0????0000???00?00000000 ranzii 000000?1120101?0110001?????0???11?010011000000200?????003000000?100?002 00000000??0?0??01?00200100000110?0011100011001003201001?10???000?00??? 0?0002010?10011?1000??100001?????01??00??? Eudimorphodon rosenfeldi 001100?21101011011000100110011111?010011000000200?????003000000?100?00 2000000?00100??????00100100000110?0011000011001003201001?10?000000?0?0 000?001010?1?011?1000?00000010000001??0?010 Eudimorphodon cromptonellus ?????????1????0110?001011??1012??????0?100????????????0?200?00???0??0????0 ???0????????????0?0????00??????0?10000?10?(01)0032?1?????0???0?????0?00?000 101?01??110100?????0?01??0???10000?10 Peteinosaurus zambelli ?????????2???????????1?0?1???10?????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????00?0000??000?0?001100001?0000022??000??????????????????0?????? ???????????????00100000????????0 schesaplanensis ?????????10????????????????????????????1????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????0100111110000?00?10000??0?(01)0032??001?????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? filisurensis 000000?0110101???00???001??010111?01001110000020101010002000000??00?00 200000000??0????01??0100111110000?0011100010001003201001?10?0000???00?? ???????????0?11?1000??0?000?0?0???100?0??0 Austriadactylus cristatus 000000?012010?0011?0??0011?????11?0100110000001?101020001001000?100?00 10000000??10????0????200000000010?0011100010000001101000????00000000?00 000001????1??11??00????00001??00??1??????? buffarinii 001110?01101001?11000101110001111?010011000?00100?????001001000??0???? 1000000?????????????0100000000010??011?000100000011010000????0?00???0?00 0?001???????11??000??0000010?00001?0?0010 macronyx 002010?01201011010001201110010001?010011000200210?????011001000?100?00 100000000?10????01??0100000000010?10001001100000013010000?1???000??000 10?0002?????001101010?020000100010010000010 Parapsicephalus purdoni ???0?1?0???????????????????????0??0??011000200210?????012001000?100?00100 00000001000??01001??????????????0????01????(01)0??????0???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? Campylognathoides liasicus 001000?11101021010001101111001111?010011000000210?????002000000?100?00 20000100001000??01?01200100001?10?100000011100001??00001010?0000000000 1000002111010111?1000?020000100110110100011 4

Campylognathoides zitteli 000000?11101012110000111101?01111?010011000000210?????002000000?100?00 ?0000100???0???????01200100001?10?100000011100001??00001????00000??0001 0?0002?11?1?111?1000??200001?01101101?0011 Sericipterus wucaiwanensis 00???????0??01?01?????00?1?????12101111110???0?11001?00?20000?0???0?0?201 ?00??1??000?????11????10001????100221130111111??10?0??1000000????0????00 02?????001101020?????????0210????????? Angustinaripterus longicephalus 000222?1100????????????????????1210111111000002?1001?0002000000?10??0020 1000001???????01??1100010001?10?100221130111111??1000???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? Harpactognathus gentryii ?????????0?????????????????????12021111110???0??1001?00?200?0?????????????? ????????0??01??1??????????????00(23)??130???(01)1???10?0???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? Cacibupteryx caribensis ???0?1?0?0?????????????????????1??01?110100000?10?????002000000?000?00101 01000001000??010?1??????????????00(23)??03????(01)0????000????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? muensteri 000001?110110110110011101110101120010110100000210?????002000000?000?00 21100000?01000??01011000010001?10?100221030110201??1000101100000000000 10000021100(12)001101060?02001011011011010011(12) Nesodactylus hesperius ????????????011001?0021????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?0000?????010?0002?1102 0?11?1060???00101?01??0???????? banthensis 011100?01001011011001101111001111?010111100000210?????002000000?100?00 20100000001000??01011100110001?10?100201030110101??00001010?0000000000 100000211003011101020?030010110010110100112 crassirostris 000000?01000010011001101111000011?010011100000210?????002000000?100?00 201000000??0????01001100010001?10?100200030100001??000000??00000000000 100000211?020011?1020?02001011001?110100112 pilosus 000010?11000010011001101111000011?010011000000210?????002001000?100?00 20100010?01000??01001100010001?10?100300030100001??00000011?0000000000 10?0002?????0111?1030??(45)0010110010110100112 Darwinopterus modularis 00????01110001101100120111100?011?01001??10000?11112200??001000??00?00 20100010???0?10?01??1100010001?10?100300030101041??000001???10100?00?01 000002?1?020?11??030?04?010?0?01011?100112 Wukongopterus lii ?0????0?110?0?10?100?101121010011?01001??1???0????????0???????????????2??? ????????????01??1100010001?10?100300030101041??00000??0?10?001000010000 02????2?011?103???4?01010?????1?1?0112 Pterorhynchus wellnhoferi 00????011000001?11001?01111000?11?01001??10000??1101100??001000??00?002 5

1100010???0????????0100010001?10?100300030101001??000001?0???00????1010 0?0?????????11?3030??000101??010?1??0??1? Changchengopterus pani ????????????000021101?011??00??????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????0??????????????????????????????????????????0?100001???000?0022???0? 0?11??030??400101?00???1?????11 volans ?0????01110?01?011?0?2?????010101?11000??10001?10?????0??1????0?100?0000 ?00110???0????10101110000201?20?100300030100001??00000??????001??00????0 002010020011?1040????01011?????1???00?? ningchengensis 00????001001000110000200001000101?11000??10001?10?????0??1????0?100?000 0?001?0???0????101?11100?020??2???00300030100001??00000????10??1100?1000 0002??????011?1040??5001011001?11?1?0010 ammoni 00????0110000100110001000?1010101?11000??10001?10?????0??1???00?100?000 0?00110???00???10101110000201?20?100300030100001??000001???????1?000100 00002??????011?1040??5001011??10?10100010 Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus ?0????????0??000100002000??000101?11000??????1??0?????0????????????????0?? ?????01?????1010?11000020???0??0030003?100001?????00????10??1??0?1000000 2??????011?1030??5001011?0???1??0?011 subulatus 21????0112?????????????????????11?21101??10000?11103100??001000?100?11311 00010?100?110011?1121010001??0?100201130?01201??0000???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? Gnathosaurus macrurus ?????????2??0???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????11??????121010?01?????00???130???10?????0?0?01?22101???????????????? ???????????????????????????????? Plataleorhynchus streptophorodon ?????????2?????????????????????11?211?1??1??????????????????????????????????? ??????0??0????1?????????????0????130???10???00000??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? quingyangensis ?????????2??00??11?0000????0???11?011???????????1103?0????????????????????? ???????????????110101000???0??00201030101101??00000????22?011000?0???0?2? ???2??1??105?????0?1???????1???0??? Elanodactylus prolatus ????????????0??000?0000110?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????221011000???00002???01 ?111?1050??400?10??0??????????? Kepodactylus insperatus ????????????0????????0?????0????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????01012101?????????????????0 11101050??????10??0???1??????? elegans 11????011211010010101000001010121?01001??10000?10?????0??001200?100?113 1100010??00????0???1100010001?10?100201120101201??00000?0??101001000?00 00002???020011?1050??4??110?0?1011010012? 6

Ctenochasma porocristata ?????????2?????????????????????21?01001??1???0?11103?00??????????0????????? ??0?????0??0????1??????0??????0?20112?101201??00?00???????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? guinazui 11????012212000011?0?00000?010121?00001??10000?10?????0??001200?100?113 1100000??00?0??0???1000010001?00?100201000201001??00000?0101010?10??000 000021110200?1?105??04???10000???1011?12? Eosipterus yangi ????????????0???10?0000010?01?1????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?????????0????????? ????1???????0?100?0???1??0?12? chenianus ????????????00001100100221?0201???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????1010?100?100?0022???0 ?0?11?105???4???1000????1????12? Gegepterus changi 11????0112?000?????????0???????2??00?01??10000?11??3000??001200?100?1?311 00000???0?0??0???10???00?01?00?10020103?101201???0?0?001?10100?????????? 22????2?????????????(01)????00???1??0???? Boreopterus cuiae 01????0012110?0??100?00000?00?011?01001??1?000?10?????0???????0?10110131 100010???0????????1100010001?10?100201030110101??00000?00?00001????100? ?0???????00?1?????????(01)???0?0???1?1?012? youngi 11????0?0110???????????????????21?01001??10?00?11103000??001000?10111?3?1 00010?100?0??0??011000?0001?10?100201030110101??00000??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? Gallodactylus canjuersensis 01????01??0??0?0???????00?1?00021?00001??10000?10?????0??000000?1011?1?1 100?10????????????11000?0001?10?1????????????0?????????????????????????0002 ???0????????????4??1?00??1011?1001?? Cycnorhamphus suevicus 01????02??0?000010111000001110021?20001??10000?10?????0??000?00?1011113 1100?10?????0??????1120010001?10?1002010?0100?01??0??0?000000001?0???000 0002?11020011?1050??4?0110000101101001?? Pterodactylus longicollum 01????01111000?010100000001100021?01001??10000?10?????0??001?00?100?113 1100010??00?0??0???110001?001?10??00300030100101??00000000010001?000?00 00002??0?10001?1050??4?0110?0?101101001?? Pterodactylus kochi 01????011110000010101000101000111?01001??10000?10?????0??001100?100?113 1100010???0?0??0???1100010001?10?100300030100001??00000000?10001100010 000002??002001101050?04?01101001011010012? Pterodactylus antiquus 01????01?110000011100000101000111?01001??10000?10?????0??001100?100?113 1100010???0?0??????1100010001?10?100300030100001??00000000?10001100010 000002010020011?1050?04001101001011010012? Normannognathus wellnhoferi ???????????????????????????????11?000?1?????????112??0?????????????????????? 7

???????0????????0001??0??????00300030100?01??01000????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? cristatus 01????011111000010101000101010012001001??10000?11103200??001000?100?10 31100010???0????????1100010001?10?100300030100001??110010?????0011000?? 000002???020011?105???4??11010???1101001?? Germanodactylus rhamphastinus 00????00111000?011?01000002010012001001??10000?11103200??001000?100?10 31100010???0????????11000?0001?10?100300030100001??010000???10001??0???? 000?20??02??11?1?????4??1?010?101101001?? Haopterus gracilis 01????0?111100?01100??0000?????11?01001??1?000??0?????0??010000??00?0?22 ?????0???0????????110001?001?10??00300030100001??00000??????001?00????100 0201102?001?1070??4?01?0100????????12? santanae 01????00111100?00???10????1????11?01101??11100?111040?0??01101101110002 2101010?10011000111110?010001?1??10151?030111101??00110101101101010010 ?11102???1?0100?207101401?1???011??01????? Anhanguera piscator 01????011111000001?010?????00?011?01101??11100?11104000??01101101110002 2101010?1001????1111101010001?110101511030111101??00110101101101010010 1?110200112010012071014?1?1011011?10101?2? Anhanguera blittersdorffi 01????0011?1???????????????????11?01101??11100?11104000??1????10111000221 01010?100110001111101010001?110?01511030111101??00110??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? Anhanguera araripensis 01????0011???????????0?????????11?01101??11100?11104000??1????10111000221 01010?100110001111?0??10?01?1??1015??030111101??0011????????????????????? ??????010012071014?1?1??????????????? Liaoningopterus gui ?????????10?0??????????????????11?01?01??111(02)0??1104000??????????1??0022 101010?????100???1110?0?0001?1???01511030101101??00110?01???101????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? mesembrinus 01????001101???????????????????11?01101??11100??1004000??1????10111000221 01010?100110101111101010001?110?0151?030101101??00010??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? clavirostris ????????????????????????????????0?011???????????1004?0?????????????????????? ???????101????1??????????????0?5??030???10???0011??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? simus ????????????????????????????????0?011???????????1004?0?????????????????????? ???????101????1??????????????0?5??0?0???00???00?1??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? araripensis ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????1??????1101010001??0??0150?030??1101??0?110?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? 8

Ludodactylus sibbicki 01????001111???????????????????11?01101??11100?10?????0??0110112111200221 01010?100?10101?11101010001?110101511030101101??00110??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? atrox ?1????0?1100???????????????????11?01101??1??00??0?????0??????????????032101 01?????????????1101110001?10?101501030101101??00010?????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? Lonchodectes compressirostris ???????????????????????????????1??0100??????????0???????????????????????????? ??????101????11??????????0??005??030???00???00010?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? Nurhachius ignaciobritoi 00????2?010000?001000000???00?011?01001??10100?10?????0??010000?11??0?32 ?0011??????1110???1100010001?10?100400030101001??00010?01?01101??1?????? 1021???20?00??0710?4?1?1011????1??0???? Liaoxipterus brachyognathus ?????????000????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????120010?01?1???00400010?01001????0?0?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? sinensis 00????11010000?001?000000??10??11?21001??10010?10?????0??1????0?110?0032 100121???0????0??011?0010001?10?100430010101001??000101???01?01??1?????? 102??????000??07????01??0??01111??0???? Istiodactylus latidens 00????010100?0?0010?0??????0???11?21001??10010??0?????0??1??????110?00321 00121???????????01120010001?10?100430010101001??00010????0?10??111???111 021010?0?0012071014???10?1?11?11101??? Longchengopterus zhaoi 01????0101000??0010000000??1???11?01001??10100?10?????0??010?00??10?0032 100110???0?1110??0?100010?01?1???00400030101001??000101?1?01101????????1 102?????0?00????10?4?(12)????1????1???1??? longiceps 01????00??1?0??001010010???01002200000???11100?10?????0??010?01200120022 101010?10010??01111100011001?10?11??????????????????0?101101101011110111 00200101100002071014021101101011110112? Pteranodon sternbergi 02????00??1?0000?101?0100??01??2200000???11100?10?????0??0100?1200120022 101010??00????????1100011001?1???1???????????????????????????0???????1????2 0???1??0????????20??10??0???1??01??? gracilis 01????00??2?00001222002000100001200100???11000?10?????0??1????121011002 2100010?100?0??01111100011001?10?11??????????????????0?10010010101101001 1002000011001?1161011?2110?10101111011?? Nyctosaurus lamegoi ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0 1??16??????????????????????? Muzquizopteryx coahuilensis ???????1????????111????????00?0??????0???11000?10?????0??1???00?1011002110 9

0010???0????????1????????1?0??11????????????????????1???00?01??1?100110???0 0?1??01?11610?102?1??????11?1?112? navigans 00????00???????????????????????0200200???10120?11110110??00110??00?000221 00110??0????????????????????????1??????????????????0????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? Tupandactylus imperator 00????10???????????????????????0200200???1?120?11110110??1????11001400221 00110???1???????????????????????1??????????????????0????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? Bakonydraco galaczi ??????????1?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????11200110001?11111??????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? 00????10??1?00?01110100000110?00200200???10120?11110100??1????110013002 2100110?10110??01101200110011?11111??????????????????0??01100101??00???? 00221??0211???1081104??110100???11?1012? Huaxiapterus corollatus 00????0???1?0??01111100000?11000200200???1??20?11116100??1???0??0?10???? ?????????1????????1200010001??1011?????????????????????01???101????????0022 ???????01??081??4?2110110??1111??12? Eopteranodon lii 00????0???1?00??111010000011???0200200???10??0??1104100????????????4????? ?011??????0?????1?200010?01?1??11??????????????????0?????00101?????????022 ????2??01?1081??4???????01011?110??? gui 00????0???0?01?0010???0???111000200200???10??0?11????00??1??????0??0??321 ?011?????????0???1200010001?11011??????????????????0?????00101???0???1?022 ?1?0???01?10811?4????????1011????1?? Huaxiapterus jii 00????1???0?00??1111100000?10000200200???10??0??1104100??00?10?????0??3? 1?011??????0??0???1200010001?11011??????????????????0????????01??0?1?????2 2???021?01?10811?411110110??11?110??? Sinopterus dongi 00????00??1?00?00110100000110000200200???10020?11104100??00110110?140?3 21?011????1????????1200010001?11011??????????????????0?????00101????10?1?0 22?11?21?01?108110412110110??11??1?12? crypticus 01????00??1?0?0010??1?0000?01001??0200???10000?10?????0??111001110100022 100110????????0???1200010001?10??1??????????????????0?????00??1??00100?002 2??????101??091???????????10?1?11012? Bennettazhia oregonensis ?????????????0??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????10?????????????11 00010811????????????????????? weii 01????010011000011?1101010?11?012000001??10010?11123301??1????110013202 2110010?101111001111000010001?10?100600030101011??1200110110010101111 001001211101??0??108110?10?1011210?00210?2? 10

Domeykodactylus ceciliae ?????????1???????????????????????????????????0??1?2?????????????????????????? ?????????????110??10?01?????006??030???01?????0?1?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? Noripterus parvus 01????0011??01???????00??????0?12001001??10010?11103301??1????1100132022 110010???1?110????1100010001?10??00600030101011??12001???1???0???11????? ????????00?????8??0?1??10?02???0021???? Noripterus complicidens ?????????0??010?11?10010??01100????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????1?0001000???0??0060??30??1?11????????01100101????100???12??? ??01010108110??0110?0210100210?2? longicristatus ??????????????????????????????????0?00???10??0?11005?0????????????????????0? ???????1110??????????????????1??????????????????0????????0??????????????????? ????????????21?0?1???????????? Tupuxuara leonardii 00????00??1?00?0101110000??10001200100???10120?11005300??1????110013202 2100110?101111101111100010001?10?11??????????????????0?101100101??11???? 00121?10110???1081104???10110???112101?? sethi 01????10???????????????????????1200100???10120?11005300??0100011001320221 00110?1?1111101?11100010001?10?11??????????????????0?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? Chaoyangopterus zhangi ????????????00?011?1000000011002200100???1???1??0?????0??????????????????? ????????????????1100011001??0??1??????????????????0??00?12111????????00?21 11???001?10????4?1110??010?1?21012? Jidapterus edentus 01????0???1?00?01111000000?11002200100???1???1??0?????0?????????????????1 ??????????0??????1100011001?10?11??????????????????0??00?12111?????????0?2 1?101??01???????4?111011????1121??2? Eoazhdarcho liaoxiensis ??????????1?00?00110000000?01???????0?????????????????????????????????????? ????????0???????100011?01?10?11?????????????????????00?12?11??0??????022??? ????01??08???4?2110?10???1??1???? Shenzhoupterus chaoyangensis 01????10??1?0??0?1?1?00000?20?02200100???10121?10?????0??1????1110110122 100020???1????????1100011001?10??1??????????????????0?????12?11?10?????002 2???????01?108??0??21?01?0???1???012? linhaiensis 01????00??1?10?011112000???11001200100???10120?10?????0??1????0??00?0122 101010???1????????1100011001?10??1??????????????????0?1???22?110?1110??00 22??1?1??01?118???4?2?101?31011?210??? Azhdarcho lancicollis ????????????10?????????????????????10???????????????????????????????????????? ??????0?????11?0001?0???????1????????????????????100122111?11?????????????? 100??118???????????3????12????? Arambourgiania philadelphiae ????????????2???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 11

??????????????????????????????????????????????????0012211???????????????????? ????????????????1???????????? northropi ??????????1?10?0011100100???00?1200100???10120?11?16(23)00??1??????10???? 22101010?????0??01?11100011001?10?11??????????????????0?1001221110111??? 100221110?10011118110412?10?13???1121012?

12

3. Character/taxon matrix 2

Character matrix with missing data reconstruction used in the disparity analyses of the

Pterosauria (modified from Andres 2010). Characters are polarized with respect to a sole outgroup: Euparkeria capensis Huxley, 1877. Question marks denote missing data with multiple equally parsimonious character optimizations. Valid genus and species names are written in italics. This modified matrix was created specifically for the described disparity analyses by B. Andres and should not be used for phylogenetic reconstruction, which would give erroneous results different from the parsimony analysis of the original dataset (Andres

2010) that will be published elsewhere (B. Andres et al. in preparation).

Euparkeria capensis 00001000110000021000010?11010211000100000000000000?0?0000000100?000?0 0000000000000001?0000010000000001000000100100000000001000000000000000 00000000000000000000000?0?0000000000000000000 Eudimorphodon ranzii 00000001120101?0110001001100?1111001001100000020001??0003000000?100?0 0200000000010001?0100020010000011000011100011001003201001010000000000 00000000201001001101000?010000100000010000010 Eudimorphodon rosenfeldi 001100021101011011000100110011111001001100000020001??0003000000?100?0 0200000000010001?0100010010000011000011000011001003201001010000000000 00000000101001001101000?000000100000010000010 Eudimorphodon cromptonellus 0000?00?11?1010110000101110101211001001100000020001??0002000000?100?00 20000000001?001?01000100100000?10000110000110010032010010100000000000 0000000101001001101000?000000100000010000010 Peteinosaurus zambelli 0000000012?10??0100001001100?1011001001100000020001??0002000000?100?00 ?0000000001?001?0100010000000001000011?000100000022010000100000000000 0000000101001001101000?000000100000010000010 Austriadactylus cristatus 0000000012010?0011000100110001111001001100000010101020002001000?100?0 0100000000010001?0100020000000001000011100010000001101000010000000000 00000000101001001101000?000000100000010000010 Caviramus schesaplanensis 00?0?00?110101?0100001001100??1110010011?0000020?01??000?000000?100?00 ?0000000001?001?01000100111110000000111000100010032010010100000000000 0000000101001001101000?000000100000010000010 Raeticodactylus filisurensis 00000000110101?010000100110010111001001110000020101210001000000?100?0 13

0200000000010001?0100010011111000000011100010001003201001010000000000 00000000101001001101000?000000100000010000010 Preondactylus buffarinii 0011100011010010110001011100011110010011000000100010?0002001000?100?0 010000000001?001?0100010000000001000011100010000001101000010000000000 00000000101001001101000?000000100000010000010 Dimorphodon macronyx 00201000120101101000120111001000100100110002002100?0?0012001000?100?0 0100000000010001?0100010000000001001000100110000001301000011000000000 001000002?1001001101010?020000100010010000010 Parapsicephalus purdoni 00?0?1001??101?010001?011100???0100100110002002100?0?0013001000?100?00 100000000010001?0100110000000001001000100110000001?0100001?0000000000 01000002?10010011010?0?020000100010010000010 Campylognathoides liasicus 00100001110102101000110111100111100100110000002100?0?0001000000?100?0 0200001000010001?0100120010000101001000000111000011?00001010000000000 00100000211101011101000?020000100110110100011 Campylognathoides zitteli 00000001110101211000011110100111100100110000002100?0?0001000000?100?0 0200001000010001?0100120010000101001000000111000011?00001010000000000 001000002?1101011101000?020000100110110100011 Sericipterus wucaiwanensis 000???0?10?10110110011001110?01121011111100000211005?0001000000?100?00 201000001010001?0101110001000101001002211301111111?100010100000000000 0100000211002001101020?020010110210110100112 Angustinaripterus longicephalus 0002220110010110110011001110?01121011111100000211005?0001000000?100?0 020100000101?001?0101110001000101001002211301111111?10001010000000000 00100000211002001101020?020010110?10110100112 Harpactognathus gentryii 000???0?10?10110110011001110?01120211111100000211005?0001000000?100?00 20100000?01?001?01011100010001010010022113011?1111?100010100000000000 0100000211002001101020?020010110?10110100112 Cacibupteryx caribensis 0000010010?10110110011101110?0112001011010000021000??0001000000?000?0 0101010000010001?01011?0001000101001002210301101011?1000101?000000000 00100000211002001101020?020010110110110100112 Rhamphorhynchus muensteri 000001011011011011001110111010112001011010000021000??0001000000?000?0 0211000000010001?0101100001000101001002210301102011?10001011000000000 00100000211002001101020?020010110110110100112 Nesodactylus hesperius 0000010?10?10110010002101110?0112001011010000021000??0001000000?100?00 20100000001?001?01011?0001000101001002210301101011?1000101?0000000000 0100000211102001101020?020010110110010100112 Dorygnathus banthensis 011100001001011011001101111001111001011110000021000??0001000000?100?0 0201000000010001?0101110011000101001002010301101011?00001010000000000 00100000211003011101020?030010110010110100112 14

Scaphognathus crassirostris 000000001000010011001101111000011001001110000021000??0001000000?100?0 0201000000010001?0100110001000101001002000301000011?00000010000000000 00100000211002001101020?020010110010110100112 Sordes pilosus 0000100110000100110011011110000110010011000000210?00?0001000000?100?0 0201000100010001?0100110001000101001003000301000011?00000011000000000 001000002?1002011101030?040010110010110100112 Darwinopterus modularis 0000?0011100011011001201111000011001001101000021110620001001000?100?0 0201000100010011?01?0110001000101001003000301010011?000001?0010100100 001000002?1002001101030?040010100010110100112 Wukongopterus lii 0000?001110000101100110112101001100100110100002111062000100?000?100?0 020100010001?0?1?01?0110001000101001003000301010011?000001?0010?001000 01000002?1002001101030?040010100010110100112 Pterorhynchus wellnhoferi 0000?001100000101100110111100001100100110100002111062000100?000?100?0 02010001000100?1?01?0110001000101001003000301010?11?000001?0010?001000 01000002?1002001101030?0400101?0010110100112 Changchengopterus pani 0000?00110?00000211011011?10000110010011010000210100?000100?000?100?00 20100010001?001?01?0110001000101001003000301000011?000001?00100001000 00000022?1002001101030?040010110010110100111 Batrachognathus volans 0000?001110?0100110002000010101010110001010001210100?000110?000?100?0 0001001100010001?1010111000020102001003000301000011?000001?0010001100 01000000201002001101040?050010110010110100010 Jeholopterus ningchengensis 0000?00010010001100002000010001010110001010001210100?000110?000?100?0 0001001100010001?1010111000020102001003000301000011?000001?0010001100 01000000201002001101040?050010110010110100010 Anurognathus ammoni 0000?00110000100110001000010101010110001010001210100?000110?000?100?0 0001001100010001?1010111000020102001003000301000011?000001?0010001100 01000000201002001101040?050010110010110100010 Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus 0000?001100?0000100002000010001010110001010001210100?0001?0?000?100?00 ?0100?10001?001?101011100002010?001003000301000011?000001?001000110001 000000201002001101030?050010110010110100011 Gnathosaurus subulatus 2100?001121?00001?10000??010?0?11021101101000021110010001001000?100?11 311000100100?1100110112101000101001002011301012011?000000010221011000 10000002?1102011101050?040011000010110100121 Gnathosaurus macrurus ?100?001121?00001?10000??010?0?110211011010000211100?0001001000?100?11 31100010010??11?0110112101000101001002011301011011?000000010221011000 10000002?1102011101050?040011000010110100121 Plataleorhynchus streptophorodon ?100?001121?00001?10000??010?0?110211011010000211100?0001001000?100?11 15

31100010010??01?011011?101000101001002011301011011?000000010221011000 10000002?1102011101050?040011000010110100121 Huanhepterus quingyangensis ?100?001121?00001110000??010?0?110011011010000211100?0001001000?100?11 31100010010??01?0110110101000101001002010301011011?000000010221011000 10000002?1102011101050?040011000010110100121 Elanodactylus prolatus ?100?001121?0000001000011010?0??1001?01101000021?100?0001001000?100?11 31100010010??01?0110110?01000101001002010301011011?000000010221011000 10000002?1101011101050?040011000010110100121 Kepodactylus insperatus ?100?001121?00001?10?00??010?0??1001?01101000021?100?0001001000?100?11 31100010010??01?0110110?01000101001002010301011011?000000010121011000 10000002?1102011101050?040011000010110100121 Ctenochasma elegans 1100?00112110100101010000010101210010011010000210100?0001001200?100?1 1311000100100?01?0110110001000101001002011201012011?00000001010100100 010000002?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Ctenochasma porocristata 1100?001121?00001?1010000010101210010011010000211100?0001001200?100?1 131100010010??01?0110110001000101001002011201012011?00000001010100100 010000002?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Pterodaustro guinazui 1100?0012212000011?010000010101210000011010000210100?0001001200?100?1 1311000000100?01?0110100001000100001002010002010011?00000001010100100 00000000211102001101050?040011000010110110121 Eosipterus yangi 1100?001121?000010?00000101010121000001101000021?100?0001001200?100?11 31100000010??01?011010000?000100001002010?0101?011?0000000101010010001 00000?2?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Beipiaopterus chenianus 1100?001121?000011001002211020121000001101000021?100?0001001200?100?1 131100000010??01?011010000?000100001002010?0101??11?000000010101001000 10000022?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Gegepterus changi 1100?001121000001??01000??10?0121000001101000021110000001001200?100?11 311000000100?01?0110100000000100001002010301012011?000000010101001000 10000022?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Boreopterus cuiae 0100?00012110000110010000010000110010011010000210100?0001001000?10110 1311000100100?01?0110110001000101001002010301101011?00000000000001100 010000002?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Feilongus youngi 1100?00?011000001??01000001000021001001101000021110000001001000?10111 1311000100100?01?0110110001000101001002010301101011?00000000000001100 010000002?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Gallodactylus canjuersensis 0100?0011?0?00001?1?1000001?000210000011010000210100?0001000000?101111 31100010010??01?0110110001000101001002010301001011?000000000000011000 10000002?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 16

Cycnorhamphus suevicus 0100?0021?0?0000101110000011100210200011010000210100?0001000000?10111 131100010010??01?0110112001000101001002010301001011?00000000000001100 010000002?1102001101050?040011000010110100121 Pterodactylus longicollum 0100?00111100000101000000011000210010011010000210100?0001001000?100?1 1311000100100?01?0110110001000101001003000301001011?00000000010001100 010000002?1001000101050?0400110?0010110100121 Pterodactylus kochi 0100?00111100000101010001010001110010011010000210100?0001001100?100?1 1311000100100?01?0110110001000101001003000301000011?00000000010001100 01000000201002001101050?040011010010110100121 Pterodactylus antiquus 0100?00111100000111000001010001110010011010000210100?0001001100?100?1 1311000100100?01?0110110001000101001003000301000011?00000000010001100 01000000201002001101050?040011010010110100121 Normannognathus wellnhoferi 0100?001111000001?1010000010?00110000011010000211120?0001001000?100?1 031100010010??01?0110110001000101001003000301000011?01000000010001100 01000000201002001101050?0400110?0010110100121 Germanodactylus cristatus 0100?0011111000010101000101010012001001101000021110020001001000?100?1 0311000100100?01?0110110001000101001003000301000011?11001000010001100 01000000201002001101050?040011000010110100121 Germanodactylus rhamphastinus 0000?0001110000011101000002010012001001101000021110020001001000?100?1 0311000100100?01?0110110001000101001003000301000011?01000000010001100 01000000201002001101050?040011000010110100121 Haopterus gracilis 0100?00?111100?011001000001000011001001101000021010??0001010100?100?00 221000100100?01?011?110001000101001003000301000011?0000010???0001?0001 001000201102?00101070?04001101001011?100121 Anhanguera santanae 0100?0001111000001?010?0001000011001101101110021110100001011011011100 022101010010011000111110101000101101015110301111011?00110101101101010 010111102001120100120710140111011011110101121 Anhanguera piscator 0100?00111110000010010?0001000011001101101110021110100001011011011100 022101010010011000111110101000101101015110301111011?00110101101101010 010111102001120100120710140111011011110101121 Anhanguera blittersdorffi 0100?00011?100000100?0?0001000011001101101110021110100001111011011100 022101010010011000111110101000101101015110301111011?0011010110110101? ?10111102001?2010012071014011101101111?101121 Anhanguera araripensis 0100?00011?100000100?0?0001000011001101101110021110100001111011011100 022101010010011000111110101000101101015110301111011?0011010110110101? ?10111102001?2010012071014011101101111?101121 Liaoningopterus gui 0100?000110100000100?0?0001000011001101101110021110100001111011011100 17

022101010010?11000111110101000101101015110301011011?0011010110110101? ?10111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 Tropeognathus mesembrinus 0100?000110100000100?0?0001000011001101101110021100100001111011011100 022101010010011010111110101000101101015110301011011?0001010110110101? ?10111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 Coloborhynchus clavirostris 0100?000110100000100?0?0001000010001101101110021100100001111011011100 022101010010?11010111110101000101101015110301011011?0011010110110101? ?10111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 Ornithocheirus simus 0100?000110100000100?0?0001000010001101101110021100100001111011011100 022101010010?11010111110101000101101015110301010011?0011010110110101? ?10111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 sibbicki 0100?000111100000100?0?0001000011001101101110021010??0001011011211120 022101010010011010111110101000101101015110301011011?0011010110110101? ?10111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 Brasileodactylus araripensis 0100?000110?00000100?0?0001000011001101101110021010??000101?0?12111200 ?2101010010?11010111110101000101001015?10301011011?0011010110110101?? 10111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 Cearadactylus atrox 0100?000110000000100?0?0001000011001101101110021010??000101?0?12111200 32101010010?11010111110111000101001015010301011011?0001010110110101?? 10111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 Lonchodectes compressirostris 0100?000110?00000100?0?0001000011001001101110021010??000101?0?12111200 ?210?010010?11010111110?010001010010050?0301010011?0001010110110101??1 0111102001?20?0012071014011101101111?101121 Longchengopterus zhaoi 0100?0010100000001000000001100011001001101010021010??0001010000211020 032100110010011110110110001000101001004000301010011?00010101101101011 ?10111102?01020000120710140111011011111101121 Nurhachius ignaciobritoi 0000?0210100000001000000001000011001001101010021010??0001010000211020 03210011?010?11110110110001000101001004000301010011?00010101101101011 ?10111102101020000120710140111011011111101121 Liaoxipterus brachyognathus 0000?0?100000000010000000010000110?10011010??021010??0001?100002110200 321001??010?11110110112001000101001004000101010011?00010101101101011? 10111102101020000120710140111011011111101121 Istiodactylus sinensis 0000?0110100000001000000001100011021001101001021010??0001110000211020 032100121010011110110112001000101001004300101010011?00010101101101011 ?10111102101020000120710140111011011111101121 Istiodactylus latidens 0000?0010100000001000000001000011021001101001021010??0001110000211020 032100121010?11110110112001000101001004300101010011?00010101101101011 110111102101020000120710140111011011111101121 18

Pteranodon longiceps 0100?000111?000001010010001010022000001101110021010??0001010001200120 0221010100100101?011111000110010100110?000301010011?00000101101101011 110111002001011000020710140211011010111101121 Pteranodon sternbergi 0200?000111?000001010010001010022000001101110021010??0001010001200120 0221010100100101?011111000110010100110?000301010011?00000101101101011 ?10111002001011000020710120211011010111101121 Nyctosaurus gracilis 0100?000112?000012220020001000012001001101100021010??0001110?01210120 0221000100100101?011111000110010100110?000301010011?00000100100101011 010011002000011001011610110211011010111101121 Nyctosaurus lamegoi 0100?00011??00001?1?00?0001000012001001101100021010??0001110?01?101200 22100010010?101?0111110001?0010100110?000301010011?0000010?1001010110 10011002000011001011610110211011010111101121 Muzquizopteryx coahuilensis 0100?00111??0000111?00?0001000012001001101100021010??0001110?00?101200 211000100100101?0111110001?0010000110?000301010011?0000010?1001010110 10011002000011001011610110211011010111101121 Tupandactylus imperator 0000?010111?0000111?1000001100002002001101012021111211001111101100130 0221001100101101?011112001100010111110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 1001002211102110101081104121101?010111110121 Tupandactylus navigans 0000?000111?0000111?1000001100002002001101012021111211001011101100130 0221001100101101?011112001100010111110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 1001002211102110101081104121101?010111110121 Bakonydraco galaczi 0100?0?0111?0000111??00000110000200200110101202111?210001111101100130 0221001100101101?011112001100010111110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 1001002211102110101081104121101?010111110121 Tapejara wellnhoferi 0000?010111?000011101000001100002002001101012021111210001111101100130 0221001100101101?011012001100110111110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 10010022111021101010811041211010010111110121 Huaxiapterus corollatus 0000?000111?0000111110000011100020020011010?2021111410001111101100130 0221001100101101?011112000100010110110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 10010022111021101010811041211011010111110121 Eopteranodon lii 0000?000111?0000111010000011000020020011010?2021110110001111101100130 0221001100101101?011112000100010110110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 10010022111021101010811041211011010111110121 Sinopterus dongi 0000?000111?000001101000001100002002001101002021110110001011101100130 0321001100101101?011112000100010110110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 10010022111021101010811041211011010111110121 Huaxiapterus jii 0000?010110?0000111110000011000020020011010020211101100011111011001?0 19

0321001100101101?011112000100010110110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 10010022111021101010811041111011010111110121 Sinopterus gui 0000?000110?0100010?1000001110002002001101002021110110001111101100100 0321001100101101?011112000100010110110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 10010022111021101010811041?11011010111110121 Nemicolopterus crypticus 0100?000111?0000101?1000001010012002001101000021010??0001110101110100 0221001100101101?011112000100010100110?000301010?11???00?1011001010100 100100221110?1101010911041211011010111110121 Bennettazhia oregonensis 0100?000111?0000111?1000001?0001200?00110100?021010??00011101011101300 22100?100101101?01111?000100010100110?000301010?11???00?10110010101101 00100221110?1100010811041211011010111110121 Dsungaripterus weii 0100?0010011000011111010100110012000001101001021112010101110101100132 022110010010111100111100001000101001006000301010111?12001101100101011 11001001211101?001010811041011011210100210121 Domeykodactylus ceciliae 0100?00??11?0000111110?0?0011001200?0011010010211120101011101011001320 22110010010111100111110001000101001006000301010111?120011011001010111 1001001211101?001010811041011011210100210121 Noripterus parvus 0100?000111?01001111?000?00110012001001101001021110010101110101100132 022110010010111100111110001000101001006000301010111?12001101100101011 110010012111010001010811041011010210100210121 Noripterus complicidens 0100?000101?010011110010?00110012001001101001021110010101110101100132 022110010010111100111110001000101001006000301010111?12001101100101011 110010012111010101010811041011010210100210121 Tupuxuara longicristatus 0100?000111?00001?111000000100012001001101012021100330001110101100130 02210011001011111011111000100010100110?000301010?11???00?101100101011 110010012111011001010811041211011010111210121 Tupuxuara leonardii 0000?000111?000010111000000100012001001101012021100330001110101100132 02210011001011111011111000100010100110?000301010?11???00?101100101011 110010012111011001010811041211011010111210121 Thalassodromeus sethi 0100?010111?00001?111000000100012001001101012021100330001010101100132 02210011001011111011111000100010100110?000301010?11???00?101100101011 110010012111011001010811041211011010111210121 Eoazhdarcho liaoxiensis 0100?000111?00000110000000001002200100110101212101???0001110101110130 0221000?00101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?1001121110101 10010022111011001?10811041211011010111210121 Chaoyangopterus zhangi 0100?000111?00001111000000011002200100110101212101???0001110101110130 0221000?00101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?1001121110101 10010022111011001?10811041111011010111210121 20

Shenzhoupterus chaoyangensis 0100?010111?00001111?00000020002200100110101212101???0001110101110130 1221000200101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?1001121110101 10010022111011001?10811041211011010111210121 Jidapterus edentus 0100?000111?00001111000000011002200100110101212101???0001110101110130 1221000?00101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?1001121110101 10010022111011001?10811041111011010111210121 Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis 0100?000111?10001111200000011001200100110101202101???0001110100110030 1221010100101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?1001221110111 10010022111011001?11811041211011310111210121 Azhdarcho lancicollis 0100?000111?1000?111?0?0000100012001001101012021?1???000111010?110?301 221010100101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?10012211101111 0010022111011001?11811041211011310111210121 Arambourgiania philadelphiae 0100?000111?2000?111?0?0000100012001001101012021?1???000111010?110?301 221010100101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?10012211101111 0010022111011001?11811041211011310111210121 Quetzalcoatlus northropi 0100?000111?10000111001000010001200100110101202111142000111010?110?30 1221010100101101?011111000110010100110?000301010?11???00?1001221110111 10010022111011001111811041211011310111210121

21

4. Character list

Character list used in the disparity analyses of the Pterosauria (modified from Andres 2010).

Characters are equally weighted, and ordered as noted. Continuous codings were converted into three discrete character states using the gap-weighting method of Thiele (1993) and are numbered first. Citations indicate the earliest work to use a similar character. This modified matrix was created specifically for the described disparity analyses by B. Andres and should not be used for phylogenetic reconstruction, which would give erroneous results different from the parsimony analysis of the original dataset (Andres 2010) that will be published elsewhere (B. Andres et al. in preparation).

0. Skull, length to squamosal relative to height at the jaw articulation exclusive of crests

(Haeckel, 1895):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

1. Rostrum, length to external naris relative to skull length to squamosal (Young, 1964):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

2. External naris, length relative to skull length to squamosal (Unwin, 1991: character 2):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

3. External naris, aspect ratio (Unwin, 2003: character 11):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

4. Antorbital fenestra, length relative to skull length to squamosal length (Young, 1964):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

5. Antorbital fenestra, aspect ratio (Unwin, 1991: character 31):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

6. Nasoantorbital fenestra, length relative to skull length to squamosal (Unwin, 1991:

character 92): 22

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

7. Orbit, aspect ratio (Unwin, 2004: character 11):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

8. Rostral row, length relative to skull length (Haeckel, 1895):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

9. Teeth, maximum number (Young, 1964):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

10. , length relative to length (Unwin, 1991: character 66):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

11. Mandibular tooth row, length relative mandible length (Unwin, 2002: character 11):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

12. Mid-cervical, maximum length relative to mid-width (Howse, 1986: node 8):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

13. Dorsal vertebrae, length with respect to maximum diameter (new character):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

14. Caudal vertebrae, length relative to diameter (new character):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

15. Scapula, length relative to coracoid length (Bennett, 1991: character 21):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

16. Radius, diameter relative to the ulna diameter (Bennett, 1991: character 27):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

17. Ulna, length relative to humerus length (Unwin, 2004: character 38):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

18. Pteroid, length relative to ulna length (Kellner, 1996: character 56):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2 23

19. Metacarpal IV, length relative to humerus length (Romer, 1956):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

20. Metacarpal IV, length relative to mid-width (new character):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

21. Metacarpal IV, width relative to combined ulna and radius width (Martill and Naish,

2006: character 20):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

22. Metacarpal IV proximal end, dorsoventral width relative to mid-width (new character):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

23. Manual digit IV first phalanx, length relative to humerus length (Unwin, 1995: character

3):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

24. Manual digit IV second phalanx, length relative to first phalanx length (Kellner, 1996:

character 60):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

25. Manual digit IV third wing phalanx, length relative to first phalanx length (Kellner, 1996:

character 61):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

26. Manual digit IV fourth wing phalanx, length relative to first phalanx length (new

character):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

27. Ilium anterior process, length relative to posterior process length (Unwin, 2004: character

47):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

28. Femur, length relative to humerus length (Unwin, 1995: character 2): 24

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

29. Tibia, length relative to femur length (new character):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

30. Fibula, free length relative to tibia length (Unwin, 2003: character 8):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

31. Metatarsal III, length relative to tibia length (Kellner, 1996: character 64):

– gap-weighted from 0 to 2

32. Skull dorsal margin, curvature exclusive of cranial crests (Unwin, 1991: character 13):

ordered

0. convex

1. straight

2. concave

33. Rostrum anterior margin, shape (Maisch et al., 2004: character 8):

0. blunt tip

1. laterally-compressed process

34. Rostral process cross section, shape (Andres et al., 2010: character 2):

0. triangular

1. elliptical

35. Rostrum, shape (Unwin, 1991: character 58):

0. compressed laterally

1. shortened anteroposteriorly

2. depressed dorsoventrally

36. Rostrum anterior end, orientation (Young, 1964): ordered

0. upturned

1. straight 25

2. downturned

37. Rostrum anterior expansion (Unwin, 1991: character 63):

0. absent

1. present

38. External naris (or nasoantorbital) fenestra dorsal and ventral margins, orientation (Andres

et al., 2010: character 10):

0. acute angle

1. subparallel

39. External naris (or nasoantorbital) fenestra anterior margin, position relative to

premaxillary tooth row (Romer, 1956):

0. dorsal

1. posterior

40. Antorbital fenestra dorsal and ventral margins, orientation (Andres et al., 2010: character

15):

0. subparallel

1. acute angle

41. Antorbital fenestra ventral margin, position relative to external naris ventral margin

(Unwin, 1991: character 30):

0. same level

1. ventral

42. External naris and antorbital fenestra, configuration (Haeckel, 1895):

0. separate

1. confluent

43. Antorbital (or nasoantorbital fenestra) posterior margin, shape (Unwin, 1991: character

84): 26

0. nearly straight angle

1. rounded outline

44. Orbit outline, shape (Kellner, 1996: character 8):

0. subcircular

1. pyriform

2. inverted triangle

45. Orbit, dorsal position (Kellner, 1996: character 9):

0. middle of skull, with ventral margin of orbit below middle of antorbital (or

nasoantorbital) fenestra and dorsal margin of orbit

1. above dorsal margin of antorbital (or nasoantorbital) fenestra high in skull with

ventral margin of orbit same level or above middle of antorbital (or nasoantorbital)

fenestra

2. low in skull with entire orbit lower than dorsal margin of antorbital (or

nasoantorbital) fenestra

46. Premaxillary bar (internasal process), width (Kellner, 1996: character 2):

0. wide

1. narrow

47. Premaxilla and contact, configuration (Dalla Vecchia, 2009: character 4):

0. at least posterior half of external naris

1. anterior half of external naris

48. Premaxilla posterior margin (internasal process), position (Sereno, 1991):

0. terminate between nasals

1. contacts frontals

49. Premaxillary crest (Young, 1964):

0. absent 27

1. present

50. Premaxillary crest anterior margin, position (Young, 1964):

0. Reaches skull anterior margin

1. posterior to skull anterior margin

51. Premaxillary crest anterior margin, orientation (Maisch et al., 2004: character 4):

0. inclined posteriorly

1. vertical

2. curving anterodorsally

52. Premaxillary sagittal crest, shape (Kellner, 1996: character 11):

0. comb-like, with straight dorsal margin

1. semicircular

2. tall triangle decreasing in height posteriorly

3. tall triangle increasing in height posteriorly

4. rectangular

53. Premaxillary crest posterior margin, position (Unwin, 1991: character 46): ordered

0. anterior to external naris (or nasoantorbital fenestra) anterior margin

1. between external naris (or nasoantorbital fenestra) anterior margin and orbit

2. above orbit

3. above occipital region

54. Premaxillary crest dorsal spine (Martill and Naish, 2006: character 2):

0. absent

1. present

55. Maxilla posterior end, shape (Kellner, 1996: character 13):

0. narrowed

1. ventrally-expanded 28

56. Maxilla and nasal contact, position (Unwin, 2003: character 13):

0. maxilla contacts main body of nasal

1. maxilla contacts only descending process of nasal

57. Maxilla premaxillary and jugal processes, shape (Dalla Vecchia, 2009: character 8):

0. jugal process wider

1. premaxillary process wider

2. both narrow

3. both wide

58. Nasal descending process (Unwin, 1991: character 51):

0. present

1. absent

59. Nasal descending process, position (Kellner, 1996: character 14):

0. lateral

1. medial

60. Nasal descending process, length (Wang et al., 2005: character 15):

0. short

1. elongate

61. Nasal descending process, orientation (Unwin, 1991: character 12): ordered

0. anteroventral

1. ventral

2. posteroventral

62. Nasal lateral pneumatic foramen (Kellner, 2003: character 16):

0. absent

1. present

63. Frontal crest (Bennett, 1991: character 6): 29

0. absent

1. present

64. Frontal crest, shape (Kellner, 2004: character 15):

0. low and blunt

1. low and elongated

2. high and expanded

65. Frontal anterior margin, position relative to preorbital bar anterior margin (Unwin, 1995:

character 49):

0. anterior

1. posterior

66. Lacrimal descending process posterior margin, shape (Andres and Ji, 2008: character 12):

0. flat

1. orbital process

67. Parietal crest (Haeckel, 1895):

0. absent

1. present

68. Parietal crest, shape (Unwin, 1991: character 50):

0. blunt

1. laterally compressed and posteriorly expanded with a rounded posterior margin

2. constituting the base of the posterior portion of the cranial crest

69. Squamosal, shape (Unwin, 1991: character 45):

0. unexpanded

1. expanded

70. Squamosal, position (Unwin, 1991: character 57):

0. above base of ascending process of jugal 30

1. at level or below base of lacrimal process of jugal

71. Quadrate, inclination relative to ventral margin of skull (Romer, 1956): ordered

0. anteriorly

1. subvertical

2. 120˚ posteriorly

3. 150˚ posteriorly

72. Mandibular articulation, position relative to middle of orbit (Kellner, 1996: character 19):

ordered

0. posterior

1. anterior

2. underneath

73. Jugal ventral margin, shape (Unwin, 1991: character 23):

0. straight

1. concave

74. Jugal postorbital process and lacrimal descending process configuration (Unwin, 1991:

character 49):

0. do not contact

1. contact to form lower orbital bar

75. Jugal ascending and postorbital processes, configuration (Unwin, 1991: character 96):

0. separated by distinct angle

1. separated by concave flange of bone

76. Jugal ascending process base, width (Kellner, 2004: character 18):

0. broad

1. narrow

77. Jugal ascending process, inclination: (Andres and Ji, 2008: character 29): ordered 31

0. anterodorsal

1. subvertical

2. posterodorsal

78. Jugal postorbital process anterior margin, shape (Andres and Ji, 2008: character 13):

0. flat

1. orbital process

79. Jugal posterior process, orientation (Andres et al., 2010: character 19):

0. posterior

1. ventral

80. Basisphenoid, length (Kellner, 1996: character 23):

0. shorter than wide

1. longer than wide

81. Basipterygoid processes (Unwin, 1991: character 37):

0. absent

1. present

82. Supraoccipital crest (Young, 1964):

0. absent

1. present

83. Supraoccipital, pneumatic foramina (Kellner, 1996: character 21):

0. absent

1. present

84. Palate, shape (Bennett, 1991: character 1):

0. flat

1. ridge

85. Palatal ridge, position (Kellner, 1996: character 24): ordered 32

0. tapering anteriorly

1. confined posteriorly

86. Palatal ridge, shape (Andres and Ji, 2008: character 41):

0. narrow strip

1. wide keel

87. Palatines, shape (Unwin, 2004: character 15):

0. broad and flat

1. thin bars

88. Internal nares and maxilla, configuration (Kellner, 1996: character 26):

0. contact

1. do not contact

89. Interpterygoid opening, length relative to subtemporal fenestra length (Kellner, 1996:

character 25):

0. at least subtemporal fenestra

1. shorter than subtemporal fenestra

90. Mandible articulation condyles, orientation (Bennett, 1991: character 2):

0. parasagittal

1. oblique

91. Nutrient foramina positioned in a row along the lateral margin of the mandible (Dalla

Vecchia, 2009: character 27):

0. present

1. absent

92. Mandible anterior end, orientation (Unwin, 1991: character 16):

0. upturned

1. straight 33

2. downturned

93. Mandible, shape (Lü and Ji, 2006: character 2):

0. compressed laterally

1. shortened anteroposteriorly

2. depressed dorsoventrally

94. Mandible anterior end, width (Lü and Ji, 2006: character 12):

0. unexpanded

1. expanded

95. Mandible anterior end dorsal margin, shape: (Lü et al., 2009b: character 44):

0. level

1. distinct eminence

96. Mandibular symphysis, fusion (Unwin, 1991: character 32):

0. unfused

1. fused

97. Mandibular symphysis, position (Unwin, 2003: character 44):

0. parallel to rami

1. oblique to rami

98. Mandible anterior end lateral surfaces, texture (Dalla Vecchia, 2009: character 28):

0. flat

1. large foramina

2. pitted

99. Mandible, mid-depth relative to length (Dalla Vecchia, 2009: character 24):

0. more than one ninth the length

1. at most one ninth the length

100. Mandible dorsal margin, shape (Unwin, 2003: character 16): 34

0. distinct eminence

1. flat

101. Mandibular rami dorsal eminence, shape (Dalla Vecchia, 2009: character 25):

0. rounded

1. pointed

102. Retroarticular process, orientation relative to mandible (Dalla Vecchia, 2009:

character 26):

0. posteroventral

1. subhorizontal

2. posterodorsal

103. Mandibular crest (Viscardi et al., 1999: character 84):

0. absent

1. present

104. Mandibular crest shape (Kellner, 1996: character 30):

0. blade-like and low

1. massive and deep

105. Dentary, length (Unwin, 1995: character 1):

0. do not separate angular and surangular

1. separate angular and surangular

106. Teeth (Haeckel, 1895):

0. present

1. absent

107. Teeth, variation in shape (Unwin, 2004: character 21):

0. isodont

1. heterodont 35

108. Teeth, shape (Unwin, 1991: character 8):

0. compressed blades

1. curved apically

2. bulbous and triangular in outline

3. slender

4. sharp and conical

5. lancet shape and labiolingually-compressed

6. spike shape with wide and subcircular base

7. broad with oval base

109. Teeth, texture (Andres et al., 2010: character 38):

0. smooth

1. fluted

2. sharp mesial and distal keels

3. labial carina

110. Teeth, maximum crown height (Romer, 1956):

0. less than five times tooth diameter

1. at least five times tooth diameter

111. Teeth, lateral orientation (Andres and Ji, 2008: character 52):

0. upright

1. lateral

112. Teeth, average spacing between successive teeth (Unwin, 1991: character 28): ordered

0. nearly touching

1. less than teeth diameters

2. subequal to teeth diameters

3. more than teeth diameters 36

113. Teeth, size variation (Unwin, 2003: character 14):

0. even transition along tooth row

1. sharp disparity in size between mesial and distal teeth

114. Upper dentition, size relative to lower dentition (Dalla Vecchia, 2009: character 29):

0. upper dentition significantly larger

1. upper dentition subequal or slightly larger

2. upper dentition significantly smaller

115. Teeth, maximum curvature (Andres and Ji, 2008: character 58):

0. displacement of curvature less than tooth diameter

1. displacement of curvature at least tooth diameter

116. Teeth, curvature orientation (Andres et al., 2010: character 33):

0. posterior

1. lingual

117. Teeth, inclination (Romer, 1956): ordered

0. upright

1. mesial teeth procumbent

2. all teeth procumbent

118. Jaw lateral margins, shape (Andres et al., 2010: character 30):

0. straight

1. undulating

119. Cheek teeth, denticles (Kellner, 2003: character 38):

0. present

1. absent

120. Teeth largest denticles, shape (new character): ordered

0. serrations 37

1. cuspules

2. low cusps or crenulations

3. tall cusps

121. Teeth, maximum denticles number (Kellner, 2003: character 38):

0. more then 50

1. between 6 and 49

2. five

3. two

122. Rostral dentition, anterior position (Haeckel, 1895):

0. tip of rostrum

1. posterior to rostral margin

123. Rostral teeth, position of largest teeth (Unwin, 1991: character 44):

0. mesial

1. middle

2. distal

124. Fifth and sixth teeth smaller than fourth and seventh (Kellner, 1996: character 33):

0. absent

1. present

125. Rostrum palatal surface, orientation relative to occlusal margin (Unwin, 2002:

character 3):

0. parallel

1. dorsally reflected

126. Mandibular dentition, anterior position (Maisch et al., 2004: character 1):

0. tip of mandible

1. posterior to tip of mandible 38

127. Atlas and axis (Romer, 1956):

0. unfused

1. fused

128. Mid-cervical neural arch lateral surface, pneumatic foramen (Andres et al., 2010:

character 45):

0. absent

1. present

129. Mid-cervical lateral surface, pneumatic foramen (Kellner, 1996: character 40):

0. absent

1. present

130. Mid-cervical vertebrae, pneumatic foramina lateral to neural canal (Bennett, 1989:

character 3):

0. absent

1. present

131. Mid-cervical neural spines, height (Bennett, 1989: character 4): ordered

0. tall

1. low

2. extremely reduced

132. Neural spines of mid-cervical vertebrae shape (Howse, 1986: node 10):

0. blade

1. triangular

2. ridge

133. Mid-cervical postexapophyses (Howse, 1986: node 6):

0. absent

1. present 39

134. Mid-cervical neural arch and centrum, configuration (Unwin, 1991: character 60):

0. distinct

1. continuous

135. Mid-cervical ribs, shape (Romer, 1956):

0. elongate

1. reduced

136. Cervical 8 neural spine, height (Andres and Ji, 2008: character 69):

0. tall

1. low

137. Cervical 9, shape (Bennett, 1991: character 12):

0. similar to dorsal vertebrae

1. similar to cervical 8

138. Notarium (Young, 1964):

0. absent

1. present

139. Dorsal vertebrae neural spines, shape (Young, 1964):

0. unfused

1. supraneural plate

140. Caudal vertebrae, number (Haeckel, 1895):

0. more than 15

1. at most 15

141. Caudal zygapophyses, length (Haeckel, 1895):

0. short

1. extremely elongate

142. Caudal vertebrae centra, shape (Bennett, 1991: character 16): 40

0. single

1. duplex

143. Scapulocoracoid, orientation relative to vertebral column (Bennett, 1989: character 8):

0. subparallel

1. rotated laterally

144. Posterior end of scapula, shape (Bennett, 1989: character 9):

0. elongate and laterally-compressed

1. suboval and flat

145. Scapula, shape (Kellner, 2003: character 51):

0. elongated

1. stout with constricted shaft

146. Coracoid ventral margin, shape (Kellner, 2004: character 56):

0. flat

1. broad tubercle

2. deep flange

147. Coracoid, width (Dalla Vecchia, 2009: character 46): ordered

0. semicircular

1. broad shaft

2. narrow shaft

148. Sternocoracoid articulations, position with respect to one another (Bennett, 1991:

character 18):

0. lateral

1. anterior and posterior

149. Sternum, constriction posterior to cristospine (Unwin, 1991: character 98):

0. absent 41

1. present

150. Cristospine, shape (Bennett, 1991: character 17):

0. shallow and elongated

1. deep and short

151. Sternocoracoid articulations, shape (Viscardi et al., 1999: character 15):

0. flattened

1. oval with posterior expansion

152. Sternum, shape (Bennett, 2007: character 19):

0. narrow

1. rectangular

2. semicircular

3. triangular

153. Humerus proximal end ventral surface, pneumatic foramen (Bennett, 1989: character

11, state 1):

0. absent

1. present

154. Humerus proximal end dorsal surface, pneumatic foramen (Bennett, 1989: character

11, state 2):

0. absent

1. present

155. Humerus shaft, shape (Bennett, 1991: character 24):

0. straight

1. bowed

156. Humerus mid-shaft, constriction (Bennett, 1994: character 22):

0. present 42

1. absent

157. Humerus distal aspect pneumatic foramen (Bennett, 1991: character 23):

0. absent

1. present

158. Humerus distal aspect, shape (Bennett, 1989: character 12):

0. hourglass

1. oval or D-shape

2. subtriangular

159. Deltopectoral crest, position on shaft (Bennett, 1991: character 25):

0. proximally placed

1. farther down shaft

160. Humerus deltopectoral crest, shape (Bennett, 1989: character 10):

0. proximally leaning trapezoid

1. proximally curving hook

2. oblong process with constricted neck

3. subtriangular with proximal apex

4. low and rectangular

5. elongate and proximally expanded

6. hatchet shape

7. warped

8. tall rectangular process

9. knife-shape

161. Ulnar crest of humerus (Unwin, 1991: character 17):

0. reduced

1. distinct 43

162. Ulnar crest of humerus, shape (Kellner, 1996: character 51):

0. narrow and directed posteriorly

1. massive with a developed proximal ridge

163. Distal syncarpal, shape (Bennett, 1991: character 31):

0. rectangular

1. triangular

164. Pteroid, shape (Bennett, 1991: character 33):

0. angled at midsection

1. stout hook

2. straight and tapered with expanded proximal end

3. straight with expanded ends

4. curved slender rod

5. curved and not tapered

165. Medial carpal, shape (Bennett, 1991: character 32):

0. longer than wide

1. wider than long

166. Metacarpals, number articulating with carpus (Bennett, 1991: character 34): ordered

0. four

1. two

2. one

167. Metacarpals I to III, relative lengths (Unwin, 1991: character 20):

0. disparate

1. approximate

168. Metacarpal IV proximal cross-section, shape (new character):

0. anteroposteriorly flattened 44

1. rectangular

169. Manual unguals, size relative to pedal unguals (Unwin, 2003: character 3):

0. less than twice the size of pedal unguals

1. at least twice the size of pedal unguals

170. Manual digit IV first phalanx proximal end ventral surface, pneumatic foramen (Lü

and Ji, 2006: character 63):

0. absent

1. present

171. Manual digit IV second and third phalanx, cross-section (Bennett, 1991: character

37):

0. round to subtriangular

1. inverted T-shape cross-section

172. Ischium ventral margin, shape 29:

0. straight

1. convex

173. Pubis and ischium contact, shape (Andres and Ji, 2008: character 107):

0. confluent along length

1. partially separated by oval opening

174. Prepubis, length relative to width (Unwin, 2004: character 49):

0. greater than width

1. less than or equal to width

175. Femur, shape (Unwin, 2003: character 59):

0. strongly bowed

1. straight

176. Proximal end of the femur, pneumatic foramen (Unwin, 1991: character 71): 45

0. absent

1. present

177. Greater trochanter, shape (Unwin, 1991: character 69): ordered

0. reduced

1. distinct process

2. anteriorly curved hook

178. Femur distal end, epicondyles size (Lü et al., 2009b: character 112):

0. reduced and confluent with distal condyles

1. expanded into distinct distal flanges

179. Femoral head, orientation relative to shaft (Unwin, 1991: character 90):

0. at most 145°

1. greater than 145°

180. Metatarsal IV, length relative to metatarsals I to III (Unwin, 1991: character 21):

0. subequal or longer

1. shorter

181. Pedal digit V, number of phalanges (Unwin, 1991: character 41): ordered

0. three

1. two

2. at most one

182. Pedal digit V second phalanx, shape (Unwin, 1991: character 4):

0. straight

1. curved