JOURNEY OF MAN

“Where do we all come from?” Today, some six billion people are spread across the planet. But there was a time – not so long ago-when the human species numbered only a few thousand and their world was single continent: .

Then something happened. A small group left their African homeland on a journey into an unknown, hostile world. Against impossible odds, these extraordinary explorers not only survived but went on to conquer the earth. Their story can finally be told through the science of . Dr. is part of a team that had been re-writing history. He has been disentangling this epic story from evidence all people carry with them – in their DNA – inherited from those ancient travelers.

Some important conclusions arise from this journey:

 The story of our DNA starts in the Kalahari Desert where the San Bushmen live. We go back 50,000 years from there.  80,000 year old bones were found in Die Kelders Cave in South Africa. We know that they had simple stone tools. It was the Middle Stone Age.  The group that left Africa arrived in Queensland, Australia. Evidence was found from rock paintings. Aborigines have song lines that say they are originally from Australia.  They arrived from along the coast of India. 50,000 years ago approx. 10% left Africa towards Australia through India.  45,000 years ago others struck out from Africa to the because of the Ice Age and drought.  Africa is the cradle of civilization, is its nursery. Our ancestors went through Central Asia 40,000 YA due to grazing animals (they honed their hunting skills and adapted to cold).  Caves in Southern France show the first to arrive in Europe: the Cro Magnon. They arrived from Africa 35,000 YA. They had a cold, dark life which explains lighter skin adaptations.  One nomadic group left Khazakstan (central Asia) straight northeast into the Ice Age. 13,000 YA they crossed an ice sheet into Alaska. These descendants of Siberia (10-20 individuals) made their way down the American west coast over 800 years.  Navaho indigenous people have their own Creation Story that say they are from the mountains. Yet they carry the same central Asian genetic marker as Niyazov from Kyrgystan.  -100 degrees F = -73 degrees C (-25 degrees F = -35 degrees C) The Journey of Man Viewing Guide

Directions: Please write your answer to the questions in the space provided. The questions go in order with the movie.

1. What is the time machine that is being used to go back in time?

2. What story does the scientist believe he has discovered?

3. What does DNA have to do with history?

4. What happened in the 1950s that allowed for the Journey of Man to be tracked?

5. Where does the scientist believe that humanity began?

6. What is the name of the people who live where the Journey of Man began?

7. How long ago does the scientist think the Journey of Man began?

8. How does the scientist explain his relationship with the San Bushmen?

9. What does the scientist say about the faces of the San Bushmen?

10. What is a mutation and why is it important to the scientist?

11. What is a DNA marker?

12. What is unique about genetic markers of the San Bushmen?

13. What is unique about how the San Bushmen speak?

14. What material did the San Bushmen use for arrow tips?

15. What were the advantages of the San Bushmen ancestors over their competitors?

16. What does the sharp edge of a hoof print tell about the animal who left it, and why was that such an important idea for the San Bushman ancestors to understand?

17. How are these advantages tied to language? 18. What does Spencer Wells learn about human development from the cave?

19. What happened 50,000 years ago to the people of the cave?

20. Where does human evidence turn up after Africa?

21. Why are Australian plants and animals so different those found in other parts of the world?

22. When do humans show up in Australia?

23. How does Spencer Wells believe people came to Australia?

24. What evidence does he have for how Africans came to Australia?

25. How do current Aborigines react to Spencer Wells assertion that they came from Africa?

26. Why is evidence of a coastal migration along so hard to find?

27. What kind of human group is Spencer Wells looking to test and why?

28. Why does Spencer Wells only sample men?

29. What does the change from “C” to “T” in the DNA sequence represent and what does the change in DNA sequence prove?

30. Why is the DNA evidence so important to figuring out how people got to Australia?

31. When you look at the face of the man in India, does he look like the Australians and San Bushmen?

32. The descendants of the people who migrated from Africa to Australia account for only 10% of the world’s population. Where did everyone else come from?

33. Why might the second migration wave from Africa have taken a different route? 34. Where do humans NOT go during the second wave? Why is it strange that they are not found there until much later?

35. What does the cave art tell us about the journey that early European’s may have made?

36. What kinds of physical and technological changes happened as early Europeans (Cro- Magnons) became European?

37. What is one reason that the migration to Europe went through Central Asia?

38. What does Spenser Wells mean in calling Africa the cradle of man and Central Asia the nursery?

39. Who is Nyasov and why is he important? How long has Nyazov’s family been in Central Asia?

40. What did the ancestors of today’s Native American’s have to endure to reach the Americas?

41. Who are the Chukchi and what physical/behavioural adaptations allow the Chukchi to live in the extreme conditions of the Arctic?

42. What animal and plant is vital to the survival of the Chukchi? 43. What was Beringia?

44. What caused the sea level change allowing arctic hunters into the Americas?

45. How many long ago did Native Americans arrive in North America?

46. How many people initially made the trip into the new world?

47. How long did it take the arctic ancestors to populate North and South America?

48. Which American Indian tribe is related to the Chukchi's of Siberia?

49. How long in total did it take human beings to reach the Americas from Africa?

50. Why might the narrator not be able to do this research 200 years from now?

Written Response Questions for The Journey of Man

Write a 500 – 1000 word personal response that addresses and/or answers any three below questions. In your response, use direct evidence, scenarios, examples, and cases to support your view. Include a word count at the bottom of the page.

1. What was most surprising about this film?

2. What is the thesis of this film? What is the film trying to prove/argue?

3. Why is DNA important evidence for this film?

4. Why is the man in Kazakhstan so important to the thesis of this film?

5. Do you agree with the evidence put forth in this film? Why or why not?

6. According to the film, why do people have darker skin, longer arms, lighter hair, etc?

7. Why is the trek of the Africans so unbelievable?

8. How might the information in this film change the way people treat each other?

9. How does genetics and biological evidence poise conflict with native creation stories?

10. How are we all African under our skin? The Journey of Man Viewing Guide (ANSWERS)

Directions: Please write your answer to the questions in the space provided. The questions go in order with the movie.

1. What is the time machine that is being used to go back in time? Blood (DNA) 2. What story does the scientist believe he has discovered? Shows a clear past or genetic family tree 3. What does DNA have to do with history? Tracts our genetic history 4. What happened in the 1950s that allowed for the Journey of Man to be tracked? Discovery of DNA and connection to human evloution 5. Where does the scientist believe that humanity began? Africa 6. What is the name of the people who live where the Journey of Man began? San Bushman 7. How long ago does the scientist think the Journey of Man began? 50 000 years 8. How does the scientist explain his relationship with the San Bushmen? All part of the same tribe (we are distantly related) 9. What does the scientist say about the faces of the San Bushmen? Resemble that of all homo sapiens 10. What is a mutation and why is it important to the scientist? Change in the DNA code, source of the time machine, passed onto next generations 11. What is a DNA marker? Inherited mutations (on Y chromosomes) 12. What is unique about genetic markers of the San Bushmen? Oldest branch 13. What is unique about how the San Bushmen speak? Clicks 14. What material did the San Bushmen use for arrow tips? Bone (new technology) 15. What were the advantages of the San Bushmen ancestors over their competitors? communication and hunting technology (tracking animals, bone weapons, using the past to predict the future) 16. What does the sharp edge of a hoof print tell about the animal who left it, and why was that such an important idea for the San Bushman ancestors to understand? Direction the animal traveled and time (tracking information) – find food instead of food finding them 17. How are these advantages tied to language? All human behaviour, burst of creativity allows us to do a lot of complex things (hunting, development of culture, technology, society etc…) 18. What does Spencer Wells learn about human development from the cave? These individuals did not have the imagination to use bone arrows and used stone tools instead (no need as fish was plenty) 19. What happened 50,000 years ago to the people of the cave? Environmental change (ice age trapped all the water and created a drought as the sea retreated and food levels declined) 20. Where does human evidence turn up after Africa? Australia 21. Why are Australian plants and animals so different those found in other parts of the world? First continent to separate from Pangaea (100 million years ago), animals & plants have evolved there in isolation BUT humans were migratents 22. When do humans show up in Australia? 40 000 to 50 000 years ago 23. How does Spencer Wells believe people came to Australia? Followed the southern coastline of Asia, 250 km of sea travel 24. What evidence does he have for how Africans came to Australia? Gene markers along India, SE Asia that is also found in Australia but not in Africa (missing link) 25. How do current Aborigines react to Spencer Wells assertion that they came from Africa? Poorly, as his evidence questions their world view (paradigm), history, religion, and understanding of the world (originated in Australia) 26. Why is evidence of a coastal migration along southern Africa so hard to find? Gene flow and genetic drift has shifted markers (inbreeding, isolation, and migration) 27. What kind of human group is Spencer Wells looking to test and why? An isolated and indigenous group 28. Why does Spencer Wells only sample men? that passes unchanged between man to man (markers remain) 29. What does the change from “C” to “T” in the DNA sequence represent and what does the change in DNA sequence prove? Mutation or genetic marker that is the missing link between the African ancestor via India to Australia (200 generations) 30. Why is the DNA evidence so important to figuring out how people got to Australia? No other evidence (fossil, archeological, historical) 31. When you look at the face of the man in India, does he look like the Australians and San Bushmen? In between the two cultures 32. The descendants of the people who migrated from Africa to Australia account for only 10% of the world’s population. Where did everyone else come from? Africa to the Middle East (45 000 years) due to the Ice Age 33. Why might the second migration wave from Africa have taken a different route? Drought due to the Ice Age in the North (Europe) which caused animals to move and they followed their prey into Asia (China) 34. Where do humans NOT go during the second wave? Why is it strange that they are not found there until much later? Europe (not until 35 000 years or 10 000 years later) Africa to India to Australia, then Africa to India, then Africa to Middle East to Asia, Middle East to Europe 35. What does the cave art tell us about the journey that early European’s may have made? Post cards through the Ice Age. How they followed animals from Middle East 36. What kinds of physical and technological changes happened as early Europeans (Cro- Magnons) became European? Physical- Tall to shorter bodies, paler skin (lighter hair colour) to absorb more Vitamin D, shorter limbs, sweat less, nose shape became narrow Technological- clothes, housing (shelter) 37. What is one reason that the migration to Europe went through Central Asia? Massive climate change. The drought and ice age lead to open grasslands where large prey animals roamed and the tribes followed them. 38. What does Spenser Wells mean in calling Africa the cradle of man and Central Asia the nursery? Humans originated in Africa but most cultures arose out of the humans found in Asia 39. Who is Nyasov and why is he important? How long has Nyazov’s family been in Central Asia? Part of the tribe that remained in Central Asia (first people to leave Africa). Source of an ancient marker found in most American, European, and Asian populations. 2000 generations or 40 000 years. 40. What did the ancestors of today’s Native American’s have to endure to reach the Americas? 20 000 years ago they followed prey up north during the coldest part of the Ice Age. 41. Who are the Chukchi and what physical/behavioural adaptations allow the Chukchi to live in the extreme conditions of the Arctic? Survivors of the great migration into the Americas. Short trunk, short limbs, decreased surface area to retain heat plus they are very physically active to produce heat (eat high protein reindeer and drink all the time) and live in small, migrating tribes. 42. What animal and plant is vital to the survival of the Chukchi? Reindeer and lichen 43. What was Beringia? The major landmass (Bridge) the ancestors of Native Americans had to travel across to reach North America 44. What caused the sea level change allowing arctic hunters into the Americas? The ice age gave way to the Bering Strait Landmass 45. How many long ago did Native Americans arrive in North America? 13,000 years ago 46. How many people initially made the trip into the new world? 10 - 20 at most 47. How long did it take the arctic ancestors to populate North and South America? 800 years 48. Which American Indian tribe is related to the Chukchi's of Siberia? The Navajos of Canyon de Chelly in Arizona (migration stories were part of their world view) 49. How long in total did it take human beings to reach the Americas from Africa? 35 000 years 50. Why might the narrator not be able to do this research 200 years from now? Move migration (gene flow) due to globalization. As a result isolated gene pools (gene marks) are blending with other populations so the marker will be lost. Journey of Man (Video Points) Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OV6A8oGtPc4&feature=player_embedded  Questions 1 to 6

Part 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybji0axp6s0&feature=player_embedded  Questions 7 to 13

Part 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nry--3jtf8M&feature=player_embedded  Questions 14 to 18

Part 4: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RY1oNQUpjs&feature=player_embedded  Questions 19 to 24

Part 5: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0m2-RwYXkWg&feature=player_embedded  Questions 25 to 28

Part 6: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0QDrODnN6g&feature=player_embedded  Questions 29 to 31

Part 7: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMzaQhqHYnM&feature=player_embedded  Questions 32 to 36

Part 8: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhZ7zaT5hvU&feature=player_embedded  Questions 37 to 38

Part 9: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QV3Ws7pyJUI&feature=player_embedded  Questions 39 to 41

Part 10: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNlvzhfQex0&feature=player_embedded  Questions 42 to 45

Part 11: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KzroCQVDoI&feature=player_embedded  Questions 46 to 49

Part 12: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jl-bnnES42U&feature=player_embedded  Question 50

Part 13: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AT6XsVnuz6o&feature=player_embedded Written Response Questions for The Journey of Man

Write a 500 – 1000 word personal response that addresses and/or answers any three below questions. In your response, use direct evidence, scenarios, examples, and cases to support your view. Include a word count at the bottom of the page.

1. What was most surprising about this film?

2. What is the thesis of this film? What is the film trying to prove/argue?

3. Why is DNA important evidence for this film?

4. Why is the man in Kazakhstan so important to the thesis of this film?

5. Do you agree with the evidence put forth in this film? Why or why not?

6. According to the film, why do people have darker skin, longer arms, lighter hair, etc?

7. Why is the trek of the Africans so unbelievable?

8. How might the information in this film change the way people treat each other?

9. How does genetics and biological evidence poise conflict with native creation stories?

10. How are we all African under our skin? Marking Rubric

Marks Criteria 10  Included word count (500 to 100)  Answered three questions great comprehension and detail from the video.  Used direct examples, evidence, scenarios, and cases to illustrate their points.  Minimal grammar and spelling mistakes

8  Included word count (500 to 100)  Answered three questions with some comprehension and detail from the video.  Used a few direct examples, evidence, scenarios, and cases to illustrate their points.  Minimal grammar and spelling mistakes

6  Included word count (500 to 100)  Answered two questions with some comprehension and detail from the video.  Used a few direct examples, evidence, scenarios, and cases to illustrate their points.  Minimal grammar and spelling mistakes

4  Answered two questions with minimal comprehension and detail from the video.  Did not use a direct examples, evidence, scenarios, and cases to illustrate their points.  Minimal grammar and spelling mistakes  No word count included

2  Answered one question with minimal comprehension and detail from the video.  Did not use a direct examples, evidence, scenarios, and cases to illustrate their points.  Minimal grammar and spelling mistakes  No word count included

INC  Incomplete Geological & Evolution Timeline

Explosion “Big Earth’s Eurkayotes End of Hominid of Life Bang” Crust Dinosaur & Human (Water & Forms Age Evolution Land)

13.7 4.5 4.0 3.5 2.0 1.2 0.5 230 65 6 200 000 Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion Billion Million Million Million Present Years Years Years Years Years Years Years Years Years Years Years

Formation First Cells Multicellular Beginning Split from of Solar Photosynthesis Organisms of Chimpanzees System Dinosaur Age Hominid Evolution:

Homo erectus Australopithecus Paranthropus boisei afarensis ASIA “Lucy” “Java Man” 2.0 Million Years Ethiopia 1.0 Million Years 3.5 Million Years

(Jungle to Grasslands) Specialist (Herbivore) Standing Eyes Forward 1st to Leave Africa Homo No Tail neanderthalensis Larger Bodies Homo habilis Complex Speech Kenya EUROPE 2.5 Million Years 0.4 Million to 40 000 Years (Drought due to Ice Age) Larger Brains Ate More Meat nd First Stone Tools Homo ergaster 2 to Leave Africa Kenya 2.0 Million Years

Homo heidelbergensis Less Body Hair Africa Cooperation btw Males & Females 0.8 Million Years Complex Bonding Fire

Larger Brains More Advanced Tools Drought Ice Age 70 000 YA

Homo sapiens Haplogroup N, C, A Mitochondial DNA AFRICA 0.2 Million to Present Australia India 10 000 individuals 40 000 YA 50 000 YA 10% Shelter Cro-magnon Modern Behaviours Art in Caves Jewelry Painting Caves Musical Instruments Europe Asia 15 000 YA Funeral Customs 30 000 YA Religion 90% Trade 13 000YA Abstract Thought Advanced Language Haplogroup X, I Culture Americas 10 000 YA 20 individuals Homo sapiens Evolution: 1st Migration Wave (Environmental Change ~ Ice Age) Africa Australia 10% (60 000 Years) 10 000 Individuals (50 000 Years)

North America 2nd Migration Wave (40 000) (15 000 Years) Isolation (Drought due to Ice Age) Asia (10-20 Indivduals) Founder’s Effect (20 000 Years) South America Europe (10 000 Years) (35 000 Years) Followed Prey Divergence Interbreed with Neanderthals