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W. Dilthey As an Expert Historian

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W. Dilthey As an Expert Historian SHS Web of Conferences 28, 01044 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/shsconf/20162801044 RPTSS 2015 W. Dilthey as an Expert Historian Irina Guryeva1,a, Olga Mazayeva2, and Margarita Kruglikovai1 1Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Lenin Avenue, 30, Tomsk, Russia 2Tomsk State University, 634050 Lenin Avenue, 36, Tomsk, Russia Abstract. The work is devoted to the analysis of W.Dilthey’s (1833-1911) heritage as a practical historian. There is a need for a deeper understanding of his views on the human studies in general. The purpose of this work is the analysis of concrete historical works of Dilthey in their interrelation with his theoretical and methodological views. According to the paper purpose, the tasks of the research are: to examine the main features of Dilthey’s theoretical and methodological views in their evolution; to observe the philosophical foundation of his works; to describe and to interpret the way he constructs historical reality in his works about Renaissance, the Reformation, the Enlightenment. The object of this paper is connection and interrelation of theoretical and practical works of Dilthey.. Introduction field of cultural, state, ethnical history. He is revealed as an expert historian, who created impressive performance Wilhelm Dilthey, the outstanding German philosopher of the largest historical epochs - the Renaissance, the and historian (1833-1911), had a significant influence on Reformation, the Enlightenment. Almost throughout his the development of human studies in the 20th century. life he retained an interest in such work. Critics point out His impact is distributed over a wide area from the the richness and depth of his concrete historical works. philosophy and methodology of history to special He is characterized as a historian of great subtlety, studies. It is worth mentioning Dilthey’s contribution not versatility and erudition. Nevertheless, this aspect of his only to philosophy but also to history, psychology, work is still not properly studied. sociology, anthropology and literary criticisms. That is why the purpose of this work is the analysis The main feature of his approach is to ground the of concrete historical works by Dilthey in the own nature of human studies “in the living reality”. interrelation with his theoretical and methodological Dilthey emphasized the need to develop the views. According to the work purpose, the tasks of the methodology of the human knowledge so that its domain work are to analyse the main features of theoretical and is not subsumed by the natural sciences and it can methodological views of Dilthey in their evolution; to develop its own models of explanation. According to his describe and to interpret the way he constructed opinion humanities differ from sciences in their subject historical reality in his works on the Renaissance, the and methodology, but, at the same time, they provide Reformation and the Enlightenment. objective and relevant knowledge. They should have The object of this paper is: connection and their theoretical basis and methodology. That is why the interrelation of theoretical and practical works by hub of his work was his philosophy of the human studies Dilthey. The subject is: the characteristic features of – that was his attempt to provide theoretical foundation connection and interrelation of theoretical and practical for the methodology of the disciplines concerning human works by Dilthey. beings. Therefore, in accordance with the so-called “anthropological turn” in the second half of the 20th Methods and historiography of the century, his work is directly relevant to discussions about the place, status, functions, and limits of human problem studies. Now the recognition of his importance is growing. The evidence of renewed interest calls for a The methodological basis of this work is the critical assessment and provides the material for it. comparative-historical method aimed at mapping of However, Dilthey is known not only as a philosopher historical principles enunciated by Dilthey in his of history. All his life he worked as a practical historian theoretical and methodological works, with his concrete of ideas, pioneering intellectual biography as his special historical studies. The narrative, historical-literary, field. He had vast experience in practical research in the a Corresponding author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). SHS Web of Conferences 28, 01044 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/shsconf/20162801044 RPTSS 2015 explanatory methods, as well as elements of also to differ from the natural science. Dilthey was hermeneutical analysis also are used. convinced that the human studies could fulfill their Historiography of the problem: there is a huge potential only if they were placed on a secure theoretical number of researches devoted to Dilthey. Among the foundation rooted in experience “avoiding both the authors who had written about him there are outstanding Scylla of metaphysical speculation and the Charybdis of philosophers, such as Rickert, Aron [1], Gadamer [2], naturalistic positivism” as M. Ermarth mentioned [5]. So historians like E. Trelch. A number of papers provide a Dilthey designated his project as a “Critique of complex analysis of his scientific work. The books by O. Historical Reason”. In his view, only such a critical von Bollnow, M. Rickman and M. Ermarth are worth founding of the human studies could provide man with mentioning.`3,4,5] There are also a lot of papers devoted the certainty of valid knowledge and to face the to particular aspects of his studies.[6] However only in a unprecedented tasks of the future. few works his historical heritage is overviewed. Usually What is the basis of Dilthey’s foundation of human it is done very fragmentary. Nevertheless, the study and studies? As it was said, it is life experience of people. analysis of its heritage as that of a practical historian are What is the way to examined it from history? According necessary for understanding his views on the human to Dilthey, the historian directs his attention to on the studies in general. thoughts, feelings and aspirations of human beings, not only to great politics and economy events. So, understanding of what goes in other people’s minds Results and discussion becomes a central feature of humanitarian research. But how could a modern historian enter into the mind of Dilthey’s conception of historical knowledge ancient people and appreciate their outlook and motives? Possibility of understanding of other people is based on W. Dilthey was both a philosopher and a historian. their common human nature. Dilthey emphasized Being the philosopher, he belonged to the “Life specific character of humanities contained that the Philosophy” direction, as like Niezsche, Bergson and person acting in the history and the one studying history others.[7] But in opposition to anti-historicism of are identical by their nature. Therefore the object and Niezsche, his understanding of life is very close to subject of historical knowledge coincide. That is the history. On the one hand, he emphasized, "Life and life difference between humanitarian knowledge and natural experience are a perennial spring of understanding of the sciences. A fundamental element, based on which socio-historical world" [8]. On the other hand, he society and history develops, is the person - claimed, “The history is the life understood from the psychophysical unity - as Dilthey called it. As the acting point of view of all mankind” [9]. To understand the and learning subject in history are identical, we can meaning of history in its concept, it is necessary to understand another person "from within." It is possible consider his educational background. During his because of the community of our interests, feelings, formation as a scientist he was closely connected with desires, aspirations based on living experience. They German historical school whose vies are usually take only various forms depending on historical period, described as historism. Dilthey had attended the lectures but are inherently identical. That is why the most of Leopold von Ranke whom he greatly admired. Some relevant method of understanding other people is principles of historism are noncontroversil till emotional experience (Erlebnis) and emphaty. To deal nowadays. They are for example the methods of working with another person, it is also necessary to understand with different sources from state papers to letters and ourselves therefore the introspection is also used. In this memoirs. The most meaningful idea of historism is that case the fundamentals of humanitarian methodology at all historical phenomena like law, religion, state, this period Dilthey considered descriptive psychology. morality are subjects of historical change. As M. Exactly the psychology opens internal structures of the a Rickman notes, “This, in turn, meant that it was human being person and describes them him. impossible to apply external standard to history and to However, later this approach based on introspection judge different periods in general terms. As Ranke put it, and emotional experience was reconsidered. It raised all ages are equally near to God” [4]. However, agreeing doubts in the relevance and reliability. That is why with many of the aims and methods of historism, Dilthey Dilthey might have clarified and systematized his views thought it lacked philosophical foundations. He wrote, on methodology of human studies. That these questions “However, even today the Historical School has not yet were on his mind in the last years of his life. succeeded in breaking through the inner limits which He envisaged the project of «a Critique of historical have necessarily inhibited its theoretical development reason» in other way. Now it is history that becomes the and its influence on life. Its study and evaluation of basis for understanding. The concept of life is not only historical phenomena remain unconnected with the closed but almost identical to history.
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