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FROM UTILITARIAN HORSES to FAMILIAL DOGS the Increasingly Deliberate Use of Companion Animals in American Post-Presidential Autobiographies

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FROM UTILITARIAN HORSES to FAMILIAL DOGS the Increasingly Deliberate Use of Companion Animals in American Post-Presidential Autobiographies Nicolas Kivilinna FROM UTILITARIAN HORSES TO FAMILIAL DOGS The Increasingly Deliberate Use of Companion Animals in American Post-Presidential Autobiographies Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences Master’s Thesis November 2020 ABSTRACT Nicolas Kivilinna: From Utilitarian Horses to Familial Dogs: The Increasingly Deliberate Use of Companion Animals in American Post-Presidential Autobiographies Master’s Thesis Tampere University Master's Programme in English Language and Literature November 2020 In response to the traditional scarcity and recent growing demand of academic attention to both animals in politics and American post-presidential autobiography, my thesis examines the increasingly deliberate use of companion animals in post-presidential autobiographies of former American presidents. As there is little existing scholarly literature on this precise angle, I construct in my thesis a theoretical framework from several academic fields, including political science, literary studies, socio-cultural studies, and demography. I first define political autobiography as a complex and contradictory type of literature that requires a variety of perspectives to be studied. Next, I discuss the importance of companion animals in the United States and why especially horses and dogs can be expected to be put to politically significant use in my primary texts. My theory chapters are followed by a close analysis and categorization of companion animal portrayals in the primary texts and an explanatory chapter of why these depictions occur the way they do. As a result, my thesis demonstrates that the use of companion animals in post-presidential autobiographies is increasingly deliberate and that the primary texts can be categorized into distinct eras based on how prominently horses and dogs are represented and whether this is carried out in a utilitarian or familial manner. My thesis also demonstrates that these systematic portrayals occur as a response to several factors, namely the politician-authors appealing to changing majority demographics, beneficial attributes of companion animals being bestowed upon the authors, and literary-technical considerations. Keywords: American presidents, political autobiography, politics of the United States, companion animals, animal representations, literature, writing The originality of this thesis has been checked using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service. TIIVISTELMÄ Nicolas Kivilinna: From Utilitarian Horses to Familial Dogs: The Increasingly Deliberate Use of Companion Animals in American Post-Presidential Autobiographies Pro gradu -tutkielma Tampereen yliopisto Englannin kielen ja kirjallisuuden maisteriohjelma Marraskuu 2020 Eläimet politiikassa sekä amerikkalaiset presidenttiyden jälkeiset omaelämäkerrat ovat perinteisesti jääneet vähäiselle akateemiselle huomiolle. Viime vuosina kiinnostus aiheita kohtaan on kuitenkin kasvanut, joten tutkielmani täyttää tätä tutkimusaukkoa tarkastelemalla lemmikki- ja kotieläinten käyttöä amerikkalaisten presidenttien presidenttiyden jälkeisissä omaelämäkerroissa. Koska aiheesta on niukalti tieteellistä kirjallisuutta, rakennan teoreettista viitekehystä yhdistelemällä tutkimusta useilta aloilta, muun muassa politiikan tutkimuksesta, kirjallisuustieteestä, sosiaalitieteestä ja väestötieteestä. Tutkielmani alussa tarkastelen poliittista omaelämäkertaa kirjallisuuden lajina ja tutkimuksen kohteena. Seuraavaksi käsittelen lemmikki- ja kotieläinten tärkeää roolia Yhdysvalloissa ja osoitan, kuinka erityisesti hevosia ja koiria voidaan odottaa käytettävän poliittisesti merkittävässä tarkoituksessa kohdeteksteissäni. Teorialukuja seuraa teksteissä esiintyvien lemmikki- ja kotieläinten representaatioiden analyysi ja kategorisointi sekä näitä selittävä luku. Graduni osoittaa, että lemmikki- ja kotieläinten käyttö presidenttiyden jälkeisissä omaelämäkerroissa on lisääntyvissä määrin tarkoituksellista. Kohdeteokset voidaan jakaa eri aikakausiin sen perusteella, miten keskeisessä roolissa hevoset ja koirat esitetään niissä, sekä sen mukaan esitetäänkö ne käytäntöä vai perhettä korostavasta näkökulmasta. Tutkielmani osoittaa myös, että nämä systemaattiset esitykset syntyvät useiden tekijöiden vaikutuksesta. Näitä ovat poliitikko-kirjailijoiden vetoaminen muuttuviin väestöenemmistöihin, lemmikki- ja kotieläinten hyödyllisten ominaisuuksien liittäminen itse kirjailijoihin sekä kirjoitustekniset seikat. Avainsanat: Yhdysvaltain presidentit, poliittinen omaelämäkerta, Yhdysvaltain politiikka, lemmikki- ja kotieläimet, eläinten representaatiot, kirjallisuus, kirjoittaminen Tämän julkaisun alkuperäisyys on tarkastettu Turnitin OriginalityCheck -ohjelmalla. Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. On Political Autobiography ........................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Definitions and contradictions of political autobiography ..................................................................... 4 2.2. Why study political autobiography ......................................................................................................... 9 2.3. How to study political autobiography .................................................................................................. 12 2.4. On the primary texts ............................................................................................................................. 15 3. On Animals in American Politics and Society ............................................................................................ 18 3.1. Animals in American politics ............................................................................................................... 19 3.2. “Pure” animals contrasting with “dirty” politics .................................................................................. 21 3.3. Horses and dogs as unique companion animals ................................................................................... 24 3.4. Why study animals in post-presidential autobiographies? ................................................................... 27 4. From a Utilitarian Era to a Familial Era ...................................................................................................... 30 4.1. Utilitarian Era ....................................................................................................................................... 32 4.2. Familial Era .......................................................................................................................................... 36 4.3. Hybrid Era ............................................................................................................................................ 38 4.3.1. Utilitarian and Familial simultaneously......................................................................................... 39 4.3.2. Neither Utilitarian nor Familial ..................................................................................................... 41 4.3.3. Horsemen and horse individuals .................................................................................................... 45 4.3.4. Seemingly familial dog owners ..................................................................................................... 51 5. Why Companion Animals Are Portrayed the Way They Are ..................................................................... 55 5.1. Normalcy and relatability for demographic majorities ......................................................................... 55 5.1.1. Rural versus urban habitation ........................................................................................................ 58 5.1.2. Companion animal ownership ....................................................................................................... 60 5.1.3. Women’s suffrage.......................................................................................................................... 63 5.2. Beneficial attributes .............................................................................................................................. 68 5.2.1. Real-life attributes ......................................................................................................................... 68 5.2.2. Literary attributes .......................................................................................................................... 71 5.3. Technical aspects of writing ................................................................................................................. 76 5.3.1. Negative clichés ............................................................................................................................. 77 5.3.2. Readability for the casual reader ................................................................................................... 80 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 85 Works cited ...................................................................................................................................................... 88 Primary texts ...............................................................................................................................................
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