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Comercio Y Cultura En La Edad Moderna

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Comercio Y Cultura En La Edad Moderna Juan José Iglesias Rodríguez Rafael M. Pérez García Manuel F. Fernández Chaves (eds.) COMERCIO Y CULTURA EN LA EDAD MODERNA Contiene los textos de las comunicaciones de la XIII Reunión Científica de la Fundación Española de Historia Moderna EDITORIAL UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA COMERCIO Y CULTURA EN LA EDAD MODERNA Juan José Iglesias Rodríguez Rafael M. Pérez GarcÍa Manuel F. Fernández Chaves (eds.) COMERCIO Y CULTURA EN LA EDAD MODERNA COMUNICACIONES DE LA XIII REUNIÓN CIENTÍFICA DE LA FUNDACIÓN ESPANOLA DE HISTORIA MODERNA ~~SIO"'C Íl~)eus Editorial Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla 2015 Serie: Historia y Geografia NÚlll.: 291 COMrrÉ EDITORIAL: Antonio Caballos Rufino (Director de la Editorial Universidad de Sevilla) Eduardo FerreJ" Albelda (Subdirector) Mannel Espejo y Lerdo de Tejada Jnan José Iglesias Rodríguez Jnan Jim.énez-Castellanos Ballesteros Isabel López Calderón Jnan Montero Delgado Lourdes Mlmduate Jaca Jaime Navarro Casas M'- del Pópulo Pablo-Romero Gil-Delgado Adoracióu Rueda Rueda Rosario Villegas Sánchez Reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de este libro pue­ de reprodllCirse o transmitirse por ningún procedimiento electrónico o mecánico, incluyendo fotocopia, grabación magnética o cualquier alma­ cenamiento de infonnación y sistema de recuperación, sin penniso escrito de la Editorial Universidad de Sevilla. Obra editada en colaboración con la Fundación Espal.iola de Historia Modema Motivo de cubierta: Vista de Sevilla el! el siglo xn, por A. Sánchez Coello o Editorial Universidad de Sevilla 2015 CI POIVenir. 27 - 41013 Sevilla. Tlfs.: 954 487 447; 954 487 451; Fax: 954 487 443 Correo electrónico: [email protected] Web: <hllp://www.editoria1.us.es> o POR LOS TEXTOS, SUS AUTORES 2015 O JUAN JOSÉ IGLESIAS RODRÍGUEZ, RAFAEL M. PÉREZ GARCÍA Y MANUEL F. FERNÁNDEZ CHAVES (EDS.) 2015 Las comunicaciones presentadas en la XIII Reunióu Científica de la Fi.Ul­ dación Espal.iola de Historia Moderna e incluidas en fonnato digital en la presente obra han sido sometidas a la evaluación de dos expertos, por el sistema de doble ciego, según el protocolo establecido por el comité organizador del congreso. Impreso en papel ecológico Impreso en España-Printed in Spain ISBN: 978-84-472-1746-5 Depósito Legal: SE 929-2015 Impresión: Kadmos COMITÉ C1EI'o'TIFICO DEL CONGRESO Marí~ de los Ángeles Pérez Samper Eliseo SeIT~no Martín Mónica Bolufer Peruga Virgina León Sanz Francisco Fernández Izquierdo Félix Labrador Arroyo Isidro Dubert Gucía Francisco García González Miguel Luis López-Guadalupe Muñoz M~ría José Pérez Álvarez COMIIT ORGANIZADOR DEL CONGRESO Juan José Iglesias Rodríguez (director de la XIII Reunión Científica) Francisco Núñez Roldán Carlos Alberto González Sánchez Juan Ignacio Carmona G-arcía Mercedes Gamero Rojas Jo!:lé Antonio Ollero Pina José Jaime García Bernal Fernando Javier Campese G~llego Raf~el M. Pérez García (secretaría científica) Antonio González Polvillo Manuel F. F ernández Chaves (secretaría ejecutiva) Clara Bejarano Pellicer MERCADERES DE MOMIAS. EL MITO DE LA MUMIA EGIPCIA EN EL CONTEXTO COMERCIAL DE LA EDAD MODERNA MERCHANTS üF MUMMIES. THE MYTH üF EGYPTIAN IN THE COMMERCIAL CONTEXT OF THE EARLY MODERN AGE EUSABIITH GARCIA MARRASÉ Museu Egipci de Barce/Q/Ul Resumen: El interés que el antiguo Egipto suscitó en la Europa modernl1 se trndujo en la recepción del mito egipcio a través de un discurso egtptiMnte articulado en diversos emnpos (historiognífico, geneulógico, jeroglífico, médico, farmacopéico). De los dos últimos forma parte b. vertiente más exótica del mito egipcio: la reb.tivl1 a b.s momil1s. En el seno de un imaginario donde la momifi­ Cllción propiciaba un halo mitificador, debemos situar las momias egipcias en el contexto comercial de los siglos modernos. Lll Monarquía espl1ñola no fue ajena a este irnl1ginario. Médicos del círculo de Felipe 11 --como Andrés de LagumJ.- se mostruron afines a b. creencia que las momias podúl.ll curar a los vivos. Algunas prescripciones incluúl.ll remedios elaborados a partir de cuerpos embalsamados, no exentas de un canlcter mágico y que eran el resultado de lo que en el siglo I habían elogiado Dioscórides --cuya versión castellana del Materia medial se debe a Laguna-, o Plinio el Viejo, uno y otro glosadores de b.s virtudes terapéuticas del betún, producto natural de Persia conocido como mumia. lA confusión vino dada porque en el antiguo Egipto el cuerpo de los finados en. untado durante el proceso de momificación con resinas y aceites que tomaban, una vez desecados, el aspecto del betún natural. Cuando las fuentes de esta sustancia empezuron a escaseur, los aceites resecos de b.s aparentemente inagotables momias pasaron a reempb.zarlo, lo que motivó no sólo la sustitu­ ción del término egipcio sah (•.:momia,.) por el persa miím, sino su conversión (al menos desde el siglo XI) en un preciado producto comercial y, por ende, el surgimiento de un mercadeo de momias que las lIevuría hasta los apotecarios europeos, a menudo troceadus o en polvo, y no siempre auténticas. La demanda alcanzó cotas tan considerables que las autoridades del Egipto otomano prohi­ bieron b. salida de momias del país, aunque su comercio prosiguió por vÍll del contrabando. Palabras cla"e: Mito egipcio; mumia; comercio de momias; medicina y farmacopea modernas. 1006 ELISABETH GARClA MARRASÉ A1-.. Egip<i tk &rMon4 Abstr:lCt: The interest that Ancient Egypt raised in Early Modero Europe was cOlweyed by the reception of the Egyptian myth through lln Eg)'ptist'ng discourse uticulated in severul arellS (historiogruphy, genealogy, hieroglyph, medicine, phannacopoeia). Probably the mast exotic aspect of the lalter two ueas (medicine and pharmllcopoeia), is the world ofmummies. Within lln ima­ ginary where mummifiClltion hlld II mystifying-halo we must 10Cllte Egyptian mummies in the commercial context of Early Modero centuries. The Spllnish Monarchy was involved in this imaginary. Andrés de Laguna and other distin­ guished doctors of the royal retinue of king Philip 11 thought that mummies could helll the living ones. Por this reason, some mediCllI prescriptions included remedies made from embalmed boches. These remedies had II magical charuc­ ter an originated in the theories of Dioscorides (Lagunll's Spanish version of Materia Medica WllS published in 1555), and Pliny the Elder, both classiCllI lluthors that glassed the therapeutic properties of bitumen, II natural product from Persill known as mumia. During the mummification process, Egyptians used resins and oils. Vlhen dried, these ointments gained the aspect of nlltu­ ral bitumen. So when the natural sources of bitumen became scarce the dried oils ofthe apparently endless mummies replaced the original bitumen, and this eventulllly caused not only the replacement of Egyptilln word sah (~mummy") by the Persian one miím, but also its conversion (at least since the 11th century) in a valuable commercial product and the emergence of a mummy trade that brought mummies to be sold to European apothecaries -not always relll mum­ mies, but usually cuted up into pieces or powdered. Its demand reached such heights that Ottoman authorities ofEgypt forbid its exportation, although this kind of trade continued by mellns ofcontrabllnd. Keywords: Egyptian Myth in Renllissance; mumia; mummy trade; Early Modero Medicine and Phllnnacopoeia. EN BUSCA DE LA "VERDADERA" MUMLA n el Imbenftln'o re(ú de los biem.5" que se IUlI/(lrOn en el gu(lrdqjo)'(18 del ERry 1JJn Phelippe Segundo hay registnida «una caxuela de cuero colo­ nido con dos brinquiños de bidrio y dentro un licor que se cree de bálsamo orient:l.l»,junto a «otra caxuela de cuero negro y dentro de ella un brinquiño de bidrio con bálsamo oriental,., y aún «una redomita pequeña de bidrio con bálsamo oriental, que la falta un pOCO,.l. Resulta inevitable dibujar una sonri­ sa al comprobar la precisión con la que el escribano anotó tales pertenencias del rey Prudente, apostillando que la redomita no estaba del todo llena. El poco que había en ella, junto al que quedaba en los brinquiños, era un tipo de 1. Francisco J. S:ínchez Cantón, Im:entanOs reales. Bienes muebles ,!ue pertenecieron II Fdipe 1" enA,..f¡iw Documental Esplliíol, t. XI, vol. 11, Madrid, Real Academia de la His­ toria, 1956-1959, p.146. MERCADERES DE MOMIAS. EL MITO DE LA MUMIA EGIPCIA EN ELCONlEXTO COMERCIAL DE LA EDAD MODERNA 1007 resina, el bd/.mmo o,..ienltJ!, ¿Por qué una resina debería guardarse con tanto esmero? La fascinación por las momias centra parte del discurso egiptiz(Jnte arti­ 2 culado en época moderna, tanto por su capacidad de personificar lo etern0 , como por sus excelsas propiedades terapéuticas y curativas, La segunda atri­ bución vino motivada por una confusión que equiparaba las resinas empleadas en la momificación practicada en el antiguo Egipto, con una sustancia bitu­ minosa procedente de Persia, el mitm (<<cera"p, Se trataba de un bálsamo o resina blanda que, a su vez, actuaba de sucedáneo del Bitumen Iudtlicum, recurso natural abundante en el Próximo Oriente antiguo que había agotado sus existencias al tratarse de un remedio muy aconsejado por la medicina clá­ 4 sica de Galeno y Dioscórides , De ahí que mum y S(Út (término egipcio que designaba al cuerpo embalsamado) se asimilaran: si ambos presentaban una tonalidad oscura y cérea, por ende deberían tener las mismas propiedades y podrían recibir el mismo nombré, Lo siguiente fue convertir la voz mumia 6 en equivalente de carne de cadáver reducida a fragmentos o polvo ; divulgar su conocimiento con una teoría y praxis médica que aunaba lo ct'entijico y lo J1I(ígt'co; irradiar su consumo en Occidente gracias a un comercio intenso pero inherente al delicado equilibrio mediterráneo; y todo ello hasta situar la mumia en el seno de la fanTIacología europea, desde el siglo XI hasta el X)(7, 2. «Quiriendo los Egypcios dex.tlr memoria de sí y de sus hechos, no solo trabajaron en edificar obras heroicas.
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