DOCSLIB.ORG

The Long Reformation of the Dead in Scotland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Long Reformation of the Dead in Scotland Durham E-Theses The Long Reformation of the Dead in Scotland RAEBURN, GORDON,DAVID How to cite: RAEBURN, GORDON,DAVID (2012) The Long Reformation of the Dead in Scotland, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6926/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk THE LONG REFORMATION OF THE DEAD IN SCOTLAND Submitted by Gordon David Raeburn Department of Theology and Religion, Durham University For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2012 1 Gordon David Raeburn The Long Reformation of the Dead in Scotland Abstract This thesis argues that, although attempts were initially made at the Reformation of 1560 to reform Scottish burial practices, and thereafter further attempts were made fairly consistently throughout the following decades and centuries, it was actually not until the Disruption of 1843 and subsequent events that there was any true measure of success in the reform of Scottish burial practices. Prior to the Reformation Scotland was a Catholic nation, although in terms of burial practices it was somewhat different to other Catholic countries. This individuality of burial practice was to continue throughout the three centuries covered by this thesis. Following the Reformation attempts were made by the various Kirk authorities throughout Scotland to reform burial practice along Protestant lines. These attempts were largely uniform throughout Scotland, although certain regional variations existed, for instance attempts made to ban practices such as the coronach in the Highlands and Islands. Some of these attempts were successful, others were less so. Additionally, reforms aimed at the lower social orders were more successful, on the whole, than those aimed at the upper classes, as the upper classes could afford to pay nominal fines after a breach of the rules concerning burial. However, over the period the goals of the early reformers to ensure that in death all were seen to be equal, regardless of class or social status, and the removal of practices deemed to be superstitious or intercessory, were more or less ignored. By the time of the Disruption burial practice in Scotland was barely related to the ideals of Knox and the other early Scottish reformers. However, with the expulsion of the Free Church of Scotland from the Kirk owned burial grounds, new locations had to be sought. These were ultimately found in the newly opened public cemeteries. These were locations set aside for burial alone, and were not consecrated, two of the core ideals of the early Scottish reformers. Additionally, there were no graveside sermons and no attempts at intercession on behalf of the dead. Finally, after three centuries, at least one group of Scottish Presbyterians had almost fully embraced the reformation of the dead. 2 Contents List of Illustrations 5 Statement of Copyright 6 Acknowledgments 7 Chapter One: Introduction 8 Aims 8 Methodology 10 Historiography 13 Chapter Summaries 18 Chapter Two: Pre-Reformation Scotland 22 The Funeral of James V 22 Masses for the Dead and other Intercessory Acts 24 Burial in Pre-Reformation Scotland 30 The Order of the Burial Service in Catholic Europe 32 Burial and Rites of Passage 33 The Cost of Death 35 The Ars Moriendi and Good and Bad Deaths in Scotland 39 The Scottish Protestant Martyrs 41 Conclusion 43 Chapter Three: Reformation Scotland 45 Writing Death in the Scottish Reformation 46 The forme of prayers and ministration of the Sacraments 47 The Doctrine and Discipline of the Kirke of Scotland 49 Burial, the Resurrection, and Reforming Rites of Passage 52 Ninian Winzet and the Reformation of Burial 54 Continuing Adherence to Intra-Mural Burial 58 The Development of Burial Aisles 71 Conclusion 78 Chapter Four: Continuity and Change in Reformation Scotland 81 To Remain Catholic or Adopt the New Practices? 81 The Transportation of Corpses 87 The Burial of the Executed 99 Conclusion 97 Chapter Five: Memory and Grief in Post-Reformation Scotland 99 The Presence of Emotions at Funerals 99 The Scottish Lowlands 100 Highland Scotland 103 Ritual vs. Spontaneous Grief 109 John 11:35 and the Reformation 112 Monuments and Tombs 119 3 The Protestant Work Ethic and the Memorialisation of the Dead 124 Conclusion 128 Chapter Six: Re-Writing Death in Post-Reformation Scotland 131 Zachary Boyd and The Last Battell of the Soule in Death 131 A Directory for the Publique Worship of God 137 Scottish Funeral Sermons in the Seventeenth Century 144 Conclusion 160 Chapter Seven: The Scottish Enlightenment 162 Burial in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland 163 „Watching‟ the Corpse 163 Death and Highland Society 169 The Funeral Feast 173 Catholicism in the Highlands and Islands 175 The Dead Bell and the Kirk Bells 178 The Resurrectionists 183 Conclusion 188 Chapter Eight: Post-Enlightenment Scotland 191 The Rise of the Cemeteries 192 The Kirk, the Free Church, and Death 196 Glasgow Necropolis 199 The Funerals of the Great and Good in Nineteenth Century Scotland 204 The Funeral of Thomas Chalmers 204 Thomas M‟Crie and the Death of Princess Charlotte 207 The Burial of Suicides 214 The Case of Hugh Miller 219 Conclusion 224 Chapter Nine: Conclusion 227 Bibliography 233 Manuscript Sources 233 Printed Primary Sources 234 Newspapers 246 Secondary Sources 247 4 List of Illustrations Memento Mori on tomb in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh Cover Page Brass plaque showing the burial location of John Knox, St Giles, Edinburgh 61 Monument to the Regent Moray, St Giles, Edinburgh 62 Monument to the Countess of Argyll, St Giles, Edinburgh 62 Map showing the approximate extent of the Highland/Lowland divide 104 Map of St Kilda 107 Monument to the Earls of Cromarty, Dingwall 126 Map of Orkney and Shetland 172 Mort-Safe, Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh 185 Glasgow Necropolis 200 The Grange, Edinburgh 200 5 Statement of Copyright The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the author's prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 6 Acknowledgments I would like to thank, in no particular order, all of the following people who have helped to make this possible. The Leverhulme Trust, David and Joanne Raeburn, Jenny Sutherland, Emily Ball, other friends too numerous to list, Hilary Grainger, Stephen White, Peter Jupp, and my supervisors; Douglas J. Davies and Alec Ryrie. Thank you all for your help and support. 7 Chapter One Introduction Aims This thesis argues that, although attempts were initially made at the Reformation of 1560 to reform Scottish burial practices, and thereafter further attempts were made fairly consistently throughout the following decades and centuries, it was actually not until the Disruption of 1843 and subsequent events that there was any true measure of success in the reform of Scottish burial practices. Although small gains were made and small successes enjoyed in the years after 1560 it was the adoption of the public cemeteries by the Free Church of Scotland following the Disruption that finally marked the success of the Scottish Reformation as applied to burial practices. The notion of the Long Reformation is becoming more widely accepted in Early Modern scholarship, with works such as England’s Long Reformation1 and The Long European Reformation2 taking the subject up to the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In a similar vein this thesis asserts that the reform of Scottish burial practices initiated at the Reformation of 1560 cannot be considered a success in any real measure until the latter half of the nineteenth century. This is an important study in several ways. A study of this nature shows that, even in an age when Scotland was perceived as being a relatively highly secularised nation, the burial practices of many groups and individuals were influenced by the religious history of the country, even if those individuals were themselves secular. It reinforces Scotland‟s unique place in European history, highlighting the fact that, despite the geographical proximity with England, Scotland was not actually influenced by its southern neighbour to any great extent, despite historical claims to the contrary. It also shows the importance of owning death. As will be seen below, for any group to show their dominance of society they must control the ways in which people are buried. All of these issues are addressed within this thesis. This thesis on the post-Reformation theology of death in Scotland forms part of a larger, Leverhulme Trust funded, co-authored interdisciplinary project focusing on the development of cremation in Scotland, from its inception to the modern day. As a part of this project this thesis provides the starting point for the larger work, investigating the 1 N. Tyacke, ed., England’s Long Reformation, 1500-1800. (London: UCL Press, 1998). 2 P. G. Wallace, The Long European Reformation; Religion, Political Conflict, and the Search for Conformity, 1355-1750. (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004). 8 development of Scottish burial practices, from the pre-Reformation period, through to the mid nineteenth century, just prior to the developing interest in the notion of cremation in Scotland.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Edinburgh PDF Map Citywide Website Small
    EDINBURGH North One grid square on the map represents approximately Citywide 30 minutes walk. WATER R EAK B W R U R TE H O A A B W R R AK B A E O R B U H R N R U V O O B I T R E N A W A H R R N G Y E A T E S W W E D V A O DRI R HESP B BOUR S R E W A R U H U H S R N C E A ER R P R T O B S S S E SW E O W H U A R Y R E T P L A HE B A C D E To find out more To travel around Other maps SP ERU W S C Royal Forth K T R OS A E S D WA E OA E Y PORT OF LEITH R Yacht Club R E E R R B C O T H A S S ST N L W E T P R U E N while you are in the Edinburgh and go are available to N T E E T GRANTON S S V V A I E A E R H HARBOUR H C D W R E W A N E V ST H N A I city centre: further afield: download: R S BO AND U P R CH RO IP AD O E ROYAL YACHT BRITANNIA L R IMPERIAL DOCK R Gypsy Brae O A Recreation Ground NEWHAVEN D E HARBOUR D Debenhams A NUE TON ROAD N AVE AN A ONT R M PL RFR G PIE EL SI L ES ATE T R PLA V ER WES W S LOWE CE R KNO E R G O RAN S G T E 12 D W R ON D A A NEWHAVEN MAIN RO N AD STREET R Ocean R E TO RIN K RO IV O G N T IT BAN E SH Granton RA R Y TAR T NT O C R S Victoria Terminal S O A ES O E N D E Silverknowes Crescent VIE OCEAN DRIV C W W Primary School E Starbank A N Golf Course D Park B LIN R OSWALL R D IV DRI 12 OAD Park SA E RINE VE CENT 13 L Y A ES P A M N CR RIMR R O O V O RAN T SE BA NEWHAVEN A G E NK RO D AD R C ALE O Forthquarter Park R RNV PORT OF LEITH & A O CK WTH 14 ALBERT DOCK I HA THE SHORE G B P GRANTON H D A A I O LT A Come aboard a floating royal N R W N L O T O O B K D L A W T A O C O R residence or visit the dockside bars Scottish N R N T A N R E E R R Y R S SC I E A EST E D L G W N O R D T D O N N C D D and bistros; steeped in maritime S A L A T E A E I S I A A Government DRI Edinburgh College I A A M K W R L D T P E R R O D PA L O Y D history and strong local identity.
    [Show full text]
  • List of the Old Parish Registers of Scotland 758-811
    List of the Old Parish Registers Midlothian (Edinburgh) OPR MIDLOTHIAN (EDINBURGH) 674. BORTHWICK 674/1 B 1706-58 M 1700-49 D - 674/2 B 1759-1819 M 1758-1819 D 1784-1820 674/3 B 1819-54 M 1820-54 D 1820-54 675. CARRINGTON (or Primrose) 675/1 B 1653-1819 M - D - 675/2 B - M 1653-1819 D 1698-1815 675/3 B 1820-54 M 1820-54 D 1793-1854 676. COCKPEN* 676/1 B 1690-1783 M - D - 676/2 B 1783-1819 M 1747-1819 D 1747-1813 676/3 B 1820-54 M 1820-54 D 1832-54 RNE * See Appendix 1 under reference CH2/452 677. COLINTON (or Hailes) 677/1 B 1645-1738 M - D - 677/2 B 1738-1819* M - D - 677/3 B - M 1654-1819 D 1716-1819 677/4 B 1815-25* M 1815-25 D 1815-25 677/5 B 1820-54*‡ M 1820-54 D - 677/6 B - M - D 1819-54† RNE 677/7 * Separate index to B 1738-1851 677/8 † Separate index to D 1826-54 ‡ Contains index to B 1852-54 Surname followed by forename of child 678. CORSTORPHINE 678/1 B 1634-1718 M 1665-1718 D - 678/2 B 1709-1819 M - D - 678/3 B - M 1709-1819 D 1710-1819 678/4 B 1820-54 M 1820-54 D 1820-54 List of the Old Parish Registers Midlothian (Edinburgh) OPR 679. CRAMOND 679/1 B 1651-1719 M - D - 679/2 B 1719-71 M - D - 679/3 B 1771-1819 M - D - 679/4 B - M 1651-1819 D 1816-19 679/5 B 1819-54 M 1819-54 D 1819-54* * See library reference MT011.001 for index to D 1819-54 680.
    [Show full text]
  • DENNISTOUN Stop 3 the LADY WELL LIBRARY the Park Opened in 1870 (Category B-Listed) the Lady Well Is on and Was Named After the Library Opened in 1905
    Stop 1 ALEXANDRA PARK Stop 2 DENNISTOUN Stop 3 THE LADY WELL LIBRARY The park opened in 1870 (Category B-listed) The Lady Well is on and was named after The Library opened in 1905. It is called a Carnegie the site of an ancient Princess Alexandra. At the Library because it was built using money donated by well that provided entrance is the Andrew Carnegie, a man born in Scotland who water for the people of Cruikshank Fountain. moved to America and became one of the richest Glasgow before it was common to have Look closely at the people who ever lived. He donated money to build running water inside fountain, what kind of over 2000 libraries across the world. The your home. animal do you see on the Dennistoun Library has a special statue which is inside? called the “Dennistoun Angel”. Can you find it? DENNISTOUN Don’t forget to look up! KIDS’ TRAIL Can you draw the well here? Inside the park there is lots to see and do, including ponds, a playground and the beautiful Saracen Fountain which is over 12 metres tall! There are four different statues on the fountain, can you see what they’re holding? Stop 4 BUFFALO BILL Stop 5 WELLPARK BREWERY Stop 6 NECROPOLIS Stop 7 CATHEDRAL (Category A-listed) (Category A-listed) In 1891 Buffalo Bill, One of the most famous and well Wellpark Brewery was first known as the Drygate Glasgow Necropolis Glasgow Cathedral is one of the oldest buildings known figures of the American Old West, brought his Brewery, a brewery is a place where beer is made.It was the first garden in Glasgow and the only mediaeval cathedral in “Wild West Show” to the very spot where his statue is was founded in 1740 by Hugh and Robert Tennent but cemetery in Scotland.
    [Show full text]
  • ROBERT BURNS and PASTORAL This Page Intentionally Left Blank Robert Burns and Pastoral
    ROBERT BURNS AND PASTORAL This page intentionally left blank Robert Burns and Pastoral Poetry and Improvement in Late Eighteenth-Century Scotland NIGEL LEASK 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX26DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # Nigel Leask 2010 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn ISBN 978–0–19–957261–8 13579108642 In Memory of Joseph Macleod (1903–84), poet and broadcaster This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements This book has been of long gestation.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Canongate 1.1. Background Canongate's Close Proximity to The
    Edinburgh Graveyards Project: Documentary Survey For Canongate Kirkyard --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Canongate 1.1. Background Canongate’s close proximity to the Palace of Holyroodhouse, which is situated at the eastern end of Canongate Burgh, has been influential on both the fortunes of the Burgh and the establishment of Canongate Kirk. In 1687, King James VII declared that the Abbey Church of Holyroodhouse was to be used as the chapel for the re-established Order of the Thistle and for the performance of Catholic rites when the Royal Court was in residence at Holyrood. The nave of this chapel had been used by the Burgh of Canongate as a place of Protestant worship since the Reformation in the mid sixteenth century, but with the removal of access to the Abbey Church to practise their faith, the parishioners of Canongate were forced to find an alternative venue in which to worship. Fortunately, some 40 years before this edict by James VII, funds had been bequeathed to the inhabitants of Canongate to erect a church in the Burgh - and these funds had never been spent. This money was therefore used to build Canongate Kirk and a Kirkyard was laid out within its grounds shortly after building work commenced in 1688. 1 Development It has been ruminated whether interments may have occurred on this site before the construction of the Kirk or the landscaping of the Kirkyard2 as all burial rights within the church had been removed from the parishioners of the Canongate in the 1670s, when the Abbey Church had became the chapel of the King.3 The earliest known plan of the Kirkyard dates to 1765 (Figure 1), and depicts a rectilinear area on the northern side of Canongate burgh with arboreal planting 1 John Gifford et al., Edinburgh, The Buildings of Scotland: Pevsner Architectural Guides (London : Penguin, 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • Celebration by the Colored People's Educational Monument Association in Memory of Abraham Lincoln, on the Fourth of July, 18
    Celebration by the Colored people's educational monument association in memory of Abraham Lincoln, on the Fourth of July, 1865, in the presidential grounds, Washington, D.C. ... CELEBRATION BY THE COLORED PEOPLE'S Educational Monument Association IN MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN, ON THE FOURTH OF JULY, 1865, IN THE PRESIDENTIAL GROUNDS, WASHINGTON, D. C. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. L. A. BELL, Recording Secretary. WASHINGTON, D. C.: McGILL & WITHEROW, PRINTERS AND STEREOTYPERS. 1865. CELEBRATION BY THE COLORED PEOPLE'S Educational Monument Association IN MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN, ON THE FOURTH OF JULY, 1865, IN THE PRESIDENTIAL GROUNDS, WASHINGTON, D. C. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. L. A. BELL, Recording Secretary. WASHINGTON, D. C.: McGILL & WITHEROW, PRINTERS AND STEREOTYPERS. 1865. THE FOURTH OF JULY, 1865. The Fourth of July, 1865, was indeed a memorable day, being the first time that the colored people have attempted any celebration of a national character. The celebration was gotten up under the auspices of the Colored People's National Lincoln Monument Association, whose efforts have, in this respect, been crowned with the full measure of success. Thousands were present on the grounds throughout the entire day. The Washington City Sabbath School Union were present in great numbers, with many banners, flags, mottoes, and devices, forming one of the chief features of the celebration. Many distinguished persons were present; including senators, representatives, members of the judiciary, officers of the Government and officers of the army and navy. Promptly at Celebration by the Colored people's educational monument association in memory of Abraham Lincoln, on the Fourth of July, 1865, in the presidential grounds, Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • A Singular Solace: an Ecclesiastical History of Haddington, 1560-2000
    A Singular Solace: An Ecclesiastical History of Haddington, 1560-2000 David William Dutton BA, MTh October 2020 This dissertation is submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Stirling for the degree of Master of Philosophy in History. Division of History and Politics 1 Research Degree Thesis Submission Candidates should prepare their thesis in line with the code of practice. Candidates should complete and submit this form, along with a soft bound copy of their thesis for each examiner, to: Student Services Hub, 2A1 Cottrell Building, or to [email protected]. Candidate’s Full Name: DAVID WILLIAM DUTTON Student ID: 2644948 Thesis Word Count: 49,936 Maximum word limits include appendices but exclude footnotes and bibliographies. Please tick the appropriate box MPhil 50,000 words (approx. 150 pages) PhD 80,000 words (approx. 300 pages) PhD (by publication) 80,000 words (approx. 300 pages) PhD (by practice) 40,000 words (approx. 120 pages) Doctor of Applied Social Research 60,000 words (approx. 180 pages) Doctor of Business Administration 60,000 (approx. 180 pages) Doctor of Education 60,000 (approx. 180 pages) Doctor of Midwifery / Nursing / Professional Health Studies 60,000 (approx. 180 pages) Doctor of Diplomacy 60,000 (approx. 180 pages) Thesis Title: A Singular Solace: An Ecclesiastical History of Haddington, 1560-2000 Declaration I wish to submit the thesis detailed above in according with the University of Stirling research degree regulations. I declare that the thesis embodies the results of my own research and was composed by me. Where appropriate I have acknowledged the nature and extent of work carried out in collaboration with others included in the thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Christopher Upton Phd Thesis
    ?@A374? 7; ?2<@@7?6 81@7; 2IQJRSOPIFQ 1$ APSON 1 @IFRJR ?TCMJSSFE GOQ SIF 3FHQFF OG =I3 BS SIF ANJUFQRJSX OG ?S$ 1NEQFVR '.-+ 5TLL MFSBEBSB GOQ SIJR JSFM JR BUBJLBCLF JN >FRFBQDI0?S1NEQFVR/5TLL@FWS BS/ ISSP/%%QFRFBQDI#QFPORJSOQX$RS#BNEQFVR$BD$TK% =LFBRF TRF SIJR JEFNSJGJFQ SO DJSF OQ LJNK SO SIJR JSFM/ ISSP/%%IEL$IBNELF$NFS%'&&()%(,)* @IJR JSFM JR PQOSFDSFE CX OQJHJNBL DOPXQJHIS STUDIES IN SCOTTISH LATIN by Christopher A. Upton Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of St. Andrews October 1984 ýýFCA ýý£ s'i ý`q. q DRE N.6 - Parentibus meis conjugique meae. Iý Christopher Allan Upton hereby certify that this thesis which is approximately 100,000 words in length has been written by men that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. ý.. 'C) : %6 date .... .... signature of candidat 1404100 I was admitted as a research student under Ordinance No. 12 on I October 1977 and as a candidate for the degree of Ph. D. on I October 1978; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 1977 and 1980. $'ý.... date . .. 0&0.9 0. signature of candidat I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate to the degree of Ph. D. of the University of St Andrews and that he is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
    [Show full text]
  • The Scottish Genealogist
    THE SCOTTISH GENEALOGY SOCIETY THE SCOTTISH GENEALOGIST INDEX TO VOLUMES LIX-LXI 2012-2014 Published by The Scottish Genealogy Society The Index covers the years 2012-2014 Volumes LIX-LXI Compiled by D.R. Torrance 2015 The Scottish Genealogy Society – ISSN 0330 337X Contents Please click on the subject to be visited. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY APPRECIATIONS ARTICLE TITLES BOOKMARKS BOOK REVIEWS CONTRIBUTORS FAMILY TREES GENERAL INDEX ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTION QUERIES INTRODUCTION Where a personal or place name is mentioned several times in an article, only the first mention is indexed. LIX, LX, LXI = Volume number i. ii. iii. iv = Part number 1- = page number ; - separates part numbers within the same volume : - separates volume numbers BOOKMARKS The contents of this CD have been bookmarked. Select the second icon down at the left-hand side of the document. Use the + to expand a section and the – to reduce the selection. If this icon is not visible go to View > Show/Hide > Navigation Panes > Bookmarks. Recent Additions to the Library (compiled by Joan Keen & Eileen Elder) LIX.i.43; ii.102; iii.154: LX.i.48; ii.97; iii.144; iv.188: LXI.i.33; ii.77; iii.114; Appreciations 2012-2014 Ainslie, Fred LIX.i.46 Ferguson, Joan Primrose Scott LX.iv.173 Hampton, Nettie LIX.ii.67 Willsher, Betty LIX.iv.205 Article Titles 2012-2014 A Call to Clan Shaw LIX.iii.145; iv.188 A Case of Adultery in Roslin Parish, Midlothian LXI.iv.127 A Knight in Newhaven: Sir Alexander Morrison (1799-1866) LXI.i.3 A New online Medical Database (Royal College of Physicians)
    [Show full text]
  • Confronted Patriarchy in Sylvia Plath's Poems
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by TEFLIN (Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Indonesia) Journal (State University... CONFRONTED PATRIARCHY IN SYLVIA PLATH'S POEMS Kukuh Prayitno Subagyo Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia Abstract: The American literary canons, mainly those of the nineteen fifties and the nineteen sixties, had consistently portrayed women as subservient citizens. Women in the American culture had been put under men s domina- tion and thus lost their identity and been unable to determine their own fate. They played roles long prescribed by men, both in the home and in their so- cial milieu. As products of the era, a number of Sylvia Plath s poems depict confrontation against this phenomenon of patriarchy in which women have been inferior to and abused by men; they fight for freedom and to regain their true roles as women and human beings. Key words: the American literary canons, patriarchy, Sylvia Plath s poems The American nineteen fifties and sixties have witnessed the advent of literary works portraying women s struggle for liberation, the so-called Women s Movement, whose members turned out to be assertive activists struggling for the sake of their fellow woman citizens. The Women s Movement for libera- tion gained its momentum during these decades, and continued to color the lit- erary works of all genres even in the ensuing years. In fact, such woman- related themes as feminism, women studies, and women s emancipation have dominated not only the American literary genres but those of the world as well beyond the turn of the second millennium.
    [Show full text]
  • Report Pilrig Conservation Area
    Planning Committee 10am Thursday 8 August 2013 Pilrig Conservation Area Item number Report number Wards Leith Walk Links Coalition pledges P40 Council outcomes CO19 Single Outcome Agreement SO4 Mark Turley Director of Services for Communities Contact: Jack Gillon, Principal Practitioner E-mail: [email protected] | Tel: 0131 469 3634 Executive summary Executive summary Pilrig Conservation Area Summary The purpose of this report is to advise Committee of the outcome of the consultation exercise on the potential designation of the Pilrig Conservation Area. This report provides details of the consultation responses and recommends the designation of the Pilrig Conservation Area. Recommendations It is recommended that the Council approves the designation of the Pilrig Conservation Area with an extended boundary to Leith Walk. Measures of success The designation of the Pilrig Conservation Area and the future protection of its character and appearance. Financial impact Additional staff and resources could be required to process additional applications. Equalities impact The aim of conservation area status is to enhance the quality of the area. This has the potential to improve the quality of life and supports sustainable communities. There are no predicted negative impacts on equalities. Sustainability impact Conservation of the built environment minimises the use of natural resources and helps to reduce carbon emissions. The proposals in this report will help achieve a sustainable Edinburgh because the conservation and management of the historic environment contributes directly to sustainability in a number of ways. These include the energy and materials invested in a building, the scope for adaptation and reuse, and the unique quality of historic environments which provide a sense of identity and continuity.
    [Show full text]
  • PINTS, POLITICS and PIETY: the Architecture and Industries of Canongate
    PINTS, POLITICS AND PIETY: the architecture and industries of Canongate NORTH CANONGATE AREA OF TOWNSCAPE CHARACTER Section 8.3 Alex Adamson, Lynn Kilpatrick and Miriam McDonald March 2016 Historic Environment Scotland (HES) John Sinclair House 16 Bernard Terrace EDINBURGH EH8 9NX Tel: 0131 662 1456 Web: www.historicenvironment.scot www.canmore.org.uk 1 This document forms part of a larger report: Pints, Politics and Piety: the architecture and industries of Canongate. 8.3 NORTH CANONGATE AREA OF TOWNSCAPE CHARACTER Figure 214: Map showing boundary of North Canongate Area of Townscape Character © Copyright and database right 2016 Ordnance Survey licence number 100057073 For the purposes of this survey the North Canongate Area of Townscape Character lies to the north side of the Canongate backlands and is bounded by Cranston Street to the west, Calton Road and part of the railway track to the north and Campbell’s Close to the east. 8.3.1 Lost Sites on the Boundary with North Canongate Area The north side of Canongate was historically a focus for institutions to support its poorer and less fortunate residents. A number of charitable hospitals, poorhouses and correctional institutions were located in, or adjacent to, this part of Canongate burgh. Just outwith the north-western corner of this sector, where the railway line now marks the boundary of the survey area, were the earliest of these charitable institutions: Trinity Kirk and Hospital; and St Paul’s Work (shortened over time to Paul’s Work). These institutions stood on either side of Leith Wynd, a customs port on the edge of Edinburgh town, though not leading directly into the town itself.
    [Show full text]